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Hunt's  merchants'  magazine 
and  commercial  review 


Freeman  Hunt,  Isaac  Smith  Homans,  Thomas 
Prentice  Kettell,  William  Buck  Dana 


Econ    P    i3. 1.160 

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HUKT'S 


MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE 


AMD 


COMMERCIAl  REVIEW. 


CONDUCTED  BT  FK8EIAN  HUNT,  1. 1., 

BKBBm  or  TBI  KIW  YORK  OBAXMR  OF  COMMIRCR  ;  COllRIPOXDIKO  MIHHR  OF  TBR  AMRRICAM 

AJ»  LOMDOKBTATIITICAL  80C1ITIII  J  HBMBBR  OF  TBB  BBW  TOBK  BIBTOBICAL  tOCIBTT  ; 

BOBORART  MRMBBR  OF  TBR  MBRCAMTILB  LIBRARY  AtfOCUTlOMI  OF  MRW 

TORKt  PBILADBLPHIA,  B01T0B)RALTI]|0RB,  LOUIIVILLB, 

CBARbBBTOB)  ABB  OIBCIBBATI,  BTC 


VOLUME   THIRTY-THREE. 


PBOM  JULT  TO  DEOKMBBR  JNOLUSIVI;  18S>. 


IX tm  fitrk: 

PUBLISHED  AT  142   FULTON-STBEET. 
1866. 


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Ec^^   P   ,3.1.150  CONTRIBUTORS 


TO   THB   THIRTT-THIRB   YOLUVB    OF  THB 


MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE  AND  COMMEECIAL  EEVIEW. 


Abbott  Brothers,  Coanselora-at-Law,  New  York. 

William  Bross,  Esq.,  Editor  of  the  Chicago  Press. 

Chas.  H.  Carroll,  Esq.,  Merchant  of  Massachusetts. 

Hon.  Geo.  W.  Clinton,  of  New  York. 

£.  H.  Derby,  Esq.,  of  Massachusetts. 

William  S.  Dr  Zeng,  Esq.,  of  Creneva,  New  York. 

W.  B.  DuGAN,  M.  D.,  of  Quiucy,  Massachusetts. 

Enoch  Hale,  Jr.,  Esq.,  of  New  York. 

William  A.  Jones,  A.  M.,  Librarian  of  Columbia  College. 

D.  O.  Kellogg,  Esq.,  late  United  States  Consul  at  Glasgow. 
Hon.  Georgs  P.  MAitsK>  of  V^mont. 

E.  Merriam,  Esq.,  of  Brooklyn,  L.  I. 
Dexter  F.  Parker,  Mechanic,  of  Massachusetts. 
A.  H.  Ryder,  Esq.,  of  New  Jersey. 

Charles  Seymour,  Esq.,  of  Montreal  Canada. 
Benjamin  G.  Smith,  Printer,  of  New  York. 
Richard  Sullby>  of  Indiana. 
Freeman  Hunt,  Edttof  and  Proprielor. 


7- 


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INDEX  TO  VOLUME  IIIIII, 

FROM  JULY  TO  DECEMBER  INCLUSIVE,  1866. 


-  A*  FAG« 

Acre  of  Iiind,  hiilory  of  an 764 

AOL  of  New  York  rdoUve  to  dirtdends  of  In- 

•arance  OompaDit<8  ^4 

Act  of  LouUtiUui  rulatl  re  to  personal  property 

pledKBd    630 

Act  of  Lottlslaoa  relative  to  notaries  in  New 

Odenns. 729 

Ad  relaltng  to  bank  charten  in  New  Jersey.  724 

Advertising,  pbIIo«ophy  of 70.1 

Agricdlture  anil  Railroads 344 

Axri&aure,  9tati«ti<M  of.  1 14,  S36.384, 505, 631, 750 
Agrlcultaral  statistics  of  the  U.  Kingdom.. . .  761 

Alcohol  from  beet  rnoL 643 

Alcohol,  of  chemistry  aud  commerce,  the. . .  1^ 
Algwia,  culture  of  cuilou  and  tobacco  in. . ..  631 

*    Alummara,  or  French  silver 383 

ABerlcu,  flnsi  woolen  manafactaret  in 501 

**       flrslboofciMin 534 

vAoMrican  and  foreign  tonnage  entered  end 

cleared  iu  the  Uuiled  States 97 

**        hardwaruand  mechanical  skill....  959 

**         iron,  superiority  of. 641 

**        mercbauis,  Uuni's  biography  of..  644 

■"•^-N    *        steambuais 519 

**         TenI  antique  marble. 3<i3 

AiBondtlllado  sherry,  what  Is  it? 501 

Animals,  oommurca  in  aud  consumption  of 

aaimal  food 114 

Appraisers,  return  of  custom  hoa>e 488 

Arctic  relief  expedlUoo,  the  Harlstetn 666 

A^ientine  Confederutloii,  treaty  of  commerce 

between  Uoiusd  Stales  and 103 

Arkansas,  population  of,  in  1850  and  1834,. .  335 

*•         coalfleldsof 382 

Auction,  delivery  of  goods  sold  at 4ti3 

B* 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Ballroad,  Klsgswood 

tunnel  of , 373 

Bank  of  Cbarteeton 35d 

"    of  Mutual  RederopCton 480 

*•  exchange,  New  York  cuanty..,....^...  475 
^  bltls  as  rreigbt,law  of  common  carriers.  580 
**   stockbol<lers,  cuiistitutiojuil  liability  of.  616 

*    oTBogiatidin  1854 581 

•*  »*        transactions  of 92 

«  **       anditsnotes. 479 

Banking  and  money 541 

**       (Chartered  and  free  systems  comp'rd.  355 
**        correnpy  and  finance  Journal  or, 

87,253,347,470,610 

Bankraptcyin  Ireland 337 

Banks,  condlilon  of  New  Orleans'. ..  .90, 611,  349 

•»       llabilltlesof 453 

**  of  the  city  t)f  New  York,  condition  of,  347 
•*       weekly  average  of  New  York  city, 

78,210,340,461,594,711 
•*       weekly  avenge  of  Boston, 

78,2.1,340,463,595 

**       of  San  Francisco,  the 732 

Beefitospeetlon  of  at  JeBbnon,  La 364 

Baec  Bogar  of  Prance 636 

Beet  root,  alcoh'il  from 643 

Beeves  Book,  rhrer  tibannont  Ireland,  fixed 

ligblon.... 113 

Belgi«m,growttiBQdmaQafaoliireofflaxin.  383 

•^Belfa  Uvmmeroiat  Lkillege''  of  GMcago ....  962 

**     t>hUosophyofJoint  stock  banking...    93 


Bill  of  lading,  copy  of  an  old 768 

Bill  of  excbanfl:e  befbre  acceptance*,  right  of 

attaching  creditor  of  drawer  and  pnyee.  588 
^    of  exchHnge,  partnership,  acceptance. . .  308 

Bills  of  exchange  and  bills  of  lading 71 

^  M         and   promissory  notes  In 

Louisiana 354 

Biography  of  American  merchants,  Hunt's..  644 
*'         mercantile, Thomns  H.  Perkins..    19 

••  •»  Waller  R.  Jones 423 

Boiler  tubes,  prices  of 500 

Bond  warehouses,  etc.,  application  to. 630 

Bonded  goods  passing  through  China 788 

Bonds  may  tye  given  by  an  importer  to  an  in- 
terior port 484 

•*     for  duties,  how  they  mnst  bo  sifitned. .  621 

.ook  trade 139, 2«n,  395,  525,  651,  771 

**       decision  of  Jnoge  ^elson  on  mo- 
tion fur  an  injunction . .  74 

Books  in  America,  the  flrni 534 

Boot  and  shoe  trade  of  Kostim 750 

Boots  and  shoos,  roannfac.of  by  machinery.  136 
Boston  banks,  weekly  averages  of, 

78,311,340.462,595 
**       board  of  trade  and  the  Merchant^ 

Magazine.... 134 

^       population  of,  at  dtlTerent  periods. . .  Q3ft 
**       stocks,  senii*Hnnnal  dividends  on....  35l 

"       new  mercantile  movement  in 766 

Bottle  of  Champagne,  a 768 

Hrauch  mint,  San  t^ranclsco,  operations  of. . .  333 

Braxil,  culture  of  tea  in 443 

ttraxUian  Bmpire,  revenue  and  expendlt*ra  of,  613 
^       regulation  In  relation  to  signals. ...  513 

**       Empire,  eomroeroe  of 008 

Bread,  nseot  llme^wati^r  in  making 381 

Breweries,  statistics  of,  in  the  British  islands,  496 

Bricks  for  building,  wetting  of 644 

Bridge,  a  now  railroad 133 

Brimstone  trade  of  Sicily 369 

British  mints,  coinage  of. 479 

^      Provinces,  imports  into  U.S.  from...  4^0 

^       poet  office,  siatictics  of 028 

»>       revenue  in  l854-*55 ;....  350 

»*       excise  retBms  In  1853-'54 98 

•*       fisheries,  the 367 

**  Irish  and  Scotch  ports,  commerce  of.  366 
Broadhareu,  W.  coast  Ireland.  flxedJIght  on.  113 
Brooklyn,  real  and  personal  property  in. . . .  478 

**        dty  railroad  company 639 

BroORheom,  method  and  cost  of  cultivation.  635 
Buenoa  Ayres,  authentication  of  ship's  pa* 

peraat 363 

Bttikllng,  wetthig  of  bricks  for. 644 

Buoyage  of  Queen*s  channel 1 13 

Butt«fri  history  of 633 

Business,  stick  to  a  legitimate 393 


Oabin  boy,  recommendation  of  a ,  709 

California,  rocks  on  coast  of 743 

Canada  and  the  British  Provinces,  exports  to,  486 
**       borders  of,  ports  of  entry,  etc,  on. . .  364 

*'       customs,  dutien  in 107 

**       Its  commerce  and  reeonrces 300 

*^       bonded  goods  passing  through 738 

Canadian  reciprocity  treaty 304-^ 

Candla,  commerce  of 440 


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IT 


INDKX  TO   YOLUMB  ZXZm. 


GuMdi  and  raUroadfl 638 

^       tbo  New  York, contract ajstem  on...  37S 

Otrpet  DMonflBOtwe SOI 

Gariage,  drajage,  or  lightarage  of  goods  in 

bond 487 

GMh  dotlM  received  at  port  of  New  York, 

83,317,343,468,509 
Cashier,  how  he  compcomlsed  with  the  direc- 
tors of  a  bank 357 

Cattle  market  of  Philadelphia S39 

Cattle  Trade  of  New  York  lior  1854. 116 

CeyloD,  cinnamon  fields  in 760 

Character,  an  essay  for  merchants 390 

Charleston,  bank  of. 358 

Charleston,  S.  O,  export  trade  of 604 

Charter-party  claim  for  not  reoelTing  a  fall 

«argo 334 

Chartered  and  tree  systems  of  banking  com- 
pared   355 

Chicago,  <*  Bell's  Commercial  College  "  at. . .  S69 
Census  of  Great  Britain,  results  of  the. . .  190,  375 

.^     of  Kansas  in  1855 121 

China,  commercial  Talue  of  girls  in 394 

^     exports  of  tea  from,  to  the  U.  S. 493 

**     our  commercial  and  political  relations 

with 875 

**     project  of  an  iron  currency  in 735 

**     the  imperial  rice  of: 763 

Chocolate  trade  of  Boston 646 

Chronicle  and  Reriew,  Commercial, 

77,  S09, 337,  460,  503,  708 
dndnuati,  the  Mercantile  Librray  Ass%  of.  138 

Cincinnati,  trade  and  commerce  of 740 

Cities  and  towns,  commercial,  of  the  United 

States 53,303,560 

Clerk,  the  Merchant's 394 

Clerks,  ladies  as 766 

Cfoths,  import  of  into  the  United  States 491 

Coal,  by  a  chemical  preparation 138 

^    fields  of  Arkansas 388 

^    fields  and  producUof  the  Ohio  Valknr.  494 

(*    lands  of  Great  Britain  and  Ohio 361 

*«    trade  of  Pennsylrania 496 

">   the  essence  of,  a  substitute  for  oil  of  tur- 
pentine    643 

Coals  for  Western  New  York 333 

Coast  of  Spain,  on  the  Atlantic,  alteraUon  of 

lightati^ix 931 

Coast  of  Spain 696 

Coinage  of  the  British  mints 479 

Coinage  of  the  world  finom  1848  to  1854 614 

Coinsffe  of  Gold  and  Silver  in  mlnU  of  Mexi- 
co, (h>m  1581  to  1853 478 

Collision,  bark  Palermo  and  steamship  Tele- 
graph   334 

**      between  a  sloop  and  steamer  Em- 
pire State 330 

Oommeroe  and  flnanoes  of  Russia. 94 

**         and  resources  of  Canada 900 

**■         and  resources  of  Finland 339 

*<  and  trade  of  N.  O.  in  1854->55. . .  601 

**         and  the  merchant 558 

^         in  animals,  and  consumption  of 

animal  food 114 

**         of  Candia 446 

**  of  Kertch 368 

«  of  British,  Irish  and  Scotch  ports.  366 

^         of  the  Braxilian  Empire 608 

**         of  the  lakes,  the 314 

**         of  each  State  and  Territory,  (one 

year)  July  »53  to  June  ^ 100 

"         and  narigation,  report  on 735 

^         and  sdeBoe,  progress  of 658 

•«         of  the  U.SUtes,  statistics  of 736 

»;  of  the  U.  S.,  statistical  view  of...  390 
**^  of  the  United  States,  383, 431, 559.  093 
**  principles  and  tendenc's  of  moa*n.  147 
^         treaty  of,  between  United  States 

and  Argentine  Confederation...  109 

**  wIthCuba 365 

CommeidAl  and  industrial  cities  of  the  U.  S., 

Qulnoy,  Mass.  303 


rAoi 
Commercial  and  Indostrial  eltlea  of  Europe, 

Lynn,  Mass.  569 
«  «  «        of  the  U.S., 

Philadelphia.   53 
<«  M  tt  of  Europe, 

Glasgow,  Scotland.  673 
•*  •*  «•  ofEufope, 

FVankfortKMKtbe-Main,  Ger.   63 
^  and  political  relaUons  with  Chi- 

na,onr 97S 

**  agents  and  consuls,  rights  of....  360 

«  Chronicle  and  Beview, 

77, 909, 337, 460,  598^ 

**  prosperity  of  the  Greeks 337 

«           regulations,  103,348,300,480,617,735 
**           statistics.  .95,  391, 365, 491,  601,  735 
Common  carriers  as  distinguished  fh>m  ex- 
press buslneas 73 

Connecticut,  assessed  TsJue  of  property  in. .  338 
**  Talne  of  property,  real  and  pei^ 

sonaL  In 98 

«  railroads  in  the  State  of 750 

Consignee  or  owner,  goods  unclaimed  by. . .  361 

ConsignmeBts,  etc,  shipment  of  goods 455 

Consuls  and  commercial  aoents,  rights  of.. . .  360 

Contract  system  on  the  N.Y.  canals 373 

u       of  afn^ightment—sweating  case  ...  703 

Copper  ore  and  cotton,  dangerous  freight. . . .  394 

Cork  of  commerce,  the,  where  it  comes  fh>m.  138 

Com  crop  of  each  county  In  the  State  of  Ohio.  506 

**  trade,  fUltng  of  a  store,  liability  of  owner  333 

*<    sutistlcs  in  France 708 

Cortex  bank,  coast  of  California,  rocks  on. . .  743 
Cotton  and  copper  ore,  dangerous  freight. . .  394 

«"       and  shoe  statisUcs 101 

**      andtobacco,cultureof,  in  Algeria...  631 

*<       East  Indian  and  American 837 

**       numuflwtnre  In  the  South 490 

>«       market.  New  York.  85, 319, 345,  468,  717 

Counting-house  education 391 

Core  Point,  mouth  of  Patuxet  rirer,  change 

of  light  at 838 

Cuba,  commerce  with 36S 

**     tobscco  and  dgars,  (kcts  about 648 

CurrencT  and  the  tariff. 191 

Custom-house  appraisement  ofllce 364 

^  appraisers,  return  of. 488 

**          authorities,  ex- m*n  of  drugs  by  363 
Oustom-honses  of  the  U.  8.,  businees  hours  at.  300 
Custiim-house  regulations  in  regard  to  pas- 
sengers* baggage..... 309 

Customs,  duties  in  Canada 107 

««       rsgulaaons  of  the  U.  States 7SS 

IK 

Debt  of  late  republic  of  Texas.... 88 

Debts  of  dUes  In  the  United  States 93 

^     of  the  U.  S.  and  States  of  the  Union. .    91 

Denmark,  sound  dues  of. 403 

Department,  postal 398,488,  096 

Devlan's  railroad  chair  and  raU 750 

Dictionary,  the  steam 748 

Disasters,  maritime,  of  1854 380 

**  steamboat,  on  the  western  waters.  637 
Dividends,  semi-annual,  on  stocks  in  Boston  357 
Draft  or  Inland  biU  of  exchange,  what  consU- 

tutesa 459 

Drafu  or  warrants  lost 490 

Drugs,  examination  of,  by  the  custom-house 

authorities 363 

Dublin,  export  of  porter  fh>m 368 

Dundalk,  Ireland,  flashing  light  on 118 

Duties.of  postmasters  in  rei^rd  to  waste  paper  490 

*«      upon  grain  Imported  into  France....  731 

East  Indian  and  American  cotton 937 

Economy  and  parsimony  in  trade. 769 

Emerson  on  trade 765 

Emigration  from  Great  Britahi 377 

*"         to  the  United  Statea 834 

England,  bank  of,  and  Us  notea 479 


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DTDBX  TO  Tounia  X£CnL 


PA«B 

B«l«Bd,  brak  oi;  In  1854 981 

''       eaNlTUkra  of  faop«  In S30 

**       eoMampUon  of  spirits  In 894 

•       gold  fc  specie  recelTed  in,  in  I8S4.    M 

**       and  Turkey,  trade  between 109 

**       the  mystery  of  exchange  on 791 

Aiefc  Central  RaflroadB,tralBe  of;  in '54^.  630 

Europe,  demand  forwool  In 188 

^       eommerdal  and  indnstrtal  cities  of.    63 
Kzcbange,  but  of-partnership— acoeptanee.  9UR 

»•         in  New  Orleans 782 

Excise  (British)  returns  in  1853-54 08 

KxecQtions  and  sale  oT  property  In  La. 730 

£s90rUy  Src^  see  •*  Com.  Cfaron.  k,  Beriew ;" 

aiiao  name  of  place. 
Kzpress  bminesB  as  dlstlngnlshed  ftom  Gom- 
mon  Caniera 78 

F. 

Flnanoe,  fbod,  and  fatnre  of  Fraoee 531 

**       of  principal  dliea  In  the  U.  States..  470 

**       of  the  city  of  8an  Prandsoo 350 

**  •*  New  York 613 

Finland,  Commeroe and  resoorcee of.......  380 

Fire,  marine,  k,  life  Insurance  eoa.  in  N.  York  100 

<*    loss  by— dangers  of  rivers  only  exceptM  708 

Fires,  causes  of,  wUb  8aggeet*ns  for  prerent^  988 

Flsheriea,  the  BHtiah 367 

Flax,  new  setrtchlng  machine  for 505 

**    growth  and  manafae.  of,  In  Belgiam  ..  389 

Florida  eoaet,  iron  llght-honses  for 515 

**      the  sea  isbmd  cotton  uf 937 

Fkmr,  Inspectioa  of,  at  Jetferson,  La 364 

•"     prices  o<;  in  Philadelphia  fior^O  years.  368 
*'     regulations  for  Inspection  of.  In  N.  O . .  021 

Flonrin^  mill  in  Louisrllte,  extensive. 188 

Fnel  for  laUroads,  coat  of. 638 

F«r  trade,  the 600 

Frsnce,  Amerloaa  sewing  machines  la 961 

»      beetsogaroC 636 

**      ftesh  and  salt  meal  trade  of 996 

^      flnance,  food,  and  future  of. 531 

**      south  eosst  of,  fixed  Ugbi  at  MaraeUle  370 

£•>«*       oom  statistics  of 769 

*^       duties  npon  grain  Imported  Into. ...  731 

Fyaud—foetof^MeiK-law  of  sales 586 

^^-^ree  ships  make  free  goods 573,618 

Fteight  on  the  Peansylrania  Badroad 371 

**•      sea,  not  a  dutiable  charge..... '.....  365 

French  sllrer,  or  aluminum. 383 

Fk<esti  and  satt  Bwat  trade  of  Frsace 930 

Froit  trade,  the 938 

Gaa  Hghta,  the  iareotlon  of 758 

66ovgetown,OaUfonila,  mining  at. 961 

Germany,  railnMKls  la 516 

Gijoa,  north  coast  of  Spain,  fixed  light  on  . .  370 

Glasgow,  Scotland §73 

GolfTfc  specie  received  in  England  in  1854..    04 

"*    Is  it  depreciating? 955 

**   and  silver,  coinage  of«  In  minia  of  Mex- 
ico (W>m  1581  to  1859 478 

Goodsin  bond, cartage,  drmyage,4E«., of.....  487 
*"     penaltiesiftiieyararelandedinU.8.  486 

"^    seised  and  unckmed 489 

**     unclaimed  by  owner  or  cooaignee....  361 

Government  of  United  States,  Its  cost 88 

GreMBrMntn  and  Ohio,  coal  lands  of 961 

**           and  the  United  States,  compar- 
ative navigation  of 403 

*  emigration  from 377 

**  Import  and  export  of  wool  In.    09 

•^  importation  or  guano  Into.....  366 

**  wool  Imported  into 494 

«  mon  eng>d  in  buUd*g  trades  In.  197 

**  results  of  the  census  of. . .  19U,  375 

*'OreatEolem'*steantohip 510 

'travel  concrete 195 

Gieelis,  eommerdal  prosperity  of  the 997 

Griefswald  laland,  change  in  light  at 745 

OnawHlmportatkmoi;  into  Great  Britain...  366 


Guano  trwle  of  PklladelpUa 788 

6oaranty--llabillties  of  banks 463 

Gunpowder,  keeping  of.  In  New  York 730 

H. 

Bardwara,  American ,  and  mechanical  skill. .  959 

Hartstein  A  rctic  Relief  Expedition,  the 666 

Hats,  New  York 648 

Havre,  tribunals  oC;  decision  with  regard  to 

bills  of  exchange  and  bllla  of  Lading 71 

<*  Heiaacountry  merehant-stickhlmP....  364 

Holland,  direct  lake  trade  witii 138 

Hops,  cultivati6n  of,  In  England 830 

How  to  extract  glsss  stopples 960 

I* 

Foe:  and  the  ice  trade 160 

Immigration  since  1700 1  a  statistical  essay.. .  500 

Imperial  rice  of  China 763 

Importer  to  an  Interior  port,  bonds  may  be 

given  by 484 

lmporter*s  bond  for  merchandise 487 

/mpor/4— see  ^  Comm.  Chron.  and  Bevlew  ** 

each  month ;  also  name  of  place. 
Improvement  In  the  mannfoetnre  of  bread. .  187 

India,  progress  of  public  works  in 758 

»  Indian  Chief ''--a  veteran  ship 101 

Indiana,  new  banking  law  of 05 

Indigo,  spurloua,  In  market. ..;.  666 

Industrv  in  United  Stalea,  ibe  iron 758 

Iqjunctlon,  motion  for.  In  the  book  trade. ...    74 
Insurance  companies,  fire,  marine,  and  lifo, 

in  New  York 100 

**•  stock,  ire,  in  N.Y..  107 

<<  act  of  New  York  rela- 

tive to  dividends  of  634 
**•  law  of,  In  N.  Hamp. .  373 

*<  taxes  of,  In  Ohio 374 

losaranee.  Journal  of.  107, 888,  373, 503, 683, 
M        law  of  Illinois,  legal  opinion  on. .  633 

*<        law  of  Kentucky 374 

**         marine 733 

Intelligence,  nautical..  111,831,378,513,684,  743 

Interest,  rates  of,  in  Louisiana PS 

Ireland,  bankruptcy  In 337 

Irish  post-ofllce,  progress  of 687 

Iron  and  glass,  combination  of 186 

•«  imported  ioto  the  U.  States  in  1850-54..  403 

*»>  light-houses  for  the  Ptorlda  coast. 515 

<*  manufacture  of,  in  the  United  Slates. . .  958 

M   manufactures  In  Ohio,  progress  of 501 

*<  superiority  of  American 641 

J* 

Java,  saga/,  ooflbe,  and  Indigo  In 300 

Jersey  City,  population  of,  in  1850-55 631 

Jolnt^tock  banking,  BeU*s  philosophy  of. . . .    03 
Journal  of  banking,  currency,  and  finance, 

87,  m  347, 470,  610,  710 
Journal  of  Insurance. .  107, 888, 373, 508, 698,  730 
**     of  mercantile  Ikw, 

71,807,330,453,566,  703 
**     of  mining  and  manufactures, 

134, 857,  380, 404, 640,  753 
Jujube  paate,  bow  to  make  It. 584 

K. 

Kansas  census  In  1855 Itl 

Kentucky  cattle,  brief  history  of 936 

**        Insurance  law  of 374 

Kertch,  commerce  of. 368 

Key  West,  light-house  in  north-west  passage.  113 

I.. 

Lager  bier,  how  it  Is  made 643 

Lake  navigation  and  St.  Clair  flats 9«f 

Lakes,  the  conimeroe  of. 314 

Land  sales  In  the  U.  States  In  1854-55 636 

Law  of  com.  carriers— bank  bill  as  fmelght.. .  586 
*^    of  insurance  ooa.  in  New  Hampshire  ..  373 

<*    of  life  assurance 509 

^   or  UraisUma  relative  to  seamen 106 


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mm  ta^r^ummsfiifimv 


Law  of  Mlaft— Aniid^-lMtoi%  Mm  .^ 

**    mercbftDt :  Ibo  ftppUeatlon  of  rolnntary 

pajments 576^698 

M   the  iwnr  vaJrage,  of  LouisUna 610 

Leather,  new  proceBt  of  tanning 497 

Legitimate  bnein«88,  stick  to  a. < 3fW 

Letiere,  foreign,  regulations  aato 3H0 

**       why  they  are  not  received. 3tt} 

**       regtatration  of 40U 

Liability  of  a  lo<tging>boaae  keeper 76 

Library  of  Ck>ngre8S  and  Smlthaoiitan  lnstl< 

tatb,i>abllcaUon8  sent  to 

Life  a»uranoo,  law  of 508 

**    ship  proposed  to b<i  patented  .^., 380 

Light  on  Cape  San  Anlonio,  Alicante S33 

Light-hoaso  at  Base  Blver,  south  side  Vine- 
yard Sound Ill 

**  In  northwnt  paseago,  Key  West  113 

Light-houses,  Iron,  for  the  Piorida  coast ....  516 

Umfl  water,  use  of,  In  making  bread 3Bl 

Li  veipool,  an  extensive  merchant  In 393 

Lodging-hoaee  keeper,  liability  of. 76 

London  docks,  wine  vaults  of. 237 

Louisiana,  act  of,  relatlve  to  personal  proper- 
ty pledges aSO 

*^       bills  of  exchange  and  prominorr 

Botealu 254 

•*        bonus  for  building  ships  in 138 

•*        law  of,  relative  to  seamen 106 

**       quarantine  regulations ]14 

•*        nites  of  interest  In 95 

•»        the  new  salvage  law  of. «19 

LoulaviUe,  extensive  flouring  mill  in 138 

Lowell,  manufiictnres  oH ]  503 

Lumber  trade  of  Qaebee  for  Ave  years  ....    334 
Lynn,  Massachusetts 56jl 

M. 

Machinery,  lmprovem*ta  in~tbe  ■i'm-ham'r.  754 

Main  brace  of  tUate  credit,  the 477 

Maine,  discovery  of  gold  and  other  coins  in.  448 

••     statistica  of  rnilroads  of 518 

**    the  rlvera  of,  the  source  of  her  wealth  767 

Manufacture  and  growth  of  flax  in  Belgium  .  383 

^  of  iron  in  the  United  8tatea. . .  3S8 

**  of  bread,  improvement  in  the  .  137 

**  of  booU  k.  shoes  by  machinery  1S6 

*,      1^       H  platfrglass  in  New  York.. ..  134 

Manu(kctures,8oBtbern S60 

^    ^.**.       eariy,  of  New  England *  747 

Marble,  American  verd  anUque. 383 

Mariners, notices  to...  113,^1,378*513,624.  743 

Maritime  disasters  of  1854 ...380 

Marriages  in  the  State  of  Kentucky "  ogg 

MarselUe,  aoulh  coast  of  Fmaco,  fixed  light  at  379 

Maasaohusetta,  dea(h*6  doings  with  popTof. .  630 

**  pop^  births,  mar.,  k,  deaths  in  183 

--.  ,^,  railroads,  operaUoos  of 846 

Measures  of  diflbrentcountrlee 770 

Mercbandlse,  aeoounta  and  returns  of .'  618 

«  entry  of,  without  Invoice 361 

»  for  oonsumpuoo,  entry  of 487 

*•  inboud,iransport-afonteafor.  485 

"         Importer*!  bond  for 487 

*»  Pwkingand  repacking  of.....  486 

**  value  or,  must  be  Indorsed  on 

thebond 401 

Merchant,  an  extensive  Liverpool 

**        commerce  ami  ihe , 

•»        the  Philadidphla 863 

«        theNew England :....;;  ^8 

«•        ablpaand  Bteamera 751 

Merchants,  an  essay  on  character  for 390 

«        ifltogiity  of  Philadelphia 135 

•«        relation  of,  to  nauonal  Independ.  aso 
MeroaatUe  biofrapby :  Walter  R.  iones  .. ..  433 
**  **  Thomas  IL Perkins..    J9 

«  «*  Phlla.  "Merchant"  on  3661 

«         Law,  Journal  of. 


Biwi  00,  coinage  of  gold  and  sOrer  from  1531 
to  1852 478 

Mexican  tariff  of  1855 617 

Milk  aa  a  manufacturing  luHrtHli&ut 137 

Mining  and  Maaulacturee,  Juurnal  of, 

^        _^                    184.  i57, 3^0,404,640,  758 
♦*     at  Georgetown,  uaifumla 381 

MiBt  of  the  United  states 357 

**    theSan  tVanclsco 353 

Mliceliatties,  MercanUle, 

133,262,390,520,644,765 

Money  and  banking 7....... .7  541 

Morris^  method  of  steering  iron  ships  by         ^^ 
compass esg.- 

Morro  do  San  Paolo,  Brazil,  revolv'g  light  on  231 

Mutualredemptloo,baakor. 480 

Nautical  intelligence..  Ill,  231, 378, 513, 624,  743 
Navigation  of  G.  B.  and  U.  8^  comparative. .  400 

**        at  ihe  port  of  Quebec 227 

New  England  merchant,  the 13ft 

New  Hampshire,  law  of  insurance  cos.  in . . .  373 

New  Orleans  banks,  condition  of ...  90, 340,  611 

^  monthly  receipts  of  carh  duties 

a^forl854-55 318  y 

*♦  navigation  of  port  of 606/ 

**  regubt'n  for  iuep'ct'n  of  flour  in  631 

"  trade  k.  comm 'roe  of,  in  1854-55  601 

Newspaper  postage  In  the  United  Stalea ....  389 

Newspapers,  postage  on  back  numbers  of. . .  4U» 

New  York  banks,  weekly  averages  of, 

78,8107340,461,594,711 
(*         cash  duties  received  at  port  of, 

83,217,345,468,599,709 
**        canals,  the  contract  system  on....  379 

*»         cattie  trade  for  1854 1|6 

**         city,  finances  of 612 

^         city  and  oounty,  relative  value  of 

real  and  penonal  estate  in 610 

'*         city  banks,  condition  of. 347 

^         cotton  market, 

85,219,345,468,649,717 

*♦         country  bank  exchange 475 

**         fire,  marine,  k  life  iusur'oe  cos.  in  109 
,    •*         manufacture  or  phite-glasa  In  ... .  124 
*>         ocean  and  inland  sienmera  out  of 

portof->tbe'*PlymouihRock**.  ]2iK 
♦*  pUots  appointed  by  pilot  com.  in.  634 
"  P«puhiiXdweirg8,aciamillesin.  378 
"  stock  Ore  insurance  companies  in.  Itrt 
^  stock  and  debto  of  railroads  in  op- 
eration in  State  of 131 

**         taxation  of  incorporate  cos.  in 3.'»8 

»*         United  States  assay  oflloe  in 473 

Northern  cities,  long  credit  of. 363 

Note,  promissory,  with  10  p.  et.  int.  p.  month  207 
Notes,  promiasory— makers  and  indorsers. . .  333 
Notices  to  mariners.. .  112, 231,  378, 513, 0^  743 

Ocean  and  Inland  steamera  out  of  the  port  of 

New  York— the  "  Metropolis  " 243 

Ocean  and  inland  steamers  out  of  the  port  of 

New  York—the  **  Plymouth  Rock  K, 129 

Ocean  steamers,  transport^u  of  U.  S.  mails  by  246 

Ohio,  com  crop  of  each  county  lu  State  of . .  606 

^*     progress  of  iron  manufactures  in.. . . . '.  500 

'*     taxes  of  insurance  companies  in....     374 

*•     taxable  value  of  railroads  In ,    369 

•<     valley,  coal  flekls  and  products  of 494 

**     wheat  crop  of  each  county  in  State  of.  385 
^    improvement  la  the  live  stock  of.... «.  764 

Oliver  Kvans  on  the  steam-eagiue. 749 

Oporto,  Portugal,  wine  disease  at 238 

Owners*  HabUity  of,  ships  passing  each  other  3U8 

F. 


71  lw7  a»  -iM  w«  7m/£?<*1o^  and  repacking  of  merchandise 466 

71,307,330,453,566,  703/P)w^»/  Industry, Paris, for  great  exhiblt'n.  257 


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V^'tVLUlll  Mm. 


P40fe 

»«f,ifith«UM«id»«ifM.  SOI 
PafWM  Mid  iJrmgfnjj  tne  m? IgsUon  of ... .  104 

PftrteAMliibopc 5« 

•*    palaOH  of  Industry  for  great  exblblUon.  25? 

M    populfttionof     133 

Partner,  a  maiMiier  with  share  of  proflta,  i«i- 

poitaM lo merehiinia. *..  906 

nrtiier.<4ii|N  eiHnnieretal  law  of 45t 

PaaaingfT  aad  freight  traiwporiatloD  by  ratl- 

way,eo*or 840 

Paaaengera'  baggagis  etistom  hoiiae  regutat'na 

teregvrdto 308 

huaragnra,  carriage  of,  fo  ateamsbipa  and 

other  Teaseto 346 

Paaaeofura  In  reaeels  coming  to  New  York. .  963 

PeoMjlranla,  oual  trade  M 4Sto 

^  pruperty  taxen  and  pop.  uf . . .    87 

•«  milniad,  freight  over  the 371 

Petit  Menan  IJght-house,  Maine 745 

Pfaiiadelphia  caule  market 239 

•*  ••  roerch«nl»'*  the 362 

•*          *♦  merchant »»  on  mercantile  bi- 
ography   906 

merchants,  Ihtegrlty  of 133 

prtoeii  of  flour  in^  m  00  yeara.  368 

-•hip-building  in  365 

•^           real  and  personal  property  lo  .  7:13 
POota  appointed  by  ihtt  pIlfHoom.ln  N.  Y...  634 
Ptoa  k.  needles  made  o(  iron  or  aieeli  whiten- 
ing of 64« 

PlaouuD  tree,  the 764 

Pupaiaiiout  dwelling,  and  families  in  N.  Y.  :i78 
^  in  l^und'in  districts,  progress  of.  63U 

••  of  Paris 133 

M  of  ArltahMS  In  1850 and  1854  ..  235 

M  of  Jersey  City  in  IC5U  and  1855.  031 

«*  of  Uas8.,deathSidoiitfr8  «]lh...  639 

«*  of  St.  Umis  in  lt<54>55 131 

**  statistics  i»f. . .  ISO,  33A  375,  509,  63U 

Pork  lospectiun  at  Jeflferaon,  La. 364 

-    trade  of  1854-55 23o 

Postage  on  baeli  numbers  of  newspapera.. . .  489 
•*  newspaper,  ic  the  United  .<»ttaes ....  389 
**      statistics  oi;  Hi  prin.  ctUea  oi  U.  S. . .  388 

PosUI  Department 3cS8,4e8,  t;36 

**     treaty,  mudiflculiou  of  Pruss.-Amer...  488 

Postmastera, comiwiisitUun  of,  tu  (I. States..  388 

M  duties  of,  in  reg'd  to  waste  papV  490 

M  in  [J.  8 ,  accounu  and  returns  of  489 

Post*ofllce  roansgemfiit 638 

^         progreas  of  the  Irish ,....637 

M         statistics  of  the  Uritlsh 638 

M         United  8tiites,  statistics  of 636 

Prinoe*s  ehan'l,  entrance  to  the  rhumea.  379,  635 
..Prioclplea  and  lendeucics  of  inoduru  cornice.  147 

Pnzo  (aw — ^iree  siiips  muke  tree  goods 573 

ProducU  of  U.  S.,  sale  ot,  in  N.  Orleaaa  ....  253 
Progress  of  population  in  Loudon  districts  ..  630 

g*^       of  commerce  and  i«ieiice 658 

M       of  public  works  in  India 758 

Plromlaaory  notes— ronkers and  ludorsers. ...  333 
•^         note  with  lu  p.  ct  p.  mouih  Int..  307 

Proof  sheets,  correeti^ 389 

Property,  asaeawcd  value  of.  In  Connectlcot. .  353 
*'       executions  4c  sale  of,  lu  Louisuuia.  730 

*^       real  and  personal  in  Brookl>n 478 

•«         •^  "*  Philadelphia..  733 

•*        ♦*  **  Connecticut...    §3 

PrnasUn* American  poeUl  treaty,  modiOca.  of  488 

Publtcatlons  sent  to  librsry  of  Ui.gress and 

Ssilhaoulan  ioatituie • 490 


QntMy,  MassachosetU 303 

Quebec,  lumber  trade  of>  for  Ave  years 224 

•^      navigation  of 837 


R. 


JMkMMl«Klatemb«aiacoi4eatfttoU.a„.  847 
buodis  OMiry  on ttO 

y.'.V.V/.'.V.V.  133 


Brooklyn  city . 


FAN 

RhHroadt  Oanal,  «Bd  MeambMt  AalliMea, 

KO,  940, 360,  SW,  037,  740" 
M       the  Paonsylvanla^fkrelght over  ....  3ri 
*<       the  iSreat  Western,  meretaandlse  in 

bondtopasaon 91% 

(*       chah*  and  rail,  DevlanV 700 

RaHroads  and  canals 039 

^        and  agrionlture 944 

M        cost  of  fuel  for 008 

*«        eamiags  of.  In  1854-60 371 

M        inOermany 010 

M        In  operation  In  Stale  of  N.  Yorlr, 

stocks  and  debta  of 131 

«•        of  Maine,  statlstkss  of 510 

**       of  Maasaehnsetts,  operations  of. . .  940 

<«        tarable  value  of.  In  Ohio 300 

**        traffic  of  Brie  k.  Central,  in  '54-53.  039 

•*        in  Btate  of  Connecticut 780 

Railway   tranaportation   of  passenger  and 

frcHcht,  cost  of 940 

Rpaiitrition  of  letters 400 

Regnlatiotts  as  to  fttretgn  letters 869 

*»  at  frontier  ports  of  U.  Stales...  480 

«         Commercial, 

109,948,300,480,017,79$ 

**         qiiarsnt*nei  of  Louisiana 114 

*^  for  passage  of  vtiiaela  through 

ship  canal  at  9L  Mary*a  Piitla.  TOO 
Revenae  Ac  expenditures  of  Rrattllan  Empire  013 

•»        BrUlsh,  In  1854-65 300 

**        laws,  selxures  for  infraction  of    ...  303 
**        of  principal  ports  of  United  States.  010 

Rice  of  China,  the  imperial TO 

Rooks  on  Cortex  Bank,  coast  of  Caliromla. . .  743 
Russia,  commerce  and  flnances  of 94 

S« 

:^t  mannfactnre  at  Syraeoss SOO 

ijalvage,  right  of  ucdon  for 335 

**        services,  libel  to^ecnver 450 

i^ampie  packages,  receipt  and  delivery  of. . .  733 
8andwich  Islands,  trade  and  c<immerce  of.. .  101 
8an  Francisco  branch  mint,  operations  of. . .  9S3 

««  flnances  of  city  of 350 

••  library  usso.,  first  report  of. . .  317 

"  mint 353 

<*  navigation  of 367 

**  ahlpmenuof  goidfor9mo*s.  794 

**  thebauksof 799 

dardines,  consumption  of,  in  U.  Sutdea W 

Savannah,  tia.,  export  trade  of .607 

:S<'a  freight  mH  a  dutiable  charge. 365 

^    physical  geography  of  the..... 59 

8eam«'n,  law  relative  to,  in  Loulslaoa lOO 

Seized  and  unclaimed  goods 489 

8ewiug  machines,  American,  in  France.... .  961 

dhip,  n  veteran— the  ^  Indian  Chief*' 101 

«'    buikling  in  Philadelphia 365 

^    canal  at  8t.  Mary's  Kails,  regulHt'ns  for 

the  passage  of  vesaela  through 740 

**    master  of,  borruwiuK  money 330 

Ships  and  steamers,  uiscipllne  on  board  of. .  517 
^  bellfgereni,  purchV  of,  by  neutrals  353,  691 
*^     usmes  of,  a  national  characteristic. . ..  640 

M     of  theworld 401 

^     papers,  authentication  of 303 

**     passing  each  oiher^ilHbiH^  of  o  W|iera  208 

**     and  steamers,  merchant 751 

Shippers— unseaworthiness. 707 

Shipping  bnlil  in  the  United  Sintef 991 

•*       of  Uie  world  lu  1854 408 

Sliipmeuuof  goods— consignments, 4cc.  ...  455 

Sicily,  bri mstoiie  trade  of , 300 

Sliver,  where  it  comes  from 8S0 

Slave  labor,  proflis  of 730 

Sorgho,s  new  augarolant 110 

^       sugar,  a  rtval  of  tne  sugar-cane 388 

Soqnd  dues  of  Denmark 403 

SoMih* eutton  manufacture  in *.  409 

^     efl^s  ol  free  labor  in 033 

Sonthemmanufacturea 900 

•*      8taioa>  native  and  foreign  pop.  lA..  835 


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IMVMK  ti^  TOUMB  UZZH. 


rAOB 

Bpaliitooutot 098 

«*     north  coast  of,  fixed  light  at  Gijon.. . .  379 
Spirits,  consanpUon  oi;  in  Eogluid,  Sootland, 

and  Ireland 334 

St.  Clair  flats  and  lake  navigation 845 

<St.  Louts,  popntatioo  of,  in  1854-55 181 

**'  steamboat  trade  of 751 

Standard  weight  of  Liverpool  salt  in  N.  O. . .  738 

State  and  Terrltorj,  oommeroe  of  each. 100 

**    credit,  the  main  brace  of. 477 

StattaUcs,  commei«iaL.  05, 331, 305, 491, 001,  735 
**>  oragricaltare,li4,830,384,505,031,759 
«*       of  popalation. ...  ISO,  333, 375, 509,  030 

M       ofthe  British  post-office. 038 

^       railroad,  canal,  and  steamboat, 

139,340,300,510,037,740 

*«       of  U.  Kingdom,  agricultunil 701 

StatisUcal  essay :  immigration  since  1790.. . .  509 

Steam  dictionary 748 

M      engine,  the,  and  Oliver  Erans 749 

M      hammer,  the 754 

Steamer,  recovery  of,  after  abandonment  to 

the  underwriters Ill 

Steamers  and  shipfi,  discipline  on  board  of. .  517 

Steamboat  disasters  on  the  western  waters  . .  037 

*»■        Empire  8tate  and  a  sloop,  colUs^  330 

«*        trade  of  8u  Louis 751 

'  Steamboats,  American 519 

w  liable  for  robbery 500 

Steamship  Telegraph  and  bark  Palermo,  col- 
lision between 334 

M        the ''Great  Eastern'* 519 

Steamships  and  other  vessels,  pass.  carM  in.  348 
Stock  and  debta  of  railroads  in  operation  in 

the  Stale  of  New  York 131 

^     Are  ins.  companies  in  New  York 107 

Stocks  in  Boston,  seminmnual  dividends  on.  351 
Stockholders,  bank,  consatuUonal  liability  of  010 
Storage  and  rates  of  labor  in  public  stores . .  485 

Stores,  Idlers  in— short  business  vislu 363 

Storekeeper  of  a  port  in  the  U.  Slates 484 

Strawberry,  the  cultivation  of 703 

Sugar  ^coflbe,  and  indigo  m  Java 309 

**     'plant,aiiew 110 

Sweating  case— contract  of  afflreightment.. . .  703 
Syracuse,  salt  manufacture  at 500 

Tanning  leather,  new  process  of. 497 

TarHr  and  ihe  currency 101 

^     Mexican,  of  1855 017 

Tuatlon  of  looorporated  companies  in  N.  Y.  358 
»•      in  different  cities  of  United  States.  719 

Taxes  on  Insurance  compaalea  in  Ohio 374 

Tea,  culture  oA  in  Braxil 443 

•*     ouHnre,the. 758 

Texas,  debt  of  the  late  republic  or. 88 

»•     the  varnish  tree  of 384 

Thames,  eatranee  to— Prince^  Channel 035 

Time  of  trsnsportation  bond  in  U.  States.. . .  484 
Tradeand  commerce  ofN.  Orleans,  1854-55.  001 

tt  a  CincinnaU     740 

«*    betwera  Enghmd  and  Turkey 103 

.«*     thebook 139, 807, 3^^535, 051,  771 

**    direct  teke,  wlih  HoUand 138 

•»    magnetlsmin 047 

«*     marks,  fabncaled 533 

*^|  Bmersonon 70S 

**     parsimony  and  economy  in 709 

Ttapaai,  SicUy,  flashing  light  at. 331 

Transportation  bond  in  U.  States,  time  of. . .  484 
M  routes  for  merch'dise  In  bond  485 

Treasure  Trove ;  or  the  discovery  of  gohl  it 

other  coins  in  Maine 448 

Tteaty  of  commerce  between  United  Statea 

and  the  Argentine  Confederation. . .  103 

**     the  Canadian  reciprocity 394 

Tobacco  and  cigars,  facta  about  Cuba 048 

»'       and  cotton,  culture  of,  in  Algeria. . .  631 
M       the  popular  plant  tB  the  world 034 


rA«B 
Tonnage,  Amer.fc  tor., ent&fliear*d In  U.S.   97 
Turpentine,  oil  of,  the  essence  of  coal  a  sub- 
stitute for 048 

XT. 

United  Kingdom,  agricultural  statistics  of. . .  761 
United  States  and  G.  B.,  com  p.  tonnage  of. .  403^ 
*<  and  States ofUnion, debts  of..    91 

**  American  a^d  foreign  tonnage 

entered  and  deared  in 97 

*«  commerce  of....  388,431,2^003 

**  comp^isation  of  postm*rs  in  . .  380 

**         customs  rev. of  prin.  porta  of..  010 
(*  consumption  of  sardines  in. . . .  006 

*«  debto  of  cities  in  the 93 

**■  emtgrationto 834 

^  exporta  of  tea  from  China  to. . .  493 

M  finances  of  principal  cities  of . .  470 

**  frontier  ports,  regulationa  at  . .  485 

**  government— ita  cost 88 

^  import  of  cloths  into 491 

**  importa  into,  from  Brlu  proves.  480 

^  iron  imported  into,  in  1650-54.  493 

*^  land  sales  in,  in  1854-55 630 

**  mail,  transp.  of,  by  oc'n  steam^  346 

**  mint 357 

**  native  It  foreign  popuiat^n  of..  030 

*^  penalties  if  iroods  are  reTded  in  480 

■**•  post-ofllce,  statistics  of 086 

^  raikoad  4t  si*robH  accidenta  in.  347 

**  ships  and  shipping  of 383 

^  shipping  built  In 331 

^  seven  oen&usea of 70 

**  statistical  view  of  commerce  of  890 

**  statistics  of  postage  In  principal 

citiesof 388 

**  storekeeper  of  a  port  in 484 

^  value  of  exporta  4t  importa  of.    90 

**  banking  in— ita  efl'ecta 730 

**  city  taxation  In 719 

**  customs  regulations  of 735 

"  iron  industry  of 753 

**  statistics  of  commerce  of 736 

Usury  on  railroad  bonds 336 

T. 
Value  of  merefaanH.  must  be  lnd*sed  on  bond  481 

Varnish  tree  of  Texas. 384 

Vermont,  liens  4t  chattels  mortgsged  in  ... .  731 
Vesaels,  number  of, entered  into  u.  States..  .711 
Vineyard  Sound,  lighthouse  on  north  side  of  111 
Voluntary  payments,  the  application  of 098 

Warebovse  and  transportation  entry 486 

WardMHues,  bond,  etc.,  application  to 630 

"  public,  duty  of  superintend,  of.  483 

Warranto  or  drafts,  lost 490 

Watches,  manufacture  of. 490 

Weights,  measures,  and  coins,  uniformity  in, 

among  commercial  nations 089 

Weser  channel,  publication  respecting  the 

msrkingof 378 

Western  New  York,  coals  for 333 

Whale  fiahery,  statistics  of 95 

Wharfage,  rates  of,  at  Uie  port  of  New  York.  733 
Wheat  crop  of  each  county  in  t^tata  of  Ohio.  385 

Wine,  buying  of,  by  sample 047 

*»>      disease  at  Oporto,  Portugal 238 

**•      vaulta  ofthe  London  docks 937 

**      manufacture  of  currant 750 

Wire  rope:  Ite  origin,  qualities,  k,  economy.  640 

Woodbury^s  writings 180 

Wool,  demand  for.  In  Europe 138 

**     Import  4t  export  of,  in  Great  Britain ..    99 

**     imported  Into  Great  Britain 494 

Woolen  manufactures  in  America,  the  first. .  501 

Z. 

Zlae  of  oommeroe,  fomeacooont  of  the....  756 


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■•w  loraumoBMarkei 

▼OL.  IXUn. — HO.  I. 


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HUNT'S 

MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE. 

Bstal»lUhe«  Jvlyt  183e« 

BT  FREEMAN  HUNT,  EDITOR  AND  PROPRIETOR. 

VOLUMB  XXXITL  J  U  L  T ,  1866.  NUMBER  I. 

CONTENTS  OF  NO.    I.,  VOL.  XXXIIl. 
AKTICLKS. 

AmT.                                                                                                                                 PA»t. 
1.  MERCAlfTlLE  BIOGRAPBT:  THOMAS  HANDASTD  PERKINS 10 

II.  COMMERCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  0ITIB3  OP  THE  UNITBD  STATES,— No.  zxxix. 

MEW  YORK  AND  PHILADELPHIA 53 

IILTHE  PR T8I0AL  GEOGRAPHY  OP  THE  SEA 50 

IV.  COMMERCIAL  AND  INDUiSTRIAL  CITFES  OP  EUROPE.— No.  xiu.  PRANKFORT- 
ON-THE-MAINB,  GERMANY.  Frinkfort— Ceogrftpbteal  PoBitlon— History— GoTero- 
Bent— Its  Popalatiou  and  Enomioas  Wealth— Rfi^iietlonB  an  tu  Cllfxensbip— The  Rtirer 
Maine— ProdneiB  and  Mannfactoret— German  Railroads— Profitable  InTeelmentr-The 
Bankers,  Brokers,  MerehantSi  and  Trades>people  of  Frankfort— Banking  on  the  Amerh 
can  Plan— Dealers  In  Cotton  Goods.  Ribands,  Laces,  ilewelry.  Books,  Chemicals,  etov— 
Workings  of  the  ZollTeretn— The  For  Trade  of  Germaoj- The  Proposal  of  Secretary 
Gntbrie  to  admit  HaMers*  For  Duty  Free— Shipments  of  German  Wine,  Cigare,  Hosiery, 
and  Woolen  Cloths  to  the  United  e5totes— The  Salaries  of  Clerks,  the  Wages  of  Meeban- 
ks.  Laboring  Men.  and  Servants— Germany  in  Its  Political  Aspect— The  Oemuuilc  Con- 
JMeratUm— Austria,  Prussia,  and  the  Minor  Powers,  etc,  etc 63 

V.  TBB  SEVEN  CENSUSES  OP  THE  UNITED  ST ATES-"*  PROGRESS  OP  THE  UNI- 
TED STATES  IN  POPULATION  AND  WEALTH.**. 70 

JOURNAL  OF  HERCiNTILE  LAW. 

Bins  of  Exchange  and  Bills  of  Lading— Declslqa  of  the  Tribunals  of  Hsvre 71 

Express  Bnslness  as  Distinguished  from  Common  Carriers. 79 

The  Book  Trade— Injunction  Perpetuated— Decision  of  Judge  Nelson 74 

LiablUli  of  a  Lodging-bouse  Keeper. 7f 

COHHERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  RETIEW: 

nnftAonro  a  fikangial  amd  oommskoial  ebvixw  or  tbb  vnrtED  states,  rra,  illustea- 

TXO  WITH  TABLES,  ETC,  AS  FOLLOWS  : 

Accounts  of  the  Growing  Crops— Speenlattons  In  Breadstuffi— The  Bank  Movement— Supply  of 
Specie— Depodto  at  the  New  York  Assay  OfHce— DeposlU  and  Coinage  at  the  Phlladelpbia 
and  New  Orleans  Mints— Surplus  of  Silver  Coin— The  Stock  Market— Foreign  Exchantre— 
Imports  at  New  York  for  Msy,  and  fh>m  January  1st— Imports  of  Dry  Goods— Exports  from 
New  York  for  May,  and  fh>m  January  1st— Imports  and  Exporu  for  Eleven  Months— Cash 
Revenue  at  New  York,  Boston,  and  Philadelphia— Exports  of  Dnmestic  Produce— Banks  of 
Dlsoountand  Issue,  with  some  Remarks  on  tbe  recent  Changes  of  Policy,  etc 77-84 

New  York  OotUm  Market -    85 

VOL.  mm. — HO.  I.  2 


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18  OOHmiTS  OF  KO.  I,^  TOL.  TTTTn. 

JOCRNAl  OP  BANIINS,  CUSSENCT,  AND  FINANCE. 

Propertj,  Taxes,  and  Popfolatton  or  PenaqrlTtnU 87 

GoTerament  of  the  United  8tot6*-lto  Cost 88 

Tabular  Statement  of  the  Debt  of  lite  Repablic  of  Texas 88 

Condition  ofthe  New  Orleans  Banks M 

Debts  of  the  United  States  and  the  States  of  the  Union 91 

Value  of  Propertj,  real  and  personal.  In  Coonectleot.— THnsactions  of  the  Bank  of  England. ...  9S 

The  DebU  of  Cities  in  the  United  States.— BeU*B  PhUosophy  of  Joint-stock  Bankti« 8S 

Gold  and  Spede  reeeiTed  in  En^and  in  1854^-Coinmeroe  and  Finances  of  Russta iH 

New  BankingLawof  Indiana.— The  Bates  of  Uiterest  inLouislana 9S 

COHHfiRCIiL  STATISTICS. 

Statistics  of  the  Whale  nshery 9S 

Value  of  Exports  sndlmporto  of  United  States 06 

American  and  Foreign  Toonsge  Entered  and  Cleared  the  United  States 1^ 

British  Excise  Returns  in  1853  and  1854 08 

import  and  Export  of  Wool  in  Great  Britain 90 

Statenent  exhibiting  the  Commerce  of  each  State  and  Territory  ftom  July  1, 1853,  to  June  30, 1854  100 

Trade  and  Commerce  of  the  Sandwich  Islands 101 

CottonsndSlSTeStatistios.— The**  Indlsn  Chief '^— a  Veteran  Ship 101 

Trade  between  England  and  Turkey 108 

COIIEICIAL   REGULATIONS. 

Treaty  of  Commerce,  etc,  between  the  United  States  snd  the  Argentine  Confederation 108 

Free  NaTlgation  of  the  RlTcrs  Parana  and  Uruguay 104 

Law  of  Louisiana  relaUTe  to  Seamen 106 

Custom  Duties  in  Canada lOf 

JOURNAL  OF  INSURANCE. 

Stock  Fire  Insurance  Companies  in  New  York  Januarr  1,1855 107 

Fire,  MHrine,  and  Lilb  Insnrsnce  Companies  in  New  York 109 

RecoTery  of  sStesmer  after  abandonment  to  the  UnderwriterB HI 

NAUTICAL  INTELLISSNGE. 

Lighthouse  at  Basi  ElTsr,  north  ilde  Vineyard  Sound Ill 

Notices  to  Mariners :  Dundalk  Flaahlng  Light— Ireland,  East  Cosst.   BroadbaTcn  Fixed  Li^l— 

Ireland,  West  Coast    Fixed  Light  on  the  Beeves  Rock— Ireland,  Rirer  Shannon 118 

Buoyage  of  ttie  Qneen*s  ChsnneL— Lighthouse  In  Northwest  Paange,  Key  West 1 13 

Louisiana  Quarantine  Regulations 114 

STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE,  te. 

Commerce  In  .Inlmals  and  Consumption  of  Animsl  Food 114 

IlkeSorgbo,  a  new  Sugar  Plant— New  York  Cattle  Trade  for  1854 116 

STATISTICS  OF  POPULATION,  fce. 

Resulta  of  the  Census  of  Great  Britain— No.  yri;  Density  and  Proximity  of  Population.- Islands.  180 

Kansas  Census  in  185S.—Population  of  St  Louis  in  1854h5 181 

Population,  Birtha,  Marriages,  and  Deatha  in  Massachusetts 188 

Population  of  Paris 183 

JOnSRAL  OF  IINING  AHS  HANUFACTUBES. 

Msnufheturs  of  Plate  Glass  in  New  York 184 

ne  Alcohol  of  Chemistry  and  Commerce.— Gravel  Concreta 185 

Bonus  for  building  Ships  in  Louisisna^-Coffibination  of  Iron  and  Glass 180 

Manufacturing  Boots  and  Shoes  by  Machinery 186 

Improvement  In  the  manuracture  of  Bread.— Milk  as  a  manuflwtnring  Ingredient 187 


Extensive  Flouring  Mill  In  Louisville.— Chesp  Coal  by  a  Chemical  Preparation 188 

Demand  for  Wool  in  Europe 188 


Men  engaged  in  the  Bnildinff  Trades  in  Great  Britain 187 

~         .      "•      •  -  ""'inLonisville.- ChespC    •-       —      ••-  — 

rope 

Lord  BerTledale*s  Patent  fbr  Psper  ftom  Ute  Thistle 181 

RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STBAHBOAT  STATISTICS. 

Ocesn  and  Inland  Steamers  out  of  the  ^ort  of  New  York— No.  u.    **  The  Plymouth  Rock.**. ....  186 

Stock  and  Debia  of  the  Railroads  in  operation  in  Um  State  of  New  York 131 

A  new  RaUroad  Bridge 133 

IBBCANTILB    HISCBLLANIE8. 

Memoirs  of  American  Merchants  Eminent  ft>r  Integrity,  Industry^  Energy,  Enterprise,  snd  Suc- 
cess in  Life laS 

The  Boston  Board  of  Trade  and  tbe  Merchants' Magasine 131 

Integrity  of  PbiladelphU  Merchants 135 

ThaNew  England  Merchant 136 

The  Mercantile  Library  Assodstion  of  Cincinnati 138 

Where  the  Cork  of  Commerce  comes  flrooDu— Direct  Lake  Ttade  with  Holland 138 

TIB  BOOI  TBADB. 

Notices  of  »MW  Books  •rMwMdltloBS ^ ^.«  138-144 


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COMMERCIAL  REVIEW, 


JULY,  1855. 
Art.  L— HERCANTILE  BIOOBAPHT: 

THOMAS  HANDASYD  PSREINa 

Tbovas  Hah]>A0Ti>  Pkrkins  was  bom  in  BostoD,  December  15,  1764, 
tmd  maned  for  bis  matenial  grandfather,  Thomas  Handasyd  Peck,  who 
denH  largely  in  furs  and  the  importation  of  hats.  His  father  was  a  mer^ 
^ant,  who  died  in  middle  age,  leaving  a  widow  and  eight  children,  thre« 
sons  and  five  daughters,  most  of  them  very  younff.  8he  was  a  woman  of 
excellent  principles  and  remarkable  energy,  and  undertook  the  heavy 
charge  thus  devolved  upon  her  with  deep  solicitude,  (as  appeared  from  a 
tttbe^uent  reference  of  her  own  to  this  passage  of  her  life,)  but  with  firm-  • 
Bess  and  ability.  She  appears  to  have  assumed  some  part  of  the  business 
of  her  husband,  who  had  been  connected  with  George  Erving,  one  of  the 
principal  merchants  in  the  town.  Letters  from  Holland  are  remembered 
which  were  addressed  to  her  as  Mr,  Elizabeth  Perkins ;  and  when  her 
eldest  son,  having  attained  the  age  of  manhood,  went  some  years  afteward 
to  the  Island  of  St.  Domingo,  where  he  established  himself,  he  sailed  from 
Boston  in  a  ship,  the  Beaver,  of  which  his  mother  was  part  owner,  and 
which  had  been  chartered  to  the  French  government  to  transport  part  of 
their  cavalry  to  Cape  Francois. 

Thia  estimable  lady  discharged  her  duties  successfully,  rearing  her  chil- 
dren with  snch  advantages  as  fitted  them  for  stations  of  responsibility, 
which  they  afterward  filled  with  crectit  to  themselves  and  to  her  f  and  at 
the  same  time  taking  &n  active  part  herself  with  the  charitable  associations 
of  the  town,  which  is  shown  by  acknowledgments  found  among  her  pa- 
pen  and  in  records  of  her  services  as  treasurer  and  otherwise,  ^m  those 
with  whom  she  aeted. 


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20  Jiercantile  Biography: 

On  her  decease  in  1807,  it  was  voted  ^that  the  officers  of  the  Boston 
Female  Asjlum  wear  a  badge  of  mourning  for  the  term  of  seventy-one 
days,"  (corresponding  probably  to  the  years  of  her  life,)  "  in  token  of  their 
high  consideration  and  respect  for  the  virtues  of  the  deceased,  and  of  their 
grateful  and  affectionate  sense  of  her  liberal  and  essential  patronage  as  a 
founder  and  friend  of  the  institution.**  She  is  still  remembered  by  a  few 
gentlemen,  sons  of  her  former  neighbors  and  associates,  as  an  excellent 
mend,  of  active  benevolence,  and  as  a  lady  of  dignified,  but  frank  and  cor- 
dial manners. 

Numerous  descendants  of  hers,  under  various  names,  nqw  move  in  dif- 
ferent walks  of  life  in  the  United  States,  in  Europe,  and  Asia,  and  not  a 
few  of  them  distinguished  for  prosperity  and  the  wise  use  of  wealth,  and 
for  intelligence  and  refin^uent,  as  well  as  for  the  sound  principles  which 
she  inculcated  on.  all. 

The  success  of  several  of  the  branches  of  her  family  was  essentially  pro- 
moted by  the  energy  and  warm-hearted  sympathy  of  the  subject  of  this 
memoir,  who  was  the  second  son,  only  six  years  of  age  at  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1771.  Some  notice  of  one,  who  was  himself  an  eminent  mer- 
chant, and  in  reference  to  whom  it  may  be  said  that  both  his  father  and 
mother  were  merchants,  seems  to  find  an  appropriate  place  in  a  commer- 
cial magazine. 

His  father  lived  in  King-street,  now  State-street,  where  the  conflict  took 
place  between  the  citizens  and  the  troops,  called  afterwards  the  ^'  Boston 
massacre ;"  and  though  he  was  little  more  than  ^ve  years  old  at  that  time, 
the  sight  of  the  dead  bodies  and  of  the  blood,  frozen  the  next  day  on  the 
street,  made  an  impression  on  his  mind  that  was  never  obliterated.  The 
troops  being  quartered  near  there,  many  of  the  officers  were  afterwards 
visitors  in  his  mother's  family. 

At  about  seven  years  of  age  he  was  put  under  the  care  of  a  clergyman 
of  ffreat  respectability  at  Middleborough,  about  thirty  miles  from  Boston, 
and  was  afterwards  at  school  in  Boston,  until  intercourse  with  the  country 
being  stopped,  his  mother  retired  with  her  family  to  Barnstable,  where 
she  resided  till  the  town  was  evacuated  by  the  enemy.  His  grandfather, 
Mr.  Peck,  remained  in  Boston  through  the  siege,  but  was  near  being  sent 
home  to  be  tried  as  a  rebel  for  freedom  of  speech. 

While  living  with  his  mother  at  Barnstable,  both  his  legs  were  broken 
by  an  unlucky  accident,  as  he  was  returning  from  an  excursion  in  the 
woods ;  and  d^ough  the  limbs  were  well  set,  and  he  soon  recovered  the 
9se  of  them,  he  occasionally  felt  the  effect  of  the  injury  when  the  weather 
was  bad,  even  in  advanced  age.  There,  too,  he  formed  an  early  and  close 
friendship,  that  remained  unbroken  for  nearly  eighty  years,  until  termina- 
ted by  death,  with  one  of  his  companions  whom  he  had  saved  from  drown- 
ing— the  late  distingtiished  lawyer  and  statesman,  Harrison  Gray  Otis, 
nephew  of  the  revolutionary  patriot 

Some  time  after  the  return  of  the  family  to  town,  his  mother  decided  on 
giving  him  a  collegiate  education,  and  he  was  sent,  with  other  boys  from 
roston — one  of  whom  was  the  Hon.  John  Welles,  now  the  oldest  living 
graduate  of  Harvard — to  an  instructor  at  Hingham,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Shute, 
noted  for  his  success  in  preparing  lads  for  college.  After  residing  there 
three  years,  and  being  prepared  for  Cambridge,  ne  was  so  reluctant  to  en- 
ter college,  that  it  was  decided  that  he  should  go  into  a  counting-house. 
He  was  strongly  inclined  by  temperament  to  active  life.  Vigorous  and  bold, 


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Thama9  ffandcuyd  Ferkint.  21 

with  a  frame  peculiarly  fitted  for  endurance,  which  was  afterwards  devel- 
oped in  fine  proportions  fon  strength  and  beauty  in  manhood,  he  saw 
less  to  attract  him  in  the  life  of  a  student  than  in  one  of  enterprise,  where 
he  might  indulge  a  love  of  adventure  and  exercise  the  courage,  equal 
to  almost  every  emergency,  which  characterized  him.  He  was  placed  with 
the  Messrs.  Shattuck,  then  among  the  most  active  merchants  of  Boston, 
with  whom  he  remained  until  he  was  twenty-one.* 

On  leaving  the  Messrs.  Shattuck  in  1785,  not  being  well,  he  was  ad- 
vised to  pass  the  winter  in  a  warm  climate,  and  visited  his  elder  brother, 
Mr.  James  Perkins,  in  St.  Domingo.  From  there  he  went  to  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  and  in  some  memoranda  made  for  his  children  within  two  years 
past  he  refers  to  this  visit  to  South  Carolina  in  the  following  terms : — 

'*  As  I  had  taken  letters  of  introduction  to  some  of  th&  most  distinguiHhAd  id- 
habitants  of  Charleston  from  Gen.  Lincoln  and  Gen.  Knox,  the  former  of  whom 
was  the  defender  of  Charleston  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution  and  was  a 
great  favorite,  it  ^ave  me  a  pleasant  mtroduction  into  the  best  society  under 
mo4t  favorable  circumstances.  As  the  inhabitants  who  have  large  plantations 
spend  as  much  of  their  time  on  them  ns  the  climate  will  allow,  I  was  an  inmate 
in  several  of  their  families,  but  passed  the  principal  part  of  the  time  at  the  plan- 
tation of  Mr.  Thomas  Ferguson,  who  had  several  rice  plantations  upon  which 
be  numbered  upward  of  800  slaves.  The  plantations  were  at  a  place  called 
Pon  Pen ;  and  in  the  vicinity  was  Gen.  Wm.  Washington,  who  was  a  nephew 
of  President  W.,  and  during  the  war  commanded  a  regiment  of  cavalry.  He 
mned  a  high  reputation  as  a  soldier,  and  was  an  accomplished  gentleman. 
There  was  fine  sport  with  the  gun,  geese,  duck,  teal,  &.C.,  bemg  in  great  abun- 
dance. Every  Saturday  the  gentlemen  of  the  neighborhood  met  at  a  hunting 
stand  in  a  favorite  spot  for  deer,  hunted  in  the  morning,  and  made  good  eheer 
after  the  chase,  dining  in  the  woods,  and  in  case  of  not  having  success  in  hunt- 
ing, always  securin£f  a  succedaneum  in  the  form  of  ham,  chickens,  and  other 
**  creature  comforts."  The  Saturdays  were  real  red  letter  days;  and  I  could 
name  twenty  who  were  in  the  habit  of  meeting  on  sqoh  occasions  all  of  whom 
have  long  since  retired  behind  the  soenes.** 

He  soon  afterward  accepted  an  invitation  to  join  his  brother  in  St  Do- 
mingo, and  they  formed  a  house  there  which  was  very  successful ;  but 
finding  that  the  climate  did  not  agree  with  his  health,  he  returned  to 
Boston,  and  for  some  time  attended  to  the  business  of  the  house  in  the 
United  States,  where  their  correspondence  was  extensive,  his  younger 
brother,  the  late  Samuel  G.  Perkins,  Esq.,  filling  his  place  in  the  firm. 

In  1788  he  was  married  to  Miss  Elliot,  only  daughter  of  Simon  Elliot, 
Esq.  It  was  a  union  entirely  of  affection,  and  lasted  for  more  than  60  years. 
His  married  life  was  commenced  with  necessity  for  strict  economy ;  but 

*  Lonii;  sftorward  he  recurred  to  \h\t  dedtlon  with  regret  for  bavlDg  rellnqoithed  raeh  a  privilege^ 
and  In  adyaneed  ige  repeatedly  lald  that,  other  things  being  eqaal,  (which  condition  be  repeaud 
emphatleallyO  be  shoaid  prefer  for  commeroial  parraita  tboae  wbo  bad  received  the  moat  complete 
edoestlon.  lo  thia  opinion  he  leema  to  have  coincided  with  another  experienced  merchant,  who 
once  gave  ft  as  the  reault  of  bis  observation  in  a  long  life,  that  aa  a  general  rule  applied  to  the  whole 
claaa  of  commercial  men,  of  whom  it  ia  well  known  that  a  considerable  proportion  fall,  tboae  had 
inceeeded  beat  who  were  the  best  educated.  It  derives  confirmation,  too,  fk'om  a  fact  generally  no- 
ticed, both  here  and  In  Europe,  by  those  who  know  what  goes  on  in  the  public  schools  where  lads 
are  prepared  by  diflbrvot  cooraes  of  stody  respectively,  either  for  college  or  for  mercantile  lifb,  as 
th«lr  friends  prefer.  Those  who  are  engaged  in  classical  studies  for  most  of  the  week  and  give  but  a 
small  portion  of  U  to  other  pursuits,  are'genemlly  found  to  be  well  up  In  arithmetic,  geography,  ^c, 
with  those  wbo.bestow  their  whole  time  <»  such  branches. 

Without  underrating  the  importance  of  a  habit  of  attention  to  detail,  or  the  knowledge  of  mlnete 
aflUrs  and  the  qualities  of  merchandise,  which  may  be  acquired  by  early  apprenUceship,  11  la  to  be 
remembered  that  men  of  high  culture  who  mean  to  effect  what  they  attempt,  show  great  aptitude 
tut  the  minttilflB,a8  well  as  for  the  general  scope  cTany  new  business  which  they  undertake,  ana  that 
intellect  well  disciplined  has  considerable  advantages  in  comparison  with  rouUne. 


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22  Mercantile  Biography: 

the  connection  probably  gave  an  uaportant  bias  to  his  commercial  career, 
as  it  led  to  intimacy  with  Capt.  James  Magee,  a  relatiye  of  Mra.  Perkins, 
who  had  made  one  voyage  to  Canton.  lie  soon  tunied  his  attention  to 
trade  with  China,  and  sailed  from  Boston  in  February,  1789,  as  supercargo 
of  the  ship  Astraea,  belonging  to  £.  H.  Derby,  £sq.,  of  Salem,  bound  to 
Batavia  and  Canton,  and  commanded  by  Capt  Magee.  Difficulties  were 
encountered  and  inconveniences  were  necessarily  submitted  to  then  which 
are  avoided  now.  The  ship  was  not  coppered,  and  her  bottom  becoming 
foul,  they  made  a  long  passage  to  Batavia ;  being  in  want  of  water  before 
arriving  there,  they  stopped  at  Mew  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Straits  of 
Sunda,  for  a  supply.  Referring  to  the  voyage  and  this  incident  in  some 
memoranda  made  for  his  children  many  years  afterward,  he  says : — 

"  The  casks  in  which  a  part  of  oar  water  was  contained  had  been  used  in 
briDging  coffee  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hi»pe,  and  although  burned  out,  and.  as 
was  supposed,  purified,  yet  the  water  put  in  them  was  most  distrusting.  The 
waters  from  the  cascade  on  the  Java  shore  were,  of  course,  duly  appreciated. 
We  remained  in  this  beautiful  bay  several  days.  There  were  at  the  time  I  speak 
of  (now  fifty-seven  years  since)  no  inhabitants  on  thb  part  of  Java.  I  went  on 
shore  every  day,  and  in  one  of  my  excursions  climbed  the  precipice  over  which 
the  cascade  flowed,  to  examine  its  source,  and  from  what  we  learned  on  reach- 
ing Batavia,  we  were  led  to  believe  that  we  had  run  great  hazard,  as  more  than 
one  instance  had  occurred  of  persons  visiting  the  same  spot  having  been  de- 
stroyed by  tigers,  who  were  slaking  their  thirst  in  this  beautiful  stream.  Bate 
of  great  size  were  seen  crossing  the  narrow  strait  which  'divided  Mew  Island 
from  Java,  and  returning  towards  the  dose  of  day  to  their  roosts  on  the  Java 
side. 

**  I  remember  as  if  it  were  yesterday  the  fright  I  had  in  crossioff  a  creek,  the 
bottom  of  which  was  hard,  about  knee  deep,  and  but  a  few  yards  wide.  My 
erossing  alanned  half  a  dozen  or  more  young  crocodiles  or  alligators,  which 
were  farther  up  the  stream  than  where  I  was  crossing,  and  they  came  down  upoa 
OS  with  a  celeiw  whfeh  was  inconceivable.  None  of  them  tonehed  either  my 
servant  or  myself,  and  I  have  no  doubt  they  were  quite  as  much  alarmed  as  we 
were. 

^  No  boats  or  vessels  of  any  kind  came  into  the  bay  while  we  lay  there. 
Princess  Island  was  in  dght;  but  the  inhabitants,  who  had  a  bad  name,  were 
otherwise  engaged,  and  we  met  nothing  to  alarm  us.  The  pirates  from  Sumatra 
and  the  Eastern  Islands  made  frequent  attacks  on  vessels  in  those  days,  even  so 
far  to  the  west  as  the  Straits  of  Sunda,  though  their  depredations  were  more 
confined  to  Banca  Straits  and  the  more  eastern  archipelago." 

That  part  of  Java  remains  uninhabited  now,  as  it  was  at  the  time  which 
he  thus  referred  to,  and  both  tigers  and  anacondas  abound  there.  Quite 
recently  a  botanist,  engaged  in  making  collections  for  a  British  nobleman, 
having  crossed  from  Mew  Island  to  tl^  Java  shore,  his  dog  sprang  from 
Uie  boat  as  it  touched  land,  and,  dashing  into  the  woods,  was  imm^iately 
seized  by  a  ti^er,  as  his  master  doubtless  would  have  been  if  he  had  en- 
tered the  thicket  first.  The  enormous  bats  here  mentioned  are  well  known 
to  naturalists.  It  is  said  that  coal  has  now  been  discovered  in  that  vicinity, 
which  may  lead  to  some  settlement  there. 

They  were  among  the  earliest  visitors  at  Batavia  from  this  country,  and 
were  treated  with  great  civility  by  the  Governor-General  and  others  in 
authority,  but  found  some  difficulty  in  obtaining  permission  to  dispose  of 
die  cargo  intended  for  that  place.  He  kept  a  journal  while  there,  and  the 
following  extracts  from  it  exnibit  some  obstructions  in  business  and  defer- 
ence to  authority,  from  which  foreigners  are  now  relieved. 


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Tkomoi  Hsmdoiyd  Perkins.  23 

**  JaTy  13,  1789.  At  five  oVlock  anchored  in  three  fathoms  water  in  the  harbor 
of  Batam,  where  we  saw  Capt  Webb'a  brig.  At  seven  the  captain  came  on 
board,  and  gave  us  the  most  melancholy  account  of  the  state  of  affairs  at  the 
place— of  the  prohibition  and  restrictions  on  trade,  and  everything  else  which 
eoald  serve  to  give  us  the  dumps. 

^  14th.  At  eight  in  the  morning  took  Capt  Webb  in  our  boat  and  went  ob 
shore.  The  entrance  of  the  canal  through  which  we  pass  is  about  half  a  mile 
firom  the  ship.  The  appearance  in  the  habor  beautiful.  Canals,  which  cross 
each  other  at  right  angles  through  the  city,  are  about  forty  or  fifty  feet  wide. 
The  water,  which  is  always  very  dirty,  must  be  unhealthy ;  they  are  continually 
filled  with  boats,  which  carry  up  and  down  cargoes. 

**The  variety  of  naticms,  which  are  easily  to  be  known  by  their  different  coun- 
tenances, astonishing.  Great  numbers  of  Chinese.  Stopped  at  the  custom- 
house, where  the  names  of  the  captain  and  myself  were  taken,  and  other  minutes 
respecting  our  passage,  dtc.  As  the  canal  is  difficult  to  pass  after  getting  to  this 
plaee,  which  is  about  a  mile-and-a^half  from  shore  and  through  the  centre  of  the 
town,  we  took  a  coach,  which  was  provided  us  by  the  Scribe  who  questioned  us, 
and  with  whom  I  rode  to  the  Shabendar's.  Received  with  civility  by  him,  but 
discouraged  from  expecting  permission  to  sell.  Represented  our  situation — the 
encooFagement  we  had  ever  met  with,  &c  He  told  us  he  would  do  everything 
ID  his  power  to  serve  us,  but  feared  we  should  not  succeed. 

**  Was  conducted  to  the  hotel,  where  all  stran|rer8  are  obliged  to  put  up. 
Found  Blanchard,  who  M>eaks  of  his  prospects  as  distressing.  Had  been  here  a 
week  and  done  nothing  but  petition. 

**  According  to  common  custom,  presented  a  petition  through  the  Shabendar 
for  permission  to  sell.    Waited  upon  the  Director-General,  for  >iAom  we  had  a 

letter  from  Mr.  L ,  his  nephew.     His  house  a  palace ;  he  received  us, 

D«tebman4ike,  in  his  shirt  sleeves,  and  his  stockings  half  down  his  legs ;  took 
our  address^  and  told  us  we  should  hear  from  hun  again ;  think  he  will  be  of 
service  to  us.  Made  other  acquaintances  through  my  knowledge  of  French,  and 
endeavored  to  make  some  friends.  To-morrow  the  council  dt,  when  our  fate  is 
to  be  known. 

^  This  evening  the  British  ship  Vansittart  arrived,  and  the  captain,  whose  name 
is  Wilson,  withnis  second  mate,  purser,  and  doctor,  came  on  shore.  Was  very 
happy  to  find  the  doctor  to  be  the  gentleman  for  whom  I  had  a  letter,  and  whom 
I  siq[>posed  to  bare  been  in  the  Pitt,  Indiaman ;  he  seems  to  merit  all  which  has 
b^n  said  to  me  of  him ;  feel  myself  drawn  towards  him  more  from  his  being  a 
countryman  than,  perhaps,  f^om  any  other  circumstance,  on  so  short  an  acquaint- 


**  Thursday,  16th.  Anxious  for  the  reception  the  petition  may  meet  At  ten 
o^loek  Capt  Wilson  and  I  went  with  the  Shabendar,  with  our  petitions,  to  the 
council  chamber.  After  walking  the  hall  a  long  time,  and  being  witness  to  a 
great  deal  of  pompous  parade,  was  introduced  to  the  council  chamber,  where  the 
membera— who  are  eight  in  number — were  seated  round  a  large  table  covered 
w^  silk  velvet,  with  the  Governor-General  as  president  I  made  mv  respects, 
and  presented  my  petition,  and  then  left  them  to  take  another  stroll  in  the  hall, 
till  the  Shabendar,  upon  the  ringing  of  a  bell,  once  more  introduced  us  to  the 
great  chamber,  when  Capt  Wil^n  had  liberty  to  land  his  articles ;  but  we,  poor, 
despised  devUs,  were  absolutely  denied  the  liberty  of  selling  a  farthing's  worth. 
WlmlttTer  I  thought  of  the  partiality,  I  very  respectfully  took  my  leave,  but 
determined  to  persevere — and  after  much  difficulty,  got  leave  to  renew  our  peti- 
tions. 

**  16th.  Received  an  invitation  to  sup  with  the  Director,  where  we  were  su- 
perbly entertained  and  met  much  company.  Many  speak  French;  represented 
our  situation ;  music  at  supper. 

''Friday,  17th.  Nothing  to  be  done  until  Monday,  when  the  council  meet 
again.  It  is  supposed  we  shall  not  have  our  future  petition  aooeded  to.  Making 
interest 


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24  MereantUe  Biogra^y : 

**  Sunday,  19th.  Dined  with  the  Governor,  and  reoeifed  civility;  an  elegant 
place.  Tlie  area,  where  we  dined,  Huperb ;  and  the  prcspect  round  it  not  to  be 
exceeded.  Pai^sed  the  evening,  by  invitation,  at  the  Director's,  where  were  all 
the  Council  of  Bight,  the  Grovernor,  the  old  Director-General,  and  other  grandees. 
More  parade  than  before.  Played  cardn ;  custom  of  washing  before  and  after 
dinner ;  the  improvement  in  luxury ;  washing  in  rose-water ;  supper  elegant — 
superbly  so ;  huzzaing,  and  the  return  from  the  owner  of  the  house  after  any 
complimentary  toast 

**  I  wrote  a  petition  in  behalf  of  Blanchard  and  myself,  and  had  it  translated  into 
Dutch. 

"  Monday,  20th.  Dined  with  the  Fiscal,  who  treated  us  with  good  fare ;  the 
British  officers  there,  and  many  persons  of  consequence. 

*'  Tuesday,  21st.  Supped  with  one  of  the  Edelheeren;  everything  in  superb 
style;  the  same  company  as  before;  the  Governor  there;  he  does  not  honor 
them  more  than  once  a  year  with  his  visits.  Twenty  ladies  at  table;  their  dress, 
manners,  style  of  putting  up  the  hair — sitting  by  themselves ;  toasts;  huzzas; 
bouquets ;  rose-water ;  superfluity  of  everythmg  which  Europe  and  the  Indies 
can  give. 

"  Gained  permission  to  sell." 

This  restriction  on  sales  by  foreigners  has  been  removed  since  that  time, 
and  it  is  not  necessary  to  wait  for  any  such  permission  now.  But  at  that 
time  the  United  States  of  America  were  little  known  or  regarded  in  that 
distant  part  of  the  world,  and  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  final  success  which 
the  young  merchant  thus  attained  with  the  despotic  authorities  of  Batavia, 
who  had  pointedly  and  formally  refused  his  application  in  the  outset,  is 
fairly  attnbutable  to  personal  qualities  which  distinguished  him  even  at 
that  early  period,  and  were  characteristic  through  me.  Few  men  could 
exert  a  greater  influence  over  others  with  whom  he  had  an  important 
point  to  carry. 

His  notes,  on  various  subjects,  in  the  same  diary,  show  careful  and  gen- 
eral observation : — 

**  It  is  death  to  take  spices ;  and  an  acknowledgment  of  having  received  no- 
tice of  this  is  required,  so  that  one  cannot  plead  ignorance.  The  Chinese  racked 
ou  the  wheel  for  running  spices ;  yet  any  of  tliem  will  do  it,  bringing  them  to 
one's  chamber  in  small  quantities  of  20  or  30  lbs.  The  Chinese  are  the  princi- 
pal husbandmen.  All  the  Eastern  nations'  are  represented  here  in  greater  or 
less  numbers — Armenians,  Moormen,  &^,  Murders  frequent ;  Malays  revenge- 
ful and  cowardly,  taking  everv  advantage  of  situation,  fearing  to  attack  a  man 
openly,  and  even  afhiid  to  hold  a  piatoL  Gates  of  the  city ;  strict  regulations 
respecting  the  going  out  and  coming  in  at  them.  Four  gates;  walled  all  round 
— kept  in  good  repair ;  regularity  of  the  trees.  Chinese  live  in  the  suburbs, 
and  obliged  to  be  out  of  the  walls  before  night. 

^  Procured  two  birds  of  paradise ;  the  biid  a  native  of  the  Moluccas  or  Spice 
Islands;  valuable  at  Bengal  and  on  the  peninsula  of  India. 

*'  Birds'  nests  at  Batavia  at  2,500  paper  dollars  the  pecul.  The  birds  that 
make  these  nests  are  shaped  like  the  swallow,  and  fly  with  the  same  velocity, 
but  are  smaller.  We  saw  numbers  of  them  while  at  Mew  Island,  but  did  not 
know  them  to  be  the  same  at  the  time.  The  cu.idt  of  Suoiatra  gives  the  great- 
est  supply  of  them — called  the  Salignare,  and  found  in  great  numbers  in  the 
Philippines.  They  always  lay  in  the  same  nest  unless  it  1^  destroyed,  and  will 
keep  continually  rebuilding  when  their  nests  are  taken  away ;  late  method  of  in- 
suring good  nests  by  destroying  all  the  old  ones.  The  nests  are  formed  of  a 
glutinous  substance  found  in  the  water.  They  are  about  the  size  of  the  inside 
of  a  swallow's  nest,  and  some  of  them  almost  transparent  The  soup  made  of 
them  is  very  palatable,  but  as  it  is  dear,  it  is  not  often  met  with ;  the  old  ne^ta  are 
of  a  black  east,  and  not  near  so  valuable  as  the  white.    There  are  three  layers  or 


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Thamtm  Mandaat^  Ferkim.  25 

tbieknesses  in  the  neste  whieh,  when  separated,  appear  like  three  distinet  nests ; 
the  first  or  outside  layer  brings  tiie  least  price,  increasing  to  the  inside,  which 
beirs  the  amazing  price  above  quoted.  t 

**  The  shark  fins  are  also  esteemed  a  great  delicacy  for  soaps,  and  to  many  are 
▼ery  palatable ;  bat  to  me  they  were  not  so. 

**  There  are  at  Batavia  nine  persons  who  bear  the  title  of  Bdelheer,  that  being 
a  title  of  nobility  which  they  have  assumed  to  themselves.  Among  these  nine 
persons  is  incladed  the  Oovernor-General,  who  is  the  president  of  the  Grand 
Council  of  the  Indies,  the  other  seven  Conneillors,  and  the  Director-General  of 
the  company,  whose  post  is  second  in  the  settlement  The  old  Director  also 
who — being  far  advanced  in  yearn — resigned,  holds  this  dignity  of  Edelheer,  and 
has  the  same  attention  paid  to  him  that  the  inhabitants  are  obliged  to  pay  to  the 
rest  of  them.  Obeisance  is  exacted  from  all  persons  without  distinction  in  one 
form  which  has  much  disturbed  the  feelings  of  some  strangers  who  were  not 
used  to  acknowledge  themselves  the  inferiors  of  any  one,  and  felt  much  galled 
at  not  being  able  to  help  themselves.  It  is  this :  the  carriage  of  an  Edelheer  is, 
when  in  the  city  or  on  meeting  any  carriage  of  distinction,  preceded  by  two  run- 
ning footmen,  who  carry  each  a  baton  or  cane,  with  abrass  head  resembling  the 
weight  used  with  a  pair  of  steel-yards,  and  of  an  extraordinary  size.  This  an- 
nounces the  carriage  which  follows  to  be  that  of  an  Edelheer,  when  the  other 
carriage  must  drive  up  on  one  side  the  way,  and  there  wait  until  his  greatness 
has  passed.  They  are  very  civil  in  returning  one  as  low  a  boW  as  is  given 
them.  When  no  carriage  of  distinction  is^n  the  road,  and  the  £delheer*s  car- 
nan^  is  without  the  suburbs,  it  is  known  by  those  canes  before  spoken  of,  being 
projected  from  the  back  part  of  the  carriage  in  such  a  manner  that  they  cannot 
bat  be  seen.  There  is  a  heavy  fine  exacted  for  passing  the  carriage  of  an  Edel- 
heer without  stopping. 

**  Some  time  since  there  was  an  East  India  Company's  ship  at  Batavia,  the  cap- 
tun  of  which  thinking  this  a  very  great  indignity  offered  him,  upon  his  coach- 
man's attempting  to  stop  his  horses,  ordered  him  by  signs  to  go  on,  which  order 
not  being  complied  with  on  the  part  of  the  former,  the  captain  gave  him  a  very 
severe  prick  with  his  sword.  This  made  some  noise  at  the  time,  but  was  ovor- 
looked.  I  think  it  did  no  great  honor  to  the  ffood  sense  of  the  captain,  who 
most  have  been  aware  that  the  poor  devil  who  drove  him  knew  that  passing  the 
Edelheer  would  be  attended  with  disagreeable  consequences  to  himself,  which 
should  have  alone  been  sufficient  to  have  prevented  Uie  captain  from  wishing  it. 

**  The  captain  of  a  French  frigate  who  was  here  fell  upon  a  much  more  eligible 
plan,  and  one  which  succeeded  to  admiration.  On  being  informed  that  his  coach- 
man would  stop  on  meeting  one  of  the  Elderheeren,  he  determined  on  endeavor, 
ing  to  overcome  by  civility  what  he  had  no  hopes  of  averting  by  any  other 
means.  He  had  directions  for  distinguishing  the  carriage  of  an  Edelheer,  and 
as  soon  as  he  saw  one,  prepared  himself  for  descending  from  his  carriaffe.  As 
soon  as  his  coachman  checked  his  horses,  he  alighted  from  hb  coach  and  made 
his  respects  to  the  Edelheer,  who  could  do  no  less  than  dismount  from  his 
upon  seeinff  a  person  of  the  appearance  of  the  captain  thus  paying  him  his  re- 
spects ;  and  after  many  ceremonioas  bows  and  testimonies  of  civility,  they  again 
resumed  their  seats  in  their  several  carriages.  This  piece  of  outstretched  polite- 
ness was  found  to  be  the  cause  of  some  trouble  to  the  gentlemen  EMolbeeren 
daring  the  captain's  stay  here,  which  induced  them  to  send  an  order  to  the  hotel, 
giving  leave  to  the  coachman  of  the  French  captain  to  drive  on  without  stopping 
for  any  one  of  the  council,  or  indeed  of  the  Edelheeren. 

**  In  private  companies  the  greatest  attention  and  studied  politeness  is  shown 
them,  and  they  always  when  at  table,  sit  opposite  to  the  master  of  the  house, 
who  divides  the  table  lengthwise,  and  does  not,  like  the  host  with  us,  take  his 
seat  at  the  end.  They  have  a  privilege  of  passing  in  and  out  of  the  several 
gates  of  the  city  at  any  time  in  the  day,  which  is  what  no  other  person  can  do, 
as  there  are  particular  hours  for  passing  and  repassing  the  different  gates." 

These  dignitaries  and  the  troublesome  ceremonies  attendant  on  their 
rank  are  no  longer  known. 


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26  JiertaniUe  Bioffrapky: 

*^  There  is  at  Batavia  a  great  medley  of  inhabitaBts.  The  principal  persons  in 
business,  after  the  Hollanders,  are  the  Moormen^  Many  of  them  are  very  rich. 
They  are  distinguished  by  a  peculiarity  of  dress  and  a  turban  on  the  head.  They 
wear  square-to^  shoes,  which  turn  upsnd  terminate  at  each  comer  in  a  kind  of 
ear,  which  has  a  curious  appearance.  Thvy  are  rather  slippers  than  shoes,  having 
no  quarter  or  straps  to  them.  In  some  respects  these  people  exceed  any  set  of 
men  whom  I  saw  while  at  Batavia;  they  have  an  ease  of  address  and  an  air  of 
good  breeding,  which  one  would  not  expect  to  find  ift  their  countrymen.  In  their 
houses  they  are  courteous,  and  strive  to  make  one's  time  agreeable  while  under 
their  roofs.  They  are  the  best^shaped  of  any  of  the  Eastern  nations  whom  I  ob- 
served while  there;  their  complexion  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  the  aboriginals 
of  America;  their  features  regular  and  well  set,  with  the  most  piercing  eye  of 
any  people  I  ever  saw.  Their  religion  is  Mahometanism.  They  carry  on  a  great 
trade  to  the  different  islands  in  the  Indian  seas,  and  by  their  traffic  make  great 
fortunes ;  their  mode  of  saluting  is  by  passing  the  right  hand,  with  a  slow  mo- 
tion, to  the  forehead,  and  at  the  same  time  bowing  the  head  with  a  most  grac^ 
fut  ease.  They  are,  with  the  Chinese,  the  great  nK>ney  changers.  They  are  as 
remarkably  quick  in  easting  and  making  calculations,  without  any  assistance,  as 
the  Chinese  are  with  their  counters.  Some  of  these  people  support  as  decent 
carriages  as  any  in  the  place,  and  live  with  a  great  degree  of  taste. 

*'  They  all  chew  betel,  areka  mit,  and  chunam.  This  has  the  effect  of  render- 
ing the  teetir  black  and  shining,  like  ebony.  They  esteem  it  heathful,  as  it 
causes  expectoration  in^a  greater  decree  than  tobacco.  This,  they  aver,  is  abso- 
lutely necessary  in  their  country.  It  is,  however,  a  filthy,  vile  practice  in  our 
eyes,  excusable  in  some  degree  in  the  men,  bat  in  the  women  trdly  disgusting. 
I  never  saw  any  European  gentleman  use  the  betel,  but  many  of  the  European 
women  have  adopted  the  haoit  of  chewing  it,  and  have  their  mouths  crowded 
with  it  Tlie  private  secretary  of  the  council,  one  of  the  most  genteel  men  at 
Batavia,  told  me  of  his  great  aversion  to  the  use  of  it  in  women,  and  observed 
that  his  wife  had  so  great  an  attachment  to  it,  that  all  his  powers  of  persuasioii 
were  not  sufficient  to  wean  her  from  it  She  was  quite  young,  not  more  than 
nineteen  or  twenty  at  the  extent.  There  is  a  child  of  seven  or  eight  years  of 
age  always  in  attendance  on  those  who  chew  the  betel,  which  is  deposited  in  a 
box,  in  some  instances  of  very  curious  workmanship.  This  child  is  the  bearer  of 
the  box,  and  ever  waiting  the  wishes  of  the  person  so  attended. 

^  All  the  people  in  this  place  seem  very  fcmd  of  being  surrounded  by  domes- 
tics. One  seldom  sees  a  coach  pass,  particularly  if  there  are  women  in  it,  with- 
out  five  or  six  slaves — some  carrying  the  batons,  others  the  umbrellas,  &c,  the 
slaves  being  generally  Malays,  though  there  are  some  from  all  the  inhabited  ieU 
ands  in  the  India  and  China  seas.  The  Malays  are  great  cock  fighters,  and  have 
fi  ne  birds.  They  bet  deeply,  and  go  to  as  unpardonable  a  length  as  the  Chhaeee 
do,  playing  away  the  liberty  of  their  wives  and  children,  and  even  their  own." 

He  proceeded  to  Canton  for  a  carfi^o  of  teas.  While  he  was  there,  a 
vessel  arrived  whose  name  has  since  become  one  of  historical  interest — 
the  Columbia — the  ship  which  in  h^  next  voyage,  under  the  command  <^ 
Capt  Gray,  crossed  the  bar  of  the  Columbia  River,  as  it  was  always  called 
afterward,  the  incident  being  referred  to  in  recent  negotiations  of  intense 
interest  as  the  foundation  of  a  territorial  daim  on  the  part  of  the  United 
States.  Remaining  several  months  in  China,  and  attending  assiduously  to 
the  business  of  the  ship,  he  became  well  acquainted  with  the  habits  of  the 
Chinese,  and  collected  a  fund  of  information  concerning  trade  there  in  all 
its  branches,  and  the  value  of  sea-otter  skins  and  other  furs  from  the  north- 
west coast  of  onr  continent,  which  formed  the  basis  of  action  for  him  after^ 
wards  in  planning  numerous  yoyages  and  directing  mercantile  operations 
of  great  importance  between  America,  Asia,  and  Europe.  He  was  long 
remembered  there,  too,  particularly  by  one  occupying  a  subordinate  posi- 
tion at  the  time,  who  had  observed  him,  though  not  known  to  him  per^ 


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Thomas  Smia^i  Perkins.  Sf 

sonally^  who  afterwards  became  eminently  diaUnguislied  in  the  Commerce 
of  the  £a8t — the  well-known  Hong  merdiant,  Houqua.  Commercial  re- 
lations of  an  intimate  character  and  entire  confidence  were  afterwards 
established  between  them,  and  existed  for  many  years  with  mutual  advan- 


etuming  homeward,  he  found  that  the  period  of  his  absence  had  been 
eventful  in  changes  that  were  to  have  important  influence  in  the  political 
and  commercial  world.  They  received  news  of  the  revolutionary  move- 
ments in  France  from  a  vessel  which  they  spoke  in  crossing  the  trade- 
winds.  On  arriving  at  Boston,  they  found  our  government  organized 
under  the  new  constitution  of  1789,  and  though  this  led  to  heavy  duties, 
particularly  on  teas,  it  was  giving  confidence  and  stability  to  trade.  With 
the  information  which  he  had  brought  home,  he  sent  a  brig— the  Hope, 
Capt  Ingraham — to  the  northwest  coast,  with  the  intention  of  terminating 
the  voyage  at  Canton.  The  most  important  result  of  this  voyage  appears 
to  have  been  the  discovery  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  Marquesas  Isl- 
ands, as  now  laid  down  on  the  map  of  the  Pacific.  Its  main  object  was  de- 
feated by  untoward  circumstances. 

He  soon  afterward  joined  his  friend  Capt  Magee,  however,  in  building 
a  ship — the  Margaret — of  which  the  captain  went  master  for  the  north- 
west coast,  and  alter  an  absence  of  two  years  and  a  half  brought  the  voy- 
age to  a  successful  dose.  Csupi,  Magee  carried  out  the  frame  of  a  vessel 
with  three  or  four  caroenters,  and  set  up  the  little  craft  of  about  thirty 
tons  under  Capt  Swift,  then  the  chief  carpenter,  and  the  schooner  col- 
lected some  twelve  or  fifteen  hundred  sea-otters  during  the  season,  which 
added  much  to  the  profit  of  the  voyage,  as  the  skins  were  worth  $30  or 
$40  when  Capt  Magee  reached  China. 

In  1792  the  insurrection  began  in  8t  Domingo,  where  his  brothers  had 
continued  their  establishment,  doing  a  prosperous  business  up  to  that  pe- 
riod. Mr.  James  Perkins,  the  eldest  brother,  and  his  wife  were  in  a  peril- 
ous situation  at  the  beginning  of  it,  being  in  the  interior  on  a  visit  to  a 
fnend  who  had  a  plantation,  next  to  the  one  first  destroyed,  on  the  plains 
of  the  ci^e.  They  made  their  escape,  however,  from  the  frightful 
treatment  which  awaited  all  who  lingered,  and  reached  the  cape. 
But  things  grew  worse.  The  place  was  taken  by  the  insurgents  and 
burned,  and  the  inhabitants  were  obliged  to  get  awav  in  the  best 
manner  they  could.  This,  of  course,  broke  up  his  brothers'  establish- 
ment Their  store  was  burned  by  the  blacks,  with  its  contents,  which 
were  valuable.  This,  however,  was  not  the  worst,  as  the  planters  were 
largely  in  debt  to  the  house,  and  their  means  of  paying  destroyed  The 
brothers  (James  and  Samuel  G.)  returned  to  Boston,  having  lost  most  of 
their  property,  to  begin  the  wond  anew.  He  then  formed  a  co-partnership 
with  his  brother  James,  under  the  firm  of  J.  &  T.  H.  Perkins,  which  con- 
tinued until  the  death  of  the  latter  in  1822,  though  the  name  of  the  firm 
was  altered  on  the  admission  of  their  sons  in  1819.  They  used  the  infor- 
mation which  had  been  acquired  at  St  Domingo  with  advantage,  by  keep- 
ing two  or  three  vessels  trading  to  the  West  Indies,  and  shipping  coffee 
and  sugar  to  £urope. 

But  their  most  important  business  was  the  trade  of  their  ships  on  the 
northwest  coast  and  in  China.  They  were  concerned  in  numerous  voy- 
ages in  that  direction,  and  eventually  established  a  house  at  Canton, 
under  the  firm  of  Perkins  &  Co.,  which  became  one  of  great  importance 
and  eminently  successful 


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28  MereanHle  Biography: 

In  December,  1704,  lie  took  passage  for  Bordeaux  in  a  ship  belonging 
to  his  own  house  and  that  of  Messrs.  S.  Hig^nson  &  Co., — in  which  firm 
his  brother,  Mr.  S.  G.  Perkins,  had  become  a  partner — ^with  a  cargo  of  pro- 
visions ;  the  demand  for  them  in  the  disturbed  state  of  French  aft'airs  offer- 
ing the  prospect  of  a  fair  result  to  such  a  voyage.  But  the  depreciation 
of  the  assignats,  and  other  causes,  threatening  to  defeat  their  hopes,  he 
found  it  best  to  continue  abroad  for  some  time.  His  observations  while 
there,  and  the  occurrences  in  which  he  became  concerned,  were  of  an  in- 
teresting character.  He  made  full  notes  at  the  time,  but  the  following  ac- 
count is  taken  from  the  memoranda  already  referred  to,  written  in  a  week 
of  leisure  long  afterward,  and  commencing  thus : — 

**  TO  MT  CHILDREN  I — 

^^Sa&atooa  SpiiNot,  July  18,  1846. 

**  It  has  often  occurred  to  roe  that  it  would  have  given  me  infinite  pleasure  to 
have  known  more  than  has  come  to  my  knowledge  of  the  early  life  of  my  father. 
He  died  when  I  was  about  six  years  of  age,  and  all  I  know  of  him  is  from  re- 

fort.    My  recollections  of  him  are  very  faint,  though  I  have  an  impression  that 
remember  him  in  an  emaciated  state  shortly  before  his  death." 

After  narrating,  for  the  information  of  his  family,  some  incidents  of  his 
early  life,  part  of  which  have  been  already  mentioned,  he  proceeds  to  re- 
late the  occurrences  that  followed  this  voyage  to  France,  as  follows : — 

"I  remained  in  Europe  from  December,  1794,  to  October,  1795 — a  very  inter, 
esting  period  of  the  French  revolution.  What  was  called  *  The  Mountam '  in 
the  convention  had  been  prostrated  in  some  degree  by  the  fall  of  Robespierre, 
the  principal  mover  in  the  most  bloody  scenes  of  the  revolution.  He  endeavored 
to  destroy  himself,  but  failed,  and  left  the  final  act  to  the  guillotine.  This  in- 
strument had  done  execution  on  thousands  through  his  influence,  and  retributive 
justice  was  satisfied  in  the  fate  which  expiated  his  crimes. 

**  France  was  by  no  means  in  a  quiet  state  when  I  reached  Bordeaux,  and  iu 
travelling  with  the  courier  day  and  night,  we  passed  so  near  the  theatre  of  war 
in  La  Vendee,  as  to  hear  the  reports  of  the  cannon  of  the  belligerent  parties.  If 
we  bad  been  fallen  in  with  by  the  Vendeens,  we  should  doubtless  have  had  our 
throats  cut,  as  public  agents  and  bearers  of  dispatches  from  one  province  to  an- 
other. We  escaped,  however,  unharmed,  though  the  fate  we  feared  befell  the 
courier  a  few  nights  aAer  we  passed.  During  my  stay  in  Europe  my  time  was 
naaaed  principally  in  Paris,  where  I  bad  rooms  in  the  same  hotel  with  my  friend 
Mr.  Jos.  Russell.  We  kept  a  carriage  between  us,  always  visiting  or  travelling 
together.  It  was  a  new  English  chariot  which  had  been  left  behind  by  some 
traveller  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  war,  and  was  in  perfect  order.  We  found  it 
of  great  convenience  while  in  the  city,  as  public  carriages  were  not  easily  had 
and  no  private  ones  were  kept  by  any  Frenchmen.  Indeed,  they  were  kept  by 
very  few  except  by  foreign  ambassadors. 

**  There  were  in  Paris  several  Americans  of  my  acquaintance  besides  Mr.  Rus- 
sell. We  used  to  dine  at  a  restorateur  and  breakfast  at  home,  the  wife  of  the 
porter  of  the  hotel  furnishing  our  coffee.  There  was  a  enjat  scarcity  of  bread- 
stuffs  during  the  winter  and  spring.  It  was  produced  partly  by  the  farmers 
having  their  plowshares  turned  into  swords,  partly  by  the  wa^^te  attendant  on 
war,  and  in  part  by  an  unwillingness  to  sell  for  asftignats,  which  were  constantly 
declining  in  value.  The  whole  population  of  Parts  was  placed  under  restriction, 
and  each  family  received  a  certain  quantity  per  day  from  the  public  bakers  at  a 
fixed  price.  The  hotels  gave  in  theu*  number  of  guests  for  whom  they  drew  the 
stipulated  quantity,  and  those  who  dined  out  had  their  bread  carried  to  the  place 
where  they  dined.  I  dined  almost  every  Saturday  with  the  minister  of  the 
United  States,  where  1  was  in  the  habit  of  meeting  distinguished  men. 

*  I  had  little  buaiaeas  to  do  in  Paris,  and  leisure,  therefore,  to   observe  what 


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Tkomoi  Handatyd  Perkins,  29 

WM  passing.  Having  sold  the  cargo,  or  the  prineipal  part  of  it,  to  gOTemment, 
1  h  ad  litUe  else  to  do  for  months  than  to  dance  attendance  npon  the  bureau 
which  had  the  adjaytment  of  the  account,  and  was  finally  obliged  to  leave  the 
matter  to  the  care  of  a  friend. 

**>  After  the  fall  of  Robespierre,  the  revolutionary  tribunal  of  which  Fouqnier 
Tinville  was  the  Accusateur  Public — like  our  attorney-general — being  abolished, 
he,  with  five  judges  and  ten  jurvmen,  in  all  sixteen,  were  executed  in  the  Place 
de  Greve  by  that  operation  which  they  had  inflicted  on  men,  women,  and  even 
children,  for  pretended  crimes.  I  went  with  Mr.  Russell,  Mr.  Hlg^inson,  and 
several  others,  apd  secured  a  room,  the  nearest  we  could  get  to  the  place  of  ex^ 
eeuUdn,  that  we  might  witness  it  closelv.  The  prisoners  arrived  in  two  carts, 
from  which  they  were  taken  out  and  placed  in  the  room  directly  under  the  scaf- 
fold. From  there  they  were  taken,  one  by  one,  and  by  a  ladder  of  eight  or  ten 
feet  were  brought  to  tne  instrument  and  decapitated.  The  attorney-general  was 
the  last  to  suffer,  and  must  have  felt  at  the  fall  of  the  axe  in  every  execnUon  as 
much  as  he  felt  when  hU  turn  came.  They  all  met  their  fate  without  a  struggle, 
except  a  man,  one  of  the  judges,  who  had  been  of  the  noblesse  of  the  country, 
and  whose  name  was  Le  Roi,  which  he  had,  by  decree  of  the  convention,  changed 
to  Dix  Aont,  or  Tenth  of  August,  after  the  assault  upon  the  Tuilleries  on  that 
memorable  day,  when  the  Swiss  and  the  king's  immediate  attendants  were  so 
shamefully  murdered  by  the  populace  of  Paris.  This  man  died  game,  but  kept 
voi-iferating  his  execrations  upon  his  executioner,  until  he  was  silenced  by  the 
fall  of  the  axe. 

**  This  mode  of  execution  is  certainly  merciful,  inasmuch  as  its  work  is  soon 
done.  From  the  time  the  prisoners  descended  from  the  carts  until  their  heads 
were  all  in  long  baskets  placed  in  the  same  carts  with  the  lifeless  trunks,  was 
fourteen  minutes!  Two  minutes  were  lost  by  changing  the  carts,  so  tliat  if  all 
the  remains  could  have  been  placed  in  one  bosket,  but  twelve  minutes  would 
have  been  requh'ed  for  beheading  the  sixteen  persons !  The  square  was  filled 
with  people.  Great  numbers  of  the  lowest  classes — and  the  low  class  of  women 
were  the  most  vociferous — were  there,  dapping  and  huzzaing  with  every  head 
that  fell.  These  were  the  same  people  who  sang  hallelujahs  on  the  deaths  of 
those  who  had  been  condemned  to  the  guillotine  by  the  very  tribunal  who  had 
now  paid  the  debt  they  owed  to  the  city,  for  their  convictions  were  principally 
of  the  city.  Other  wretches  of  the  same  stamp  were  acting  their  inftrnal  parts 
in  different  departments  of  France.,  Notwithstanding  the  deserts  of  this  most 
execrable  court,  tbe  exhibition  was  horrid  to  my  feelings,  however  deserved  the 
fate  of  the  culprits. 

**  Mr.  Monroe,  the  minister  of  the  United  States,  told  me  that  he  wished  a 
service  to  be  rendered  by  some  one,  and  felt  sreat  interest  that  I  should  give 
my  aid  to  it.  The  object  was  that  i  should  aid  in  senduig  Mr.  George  Washing- 
ton La  Fayette  to  the  United  States.  His  mother,  the  Marchioness  La  Fayette, 
was  then  in  Paris  with  her  daughters  and  Mr.  Frestal,  their  tutor.     Mr.  Monroe 

E&ve  me  a  letter  to  her,  and  I  found  her  lodged  in  the  third  story  in  the  Rue  de 
'arbre  Sec.  She  explained  her  object  to  me,  which  was  to  get  her  son  sent  to 
the  United  States  to  prevent  him  from  being  drawn  by  the  conscription  into  the 
army.  He  was  then  fourteen  years  of  age.  The  proposal  she  made  to  me  was, 
that  I  should  apply  to  the  convention  for  permission  to  procure  a  passport  for 
her  80Q  to  go  to  America  for  the  purnose  of  his  being  educated  in  a  counting- 
house.  As  the  marquis  was  in  bad  odor  in  France,  it  was  deemed  necessary  to 
sink  the  real  name  of  the  party,  and  to  apply  to  the  Committee  of  Safety  for  a 
passport  for  G.  W.  Metier,  thi^  being  a  name  of  his  family  whksh  he  had  a  right 
to  assume.  Madame  La  Fayette  was  intimately  acc^uainted  with  Bolssy  d'Anglas, 
the  president  of  the  committee,  and  of  the  old  aristocracy  of  France,  and  from 
him  she  had  assurance  that  if  the  application  was  made  by  an  American,  it  would 
be  favorably  received.  The  marquis  was  at  the  time  prisoner  in  the  Castle  of 
Olmntz,  in  Austria^— and  the  object  of  madame  was  to  go  to  him  with  her 
daughters  and  solace  him  in  his  deplorable  confinement,  where  his  health  was 
suffering. 
^  The  application  to  the  committee  wsa  complied  witii,  aod  my  firiood^  Mr 


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80  MircanHie  Bw^rapky: 

Russell,  who  took  an  active  part  in  aiding  in  the  plan,  aitcompanied  George  La 
Fayette  to  Havre,  where  was  an  American  ship  in  which  I  had  an  interest,  com- 
manded by  Capt  Thomas  Stargis,  brother  to  Mr.  R.  Stargis,  who  married  mj 
eldest  sister.  To  him  I  gave  letters,  reouesting  that  Mr.  P.  might  have  a  pas- 
sage in  the  ship,  which  was  freely  aeeoraed.  Mr.'Rnssell  and  myself  paid  the 
expense  of  the  journey  and  the  passage,  and  Mr.  F.  arrived  in  Boston,  where  he 
was  cordially  received  by  my  family,  and  passed  some  time  there.  He  after- 
wards went  to  Mount  Vernon,  and  lived  in  the  family  of  General  Washington, 
until,  in  the  following  year,  he  returned  to  Europe,  when  he  entered  Ihe  revolu- 
tionary army. 

**He  served  with  reputation;  but  as  the  name  was  not  a  fkvorite  one  with  the 
existing  leaders,  he  was  kept  in  the  back  ground  by  the  influence  of  Genera] 
Bonaparte,  and  retired,  after  a  year  or  two  of  service,  to  private  life.  He  is  yet 
living,  (1846,)  «)d  has  been  a  member  of  the  House  of  Deputies  since  the  fall  of 
Bonaparte. 

■^  Madame  La  Fayette  went  to  Austria,  and  remained  with  her  husbaaid  to  the 
time  of  his  liberation.  Immediately  after  his  being  set  at  liberty,  he  wrote  me 
a  letter  dated  at  Olmutz,  thanking  me  for  the  share  I  had  taken  hi  enabling  hb 
wife  to  visit  him  in  his  distress,  and  declaring  that  I  had  been  the  means  of  sav- 
ing his  life  by  the  means  used  in  restoring  bis  fomily  to  him.  This  letter  is  now 
in  the  possession  of  Mrs.  Bates,  of  London,  to  whom  I  gave  it  as  an  interesting 
article  for  her  portfolio. 

**  The  circumstance  of  my  interference  in  sending  young  La  Fayette  to  this 
country  was  the  cause  of  one  of  the  most  interesting  events  of  my  life.  It  was 
known  to  General  Washington,  through  the  father  or  son,  or  both,  that  I  had 
been  active  in  procuring  the  sending  U.  W.  to  this  country,  and  from  the  great 
partiality  he  had  for  the  marquis,  be  was  pleased  to  regard  the  actors  in  a  ikvor- 
able  light. 

"  In  the  summer  of  1796  I  visited  the  city  of  Washington,  which  was  decided 
upon  as  the  future  seat  of  government,  though  Congress  still  sat  at  Philadel- 
phia. While  I  was  there  Geil^eral  Washington  passed  some  days  at  the  new  seat 
of  government.  He  lodged  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Peters,  who  married  a  Miss 
Custis,  granddaughter  of  Mrs.  Washington.  At  a  ball  given  by  Mrs.  Peters,  to 
which  I  was  invited,  I  was  mtroduced  to  the  General  by  Colonel  Lear,  his  private 
secretary,  and  was  graciously  received,  and  invited  to  visit  Mount  Vernon  and 
pass  some  time  there.  This  was  not  to  be  declined,  and  a  few  days  after  I  went, 
as  invited,  to  pay  my  respects  to  the  man  I  cherished  in  my  mind  beyond  any 
earthly  being.  Thore  was  no  company  there,  except  Mr.  Thomas  Porter,  for- 
merly of  Boston,  who  then  lived  at  Alexandria,  with  whom  I  was  intimately  ac- 
quainted, and  who  was  a  great  favorite  at  Mount  Vernon.  He  took  me  to  the 
residence  of  Creneral  Wadiington,  and  returned  after  dinner  to  his  own  resi- 
dence. 

'*  It  is  generally  known  that  the  General  was  not  in  ihe  habit  of  talking  on 
political  subjects  with  any  but  those  connected  with  him  in  the  government  In- 
deed, he  was  what  may  be  called  a  silent  man,  except  when  necessity  called  upon 
him  to  be  otherwise.  He  conversed  with  me  on  internal  improvements,  and  ob- 
served to  me  that  1  should  probablv  live  to  see  an  internal  communication,  by 
canals  and  rivers,  fh>m  Georgia  to  ALissachusetts.  The  State  of  Mame  had  not 
then  been  separated  fW>m  the  old  Bay  State.  He  little  thought  at  that  time,  or 
ever,  of  the  railroads  which  now  span  the  country.  General  Washington,  it  is 
mderstood,  was  the  first  projector  of  the  Dismal  Swamp  Canal,  between  Chesa- 
peake Bay  and  Albemarle  Sound,  in  North  Carolina,  at  that  time  a  great  under- 
taking, as  well  as  the  lockage  of  the  little  falls  of  Potomac.  As  was  before 
retbarked,  I  was  the  only  guest  at  Mount  Vernon  at  the  time  spoken  of.  Mre. 
Washington  and  her  granddaughter.  Miss  Nelly  Custis,  with  the  GeBernl,  were 
the  only  inmates  of  the  parior. 

*'  The  situation  of  Mount  Vernon  is  known  to  every  one  to  be  of  surpassing 
beauty.  It  stands  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac,  but  much  elevated  above  the 
river,  and  affords  an  extensive  view  of  this  beautiful  piece  of  water,  and  of  the 
opposite  shore.    At  the  back  of  the  house,  overlooking  the  livefi  is  a  wide 


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TfumM  Himiagyd  Perkiru.  81 

piazza,  which  was  the  ffeiieral  resort  in  the  afterooon.  On  one  oeoasion,  when 
sitting  there  with  the  mmily,  a  toad  passed  near  to  where  I  sat  converBing  with 
General  Washington,  which  led  him  to  ask  me  if  1  had  ever  ohsenred  this  reptile 
swallow  a  fire-fly.  Upon  my  answering  in  the  negative,  he  told  me  that  he  had, 
and  that  from  the  thinness  of  the  skin  of  the  toa^  he  had  seen  the  light  of  the 
fire-fly  after  it  had  heen  swallowed.  This  was  a  new,  and  to  me,  a  sorpdsing 
fiwt  in  satoral  history. 

'^  I  need  Pot  remark  how  deeply  I  was  interested  hi  everr  word  whieh  fell  firom 
the  lips  of  this  great  man.  I  found  Mrs.  Wa^ington  to  he  an  eztrraoely  pleas- 
ant and  nnaffected  lady,  rather  silent,  hnt  this  was  made  up  for  hy  the  faoeUooa 
and  pleasant  young  lady.  Miss  Custis,  who  afterwards  married  Major  Lewis,  a 
nephew  of  the  General,  and  who  is  yet  living.  During  the  day  the  General  was 
either  in  his  study  or  in  the  saddle,  overlooking  the  cultivation  of  his  farm. 

<^I  shall  never  forget  a  circumstance  which  took  place  on  the  first  evening  I 
lodged  at  Mount  Vernon.  As  I  have  said  before,  it  was  in  July,  when  the  day 
treoobed  far  upon  the  evenings  and  at  seven  or  eight  o'clock  we  were  taking 
our  tea,  not  long  after  which  the  ladies  retired.  Knowing  the  habit  of  the 
General,  when  not  prevented  hj  business,  to  retire  early,  at  about  nine  o'clock 
I  made  a  movement  in  my  chair,  which  led  the  General  to  ask  me  if  I  wished 
to  retire  to  my  chamber.  Upon  my  answering  in  the  affirmative,  observing  there 
was  no  servant  in  the  room,  he  took  one  of  the  candles  firom  the  table,  leading 
the  way  to  the  ffreat  staircase,  then  gave  me  the  oandle,  and  pMnted  ont  to  me 
the  door  at  the  head  of  the  stidrs  as  my  sleeping  room.    Think  of  this  I 

**  In  the  room  in  which  I  laid  myself  down,  for  I  do  not  think  I  slept  at  all, 
so  moch  was  I  occupied  with  the  oecurrenoes  of  the  day,  was  a  portrait  of  La 
Fayette  the  elder,  and  hanging  over  the  fireplace  iJ^  key  cf  the  BastUe,  which,  I 
beueve,  retain  the  same  places  to  this  day.  On  the  afternoon  of  the  second  day 
after  I  arrived,  I  took  my  leafe  of  Mount  Vernon,  more  gratified  than  I  can  ez- 
pms. 

**  In  the  autumn  of  the  year  of  my  vwit,  Mr.  Stewart  (Gilbert)  painted  itte  full- 
length  portrait  of  the  General,  which  is  much  the  best  likeness  I  have  ever  seen 
of  him.  The  bust  1  have,  also  by  Stewart,  is  a  fko-simile  of  the  original.  The 
portrait  of  Mrs.  Washington,  also  by  Stewart,  now  in  the  Athenaeum,  is  an  ez- 
eellent  likeness  of  that  excellent  lady.  I  remember  her  amiable  expression  of 
countenance,  and  courteous,  unaffected  manner,  as  well  at  this  time  as  half  a 
century  since. 

^  The  President  having  inquured  of  me  if  I  had  visited  the  Great  Falls  of  the 
Potomac,  and  being  answered  in  the  negative,  observed  to  me  that  I  oaght  not 
to  leave  that  part  of  the  country  without  visiting  them.  I  made  the  excursion, 
though  pressed  for  time,  and  to  mv  great  satisfaction. 

<*  I  consider  the  visit  to  Mount  Vernon  as  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  my 
life.  It  was  the  only  opportunity  which  I  should  have  ever  had  of  conversing 
familiarly  with  this  great  and  good  man.  Two  years  after  my  visit  he  died  at 
his  residence,  of  croup.  It  is  stated  that  he  was  not  well  treated  for  the  disor- 
der, and  that  with  more  skill  his  Itflt  might  have  been  preserved,  though  I  doubt 
if  his  happiness  would  have  been  preserved  to  him,  had  his  life  been  spared. 
Detraction  and  calumny  bad  assailed  him. 

**  The  new  city  of  Washington,  when  I  was  there,  had  but  few  houses.  The 
eapitol  was  not  built  for  many  ^ears  afterward,  and  when  Congress  first  sat 
there,  it  occupied,  I  think,  a  building  erected  by  means  of  a  Tontine  speculation 
got  up  by  a  Mr.  Blodget,  who  went  from  Massachusetts,  and  was  well  known  as 
a  great  projector  of  speculations  of  one  sort  and  another.'* 

About  this  time  he  was  made  commander  of  a  military  corps,  the  bat- 
talion which  constitutes  the  guard  and  escort  for  public  occasions  of  the 
Governor  in  the  Commonweath  of  Massachusetts,  with  the  rank  of  lieute- 
nantrcolonel,  having  for  some  time  previously  held  that  of  major  in  the 
same  corps. 

With  some  persons  it  may  excite  only  a  smile  of  derision  to  mention 


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82  MercajUik  Biography: 

this  as  worth  remembering,  and  particularly  to  add  as  the  cause  of  anj 
allusion  to  it  that  he  was  so  generally  known  afterwards  as  Colond  Per- 
kins, that  his  numerous  acquaintances  throughout  the  country  might  be 
in  doubt  whether  he  is  the  individual  spoken  of  in  this  memoir,  if  that  ap- 
pellation were  omitted.  But  there  are  some  considerations  connected 
with  this  that  deserve  notice.  .  The  foreigner  smiles  or  frowns,  as  he  feels 
disposed,  when  he  hears  any  reference  among  us  to  military  rank  beyond 
the  field  or  day  of  parade,  unless  it  be  of  the  regular  army ;  but  in  this  he 
overlooks  the  fact  that  the  customs  of  a  nation  are  usually  connected  with 
its  history  and  political  character.  Military  rank  among  quiet  citizens  is 
not  so  empty  a  distinction  here  as  it  may  seem,  but  constitutes  a  pledge 
which  it  may  become  necessary  to  redeem  in  earnest.  A  large  portion  of 
the  bloodiest  and  most  important  battles  that  have  ever  occurred  among 
us  have  been  fought  chiefly  by  the  militia.  The  deference  paid  to  it  here 
is  not  greater  now  than  that  with  which  the  same  force  was  regarded  in 
England,  when  the  regiment  of  Coldstream  Guards  formed  a  large  part  of 
the  standing  army  then  no  greater  than  ours  is  at  this  time.* 

''The  king  was  captain-general  of  this  large  force;  the  lords-lieutenants  and 
Uteir  deputies  had  the  command  under  him,  and  appointed  meetinffs  for  drilliDg 
and  inspection.  There  were  those  who  looked  on  the  militia  wiUi  no  friendly 
eye.  The  enemies  of  the  liherties  and  religion  of  England  looked  with  aversion 
on  a  force  which  could  not,  without  extreme  risk,  be  employed  against  those  lib- 
erties and  that  religion,  and  missed  no  opportunity  of  throwing  ridicule  on  the 
rustic  soldiery. — In  Parliament,  however,  it  was  necessary  to  express  such  opin- 
ions  with  some  reserve.  The  array  of  the  country  was  commanded  almost  ex- 
clusively by  Tory  noblemen  and  gentlemen ;  they  were  proud  of  their  military 
rank,  and  considered  an  insult  to  the  service  to  which  they  belonged  as  offered 
to  themselves.  They  were  also  perfectly  aware  that  whatever  was  said  against 
a  militia,  was  said  in  favor  of  a  standing  army;  and  the  name  of  a  standing 
army  was  hateful  to  them." 

As  that  standing  army  was  gradually  enlarged,  however,  and  the  pro- 
fession of  arms  became  an  occupation  for  life,  a  change  naturally  followed ; 
the  exclusive  feeling  in  favor  of  professional  rank  gained  strength ;  and 
the  recognition  of  any  similar  claim  for  the  militia  was  discouraged  as  a 
matter  of  taste,  because  it  affected  privilege. 

But  no  such  change  has  taken  place  here.  We  have  no  intention  of 
having  a  standing  army,  beyond  a  mere  nucleus,  from  which  we  can  ex- 
tend, when  necessary,  with  an  academy  for  the  thorough  education  of 
officers,  having  no  need  of  more. 

It  is  not  a  mere  channel  or  a  narrow  sea,  but  the  broad  ocean,  that  sep- 
arates us  from  those  nations  whose  power  could  ever  endanger  our  safety. 
And  if  such  power  should  be  directed  against  us,  our  coast  and  frontier 
being  equal  in  extent  to  those  of  several  of  the  kingdoms  of  Europe  taken 
together,  no  army  that  we  are  likely  ever  to  have  could  guard  the  line  of 
exposure.  We  rely,  therefore,  m^nly  on  the  local  force  of  the  country 
for  security  in  war,  and  for  the  maintenance  of  order  in  peace.  Some  at- 
tempts have  been  made  among  us  to  break  down  the  militia  by  ridicule  ; 
but  it  seems  probable  that  until  vast  changes  take  place  in  other  respects, 
we  shall  not  dispense  with  this  system,  which  by  its  efficient  action  gains 
deference  for  itself,  in  comparison  with  what  is  done  elsewhere.  Many 
proofs  that  it  does  so  might  be  given ;  one  will  answer. 

In  1849,  the  year  succeeding  that  of  revolutions  in  Europe,  a  serious 

•  Mactulay. 

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Themaa  Hcmdatyd  Perkins.  9f 

disturbance  ooeurrod  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  the  dramatic  perform- 
ances there,  arising  from  displeasure  toward  an  eminent  foreign  tragedian. 
The  theatre  was  surrounded  by  a  vast  multitude,  many  of  them  in  a  state 
of  great  excitement ;  acts  of  violence  were  committed ;  property  and  life 
were  endangered ;  and  Uiat  state  of  things  existed  which  is  thought  to 
warrant  the  use  of  military  force.  It  came  promptly  when  summoned ; 
numbers  of  people  were  killed  and  wounded ;  the  mob  was  dispersed ;  and 
order  was  restored.  When  the  account  of  this  reached  England,  it  was 
remarked  in  one  of  the  leading  journals  there,  with  reference  to  a  similar 
event  which  had  just  then  occurred  under  British  rule,  that  we  had,  at  any 
rate,  given  an  example  to  governments  of  greater  energy  in  form  than  our 
own  how  to  deal  with  rioters.  In  the  same  steamer  that  earned  this  ac- 
count, or  the  one  that  preceded  it,  there  went  the  particulars  of  a  riot  just 
over  our  frontier,  in  Canada.  There,  the  nobleman  who  represented  the 
BM^esty  of  England  was  driven  by  the  mob  from  the  seat  of  government, 
and  pursued  towards  his  country  seat ;  the  Parliament-house  was  burned 
with  the  archives,  a  library  of  great  value,  and  other  public  property ;  and 
if  any  punishment  has  ever  been  inflicted  for  this,  it  must  have  been  so 
slight  that  it  has  scarcely  been  heard  of  out  of  the  province. 

There  is,  likewise,  something  of  exaggeration  in  reference  to  the  use  of 
military  titles  in  this  country.  Where  a  dozen  instances  can  be  given  of 
it,  often  arising  accidentally  from  assiduous  attention,  personal  appearance, 
or  otherwise,  probably  a  score  of  others  might  be  adduced  where  there  is 
no  further  allusion  to  rank  in  the  militia  after  the  service  is  performed,  even 
including  some  oflScers  who  have  met  a  foreign  enemy  successfully  in  battle. 

But  Col.  Perkins  was  a  man  distinguished  for  energy,  for  a  lively  inter- 
est in  all  that  concerned  the  welfare  of  the  community  in  which  he  lived, 
and  for  a  desire  to  maintain  and  promote  its  respectability.  He  acted  with 
vigor  in  times  of  great  excitement ;  a  prominent  part  was  frequently  as* 
signed  him,  either  to  assist  in  the  direction  of  public  meetings,  or  as  leader 
on  important  committees ;  and  his  name  being  necessarily  often  in  print, 
he  was  designated,  naturdly  enough,  in  the  way  that  indicated  its  con- 
nection with  public  order,  and  thus  added  something  to  its  weight.  The 
military  rank,  therefore,  which  might  otherwise  have  soon  been  forgotten, 
as  it  generally  has  been  in  regard  to  those  who  have  held  it  in  the  same 
corps,  but  with  less  distinction  in  other  respects,  became  widely  associated 
with  his  name,  and  so  continued  until  his  decease.  This  was  the  more 
natural,  because  the  tone  of  his  character  and  his  ordinary  bearing  were 
obviously  in  keeping  with  the  sentiment  which  he  once  proposed  for  a 
toast  at  some  military  festival — "  That  high  and  honorable  feeling  which 
makes  gentlemen  soldiers,  and  soldiers  gentlemen  !*' 

Soon  afterward  he  was  chosen  President  of  the  Boston  branch  of  the 
United  States  Bank — quite  a  distinction  at  that  time,  when  there  were  few 
banks  in  the  country,  and  a  remarkable  one  for  a  man  so  young  as  he  was 
then.  The  choice  was  owing  to  a  warm  rivalry  for  the  honor  between  two 
distinguished  merchants,  much  older  than  himself,  whose  friends  at  length 
mutually  agreed  to  end  the  contest  by  selecting  a  third  candidate,  on  whom 
all  could  unite.  He  was  too  much  engaged  in  his  own  enterprises  to  re- 
tain th^  place  long,  and  in  a  year  or  two  he  was  suco-eeded  by  the  Hon. 
George  Cabot,  eminent  not  only  as  a  commercial  man,  but  as  a  Senator  of 
the  United  States. 

In  1805,  he  waa  elected  to  the  Senate  of  the  State,  as  he  frequently  waa 

VOL.  xxxni. — ^HO.  u  3 


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84  MereantUe  Biography: 

ftfiterward ;  and  for  eighteen  or  twenty  years  following  he  wa«,  most  of  the 
time,  member  of  one  branch  or  the  other  of  the  Legislature,  but  generally 
of  the  Senate,  unless  absent  from  the  country.  Being  a  man  of  few  words, 
he  rarely  took  part  in  debate ;  but  his  opinions  were  marked  by  decision, 
what  he  said  was  to  the  point,  his  language  was  good,  and  when  he  was 
strongly  moved  he  spoke  with  power.  One  of  his  colleagues  in  the  Sen- 
ate, who  afterwards  had  long  experience  in  Congress,  and  was  favorably 
distinguished  there  as  well  as  at  the  bar,  has  remarked  since,  that  he  had 
rarely  heard  public  men  make  a  short,  off-hand  speech  with  more  effect 
than  Col.  Perkins  occasionally  did  when  his  feelings  were  deeply  engaged 
in  the  subject  of  debate. 

He  was  never  in  Congress  himself;  although  his  election  would  have 
been  certain  if  he  would  have  accepted  a  nomination  as  candidate,  and 
there  were  several  occasions  when  it' was  desirable  to  his  political  friends, 
who  predominated  by  a  large  majority  in  his  district,  to  have  had  a  com- 
mercial representative  there  like  him.  It  is  understood  that  he  might  at 
one  time  have  been  made  Secretary  of  the  Navy  if  he  had  been  disposed 
to  take  charge  of  that  department  of  the  national  government.  But  he 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  desirous  of  political  distinct:ion ;  and  the 
ragagements  in  Commerce  which  required  his  attention  were  too  import- 
ant to  be  made  subordinate  to  any  other  demands  on  his  time. 

In  the  narrative  addressed  to  his  children,  after  relating  the  foregoing 
circumstances  of  his  visit  to  Mount  Vernon,  he  proceeds  as  follows : — 

"  Bat  to  return  to  the  object  of  these  dottings  doum — my  own  concerns.  The 
north-west  trade  led  to  a  continued  communication  with  China,  and  in  1798  we 
bought  and  sent  to  Canton  direct  the  ship  Thomas  Russell ;  and  Mr.  Ephraim 
Bumstead,  then  the  eldest  apprentice  in  our  counting-house,  went  out  as  super* 
eargo;  and  in  1803,  we  ent'3red  into  an  engagement  with  him  to  go  to  China, 
and  there  establish  a  house  for  the  transaction  of  our  own  and  other  business 
when  presented  to  them.  Mr.  B.  took  passage  in  a  ship  from  Providence,  be- 
longing partly  to  merchants  there  and  to  J.  &  T.  H.  P. 

"Mr.  J.  P.  Cushinff,  then  in  our  counting-house,  went  with  Mr.  Bumstead  as 
his  clerk.  He  was  then  sixteen  years  old,  wrote  a  fine  hand,  was  a  very  steady 
lad,  and  had  a  great  taste  for  going  abroad.  Soon  after  their  arrival  in  China, 
Mr.  B.  was  obliged,  from  illness,  to  leave  Canton  with  the  intention  of  recruit- 
ing, and  then  returning  to  China.  But  he  never  returned,  having  died  on  the 
passage  to  the  port  for  which  he  was  bound. 

**  Mr.  Cushing  was,  therefore,  left  at  this  early  age  to  manage  the  eoncems  of 
the  house,  which  were  increased  by  consignments,  and  which  required  a  pood 
bead  to  direct  them.  This,  fortunately,  Mr.  C.  possessed,  and  the  business 
which  fell  into  his  hands  was  as  well  conducted  as  if  M'r.  B.  had  been  on  the 
spot.  We  afterward  sent  a  nephew  of  my  brother's  wife,  Bfr.  Paine,  to  join 
him.  He  remained  but  a  short  time  in  China.  Mr.  Cushing  was  taken  into  co- 
partnership with  us,  and  so  continued  until  his  return  to  America,  or  rather  to 
the  dissolution  of  the  house  in  1827.  Ha  had  visited  the  United  States  in  1807, 
but  soon  returned  to  China,  and  did  not  leave  it  until  twenty  years  after  that 
time.    He  was  well  repaid  for  his  undertaking  by  the  result." 

When  the  tidings  of  Mr.  Bumstead's  death  reached  Boston,  Col.  Per- 
kins immediately  decided  to  go  to  China  himself,  as  there  seemed  to  him 
to  be  no  alternative  in  such  an  emergency ;  and  he  made  preparations  for 
his  departure  accordingly.  But  just  before  he  was  ready  to  sail,  §  vessel 
arrived  in  a  short  passage  from  Canton  with  letters  from  Mr.  Cushing,  who 
was  his  nephew,  giving  so  clear  a  report  of  the  business  of  the  house,  and 
showing  so  much  ability  in  the  management  of  it,  that  he  felt  safe  in 
postponing  his  voyage  at  first,  and  afterwards  in  relinquishing  it  altogether 


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Thomas  Handiuyd  Ptrhim,  35 

as  it  became  obvious  that  Mr.  C^  young  as  be  was,  needed  no  aid  in  per> 
forming  the  duties  thus  devolved  upon  him. 

Under  his  guidance,  the  house  there  was  at  length  so  favorably  known 
that  consignments  increased  until  they  interiered  with  the  business  of  the 
house  itself,  and  it  became  desirable  to  give  them  some  other  direction.  A 
distinct  commission  house  was,  therefore,  established  at  Canton  for  this 
purpose  under  the  auspices  and  with  the  favor  of  Perkins  <fe  Co.,  which 
continues  to  this  day,  although  the  first  partners  withdrew  from  it  rich 
many  years  a^.  A  long  line  of  successors  following  them  have  managed 
the  same  establishment  by  turns,  and  retired  from  it  successively  with  for* 
tunes,  with  which  they  have  returned  to  the  United  States.  If  all  those 
were  enumerated  whose  success  in  life  might  thus  be  traced  to  that  first 
voyage  of  Col.  Perkins  to  China  in  1789,  the  number  would  cause  surprise. 

"  Embargoes  and  non-intercourse,"  he  continues  in  the  narrative,  "  with  polit- 
ical and  other  causes  of  embarrassment,  crossed  our  path,  but  we  kept  our  trade 
with  China,  and  during  the  war  of  the  Peninsula,  embarked  largely  in  the  ship- 
ment of  provisions  to  Spain  and  Portugal.  Our  general  plan  was  to  freight  ves- 
sels, load  them  with  flour  at  the  Couth  for  Europe,  and  have  the  funds  remitted 
to  London.  To  make  some  necessary  arrangementa  respecting  them,  I  took 
passage  in  the  brig  Reaper,  belonging  to  my  friend  Henry  Lee,  for  London,  in 
Ao^st,  1811.  The  intention  of  BJr.  Lee  was  to  proceed  to  India  in  the  brig, 
taking  funds  from  England,  and  returning  to  Boston  with  Caksutta  cloths,  which 
then  paid  a  great  advance.  I  sent  funds  in  her,  and  she  returned  in  the  year 
1812,  during  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  and  with  great  profit  Long-cloths  of 
India  then  brought  25  cents  per  yard,  though  an  inferior  article  to  whut  is  now 
made  in  this  country  and  sold  at  six  cents,  being  Icsit  than  one-fburth  of  the 
price  the  India  cloths  then  sold  at  I  remained  in  London  dnrinff  the  year,  or 
until  the  summer,  and  returned  after  war  had  been  declared.  While  in  London 
I  bought,  with  the  elder  Mr.  Higginson,  goods  brought  into  England  for  France, 
which  resulted  in  ffreat  gain. 

**  In  the  spring,  I  bought  a  carriage,  with  Mr.  Alexander  Everett,  and  was 
made  bearer  of  dispatches  for  France.  At  that  time  the  only  communication  was 
by  Morlaix  from  Plymouth.  There  I  took  a  vessel  of  about  40  or  50  tons  in 
whkhto  cross  the  channel.  As  we  had  no  use  but  for  the  cabin,  we  gave  pas- 
sage to  a  dozen  or  more  Frenchmen,  who  had  been  exchanged  and  had  no 
means  of  getting  to  France  but  by  the  privileged  vessels  which  left  Plymouth 
from  time  to  time.  Among  the  persons  to  whom  a  free  passage  was  given,  waa 
one  who  had  resided  some  years  in  our  good  city  of  Boston,  and  who  doubtless 
bad  known  me  as  active  in  resisting  the  principles  of  the  Jacobins.  This  indl- 
Tidual  was  the  caufie  of  my  detention  at  Morlaix  nearly  three  weeks,  having  re- 
ported me  to  the  commissary  at  Morlaix  as  opposed  to  the  French  and  a  great 
friend  of  the  English.  In  consequence,  I  was  ordered  to  remain  at  Morlaix  until 
orders  were  received  from  Paris.  After  writing  to  Mr.  Barlow,  the  then  minister 
of  the  United  States,  and  using  other  means,  we  were  permitted  to  proceed  to 
Paris.  During  my  stay  at  Morlaix,  my  limit  was  the  town,  unless  accompanied 
by  one  of  the  gens  d'armes.  I  visited  the  lead  mines  in  that  vicinity,  and  made 
other  excursions  within  30  or  40  miles,  and  was  upon  the  whole  very  civilly 
treated  by  Moreau,  the  commissioner,  after  he  was  satisfied  that  my  object  in 
visiting  France  was  commercial  and  not  political.  Morean,  the  general,  although 
from  the  same  town,  was  not  a  relative  of  the  commissioner,  who  was  a  great 
Bonapartbt 

^  An  incident  wbkh  caused  me  much  anxiety,  and  which  might  have  been  at- 
tended hj  serious  consequences;^  occurred  in  or  was  connected  with  this  journey. 
On  my  leaving  London,  Mr.  Russell,-  who  was  then  charge  dVffiiires  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  at  the  court  of  St  James,  on  my  going  to  his  house  for  despatches, 
put  into  my  hands  a  packa|»  of  some  sheets  in  volnm«s  dire  *ted  to  Col.  Tcher- 
nichefl^  chancellor  to  the  flussian  minister.  Prince  Kourakine,  at  Paris.  Had  J 
considered  a  moment  I  should  have  doubted  the         ** 


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?4  Mercantile  Bioprcfphy: 

Here  the  Darrative  is  broken  off.  It  was  suspended,  probably,  at  his 
departure  from  Saratoga,  where  it  is  dated,  and  was  never  continued.  But, 
in  conversation,  he  gavQ  a  graphic  account  of  the  solicitude  which  he  felt 
while  he  was  detained  in  Morlaix,  at  having  with  him  dispatches  so  di- 
rected, which  might  be  discovered  in  his  possession ;  of  the  momentous 
state  of  affairs  which  he  found  on  his  arrival  in  Paris,  shortly  before  the 
open  breach  of  Napoleon  with  Russia,  that  led  to  the  fatal  campaign  in 
the  north ;  of  the  diflSculty  that  he  had  in  safely  delivering  the  dispatches ; 
the  acknowledgements  that  he  received  from  the  Russian  embassy  for  do- 
ing it  successfully ;  the  angry  look  which  he  saw  the  emperor  cast  from 
his  seat  in  the  theatre  toward  the  box  of  the  Russian  embassador,  as  if  it 
was  meant  that  it  should  be  observed ;  and  the  departure  of  the  latter 
from  Paris  the  following  day. 

While  he  was  at  Morlaix  an  incident  there  called  into  action  some  of 
those  qualities  of  heart  and  head  which  were  repeatedly  exercised  after- 
ward on  a  greater  scale,  the  spirit  that  freely  contributes  to  the  alleviation 
of  distress,  and  the  intelligent  skill  which  can  make  one  liberal  contribu- 
tion the  means  of  eliciting  the  action  of  c  community  in  a  good  cause. 
The  story  is  told  in  a  letter  to  Mrs.  Perkins,  too  long  to  be  inserted  entire, 
but  interesting  throughout,  and  some  passages  will  show  his  habits  of  obser- 
vation as  a  traveller,  with  something  of  the  state  of  France  at  that  time  :— 

'*Cherbo(Tb&,  June  2, 1813. 

"Mr  Dear  Sarah: — I  can  easily  conceive  from  my  own  feelings  how  much 
pleasure  the  receipt  of  this  letter  will  give  you,  being  the  only  one  I  have  writ- 
ten you  for  two  months,  excepting  a  short  one  from  Morlaix  which  was  not  cal- 
culated to  afford  you  much  satisfaction,  us  I  was  then  under  a  degree  of  restrainti 
which  has  not  left  me  from  that  time  to  thin.  I  am  now  here  waiting  the  arri- 
val of  the  Wasp  (sloop  of  war)  from  England,  where  she  returns  again  to  land 
me  with  the  dispatches  ffom  the  minister  at  Paris  to  the  charge  d*affaire.s  at  Lon- 
don. You  may  well  suppose  what  my  anxiety  ia  to  hear  from  home,  having  re- 
ceived no  letters  of  later  date  than  February.  My  anxiety  is  much  increased 
from  the  uncertainty  as  to  our  situation  in  regard  to  the  war.  If  we  are  en- 
gaged in  the  contesu  I  nhnll  find  it  difficult  to  return.  My  passport  to  leave  the 
country  was  kept  back,  and  but  for  exertions  which  1  made'through  some  per- 
sons whom  I  had  interested  in  my  behalf,  1  might  have  been  some  months  longer 
detained.  '  . 

"  You  wiil  wnnt  to  know  what  has  been  the  disposition  of  my  time  since  I 
arrived  in  France.  1  was  detained  at  Morlaix  fifteen  days,  and  but  for  the  ex- 
ertions of  my  friends  might  have  been  there  this  hour,  as  a  gentleman  who  ar- 
rived there  a  month  before  me  has  been  detained  there  till  this  time,  and  can  get 
no  permission  either  to  return  to  America  or  to  go  to  Paris.  Another  bearer  of 
dispatches  was  there  a  month.  I  was  not  so  much  ermuye  as  those  gentlemen 
who  were  looking  to  Paris  as  the  place  where  they  were  to  realize  golden 
dreams  of  pleasure.  As  I  am  fond  of  spying  out  wonders,  I  got  permission  to 
visit  a  lead  mine,  whieh  is  at  no  ffreat  distance  from  Morlaix,  and  which  afforded 
me  the  highest  gratification.  There  are  upw2U*ds  of  twelve  hundred  persons 
employed  at  the  works.  The  descent  from  the  surface  to  the  deepest  part  is 
800  feet.  I  was  astonished  to  find  the  price  of  this  severe  labor  so  low.  Twelve 
hours*  labor  is  exacted  in  the  twenty-four.  The  time  employed  in  going  down 
and  returning  is  not  included.  And  for  this  the  men  receive  about  18  to  20 
cents  per  day,  and  find  the7nselv€8.  Men  only,  with  a  few  boys,  are  employed  in 
the  mines.  Women,  both  old  and  young,  and  children  down  to  five  years  old, 
are  employed  in  selecting  the  good  from  the  bad  ore,  breaking  it  in  pieces,  and 
working  it.  They  receive  from  four  to  seven  sous,  equal  to  as  many  cents,  per 
day.  They  find  themselves,  and  work  from  the  getting  up  to  the  i^oing  down 
of  the  sun,  the  year  through.    You  will  ask  how  they  subsist.     I  can  hardly 


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Thoma$  JIandasyd  Perkins,  Bi 

imagine  how  they  get  along,  bat  bo  it  is ;  and  I  do  not  see  but  they  appear  its 
healthy  as  people  in  gener^  who  are  employed  in  hard  labor  of  a  different  kind. 
Bhick  bread,  moidtened  with  a  kind  of  lard,  or  bad  butter,  famishes  them  their 
food,  and  the  spring  oaenches  their  thirst.  Once  in  a  while  they  have  a  few 
pounds  of  beef  boiled  to  pieces  in  a  pot,  containing  half  a  barrel  of  water  and 
a  few  Tegetables.  This  soap,  as  it  is  called,  is  a  sort  of  Inxurious  living,  which 
18  too  ffCK>d  to  be  served  often.  I  found  that  were  twice  the  number  of  women 
wanted  they  might  be  had;  and  even  of  men  of  a  certain  age,  which  does  not 
iuelude  the  term  when  they  are  wanted  for  the  army. 

"  When  I  retamed  to  Morlaix  I  found  my  passport  had  arrived,  so  that  I  could 
not  go  again  to  visit  this  very  Interesting  work.  Upon  the  whole,  my  fifteen 
days  went  away  much  more  pleasantly  5ian  I  had  expected,  and  I  slibuld  not 
have  hung  myself  had  I  been  obliged  to  remain  there  a  week  longer. 

"  There  is  a  tobacco  manufactory  at  Morlaix,  on  a  very  large  scale.  Twelve 
hundred  and  pixty  persons  are  daily  at  work  at  it.  All  the  manufactures  of  snufl^ 
and  tobacco  in  every  shape,  in  the  empire  belong  to  the  government,  who  pur- 
chase the  raw  material  and  work  it  into  the  form  in  which  it  is  used.  I  con- 
trived to  get  admission,  and  was  astonished  at  the  extent  of  the  establishment 

^*  It  is  astonishing  to  observe  the  difference  in  numbers  between  the  men  and 
women  you  see  in  the  street**  in  every  town  through  which  you  pass.  At  Mor- 
hix,  they  say  there  are  fourteen  females  to  one  male  in  the  town.  You  would 
hardly  suppose  there  was  any  part  of  France,  I  mean  of  France  as  it  was  under 
the  old  government,  in  which  the  inhabitants  of  whole  districts  do  not  t^penk 
French.  This,  however,  is  the  case  in  Brittany.  The  people  who  live  a  mile 
from  the  town  speak  no  more  French  than  they  do  Greek.  Their  language  is 
the  Welsh,  and  is  the  only  one  spoken  by  them,  until  they  leave  their  villages 
and  come  to  the  towns  to  reside,  or  ffo  to  the  army,  when  they  are  obliged  to 
learn  the  French.  The  people  who  live  in  the  towns  are  obliged  to  lenru  the 
Brittany  language,  or  they  could  not  go  to  the  market,  or  have  any  communica- 
tion with  the  country  people.  Before  taking  my  leave  of  Morlaix,  I  must  relate 
to  you  a  fact  that  came  under  my  own  knowledge,  by  which  you  can  appreciate 
the  tenure  by  which  liberty  is  held  here. 

''The  &mily  in  which  I  lived  was  one  of  the  most  respectable  in  Morlaix,  in 
point  of  property,  previous  to  the  revolution.  Like  many  others,  it  was  reduced 
to  very  narrow  means  by  the  then  existing  state  of  things,  as  their  wealth  con- 
sisted principally  in  vessels,  which  either  perished  at  the  wharves,  or  were  taken 
by  the  powers  which  then  ruled,  and  were  totally  lost  to  Monsieur  Benu,  who 
was  their  proprietor.  Having  been  the  agent  for  the  lead  mines  for  a  long  time, 
this  was  a  resource  to  him,  and  although  the  stipend  arising  from  this  was  a 
moderate  one,  yet  it  served  to  feed  his  wife  and  children,  who  were  some  six  or 
seven  id  number.  M.  Beau  died  a  few  years  since,  and  left  his  widow  without 
any  resource  for  the  support  of  her  family.  Being  a  woman  of  a  good  deal  of 
character,  the  company  to  whom  the  mines  belong  concluded  to  continue  the 
agency  in  the  hands  of  Mrs.  Beau,  who,  with  the  aid  of  her  youngest  son,  has 
carried  on  the  purchases  and  sales  to  this  time.  The  two  eldest  sons  got  clerk- 
ships  in  the  tobacco  manufactory,  and  a  daughter  was  married,  so  that  but  one 
daughter  and  one  son  were  upon  the  shoulders  of  the  old  lady.  Their  means 
were,  to  be  sure,  small,  but  their  wants  were  few,  and  althin^h  their  whole  in- 
come was  not  more  than  six  hundred  dollars  per  ann.,  the  son  who  aided  hia 
mother  in  the  lead  mine  agency  had  made  a  matrimonial  engagement;  and  not 
believing  that » Love  would  fly  out  of  the  window,  although  Poverty  looked  in 
at  the  door,'  a  day  was  designated  for  the  marriage,  and  f  was  invited  as  a  guest 
at  the  meeting  of  the  family,  whkih  was  to  take  place  in  the  evening.  The  mar- 
riage ceremony  took  place  in  the  morning  at  the  parish  church,  and  at  about  10 
oVTock  J  wan  introduced  to  the  bride,  whom  I  found  to  be,  as  I  had  heard  her 
represented  to  be,  a  very  beautiful  woman  of  about  twenty,  with  a  very  prepos- 
•easing  countenance,  which  it  was  universally  acknowledged  was  a  perfect  index 
of  her  amiable  mind.  She  seemed  perfectly  happy,  and  nothing  but  joy  waa 
visible  in  every  countenance  in  the  fiimily.  All  was  happiness  and  gaiety,  and 
kogk  and  frolic.    Mark  the  Bad  change.    At  13  o'clock  the  bridegroom  receited 


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S8  Mereaniile  BiognMpky : 

notice  that  he  had  been  drawn  in  the  conscription,  and  that  on  Sunday  he  must 
be  at  Campe^ife,  a  distance  of  thirty  leagues.  This  was  on  Thursday.  In  nuch 
cases  entreaty  is  vain,  and  never  resorted  to,  because  always  inefiectual.  To  ^o 
to  the  army  was  to  gOs  to  return  when  the  exigencies  of  the  State  no  longer  re- 
quired his  services.  The  whole  family  whs  in  a  state  little  short  of  distraction 
when  I  left  the  town,  which  was  early  on  the  next  morning.  The  lowest  price 
at  which  a  substitute  could  be  procured  was  three  thousand  francs,  and  the  fam* 
ily  could  not  command  half  the  money  in  all  its  branches.  The  peculiar  situa- 
tion of  this  family  seemed  to  paralyze  the  whole  town,  and  led  to  an  exertion 
which  is  seldom  made,  and  which  proved  effectual  in  preventing  this  young 
man  from  being  torn  from  the  embraces  of  his  charminsr  wife  and  amiable 
mother.  I  have  the  satisfaction  of  having  put  the  thing  in  train,  and  shall  always 
consider  the  opportunity  as  one  of  the  most  gratifying  which  ever  presented  itself 
to  me.  After  my  arrival  in  Paris,  I  received  a  letter  saying  that  my  example 
had  been  followed,  and  that  it  had  produced  the  effect  desired.  This  is  an  an- 
ecdote, or  rather  this  part  of  it,  for  your  own  private  ear,  and  you  will  not,  of 
course,  show  this  letter.'* 

Some  years  afterward  he  was  again  at  Morlaix,  and  as  a  proof  of  the 
affection  and  respect  with  which  the  remembrance  of  him  was  cherished, 
he  found  that  the  room  which  he  had  occupied  at  the  time  of  this  occurrence 
bad  been  kept  in  the  precise  order  iu  which  he  lefl  it,  no  article  having 
been  removed  from  its  place. 

After  his  return  from  this  voyage  to  Europe,  he  took  an  active  and  very 
important  part  in  measures  for  establishing  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital  with  an  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  the  necessity  for  which  had  be- 
gun to  be  deeply  felt.  He  was  one  of  those  to  whom  an  act  of  incorpo- 
ration had  been  granted  for  the  purpose,  with  a  valuable  donation  from 
the  Commonwealth,  on  the  condition  that  the  sum  of  one  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars  should  be  raised  by  subscription  within  a  limited  time.  His 
name  was  at  the  head  of  the  first  list  of  trustees,  and  he  undertook  the 
work  which  his  position  involved  with  characteristic  energy.  His  influ- 
ence and  his  services  were  highly  appreciated  by  those  with  whom  he  was 
engaged  in  that  undertaking.  The  subscriptions  were  made  on  the  con- 
dition that  the  full  sum  of  «100,000  should  be  obtained,  so  that  the  whole 
depended  on  Entire  success.  Besides  his  exertions  in  rousing  other  sub- 
scribers, he  and  his  elder  br9ther  contributed  five  thousand  dollars  each 
toward  the  fund,  and  it  was  completed  agreeably  to  the  terms  of  condi- 
tion. It  is  well  known  that  the  efforts  of  those  who  were  engaged  in  this 
movement  have  been  productive  of  all  the  good  which  they  hoped  to  ef- 
fect. The  institution  Dears  a  favorable  comparison  with  those  of  the  same 
kind  in  other  places,  and  has  become  celebrated  throughout  the  world  for 
the  first  successful  application  of  the  great  discovery  in  the  use  of  ether 
for  surgical  operations. 

His  elder  brother  and  partner,  James  Perkins,  Esq.,  died  in  the  year 
1822.  The  following  passages  from  a  notice  of  his  death,  published  at 
the  time,  show  the  estimation  in  which  he  was  held : — 

**  While  his  real  and  most  eloquent  eulogy  is  to  be  sought  in  the  course  of 
an  indnstdous,  honorable,  and  roost  useful  life,  it  is  due  to  the  virtues  he  prac- 
ticed, to  the  example  he  set,  to  the  noble  standard  of  character  on  which  he 
acted^  not  to  be  entirely  silent,  now  that  nothing  remains  of  them  but  their  hon- 
ored memory.  He  had  received  in  boyhood,  under  the  care  of  an  excellent 
mother,  the  preparatory  instruction  which  might  have  fitted  him  for  an  acade- 
mical education;  but  the  approach  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  the  discour- 
aginfif  aspc't  of  the  times,  dictated  the  commereiid  career  as  more  prudent 

*^  in  enterprises  extending  over  tlie  habitable  globe,  employing  tbou«mds  of 


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Tkomoi  Sandasyd  Perkins.  89 

Agents  conntantlf  involving  fortunes  in  their  resolt,  and  requirinff,  on  many  oe- 
eainomi  necessarily  incident  to  busineM  of  this  extent,  no  secondary  degree  of 
firmness  and  courage,  not  a  shadow  of  suspicion  of  anything  derogatory  to  the 
highest  and  purest  sense  of  honor  and  conscience  ever  attached  to  his  conduct. 
The  character  of  such  a  man  ought  to  be  held  up  for  imitation." 

Mr.  James  Pericins  left  a  large  fortune,  acquired  in  this  honorable  course ; 
and  is  still  remembered  for  distinguished  liberality  in  all  appeals  that  were 
made  when  he  lived,  for  charity  or  public  good,  to  the  affluent  and  gener- 
ous in  the  community ;  for  his  liberal  donations  to  several  institutions ; 
and  especially  for  a  munificent  gift  of  real  estate,  of  the  value  of  about 
$20,000,  to  the  Boston  Athenjeum,  and  the  bequest  of  $20,000  more  to 
the  University  at  Cambridge.  The  decease  of  such  an  associate  in  the 
commercial  vicissitudes  of  nearly  forty  years  was  deeply  felt  by  his  sur- 
viving partner  and  brother. 

In  1826,  it  was  proposed  to  raise  a  considerable  sum  for  additions  to 
the  Athenaeum*  Something  over  $30,000  was  required.  Col.  Perkins 
and  his  nephew,  Mr.  James  Perkins,  son  and  sole  heir  of  his  deceased 
brother,  contributed  one-half  of  it,  paying  eight  thousand  dollars  each,  on 
the  condition  that  the  same  amount  should  be  subscribed  by  the  public ; 
which  was  done.  He  made  other  valuable  donations  to  the  Atheuseum, 
and  was  for  several  years  president  of  that  institution. 

Soon  after  this,  having  witnessed  the  successful  commencement  of  rail- 
roads in  England,  he  resolved  to  introduce  them  here ;  and  having  ob- 
tained a  charter  for  the  Granite  Railway  Company,  he  caused  one  of  two 
miles  in  length  to  be  made,  for  the  purpose  of  transporting  granite  from 
the  quarries  in  Quincy  to  the  water.  This  was  the  first  railroad  built  in 
this  country,  though  there  was  a  rough  contrivance  in  Pennsylvania  for 
the  removal  of  coal,  which  is  said  to  have  preceded  it  It  has  been  the 
means  of  adding  large  quantities  of  granite  to  the  building  materials  of 
our  cities,  and  its  effect  is  seen  extending  as  far  as  New  Orleans. 

In  1833,  a  movement  was  made  to  obtain  funds  for  the  establishment 
of  a  school  for  blind  children  in  Boston.  Having  been  deeply  interested 
by  an  exhibition  given  to  show  their  capacity  for  improvement,  he  made 
a  donation  of  his  mansion  house  in  Pearl-street  as  a  place  for  their  resi- 
dence. He  gave  it  on  the  condition  that  the  sum  of  fifty  thousand  dollars 
should  be  contributed  by  the  public  as  a  fund  to  aid  in  their  support 
Efforts  were  made  accordingly  to  effect  that  object,  and  proved  to  be  en- 
tirely successful.  The  school  was  thus  placed  on  a  stable  foundation,  and 
by  means  that  insured  it  continued  care.  The  incitement  which  had  thus 
been  offered  to  the  community  to  secure  so  valuable  an  estate  as  a  gift  to 
the  public,  roused  general  attention  to  the  subject  that  could  induce  such 
a  donation.  Mutual  sympathy  in  endeavoring  to  effect  the  purpose  was  a 
natural  result  This  became  widely  diffused.  An  institution  which  thus 
offered  intelligence,  enjoyment,  and  usefulness  in  place  of  ignorance, 
sorrow,  and  idleness,  was  recognized  by  the  government  of  the  State  as 
deserving  aid  from  the  Commonwealth,  and  liberal  public  provision  was 
made  for  the  education  there  of  blind  children  whose  parents  needed  as- 
sistance. 

Under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Howe  it  has  been  eminently  successful,  and 
is  known  through  the  country  as  an  important  example  of  what  may  be 
done.  Indeed,  it  may  be  said  further,  that  the  country  itself  is  more 
widely  and  favorably  known  in  the  Old  World  from  the  annual  repoi-ts  of 
what  has  been  effected  there,  not  only  by  improvements  in  tlie  art  of 


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40  MercafMe  Biography: 

printing  for  the  blind,  but  by  n^rw  discoyeries  in  the  possibility  of  instruc- 
tion, which  he  has  demonstrated. 

The  publications  from  the  press  of  the  institution,  under  his  care,  prob- 
ably comprise  more  matter  than  all  other  works  in  the  English  language 
that  have  ever  been  published  for  the  use  of  the  blind ;  and  at  the  recent 
"Exhibition  of  Works  of  Industry  of  all  Nations"  in  the  Crystal  Palace 
of  London,  the  prize  medal  was  awarded  to  his  specimens  for  the  best 
system  of  letters  and  the  best  mode  of  printing  such  books.  But,  beyond 
this,  Dr.  Howe  has  enlarged  the  science  of  mind  by  reaching  and  devel- 
oping the  intellect  of  the  blind  and  deaf  mute,  shut  up  from  human  inter- 
course by  obstruction  in  all  avenues  of  the  senses  but  one,  and  proved 
that  the  single  sense  of  touch  can  be  made  the  medium  for  eflfectual  in- 
struction in  reading  and  writing,  and  for  the  free  interchange  even  of  the 
most  refined  and  delicate  sentiments  that  are  known  to  the  heart  of  wo- 
man. In  this,  he  was  the  first  to  reduce  to  certainty  what  had  before  been 
only  a  problem,  and  has  shown  that  there  is  no  solid  ground  for  the  prin- 
ciple of  law  on  the  subject,  as  laid  down  by  Blackstone,  that — "  a  man 
who  is  bom  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind,  is  looked  upon  by  the  law  as  in  the 
same  state  with  an  idiot;  he  being  supposed  incapable  of  any  understand- 
ing, as  wanting  all  those  senses  which  furnish  the  human  mind  with 
ideas." 

The  estate  given  by  Col.  Perkins,  although  spacious  in  extent,  was  be- 
coming, from  its  position,  better  suited  for  purposes  of  trade  than  of  resi- 
dence. From  the  same  cause,  however,  it  was  rising  in  pecuniary  value, 
and  not  long  afterward  it  was  exchanged,  with  his  consent,  he  releasing 
all  conditional  rights  of  reversion,  for  a  large  edifice  in  the  suburbs,  built 
for  another  purpose,  but  admirably  adapted,  by  location  and  structure,  for 
the  residence  of  young  people.  It  overlooks  the  harbor,  is  secure  by  its 
elevation  from  any  interruption  of  light  or  air,  and  afibrds  ample  room 
for  all  who  may  desire  to  come. 

The  institution  bears  his  name.  That  something  important  would  have 
eventually  been  done  in  Massachusetts  for  the  education  of  the  blind,  even 
if  he  had  rendered  no  assistance,  cannot  be  doubted.  Dr.  John  D.  Fisher, 
a  physician  of  great  worth,  to  whose  memory  a  monument  has  been 
erected  at  Mount  Auburn  for  his  early  exertions  in  the  cause,  moving  al- 
most unaided,  had  previously  obtained  an  act  of  incorporation  from  the 
Legislature  for  the  purpose ;  and  Edward  Brooks,  Esq.,  and  Mr.  Prescott, 
the  historian^  with  some  other  gentlemen,  had  united  with  him  to  promote 
it.  What  followed  is  in  a  ffreat  measure  to  be  attributed  to  their  prepar- 
atory movements.  But  CoT.  Perkins,  by  the  impulse  of  a  powerful  hand, 
suddenly  roused  the  community  to  aid  in  the  project,  and  placed  it  at  once 
in  an  advanced  position,  which  otherwise  it  probably  it  would  have  required 
the  lapse  of  many  years,  with  arduous  exertions,  to  attain.  At  that  time 
the  institutions  for  the  blind  in  England  were  little  more  than  workshops, 
affording  hardly  any  instruction  except  for  manual  labor,  and  no  printing, 
though  two  small  books  had  been  printed  in  Scotland.  But  through  his 
aid  and  advice  the  means  were  obtained  and  effectually  applied  for  an  es- 
tablishment on  a  more  liberal  plan,  giving  the  precedence  to  intellectual 
and  moral  education.  There  is  little  doubt,  therefore,  that  a  large  portion 
of  the  good  which  has  been  effected  thus  far,  within  the  institution,  and 
by  its  example  elsewhere,  is  the  result  of  his  munificent  donation,  and  the 
wise  condition  which  he  attached  to  it 


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Thawuu  Haa^syd  Perkins.  41 

It  should  be  remarked  here,  however,  to  gnard  agarast  any  mistake 
detrimental  to  the  interest  of  the  blind,  that  while  the  pupils  are  placed, 
through  his  means,  in  a  building  which  might  give  the  impression  that  its 
inhabitants  are  likely  to  be  in  want  of  nothing,  the  institution  is  by  no 
means  richly  endowed.  The  money  that  has  been  liberally  given  has  been 
liberally  spent  in  the  cause  of  education ;  and  those  who  are  inclined  to 
give  or  leave  any  portion  of  their  wealth  for  the  relief  of  misfortune, 
should  be  informed  that  the  blind  still  need,  and  humbly  hope  to  be  re- 
membered. There  can  hardly  be  any  class  of  persons  to  whom  books,  and 
a  large  library  of  books,  can  afford  so  great  delight  as  those  whose  sources 
of  enjoyment  do  not  include  that  of  sight;  and  afler  reading  in  the  re- 
port of  the  juries  on  the  awards  at  the  exhibition  of  the  Crystal  Palace  in 
London,  ten  close  pages  that  are  devoted  to  the  subject  of  printing  for 
the  blind,  with  a  historical  sketch  in  which  marked  prominence  is  given  to 
what  has  been  done  at  "  The  Perkins  iNSTrruxioN  in  Boston,**  it  can 
hardly  be  heard  without  sorrow  that  the  printing  there  is  suspended  for 
irant  of  pecuniary  means ;  and  that  the  publication  of  the  Cyclopedia  in 
twenty  volumes,  probably  the  most  valuable  work,  with  the  exception  of 
the  Bible,  that  has  ever  been  attempted  for  the  blind,  was  necessarily  stopped 
with  the  eighth  volume. 

A  few  extracts  from  that  report,  on  a  subject  so  deserving  of  interest, 
will  hardly  be  out  of  place  here. 

"  A  few  yenrs  ago  printing  for  the  blind  was  considered  only  a  curious  or 
dovbtful  experiment,  but  it  is  now  established  beyond  all  question  that  books 
are  true  sources  of  pro6t  and  pleasure  to  them.  Whilst  embossed  books  have 
recently  very  rapidly  increased,  it  is  delightful  to  notice  that  the  blind  readers 
have  multiplied  fhr  more  rapidly. 

**  The  invention  of  printing  for  the  blind  marks  a  new  era  in  the  history  of 
literature.  The  whole  credit  of  this  invention,  ho  simple  yet  so  marvelloos  in 
its  results,  belongs  to  France.  It  was  Mr.  Valentine  Hauy  who,  in  1784,  at 
Paris,  produced  the  first  book,  printed  with  letters  in  relief,  and  soon  after  proved 
to  the  world  that  children  might  easily  be  taught  to  read  with  their  fingers.  The 
blind  really  received  but  little  advantage  from  an  invention  that  prooiised  so 
much.  The  fault,  however,  seems  to  have  been  not  so  much  in  the  plan  as  in 
the  execution  of  it  This  noble  invention,  except  perhaps  within  the  walls  of 
the  institution,  soon  sank  into  oblivion,  and  very  little  more  was  heard  of  it  un- 
til 1814.  The  Institute  of  Parin,  since  its  foundation  in  1784,  has  at  times  been 
in  a  deplorable  condition,  but  about  the  year  1840,  it  underwent  a  thorAigh  re- 
organization, and  is  now  justly  entitled  to  the  front  rank  of  institutions  of  this 
class  in  Europe. 

'*'  It  was  in  Great  Britain  and  in  the  United  States  that  the  firat  improvements 
were  made  in  embossed  typography.  Before  1826,  when  Mr.  James  Gall,  of 
Edinburgh,  first  began  to  turn  his  attention  to  the  intellectual  and  moral  educa- 
tion of  the  blind,  it  is  believed  that  not  a  single  blind  person  in  anv  public  in- 
stitution of  this  country  or  America  could  read  by  means  of  embossed  characters. 
To  Mr.  Gall  is  due  the  credit  of  reviving  this  art.'' 

In  1827,  he  published  a  small  volume  for  teaching  the  art  of  reading 
to  the  blind,  and  in  1834  he  published  the  Gospel  of  St  John,  and  after- 
ward several  other  books,  but  they  do  not  appear  to  have  been  generally 
used.  It  is  added  in  the  report  that,  with  one  exception,  ^  it  is  believed 
they  are  adopted  by  no  public  institution  in  Great  Britain." 

**  While  the  puzzling  question  of  an  alphabet  best  a^iapted  to  the  fingera  of 
the  blind  and  the  eyes  of  their  friends  was  under  warm  discussion  on  this  side 


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43^  Mereaniiie  Biography: 

of  the  Atlantic,  Dr.  Howe  was  developing  his  ftystem  at  Boston,  in  the  United 
States.  In  1833,  the  Perkins  Institution  for  the  Blind  was  established  at  Bos- 
ton, and  Dr.  S.  G.  Uowe^  a  gentleman  distinguished  through  a  long  series  of 
Tears  for  his  philanthropic  labors,  was  placed  at  its  head,  and  soon  made  those 
improvements  and  modifications  which  have  rendered  the  Boston  press  so  fa^ 
mous.  His  first  aim  was  to  compress  the  letter  into  a  comparatively  compact 
and  cheap  form.  This  he  accomplished  by  cutting  off  all  the  flourishes  and 
points  about  the  letters.  He  so  managed  that  they  occupied  but  a  little  more 
thau  one  space  and  a  half  instead  of  three.  So  great  was  this  reduction,  that 
Ihe  entire  New  Testament,  which,  according  to  Hauy's  type,  would  have  filled 
nine  volumes,  and  cost  twenty  pounds,  could  be  printed  in  two  volumes  for  six- 
teen shillings.  Early  in  the  summer  of  1834,  he  published  the  Acts  of  the 
Apostles.  Indeed,  such  rapid  progress  did  he  make  in  his  enterprise,  that  by  the 
end  of  1835  he  printed  in  relief  the  whole  of  the  New  Testament  for  the  first 
time  in  any  language,  in  four  handsome  quarto  volumes,  comprising  624  pages, 
for  four  dollars.  These  were  published  together  in  1836.  The  alphabet  thus 
contrived  by  Dr.  Howe  in  1833,  it  appears,  has  never  since  been  changed. 

**  As  the  Boston  books  can  now  be  obtained  in  London  at  a  price  cheaper  than 
any  of  the  five  different  systems  of  books  printed  in  Great  Britain,  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  they  will  come  into  general  use  here." 

It  is  then  shown  by  a  table  of  comparison  that  Dr.  Howe's  books  are 
much  less  in  bulk,  and  cheaper  by  more  than  one-half,  than  those  printed 
in  any  other  of  the  six  systems  used  in  the  English  language.  Ajid  it  is 
added : — 

^*  His  system  has  been  fully  described,  and  to  it  the  jury  give  the  preference 
above  all  others.  The  jury  beg  to  suggest  that  a  uniform  system  should  be 
adopted,  and  that  in  future  all  books  printed  for  the  blind  should  be  printed  in 
the  same  character.    Dr.  Howe's  appears  simple,  and  fit  for  general  adoption." 

In  1 838  his  commercial  firm  -was  dissolved,  and  he  withdrew  from  busi- 
ness with  a  large  fortune,  after  having  been  actively  engaged  in  Commerce 
for  more  than  hfty  years,  though  within  the  last  ten  his  personal  attention 
to  its  affairs  had  been  considerably  relaxed.  His"  success  had  been  great, 
but  by  no  means  uninterrupted.  Severe  disappointments  and  disasters 
from  causes  beyond  his  control  made  part  of  his  experience ;  and  while 
he  had  great  confidence  in  his  own  ability  to  direct,  he  well  knew  the  im- 
portance of  leaving  as  little  as  possible  to  accident  in  any  enterprise  that 
he  undertook. 

An  instance  of  the  readiness  with  which  he  could  sometimes  decide  on 
the  advantages  to  be  justly  expected  from  commercial  operations  when 
proposed,  will  serve  to  show  the  extent  of  his  information,  and  the  value 
of  such  information  in  enabling  those  who  engage  in  Commerce  at  all  to 
act  with  clear  discernment,  instead  of  trusting  to  blind  chance  in  specula- 
tion. He  had  used  such  information  and  discernment  himself  with  strik- 
ing effect,  even  so  far  as  to  pause  in  his  career  and  stand  somewhat  aside 
for  years,  when  others,  moved  partly  by  an  ambitious  desire  to  rival  him 
in  Commerce,  had  sought  to  rise  from  the  grade  of  successful  dealers  in 
purchases  from  his  cargoes,  and  become  the  owners  of  ships,  importing 
cargoes  of  their  own.  Insolvency  and  melancholy  oblivion  or  insignifi- 
cance have,  since  then,  been  the  lot  of  most  of  tiiem.  But  when  enter- 
prises requiring  capital  and,  still  more,  judgment,  beyond  their  resources 
and  capacity  had  led  them  into  embarrassment,  there  necessarily  came  a 
pause  on  their  side,  of  which  he  and  those  who  were  associated  with  him 
took  skillful  advantage  in  a  rapid  succession  of  voyages  that  have  rarely 
had  a  parallel  for  success. 


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Thomas  Handasyd  Perkins.  48 

The  particiilar  instance  referred  to  was  this : — About  thirty  years  ago 
the  price  of  coffee,  which  for  a  long  time  previously  had  been  as  high  as 
twenty-five  cents,  had  declined  to  fif&en  cents  per  pound,  and  Col.  Perkins 
being  in  New  York  for  a  day  or  two,  on  a  visit  to  a  daughter  who  resided 
&ere,  a  wish  was  expressed  that  it  might  be  suggested  to  him  that  the 
temporary  depression  having  made  it  a  fit  subject  for  speculation,  if  he 
should  be  disposed  to  engage  in  it  on  the  extended  scale  to  which  he  was 
accustomed,  there  was  an  opportunity  to  secure  a  large  quantity  on  even 
more  advantageous  terms.  As  coffee  was  an  article  out  of  the  Ime  of  his 
usual  operations,  and  not  likely  to  attract  his  particular  attention,  the  sub- 
ject was  mentioned  to  him  rather  for  entertainment,  in  conversing  upon 
the  occurrences  of  the  time  and  the  news  of  the  day,  than  in  the  belief 
that  he  would  give  it  serious  thought  Without  hesitation  and  with  the 
ease  and  decision  of  an  able  lawyer  or  surgeon  in  giving  an  opinion  on 
any  case  presented  to  either  of  them  professionally,  he  answered  to  this 
effect:— 

'*  The  depression  in  coffee  is  not  *  temporary.'  Whoever  makes  purchases 
DOW  at  14  cento,  or  even  at  13  cents,  will  niid  that  he  has  made  a  mistake,  unless 
he  means  to  take  advantage  of  any  transient  demand  to  dispose  of  it  speedily. 
There  are  more  coffee  trees  now  in  bearing  than  are  sufficient  to  supply  the 
whole  world,  by  a  proportion  that  I  could  state  with  some  precision  if  necessary. 
The  decline  in  price  is  owing  to  accnmulation,  which  will  be  found  to  increa!«e, 
particularly  as  there  are  new  plantations  yet  to  come  forward.  Coffee  will 
eventually  fall  to  10  cents,  and  probably  below  that,  and  will  remain  depressed 
for  some  years.  The  culture  of  it  will  be  diminished.  Old  plantations  will  be 
suffered  to  die  out,  and  others  will,  in  some  cases,  be  grubbed  up  that  the  land 
may  be  converted  to  new  uses.  At  length,  the  plantations  will  be  found  inade- 
quate to  the  supply  of  the  world.  But  it  requires  five  or  six  vears  for  the  coffee 
tree  to  reach  its  full  bearing.  Time,  of  course,  will  be  required  for  the  neces- 
sary increase,  and  the  stoclu  on  hand  will  bo  diminishing  in  the  meantime.  A 
rise  must  follow.  Whoejrer  buys  coffee  twelve  or  fifteen  yeiirs  hence  at  the 
market  price,  whatever  it  may  be,  will  pK>bably  find  it  rising  on  his  hands,  and 
fortunes  may  be  made,  unless  speculative  movemento  should  have  disturbed  the 
regular  course  of  evente." 

With  so  clear  an  outline  for  the  future  it  was  interesting  to  observe 
what  followed.  Coffee  gradually  fell  to  less  than  ten  cents,  and  remained 
low.  One  consequence,  usual  in  such  cases,  ensued.  The  consumption 
increased.  Misled,  perhaps,  by  this,  and  an  impatient  desire  to  be  fore- 
most in  securing  advantages  which  by  that  time  were  generally  foreseen, 
parties  began  to  move  in  a  speculative  spirit  about  five  years  before  the 
time  thus  indicated.  They  made  great  purchases,  and  large  quantities 
were^held  in  expectation  of  profit.  It  was  curious  to  notice  the  action 
and  hear  the  remarks  of  various  persons  concerned  in  what  ensued,  ac- 
cording to  their  different  degrees  of  intelligence  on  a  subject  that  was  not, 
even  then,  fidly  understood  by  all.  Coffee  rose  considerably.  Some  of 
them  secured  a  moderate  profit  while  they  could.  Others,  arguing  on  a 
crude  belief  that  as  coffee  nad  been  at  25  cents,  there  was  no  reason  why 
it  should  not  attain  that  price  again,  determined  to  wait  for  far  greater 
profits.  The  stimulant  given  to  the  demand  by  withholding  large  quanti- 
ties from  sale  developed  greater  stocks  than  were  supposed  to  exist ;  the 
movement  was  found  to  be  premature,  and  coffee  fell  again  in  price.  Im- 
mense sums  were  lost  Bankruptcy  followed,  with  many  a  heart-ache  that 
might  have  been  prevented  by  counsel  from  one  like  him,  who  had  the 


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44  Ifereantile  Biography: 

comprehensive  views  and  thorough  knowledge  that  belong  to  a  complete 
merchant 

This  unwise  anticipation  somewhat  retarded  and  diminished  the  well- 
founded  rise  that  had  been  foretold.  But  it  came  at  length,  and  some 
moderate  fortunes  were  made  by  it,  thourii  the  dreams  of  the  speculator 
of  a  return  to  the  high  prices  that  prevaued  in  the  early  part  of  the  cen- 
tury have  never  been  realized. 

After  his  retirement  from  Commerce,  Col.  Perkins  found  sufficient  oc- 
cupation in  the  management  of  his  property ;  in  various  matters  of  a 
public  nature  which  interested  him ;  and  in  the  cultivation  of  trees,  and 
particularly  of  fruits  and  flowers,  on  his  estate  at  Brookline.  He  was  re- 
markable n>r  his  love  of  nature ;  and  in  travelling  sometimes  went  far  out 
of  his  way  to  examine  a  beautiful  tree,  or  to  enjoy  an  interesting  view. 
Occasionally  he  made  a  voyage  to  Europe,  renewing  his  observations  on 
the  changes  and  improvements  that  were  to  be  seen  there.  He  had  crossed 
the  Atlantic  many  times  beside  the  instances  that  have  been  referred  to,  al- 
ways keeping  a  diary,  which  he  filled  with  the  incidents  that  occurred, 
with  the  results  of  his  inquiries,  and  with  remarks  worthy  of  an  intelli- 
gent traveller ;  and  sending  home  works  of  art,  some  of  which  were  be- 
stowed as  gifts.  He  took  a  lively  interest  in  the  progress  and  welfare  of 
American  artists,  kindly  aiding  some  who  desired  to  improve  by  studying 
the  great  models  in  Europe,  and  liberally  purchasing  the  works  of  those 
who  deserved  encouragement.  He  was  generally  very  agreeable  to  those 
with  whom  he  incidentally  fell  in  as  fellow-travellers ;  and  where  he  became 
known  abroad  as  an  American,  he  left  a  very  favorable  impression  of  the 
character  of  his  countrymen. 

Active  industry  had  been  and  continued  to  be  the  habit  of  his  life.  The 
day  with  him  was  well  occupied,  and  equally  well  ordered.  He  had  long 
been  accustomed  to  rise  early,  to  consider  what  required  his  attention,  and 
to  prepare  so  much  of  what  he  had  to  do  personally  as  he  could  perform  by 
himself,  that  he  might  meet  the  world  ready  to  decide  and  direct,  promptly 
and  clearly.  This  enabled  him  to  transact  business  with  ease  and  accura- 
cy, and  made  him  so  far  master  of  his  time  that  he  found  leisure  for  vari- 
ous objects,  both  of  useftilness  and  enjoyment,  as  well  as  for  courteous  and 
kind  attention  to  the  afikirs  and  wishes  of  others,  which  it  might  have 
been  supposed  would  hardly  be  remembered  by  one  so  occupied.  Each 
day  with  him  was  the  illustration  of  a  thought  which  young  men,  and 
particularly  young  men  entering  on  commercial  life,  will  find  to  be  a  safe- 
guard against  precipitation  or  perplexity,  and  against  the  irritation  as  well 
as  the  miserable  shifts  to  which  they  sometimes  lead.  The  action  of  the 
mind  in  preparing  with  calm  foresight  what  is  to  be  done,  before  it  is  ab- 
solutely necessary,  is  widely  different  from  its  action  when  afiPairs  are  left; 
until  necessity  presses,  and  the  powers  are  conftised  by  various  calls  on  the 
attention  in  the  midst  of  hurry  and  embarrassment  What  is  only  method 
in  the  first  case  actually  becomes  a  faculty,  and  sometimes  passes  for  un- 
common ability,  of  which  it  has  the  effect  On  the  other  hand,  some 
men,  who  really  show  great  powers  when  pressed  by  necessity  for  dispatch, 
are  in  truth  unable,  without  being  aware  of  such  a  defect,  to  foresee  and 
prepare  what  they  have  to  do  before  they  feel  the  pressure.  When  that 
ceases,  the  exertion  too  often  ceases  with  it ;  and  important  matters  are 
left  to  be  done  at  some  ftiture  time,  whicii  perhaps  are  never  done.  The 
older  they  grow  the  more  incurable  is  the  evil,  and  melanoholy  instances 


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7%m4U  Handa^yd  Perkins,  45 

aiigbt  be  given  of  bankruptcy  late  in  life,  after  great  suceees,  which  might 
be  traced  chiefly  to  this  cause.  It  is  said  that  the  Hon.  Peter  C.  Brooks, 
of  Boston,  who  left  a  large  fortune,  after  a  life  well  worthy  of  imitation, 
on  being  once  asked  what  rule  he  would  recommend  to  a  young  man  as 
most  likely  to  ensure  success,  answered — ^*-  Let  him  mind  his  business  ;^ 
and  to  a  similar  inquiry,  it  has  been  said  that  Robert  Lenox,  Esq.,  of  New 
York,  well  remembered  as  one  of  the  most  distinguished  and  estimable 
merchants  ever  known  in  that  ffreat  city,  and  for  his  wide  hospitality,  once 
answered — "  Let  him  be  beforehand  with  his  business."  One  answer  seems 
to  include  the  other,  as  no  man  can  be  beforehand  with  his  business,  and 
enjoy  the  tranquil  self-possession  that  accompanies  forecast,  unless  he  minds 
it  unremittingly. 

At  one  time  when  Col  Perkins  had  decided  to  leave  home  for  some 
time  on  a  long  journey  of  several  thousand  miles  to  the  South  and  West, 
application  had  been  made  to  him  to  give  his  guaranty  for  a  considerable 
sum,  to  enable  one  whose  welfare  he  wished  to  promote  to  engage  in  a 
commercial  connection  that  seemed  to  offer  great  advantages.  As  the 
magnitude  of  the  affair  required  caution,  it  was  expected,  of  course,  that 
when  he  had  considered  the  subject  explanations  on  various  points  would 
be  necessary  before  he  could  decide  to  give  it ;  and  it  was  intended  to  take 
some  favorable  opportunity,  when  he  might  be  entirely  at  leisure,  to  ex- 
plain everything  fully.  Suddenly,  however,  he  found  it  best  to  commence 
the  journey  a  week  or  two  sooner  than  had  been  mentioned,  and  engage- 
ments of  various  kinds,  previously  made,  so  occupied  him  in  the  short  m- 
terval  left  that  there  seemed  to  be  no  time  for  offering  such  explanation 
without  danger  of  intruding,  and  the  hope  of  obtaining  his  aid  at  that 
time,  in  an  affair  that  required  prompt  action,  was  given  up.  The  appli- 
cant called  at  his  house  half  an  hour  before  he  was  to  go  merely  to  take 
leave,  knowing  that  the  haste  of  departure  in  such  cases  usually  precludes 
attention  to  any  matters  reqiuring  deliberation.  On  entering  the  room, 
however,  he  found  there  was  no  appearance  of  haste.  All  preparations 
for  the  journey  had  been  entirely  completed  in  such  good  season  that  the 
last  half-hour  seemed  to  be  one  entirely  of  leisure  for  anything  that  might 
occur.  After  a  little  chat,  Col.  Perkins  introduced  the  subject  him^f, 
and  made  pertinent  inquiries;  which,  being  answered  satisfactorily,  he 
gave  the  guaranty,  and  very  kindly  added  a  further  facility  by  allowing, 
until  his  return,  the  use  of  a  considerable  sum  of  money  which  he  was 
leaving  in  the  bank.  The  arrangements  were,  in  consequence,  completed 
the  next  day ;  they  proved  in  the  result  to  be  eminently  successful ;  all 
pledges  were  redeemed ;  his  guaranty  was  cancelled  in  due  course  without 
the  slightest  cost  or  inconvenience  to  him;  and  the  person  whom  he 
wished  to  oblige  received  very  large  profits,  which  happily  influenced  the 
reraunder  of  his  life,  and  which  he,  perhaps,  might  never  have  enjoyed, 
if  that  last  half-hour  before  the  journey  had  been  nurried. 

When  doing  an  act  of  kindness  like  this,  he  seemed  to  derive  great 
pleasure  from  the  consciousness  that  the  action  of  his  life  had  given  him 
the  power  to  produce  such  results  by  the  single  influence  of  his  name ; 
horn  all  proofe,  too,  which  followed  that  he  h^  decided  correctly  in  be- 
stowing his  confidence  where  he  believed  it  to  be  deserved ;  and  ft'om  in- 
dulging an  impulse  of  his  nature  that  prompted  him  to  diffuse  happiness 
where  ne  had  the  opportunity. 

Numerous  instances  might  be  given  of  his  kindness  in  promoting  the 


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46  MereaniiU  JSiogfrapky : 

success  of  others,  and  particularly  of  young  men  engaging  in  voyages  or 
other  commercial  enterprises ;  and  he  always  showed  a  warm  interest  in 
the  Mercantile  Library  Association  of  Young  Men  in  Boston,  to  whom  he 
made  a  donation  to  aid  in  the  erection  of  a  building. 

In  a  general  view  of  his  character,  he  appeared  as  exercising  the  influ- 
ence of  one  having  a  nice  sense  of  propriety,  with  reference  to  uie  opinion 
of  others ;  love  of  order ;  a  high  stanaard  of  action ;  and  a  desire  to  pro- 
mote whatever  tended  to  general  advantage  and  respectability ;  with  such 
steadiness  of  purpose  as  gave  power  to  his  example.  His  manners,  formed 
in  an  age  of  ceremony  which  has  passed,  retained  something  of  its  cour- 
teous dignity,  divested  of  what  was  artificial,  and  united  wiui  the  ease  of 
our  own  time. 

His  personal  appearance  so  far  indicated  his  character  that  an  observer 
of  any  class,  who  saw  him  for  the  first  time,  was  very  likely  to  be  im- 
pressed with  a  desire  to  know  who  that  personage  might  be.  "  A  very 
noble  looking  man  !"  said  a  young  woman  who  was  c^led  to  fetch  him  a 
glass  of  water,  when  he  stopped  one  day  at  the  house  of  a  friend  some 
miles  from  town.  "  Ce  beau  vietUard  /" — that  beautiful  old  man !— ex- 
claimed the  wife  of  a  foreign  embassador,  in  speaking  of  his  reception  of 
her  at  his  country-seat,  when  some  one  was  snowing  her  the  environs  of 
Boston.  And  in  repeated  instances  foreigners  of  rank  have  remarked  in 
a  similar  tone  on  his  person  and  the  high-bred  courtesy  of  his  manner. 

Great  personal  strength  and  entire  self-reliance  made  him  almost  heed- 
less of  danger,  in  the  full  confidence  that  he  had  the  power  and  the  pres- 
ence of  mind  to  do  just  the  right  thing  at  the  right  moment;  and  he  oad, 
at  different  times,  some  remarkable  escapes.  On  one  occasion,  when  driv- 
ing toward  town  over -a  road  made  in  one  part  on  the  slope  of  a  hill,  with 
a  steep  bank  on  one  side  and  a  descent,  guarded  by  a  wall,  on  the  other, 
some  object  fell  from  the  top  of  the  bank  on  his  right  so* suddenly  that 
his  horse,  a  powerful  animal,  sprang  to  the  opposite  side  and  dashed  into 
a  run.  Close  before  him  was  the  stiff  branch  of  a  large  apple  tree  pro- 
jecting over  that  side  of  the  road  at  about  the  level  of  his  waist  as  he  sat. 
He  leaped  at  once  from  his  seat  over  the  wall,  alighting  unhurt  in  the  or- 
chard below,  and  in  an  instant  the  top  was  swept  from  the  vehicle  in  a 
manner  that  must  have  proved  fatal  to  himself  if  he  had  remained  in  it  a 
moment  longer. 

Though  fond  of  social  intercourse,  his  opinions  were  often  conveyed  in 
monosyllables  or  short  and  terse  exprepsions,  and  be  was  more  inclined, 
whether  abroad  or  at  his  own  table,  to  promote  conversation  in  others 
than  to  talk  much  himself.  But  he  listened  with  attention  and  contril>- 
uted  readily,  from  the  stores  of  his  experience  and  knowledge,  whatever 
occurred  to  him  as  interesting ;  occasionally  introducing  an  anecdote  with 
striking  effect,  but  rather  as  if  he  were  stating  a  fact  than  telling  a  story. 
He  used  language  with  precision  ;  his  expressions  were  concise ;  and  his 
words  carried  the  full  force  that  belonged  to  them,  all  the  more  because 
there  was  no  attempt  to  exaggerate  iheir  true  and  precise  meaning^.  The 
instances  that  he  gave  were  usually  such  as  bad  occurred  within  his  own 
knowledge  in  reference  to  remarkable  events  or  distinguished  men,  and 
most  of  them  might  well  have  found  place  in  history  or  biography.  But 
occasionally  he  related  incidents  of  an  amusing  character,  such  as  the  fol- 
lowing, and  in  a  manner  that  afi'orded  great  entertainment. 

In  one  of  his  early  visits  to  London,  Stewart,  the  celebrated  portrait- 


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Thomas  Handasyd  PerJeins.  A*l 

painter,  whom  he  knew  well,  resided  there,  occupying  apartments  as  a 
bachelor,  with  a  boy  to  attend  him.  One  day,  Stewart  sent  the  boy  with 
a  message  to  a  man  of  rank  to  say  that  he  could  comply  with  a  request 
to  give  him  a  sitting  if  he  would  come  at  a  certain  hour.  The  boy  went 
off  accompanied  by  a  large  and  favorite  dog  of  his  master's,  but  did  not 
return  at  the  time  expected ;  ^d  Stewart  waited,  receiving  no  answer, 
until  he  found  that  the  forenoon  was  lost  He  then  went  out  to  take  his 
usual  walk ;  and  as  he  strolled  on,  finding  himself  in  that  part  of  the  city 
where  the  mother  of  the  boy  resided,  he  made  her  a  visit  and  inquired 
whether  her  son  ever  came  to  see  her.  ^*  Oh,  yes !"  she  said,  he  had 
been  there  that  morning,  with  a  great  dog,  both  of  them  full  of  mischief; 
and  there  had  been  such  a  time  I  First,  they  discovered  a  piece  of  beef- 
steak intended  for  her  dinner,  which,  after  great  struggles,  the  dog  had 
been  suffered  to  devour.  Then,  in  a  scene  of  frolic  and  riot,  they  had  up- 
set her  wash-tub,  and  had  just  gone  off.  He  desired  the  woman  not  to 
mention  his  own  visit  to  her ;  and  on  returning  home  and  inquiring  what 
was  the  answer  brought,  was  told  by  the  boy  that  he  had  been  unable  to 
find  the  place,  having  lost  his  way  and  got  back  as  he  could ;  to  all  which 
be  said  nothing  except  as  a  slight  caution  to  be  more  attentive  to  the  di- 
rection in  future.  Soon  afterward  his  dinner  was  brought,  as  usual,  from 
a  chop-hous9,  and  the  boy  took  his  accustomed  stand  opposite  to  him, 
while  the  dog  placed  himself  at  his  side  expecting  an  occasional  mouth- 
ful. In  due  course  Stewart,  taking  a  piece  of  juicy  meat  on  his  fork,  held 
it  toward  the  dog ;  but,  after  looking  at  him  for  a  moment,  suddenly  drew 
back,  with  well-feigned  surprise,  exclaiming — **How  is  this?  What! 
dined  already  f '  and  he  looked  earnestly  at  the  boy,  who  became  alarmed. 
Turning  again  to  the  doir,  with  the  meat  still  withheld  over  him,  he  said, 
"Ah !  and  beef-steak  ? — Is  it  possible  ?"  Casting  an  angry  and  searching  look 
at  intervals  toward  the  boy,  he  went  on — "  What ! — a  wash-tub  ? — and 
upset  it  too  I"  He  at  length  turned  back  to  the  table,  and  laying  the  fork 
on  his  plate,  folded  his  arms,  and  looked  intently  at  the  culprit  The  boy, 
aghast  at  tbese  supernatural  disclosures,  as  (hey  seemed,  from  the  dog, 
confessed  the  whole,  making  solemn  promises  for  his  future  behavior,  which 
became  exemplary.  The  pretended  wonder  of  the  artist^  the  eagerness 
and  disappointment  of  the  dog,  and  the  conscience-stricken  amazement  of 
the  boy  were  all  presented  in  vivid  light,  while  he  only  seemed  to  be  men- 
tioning casually  what  had  occurred. 

The  following  is  an  incident  of  a  different  character,  which  occurred  in 
the  National  Convention  during  the  French  Revolution,  and  of  which  he 
was  an  eye-witness.  He  related  it  with  great  effect.  Soon  after  the  death 
of  Robespierre,  one  of  his  former  associates  proposed  a  sanguinary  law, 
which  was  objected  to  by  a  member,  who  had  been  a  butcher,  as  unneces- 
sarily cruel.  The  deputy  who  proposed  it  said,  with  a  sneer,  that  he  had 
not  looked  for  such  fine  sentiments  from  one  whose  trade  had  been  blood. 
The  butcher,  a  burly,  powerful  man,  starting  to  his  feet  as  if  he  would  de- 
stroy his  opponent,  exclaimed — "  Soelerat !  scelerat  I !  Je  n'ai  jamais 
senilis  mes  mains  que  du  sang  des  animaux.    Voila  les  votres  !"*^ 

It  has  been  thought  that  he  showed  a  lack  of  discernment  in  judging  of 
character.     Whatever  might  be  the  truth  as  to  any  defect  of  that  sort,  it 


*  **•  Wretch !  wreUh  that  yoa  are ! !  I  hare  never  «olled  my  hands  hot  whh  tiie  blood  of  bcaata. 
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48  Mercantile  Biogrcq^y : 

rarely,  if  ever,  appeared  in  making  unjust  imputations ;  but  rather  in  giv- 
ing others  credit  for  good  qualities  which  they  did  not  possess.  Although 
he  used  strong  terms  in  condemning,  on  some  occasions,  what  he  disap- 
proved, he  seldom  spoke  in  disparagement  of  any  one ;  and  if  he  listen^ 
it  was  with  no  indication  of  pleasure  at  hearing  anything  to  the  disadvan- 
tage of  others.  There  certainly  were  cfses  m  which  he  found  that  his 
confidence  had  been  misplaced,  but  as  he  was  not  apt  to  communicate  his 
motives  fully,  it  was  not  clear  whether  it  arose  entirely  from  error  of  judg- 
ment, or  partly  from  a  readiness  to  take  risks  of  which  he  was  aware.  £i 
some  instances  he  misunderstood  the  intentions  or  difficulties  and  embar- 
rassments of  others,  and  occasionally  spoke  with  warmth  where  he  sup- 
posed there  was  just  cause  for  displeasure,  though  he  was  more  likely  to 
be  quite  silent  at  such  times ;  but  no  one  was  more  ready  than  he  to  make 
reparation  if  it  was  explained  to  him  that  he  had  been  unjust  Probably 
he  was  supposed  to  be  unfriendly  in  other  instances,  when  he  would  have 
appeared  to  be  entirely  kind  if  he  had  talked  more  freely.  His  nature 
was  affectionate,  appearing  particularly  so  toward  children,  and  many  of 
them  were  his  intimate  friends,  habitually  exchanging  with  him  the  live- 
liest pleasantry  with  perfect  freedom. 

It  is  not  uncommon  >vith  those  whose  feelings  are  characterized  by  great 
energy,  as  his  were,  that  from  an  apprehension,  perhaps,  lest  strong  emo- 
tion might  escape  control  if  expressed  in  any  degree  whatever,  it  is 
guarded  with  such  entire  suppression  and  reserve  that  they  seem  to  those 
around  them  almost  to  have  no  feeling  at  all,  when,  in  truth,  they  feel 
most  deeply.  A  striking  instance  of  this  nature  may  be  mentioned  of 
him. 

The  death  of  his  eldest  son,  who  was  named  for  him,  and  in  person,  as 
well  as  in  some  points  of  character,  bore  a  strong  natural  resemblance  to 
himself,  occurred  about  four  years  before  his  own.  They  differed  in  char- 
acter as  the  son  of  a  widow,  moved  by  strong  incitements  to  assist  in  re- 
lieving her  of  care,  and  to  secure  his  own  advancement  in  the  world,  might 
be  very  likely  to  diifer  from  one  born  to  the  enjoyment  and  expectation  of 
wealth,  and  advancing  in  youth  under  the  auspices  of  a  parent  who  stood 
high  in  public  estimation,  and  possessed  powerful  influence.  Like  his  fa- 
ther, he  had  preferred  action  to  the  life  of  a  student,  and  went  early  abroad, 
having  sailed  tor  China  during  the  war  of  1812  in  a  private  armed  ship 
that  was  prepared  to  fight  her  way  for  a  rich  cargo,  as  was  successfully 
done ;  and  he  took  part  in  one  bloody  naval  action  beside  other  encounters. 
Daring  in  spirit,  of  a  buoyant  and  generous  temper,  and  eminently  hand- 
some, he  was  a  favorite  abroad,  particularly  amons;  the  officers  of  our 
public  ships  as  he  met  them  in  foreign  ports ;  and  he  had  seen  much  of 
the  world,  with  various  adventures,  in  China,  in  South  America,  and  in 
Europe. 

He  eventually  joined  his  father's  commercial  house  in  Boston,  and  after 
a  few  years  of  remarkable  success,  withdrew  with  a  good  fortune,  and 
lived  in  affluence  and  leisure,  amusing  himself  with  field  ^rts,  of  which 
he  was  fond,  and  varying  his  life  with  an  occasional  tour  in  Europe.  After 
rearing  a  beautiful  family,  he  fell  the  victim  of  a  distressing  illness,  and 
died  in  the  prime  of  life. 

At  his  funeral,  his  &ther  appeared  tranquil  as  usual,  advising  on  some 
matters  of  detail ;  and  having  followed  the  hearse  to  the  place  of  inter- 
ment, chose,  rather  against  the  suggestions  of  those  near  him,  to  descend. 


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Hufmas  Handasyd  Perhim.  49^ 

to  the  tomb  under  tbe  church,  that  he  might  see  that  all  was  arranged  as 
he  had  intended.  But  when  nothing  more  remained  to  be  done,  when  the 
single  lamp,  by  the  light  of  which  the  coflBn  had  been  adjusted  in  its  place, 
was  withdrawn,  and  the  door  was  closed  in  darkness  and  silence  on  all  that 
remained  of  one  who  had  been  the  object  of  so  deep  interest  from  infancy 
upward,  nature  prevailed,  for  one  moment  only,  over  all  restraint,  and  an 
involuntary  burst  of  grief  disclosed  the  depth  of  sorrow  that  remained 
beneath  the  habitual  composure  of  his  manner. 

About  two  years  after  this,  the  death  of  Mrs.  Perkins  took  place,  and 
the  dissolution  of  a  tie  which  had  continued  for  sixty-three  years  had  a 
visible  effect  on  him.  His  younger  brother,  Samuel  G.  Perkins,  Esq.,  had 
died  blind,  past  the  age  of  eighty.  His  own  sight  was  failing.  Of  all 
the  family  left  by  his  father,  he  and  two  sisters  only  remained.  His  friend 
through  life,  the  Hon.  Harrison  Gray  Otis,  was  dead.  The  companions  of 
his  youth  and  middle  age  were  nearly  all  gone.  Of  the  association  re- 
membered as  the  "  Saturday  Club,"  consisting  of  some  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished gentlemen  of  the  town  in  their  day,  who,  while  they  found 
mutual  enjoyment  in  dining  successively  at  the  houses  of  each  other,  gave 
hospitable  admission  to  such  strangers  as  deserved  attention,  only  two  sur- 
vived beside  himself.  The  impression  had  long  been  habitual  with  him 
that  the  close  of  hi^  own  life  was  near,  and  he  awaited  it  with  tranquillity. 
He  had  lived  as  he  thought  it  was  right  to  do.  There  appears  to  hfive 
been  no  period  in  which  he  had  been  addicted  to  vice  of  any  sort  His 
life  was  marked  by  self-control ;  but  beside  that,  he  seems  to  have  had  an 
innate  purity  and  love  of  order  that  made  excess  distasteful  to  him.  In 
the  order  of  events  he  had  found  the  enjoyment  and  incurred  the  respon- 
sibility of  great  success  in  the  acquisition  of  property,  and  he  had  shared 
it  freely  with  the  community  in  which  he  lived ;  his  gifts  and  contributions 
continuing  numerous  to  the  last. 

He  had  become  feeble,  and  moved  with  difficulty.  But  an  indomitable 
spirit  which  remained  ready  for  action  still,  if  anything  was  to  be  done, 
carried  him  once  more  from  home  as  far  as  Washington.  This  spirit  had 
long  before  borne  him  through  some  passages  of  ill-health  that  might  have 
proved  fatal  if  it  had  not  been  that  the  energy  with  which  his  mind  opened 
itself  t>  excitement  and  pleasure  always  imparted  corresponding  vigor  to 
his  physical  frame  in  a  remarkable  degree. 

Twenty-five  years  before,  being  greatly  debilitated  after  a  severe  illness, 
he  had  resolved  to  try  the  effect  of  a  voyage  to  England,  though  some  of 
his  friends  feared  that  he  might  never  return ;  and  he  sailed  with  his 
nephew  and  friend,  Mr.  Gushing,  in  a  new  ship  belonging  to  his  house. 
He  was  so  weak  that  it  was  necessary  to  assist  him,  almost  to  lift  him,  on 
board  the  vessel.  But  becoming  immediately  interested  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  ship,  and  in  getting  to  sea,  when  the  pilot  left  them  in  the 
outer  harbor,  he  was  already  better  for  the  excitement;  he  continued  to 
improve  during  the  voyage ;  and  returned  in  vigorous  health. 

A  few  years  afterward,  being  again  reduced  to  much  the  same  state,  he 
left  Boston  for  New  York,  to  embark  for  Etirope  in  company  with  his 
eldest  son,  (who  thought  it  unsafe  that  his  father  should  sail  without  his 
personal  care,)  and  with  his  grandson,  three  of  the  name.  He  went  from 
home  80  enfeebled  that  his  mmily  doubted  whether  he  could  reach  New 
York  in  a  condition  to  be  carried  on  board  the  packet,  (it  was  before  the 
day  of  steamships,)  and  they  were  surprised  to  learn,  after  waiting  with 

TOL.   XXXIIL ^MO.  I.  4 


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40  Mercantile  Btographyi' 

solicitude,  that  lie  was  so  well  after  the  journey  as  to  aocompanj  bis  fnetid, 
Mr.  Otis,  whom  he  met  there  on  bis  arrival,  to  the  theatre  in  the  evening. 

At  that  time  he  went  into  Italy,  where  he  had  not  been  before,  and  as 
iliiffht  be  supposed,  looked  with  lively  interest  on  the  wonders  of  history 
and  art  to  be  seen  there.  An  American  statesman  of  the  most  distin- 
guished  character,  who  recently  passed  a  winter  in  Rome,  mentioned  to 
an  acquaintance  who  called  on  him  that,  when  he  arrived  there,  he  heard 
accidentally  in  inquiring  for  places  of  residence  that  a  house  once  occu- 
pied by  Col.  Perkins  could  be  had,  and  that  he  lost  no  time  in  securing 
that  house,  being  confident  that  it  had  been  well  chosen,  which,  to  his 
great  comfort,  he  found  to  be  as  he  had  anticipated. 

After  the  decease  of  Mrs.  Perkins,  some  important  business  in  which  he 
was  concerned  required  attention  at  Washington,  and  his  courageous 
spirit  still  rising  above  the  infirmities  of  age,  he  made  one  more  journey 
there,  resolved  to  see  to  it  himself.  While  there  he  was  concerned  to  find 
that  work  was  likely  to  be  suspended  on  the  monument  to  the  memory  of 
Washington.  On  his  return  home,  he  took  measures  to  rouse  fresh  inter- 
est in  the  work,  and  a  considerable  sum  was  raised  for  it,  through  his  ex- 
ertions. His  action  in  reference  to  this  has  been  publicly  alluded  to,  since 
his  decease,  by  the  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  late  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  in  Congress,  who,  at  the  close  of  an  eloquent  speech 
addressed  to  the  Massachusetts  Charitable  Mechanic  Association,  at  their 
annual  festival  in  Faneuil  Hall,  in  October  last,  spoke  as  follows : — 

''The  memory  of  your  excellent  and  lamented  President  (Mr.  Cbickering)  has 
already  received  its  appropriate  and  feeling  tribute.  I  can  add  nothiog  to  that 
But  I  will  venture  to  recall  to  your  remembrance  another  venerated  name.  You 
have  alluded,  in  the  sentiment  which  called  me  up,  to  an  humble  service  which 
I  rendered  some  ^'ears  ngo,  as  the  organ  of  the  Representatives  of  the  Union, 
at  the  laying  of  the  comer-stone  of  the  National  Monument  to  Washington.  I 
cannot  but  remember  that  the  latest  efforts  in  this  quarter  of  the  country  te 
raise  funds  for  the  completion  of  that  monument,  were  made  by  one  whose  long 
and  honorable  life  has  been  brought  to  a  close  within  the  past  twelve  months. 

*'  1  cannot  forget  the  earnest  »nd  affectionate  interest  with  which  that  noble^ 
hearted  old  American  gentleman  devoted  the  last  days,  and  I  had  almost  said  the 
last  hours,  of  his  life,  to  arranging  the  details  and  the  machinery  for  an  appeal 
to  the  people  of  Massaohusietti^  in  behalf  of  that  still  unfinished  structure.  He 
had  seen  Washington  in  his  boyhood,  and  had  felt  the  inspiration  of  his  majestic 
presence ;  he  had  known  him  in  his  manhood,  and  had  spent  two  or  three  days 
with  him  by  partk^ular  invitation  at  Mount  Vernon,  daya  never  to  be  forgotten 
in  any  man's  life ;  his  whole  heart  seemed  to  be  imbued  with  the  warmest  ad* 
mn*ation  and  affection  for  his  character  and  services;  and  it  seemed  as  if  be  could 
not  go  down  to  his  grave  in  peace  until  he  had  done  something;  to  aid  in  perpet- 
Unting  the  memory  of  his  virtues  and  bis  valor.  I>  need  not  say  that  I  allude  to 
the  lute  Hon.  Thomas  Handasyd  Perkins.  He  was  one  of  the  noblest  specimens 
of  humanity  to  which  our  city  has  ever  given  birth; — leading  the  way  for  half  a 
century  in  every  generous  enterprise,  and  setting  one  of  the  earliest  examples 
of  those  munincent  charities  which  have  given  our  city  a  name  and  a  praise 
throughout  the  earth.  He  was  one  of  vour  own  honorary  members,  Mr.  Presi- 
dent, and  I  have  felt  that  I  could  do  nothing  more  appropriate  to  this  occasion — 
the  first  public  festive  occasion  in  Faneuil  Hall  which  has  occurred  sinoe  hia 
death—and  nothing  more  agreeable  to  the  feelings  of  this  association,  or  to  mj 
own,  than  to  propose  to  you  as  I  now  do — 

**  The  memory  of  Thomas  Handasyd  Perkins." 

For  a  long  time  he  had  been  deprived  of  the  use  of  one  of  his  eyes 
which  was  bhnded  by  cataract ;  how  long  he  could  not  tell  with  accuracy, 


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for  the  diaeovery  that  it  was  useless,  aad  that  he  saw  only  with  the  other, 
was  made  by  acoide&t  and  much  to  his  surprise ;  bat  it  must  hav^e  been 
more  than  Iwenty  years.  Opening  it  one  morning  while  the  right  eye 
was  buried  in  the  piUow,  he  found  himself  unable  to  perceive  any  objects 
about  him.  For  many  years,  however,  he  saw  well  euough  for  common 
purposes  with  the  other ;  but  more  recently  even  that  one  had  caused  him 
so  much  trouble  that  he  lived  in  fear  of  total  blindness.  Early  in  1858, 
eataract  appeared  in  that  eye  also,  and  was  making  such  rapid  progress 
that  in  a  few  weeks  all  use^  vision  was  lost  Under  these  circumstancesi 
he  resolved  to  submit  to  an  operation  on  the  one  that  had  been  so  long* 
obscured.  It  was  successfully  performed  by  Dr.  H.  W.  Williams,  of  Bos- 
ton, the  cataract  being  broken  up  in  the  month  of  March.  Some  time 
was  necessary  for  the  complete  absorption  of  the  fragments ;  but  in  less 
tfaan  three  months  the  pupil  had  become  entirely  dear,  and  by  the  aid  of 
cataract  glasses,  he  could  not  only  see  large  objects  as  well  as  ever,  but 
could  read  the  newspapers,  and  even  the  fine  print  in  the  column  of  ship- 
news.  His  sight  was  at  times  rendered  feeble  afterward  by  the  general 
d^iiity  of  his  system,  and  he  never  recovered  the  power  of  reading  and 
writing  with  entire  ease ;  but  to  do  both  in  some  degree  was  an  advan^ 
lage,  in  comparison  with  total  loss  of  sight,  that  could  hardly  be  appr^ 
ciated,  particularly  as  it  enabled  him  still  to  manage  his  own  affairs,  whiok 
he  always  vrished  to  do,  and  did  to  his  last  day,  even  keeping  his  books 
with  his  own  hand,  excepting  for  a  few  months  of  his  last  year,  when  the 
entries  were  made  from  his  dictation. 

In  this,  the  last  year  of  his  life,  he  gave  one  more  remarkable  proof  of 
his  continued  interest  in  what  was  going  on  about  him,  and  of  his  readi- 
Be«i  to  aid  liberally  in  all  that  he  deem^  important  to  public  welftire  an«l 
intelligence.  A  large  and  costly  building  had  been  erected  for  the  Boston 
Athenaeum  by  contribution  from  the  public,  liberally  made  for  that  pur- 
pose that  there  might  be  such  an  one  as  would  correspond  to  the  aspira- 
tions of  the  accomplished  scholars  who,  fifty  years  before,  had  founded 
the  institution.  A  fund  was  now  to  be  provided  for  annual  expenses  and 
&r  regular  additions  to  the  library.  With  this  view,  an  ^ort  was  made 
to  raise  a  fund  of  $120,000.  As  Gol.  Perkins  had  already  done  a  greal 
deal  for  the  Athenaeum,  no  application  was  made  to  him  for  further  aid. 
He,  however,  voluntarily  asked  for  the  book  containing  the  largest  class  of 
subscriptions,  and  added  his  name  to  those  contributing  three  thousand 
dollars  each.  Soon  afterward  he  inquired  of  the  president  of  the  Athe- 
nttum  what  promss  had  been  made,  and  was  told  that  the  subscription^ 
amounted  to  eighty  thousand  dollars,  all  of  them  being,  however,  on  the 
condition  that  uie  full  sum  should  be  made  up  within  the  year ;  that  every- 
Uiing  possible  seemed  to  have  been  done ;  but  that  as  people  were  leaving 
town  for  the  summer,  nothing  further  could  be  obtained  until  the  antumn, 
and  that  it  was  doubtful  whether  the  object  oould  be  effected  even  then, 
by  raising  forty  thousand  dollars  more,  as  the  applications  appeared  to 
have  been  thoroughly  made  by  a  numerous  committee.  He  tnen  gave 
his  assurance  that  the  attempt  should  not  be  sufiered  to  fail,  even  for  so 
large  a  deficit  as  that,  and  agreed  to  be  responsible  for  it,  in  order  that 
the  subscriptions  already  obtained  might  be  made  binding ;  stipulating 
only  that  nothing  should  be  said  of  this  until  the  expiration  of  the  I  s^ 
day  fixed,  and  that  the  efforts  to  obtain  it  from  the  public  should  not  be 
at  all  relaxed  in  the  mean  time.    Further  assistance  from  him,  however, 


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Bi%  Thomai  ffmadasyd  PerkiM, 

yras  rendered  unnecessary,  chiefly  by  the  noble  bequest  of  Samuel  Apple*' 
ton,  Esq.,  a  man  of  liberality  and  benevolence  like  his  own,  who  died  du- 
ring the  summer,  leaving  the  sum  of  two  hundred  thousand  dollars  to 
trustees,  to  be  distributed  at  their  discretion  for  scientific,  literary,  religious, 
or  charitable  purposes.  The  trustees  appropriated  twenty-five  thousand 
dollars  of  this  to  the  fund  for  the  Athenaeum,  and  the  remaining  sum  of 
fifteen  thousand  dollars  was  easily  obtained  by  further  subscriptions  at 
large.  But  the  assurance  given  by  Col.  Perkins,  although  any  call  on  him 
thus  became  unnecessary,  was  useful  in  warranting  that  confidence  of  sue- 
oess  which  helps,  in  such  cases,  to  secure  it 

In  January  following  (1854)  he  found  it  necessary  to  submit  to  a  slight 
surgical  operation  for  the  removal  of  some  obstruction  that  troubled  him. 
He  had  passed  most  of  the  day,  the  9th,  in  attending  to  his  domestic  pay- 
ments for  the  precediug  year,  arranging  the  papers  himself  with  his  usual 
method  in  busmess.  The  operation  was  successfully  performed  by  Dr. 
Cabot,  his  grandson ;  and  he  went  to  bed  with  the  agreeable  prospect  of 
finding  himself  relieved  for  the  remainder  of  his  lire  of  what  had,  for 
some  time,  made  him  uncomfortable  ;  but  with  a  caution,  too,  from  his 
surgeon,  not  to  rise  the  next  morning  but  remain  in  perfect  quiet.  .In 
such  matters,  however,  he  had  habitually  judged  and  chosen  to  act  for 
himself;  and  in  this  instance  he  gave  too  little  heed  to  the  caution,  refus- 
ing, too,  to  have  any  attendant  in  his  chamber,  as  had  been  recommended, 
lie  passed  a  good  night,  and  feeling  only  too  well  after  it,  chose  to  rise 
rather  early  the  next  day.  After  bemg  partly  dressed,  becoming  faint,  he* 
iras  obliged  to  lie  down  on  the  sofa,  and  never  left  it  He  became  more 
and  more  feeble  through  the  day ;  and  falling  into  a  state  of  unconscioua- 
ness  toward  evening,  he  continued  to  breathe  for  some  hours,  sleeping 
without  pain  or  distress,  and  died  tranquilly  on  the  morning  of  the  IJth^ 
soon  after  midnight,  in  the  90th  year  of  his  age. 

The  impression  of  his  character  left  on  the  community  was  such  as  had 
Iteen  sketched,  a  short  time  before,  in  language  that  admits  of  no  improve- 
Qient,  and  needs  no  addition,  by  the  Hon.  Daniel  Webster,  in  a  note  writ- 
ten with  his  own  hand  on  the  blank  leaf  of  a  copy  of  his  works,  presented 
to  Col.  Perkins : — 

••  Washikgton,  April  19,  1852. 

^Mt  Dbxr  Sir: — If  I  possessed  anything  which  I  miifht  suppose  likdy  to  be 
more  aoeeptable  to  you,  as  a  proof  of  my  esteem,  than  these  volames,  I  should 
have  sent  il  in  their  stead. 

,  "*  But  I  do  not;  and  therefore  ask  your  acceptance  of  a  copy  of  this  edition  of 
my  speeches. 

^*I  have  long  cherihhed,  my  dear  sir,  a  profound,  warm,  affectionate,  and  I  may 
say  a  filial  regard  for  your  person  and  character.  I  have  looked  upon  you  as 
one  born  to  do  good,  and  who  has  fulHlt(»d  hin  mission;  as  a  man,  without  npot 
or  blemish ;  as  a  merchant,  known  and  honored  over  the  whole  world ;  a  most 
liberal  supporter  and  promoter  of  science  and  the  arts ;  always  kind  to  sohoiara 
and  literary  men,  and  greatly  beloved  by  them  all ;  friendly  to  all  the  Institotiuns 
9/  Religion,  Morality,  and  Education ;  and  an  unwavering  and  determined  Hap> 
Dorter  of  the  Constitution  of  the  country,  and  of  those  grejit  principles  of  Civil 
Libert V,  which  it  is  so  well  calculated  to  uphold  and  advance. 

**  These  sentiments  1  inscribe  here  in  accordance  with  my  best  judgment,  nnd 
out  of  the  fulness  of  my  heart;  and  I  wish  here  to  record,  also,  my  deep  sense 
of  the  many  personal  obligations,  under  which  you  have  placed  me  in  the  course 
«f  cor  l6Dg  acquaintance.  Your  ever  faithful  friend, 

«« DANIEL  WSBSTiSR.    • 
^  to  tbe  Hod.  Tbos.  H.  Pbikim**** 


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Chmmereidl  and  Indtutrial  Cities  of  the  United  States.  6ft 

Although  private  interment  is  most  common  now,  it  seemed  inappro- 
|mate  for  one  who  had  filled  so  large  a  space  in  public  regard.  The  fu- 
neral service  took  place  at  the  church  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Gannett,  where  he 
had  long  worshipped,  and  was  marked  by  one  incident  peculiarly  touching 
in  its  association.  The  solemn  music,  usual  on  such  occasions,  was  im- 
pressively performed  by  a  large  choir  of  pupils  from  the  Perkins  Institu* 
tion  for  the  Blind,  who  had  requested  permission  to  sing  the  requiem  for 
that  friend  through  whom  they  enjoy  the  comforts  of  their  spacious  dwell- 
ing. A  further  proof  of  their  regard  fof  his  memory  was  seen,  but  lately. 
in  gleams  of  pleasure  lighting  their  faces  on  being  promised  that  they 
should  soon  listen  to  this  story  of  his  life.  ' 


Irt.  n.— CeMMERCUl  iND  INDUSTBIil  CITIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.* 

MVMBBR  ZXZU. 

NEW  YORK  AND  PHILADELPHIA. 

Mr.  Robertsok,  the  author  of  the  volume,  the  title  of  which  we  have 
placed  at  the  foot  of  this  page,  sailed  from  Liverpool  for  New  York  in  the 
Collins  steamer  "  Atlantic"  on  the  16th  of  November,  1853,  and  passed  ^ 
few  months  in  the  United  States  in  the  winter  of  1 853-4.  During  that 
time  he  visited  most  of  the  leading  commercial  and  industrial  cities  of  tlie 
Union,  picking  up,  as  he  went  along,  a  considerable  amount  of  informa* 
tion  upon  various  subjects,  generally,  however,  relating  to  the  material  in- 
terests of  our  country.  Mr.  Robertson,  as  a  manufacturer  and  merchant, 
directed  his  special  attention  to  those  subjects  with  which  it  is  the  business 
of  mercantile  men,  having  commercial  relations  with  the  States,  to  make 
themselves  more  or  less  acquainted.  The  information  thus  acquired,  is 
communicated  in  an  intelligible  manner,  and  with  a  degree  of  accuracy 
that  is  highly  creditable  to  the  author's  candor  and  fairness,  and  the  whole 
is  given  in  a  small  compass. 

The  subjects  are  connected  by  a  brief  narrative,  in  order  to  give  variety 
to  what  might  otherwise  be  deemed  tedious.  This  arrangement  has  been 
convenient  for  the  more  natural  introduction  of  the  topics  which  are 
brought  under  review. 

After  Mr.  Robertson's  arrival  in  New  York,  he  visited  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore,  Richmond,  Charleston,  New  Orleans,  Louisville,  Washington, 
Buffalo,  and  Lowell,  and  has  introduced  a  variety  of  statistics,  touching 
the  trade  and  industry  of  each. 

These  statistics  will  not,  however,  be  particularly  new  to  the  readers  of 
the  Merchants'  Magazine^  as  all  of  them  have  been  embodied  in  its  pa^jes. 
His  remarks  are  generally  judicious,  and  he  seems  disposed  to  speak  with- 
out prejudice  on  all  topics  falling  under  his  notice. 

During  the  first  few  weeks  Mr.  Robertson  was  in  the  States,  as  he  in- 
forms us,  he  was  much  impressed  with  their  apparent  wealth.     On  this 

*  A  Few  If ontiis  la  America,  cooUUnliig  Bemarkt  on  its  Commeretol  uA  Indostrlel  Interealb 
Bj  Jahm RoBBiTton.  ISmo.,  pp.  930.  Londoa:  Longmao  it  Co.  Maaohester:  Jamee  iiaUls^ 
QOb    1896. 


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i4  Commercial  <md  Indudtrial  CUiea  of  the  IT.  Statm : 

m^jeet  he  remarks : — "  The  solidity  of  the  buildings  in  the  cities,  the  im- 
mense quantities  of  produce  brought  to  the  f^ea-ports,  the  activity  of  the 
people,  and  their  liberal,  I  might  say,  their  profuse  expenditure,  led  me  to 
form  a  high  opinion  of  the  great  natural  resources  of  the  country.  With 
longer  experience,  and  with  more  information,  those  opinions  were  much 
modified.  The  country  is  not  so  rich  as  it  seems  to  be  at  first  sighty 
though  its  wealth  is  more  equally  diffused  than  in  England,  and  is  much 
more  freely  expended. 

"  I  would  here  venture  to  mak^  a  remark  which  more  properly  should 
have  formed  a  part  of  the  text.  The  New  Englanders — the  Yankees,  pro- 
perly so  called — are  essentially  a  commercial  people.  Their  natural  incli* 
nations  lead  them  to  trade — to  manufacture — to  drive  a  bargain — to  spec- 
ulate. To  secure  a  field  for  the  exercise  of  this  their  peculiar  talent,  they 
have  encouraged,  and  succeeded  in  establishing,  an  illiberal  commercial 
policy  throughout  the  Union,  under  favor  of  which,  undertakings  of  vari- 
ous kinds  have  thriven  that  otherwise  would  not  have  existed  for  many 
months.  By  means  of  protectiuu,  undertakings  have  been  fostered  that 
are  a  tax  upon  the  community ;  and  their  profits  have  been  m?ide  at  the 
expense  of  the  nation.  Hence,  capital  has  been  diverted  to  unnatural 
channels,  and  the  average  rate  of  profit  has  been  diminished  throughout 
the  Union. 

"  On  this  account,  the  New  England  States,  to  some  extent  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  part  of  Louisiana,  may  be  said  to  be  burdens  on  the  industry  of 
fee  other  States  in  the  Union,  and  to  prosper  at  their  expense.  Were  the 
tether  States  to  inaugurate  a  more  liberal  policy,  and  to  introduce  the 
principles  of  free  trade,  I  venture  to  believe  that  in  a  few  years  the  popu- 
lation of  the  New  England  States  would  be  considerably  diminished,  and 
that  in  the  meantime,  emigration  would  go  on  towards  the  West  as  actively 
as  it  has  done  in  recent  years  from  Ireland.^' 

The  people  of  the  United  States  are  not  only  "  profuse  "  in  their  "  expen- 
ditures," but  extravagant  to  a  degree  amounting  to  prodigality.  We  sin- 
cerely believe  that  Americans,  particularly  in  tne  city  of  New  York,  are 
the  most  extravagant  people  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  There  are  men, 
merchants  in  that  city,  who  live  in  houses  costing  $100,000,  and  expend 
at  the  rate  of  125,000  or  $30,000  per  annum,  and  some  of  the  wives  of 
these  men  and  merchants  wear  thousand-dollar  shawls,  and  other  things 
to  match.  The  sound,  wholesome,  prudential,  and  economical  proverbs  of 
honest  Ben  Franklin  are  repudiated,  and  we  have  heard  them  designated 
as  "  scoundrel  maxims." 

Without,  however,  moralizing  on  the  extravagance  of  our  people,  wo 
proceed  to  give  a  few  brief  extracts  from  Mr.  Robertson's  book,  with  spe- 
cial reference  to  the  several  commercial  and  industrial  cities  of  "  the 
States."  We  begin  (in  the  order  of  his  travels)  with  the  city  of  New 
York,  the  point  at  which  he  arrived  on  the  29th  of  November,  1853 : — 

BROADWAT  THE  REPRESENTATIVE  OF  HEW  YORK. 

"  As  New  York  mav  be  said  to  represent  America,  so  may  Broad woy  be  said 
to  represent  New  York.  At  one  end,  It  is  the  center  of  the  Commerce  of  the 
dty,  and  at  the  other,  of  its  fashion.  It  contains  the  handsomest  buildings  in 
the  city ;  all  the  large  hotels,  some  of  the  large  Atores,  and  all  the  mo^tt  fiiHhion- 
dbie  and  mo4t  expensive  ^ops.  At  the  south  end  its  pavement  is  buHled  with 
nereanttle  men,  in  active  pursuit  of  their  buHiness,  and  its  center  is  crowded 
with  omnibuses  freighted  with  passengers,  and  wagons  loaded  with  goods.    Be- 


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New  York  and  Philadelphia,  $5 

t 

yond  its  commercuil  limits,  the  omnibuses  8(ill  coottnue  to  ply,  bnt  largely  in* 
lerspereed  with  brilliant  equipafes ;  and  its  side-walks  are  thronged  with  lacKes, 
richlv,  I  might  almost  say  gaudily,  dressed,  whose  chief  occupation  seems  to  be, 
to  admire  the  tempting  wares  which  are  exhibited  in  the  shop  windows,  and  to 
spend  the  money  which  their  husbands  or  other  relatives  strive  to  make  at  tiie 
lower  end  of  the  street  Thus  one  end  of  Broadway  may  be  said  to  represent 
the  active  commercial  spirit  of  the  city,  and  the  other  its  extravagance  and 
gaiety. 

"  The  other  parts  of  the  city  proper  have  no  special  attractions,  except  for  their 
Commerce ;  but  in  the  northern  end,  many  of  the  streets  contain  very  handsome 
houses,  the  residences  of  the  wealthier  merchants." 

What  our  author  says  of  the  "excessive  filthiness"  of  New  York  city, 
it  must  be  admitted  is  generally  just,  although  that  filthiness  has  beem 
somewhat  abated  under  the  energetic  and  efficient  administration  of  Mayor 
Wood. 

filthimess  of  new  york. 

•*  A  great  drawback  to  the  attractiveness  of  New  York  arises  from  its  excess- 
ive filthiness.  Till  I  went  there  I  had  never  seen  such  a  dirty  city.  Althongii 
the  weather  was  then  fine,  and  it  had  been  dry  for  some  time  previonslv,  yet 
parts  of  some  of  the  streets  were  almost  impassable  from  mud  and  pools  of  dirty 
water.  Many  of  the  streets  had  not  been  cleaned  for  years,  and  although  the 
citizens  complamed  bitterly  of  the  nuisance,  their  remouHtances  passed  unheeded. 
Even  Broadway,  the  resort  of  tlie  beautiful,  the  gay,  and  the  fashionable,  in 
some  places  was  not  much  better  than  others.  Opposite  the  hotel  at  which  I 
lived,  there  was  a  large  pool  of  water  at  left^i  200  feet  in  length,  and  of  width 
sufficient  to  prevent  any  one  from  attempting  to  leap  across  it  without  the  risk 
of  going  up  to  the  ankles.  In  other  parts  of  Broadway  matters  were  not  much 
better ;  and  I  have  seen  some  of  the  inhabitants  not  hesitate  to  throw  their  a«het 
and  dirty  water  into  the  m.ddle  of  the  street." 

Mr.  R.  then  goes  on  to  show  that  the  state  of  things  above  described 
did  not  arise  from  scarcity  of  means  at  command  to  effect  improvement, 
quoting  from  official  documents  the  taxes  levied  in  the  city,  which  he  con- 
siders "  unusually  large." 

On  his  return  to  the  city  in  the  spring  of  1854,  he  found  Broadway  "  in 
the  most  beautiful  order,"  presenting  **  a  striking  contrast  to  what  it  had 
been  six  months  before." 

As  a  contrast  to  the  expenditure  of  the  city  of  New  York,  Mr.  Robert- 
son says  that  Manchester,  (England,)  with  a  population  of  more  than  half 
that  of  New  York,  amounted  in  1863,  exclusive  of  poor-rates,  to  £101,222, 
a  little  more  than  $500,000;  while  the  taxes  levied  in  New  York  in  1853 
amounted  to  $5,067,275,  of  which  sum  $4,704,789  were  collected,  and  of 
this  amount  $3,311,741  were  appropriated  for  the  expenditure  of  the  ci^ 
government  By  refering  to  Controller  Flagg's  report  for  the  year  ending 
June  30th,  1854,  we  find  that  the  expenditures  for  that  year  were 
$3,706,593,  or  upwards  of  $3,000,000  more  than  the  city  of  Manchester, 
with  more  than  half  the  population.  And  yet,  Mr.  Robertson  affirms,  and 
we  place  entire  confidence  in  his  statement,  "that  in  respect  to  the  efficiency. 
of  its  police  force,  and  its  fire  department,  the  cleanliness  of  its  streets,  its 
pavements,  its  general  sanitary  condition,  and  indeed  the  entire  adminis- 
tration of  its  municipal  affairs,  Manchester  is  under  far  better  management 
^an  New  York." 

With  one  more  extract  from  the  chapter  devoted  to  New  York,  we  paa§ 
on  to  other  cities  visited  by  the  author : — 


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66  Oommereial  and  Induitrial  Oitki  of  the  U.  States : 

CHARACTER  OF  NEW  YORK  MERCHANTS,  ETC. 

"For  that  activity,  and  what  they  themselves  denoramate  ' RinartnepR,'  the  New 
York  men  of  business  clnim  pre-eminence  in  the  Union,  and  I  believe  tlivy  do 
80  with  much  justice.  The  extent  and  variety  of  the  New  York  Commerce,  and 
the  muhitude  of  people  with  whom  the  merchants  come  in  contact,  fnvor  confi- 
dence in  themselve-s  quickness  of  apprehension,  and  promptitude  in  action,  and 
these  are  the  qualities  which  form  the  character  of  a  smart  man.  It  may  be 
questioned,  however,  whether  these  qualities  form  the  chnracter  of  a  merchant, 
properly  so  called ;  or,  whether  the  turmoil  and  constant  excitoment  in  which 
New  York  business  is  carriiKl  on,  U  favorable  to  the  prudent  manni^ement  of 
those  operations  which  require  much  consideration  and  foren^t.  Hem-e,  as  is 
contended  by  some  conversant  with  the  business  of  New  York,  much  of  that 
more  properly  called  mercantile — in  contradistinction  to  thnt  conducted  by  deal- 
ers and  commission  accents — and  Extending  to  a  distant  period,  is  conducted  by 
merchants  in  Boston  and  Pniladelphia.  Uitdonbtediy  most  of  the  trade  of  the 
port  is  carried  on  by  merchants  resident  there,  but  as  New  York  <»ffers  the  best 
point  for  shipment  of  home  produce,  and  for  the  distribution  to  the  interior  of 
foreign  commodities,  merchants  c.f  the  other  cities  I  have  named,  transact  much 
of  their  business  through  this  city,  finding  it  to  afford  them  the  largest,  and  fre- 
quently the  most  advantageous  market 

^  As  a  specimen  of  the  smartness  of  New  York  men,  I  may  repeat  what  was 
related  to  me  by  a  German  merchant,  who  had  opportunities  of  knowing  some- 
thing of  the  nature  of  the  Commerce  of  the  city. 

"A  dealer  has  a  quantity  of  goods  which  he  is  anxious  to  sell.  A  buyer  pre- 
sents himself,  but  hin  credit  is  not  undoubted.  Wishing,  however,  to  secure  the 
sale  of  his  goods,  and  at  the  same  time  desirous  of  avoiding  any  undue  ri>k  with 
the  buyer^s  long-dated  acceptance,  the  dealer  endeavors  to  find  out  at  what  rate 
this  acceptance  can  be  ^  sold  on  the  street.'  If,  though  that  should  be  at  a  high 
rate  of  discount,  there  still  remain  a  profit  on  the  sale,  that  is  at  once  effected, 
and  the  transaction  is  closed.  With  the  acceptance  he  has  no  further  concern ; 
for  as  selling  a  bill  on  the  street  means  *  without  recourse,'  his  liability  ceases 
when  the  bill  passes  out  of  his  possession." 

From  statistics  derived  chiefly  from  the  Merchants*  Magazine,  Mr.  Rob- 
ertson exhibits  in  a  comprehensive  form  the  sudden  rise  and  unprecedented 
progress  of  the  Commerce  of  New  York.  "  The  proud  position,"  he  says, 
now  occupied  by  New  York  as  the  first  commercial  city  of  the  New 
World,  insures  it  a  still  more  rapid  progress  and  yet  higher  pre-eminence. 

On  the  evening  of  the  14th  of  November,  1863,  Mr.  Robertson  left 
New  York  for  Philadelphia,  and  devotes  some  dozen  pages  of  his  book  to 
its  population,  Commerce,  industry,  and  other  matters  of  kindred  interest. 

PmLADELFHIA  AMD  NEW  TOBK  CONTRASTED. 

**  A  marked  change  is  perceptible  in  the  character  of  the  people,  in  compari- 
son with  what  is  seen  in  New  York.  The  streets  are  much  less  bustling,  and 
the  tone  of  the  place  altogether  much  more  subdued,  partaking,  as  one  might 
almost  suppose,  somewhat  of  the  quiet  earnestness  peculiar  to  its  founders.  la 
population,  wealth,  enterprise,  and  activity,  it  is  inferior  to  New  York ;  and  its 
progress  in  recent  vears,  though  very  striking,  has  been  much  less  rapid.  How- 
ever, as  the  port  oi  a  State,  scarcely  second  to  any  in  agricultural,  as  well  as 
mineral  wealth,  it  will,  with  the  development  of  these  resources,  become  a  city 
of  much  importance. 

♦•Till  about  the  year  1820,  Philadelphia  was  the  largest  city  in  the  States; 
bat  about  that  period  it  was  outstripped  bv  its  great  rival  New  York,  and  every 
year  since  that  time,  the  disproportion  between  them  has  become  more  and  more 
marked.  Still  its  progress  has  been  very  striking;  and  in  almost  any  other 
country  in  the  world  would  have  excited  surpris^e. 
^  **The  condition  of  the  population  of  Philadelphia  do  s  not  present  the  same 


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New  York  and  Philadelphia.  6V 

extremes  of  wealth  and  poveKy — luxury  and  misery — that  is  to  he  found  in 
New  York.  Though  it  has  a  smaller  population,  it  has  more  houses — an  indi- 
cation of  the  more  comfortahle  circumstances  of  the  masses;  td^d  io  consequence^ 
it  may  be,  of  the  small  immigration  at  this  port." 

FOREIGN  COM  MERGE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

"  The  foreign  Commerce  of  the  city  does  not  show  the  same  progref^s  as  its 
population,  and  is  no  indication  of  its  wealth.  Indeed,  in  comparison  with  the 
earlier  years  of  the  century,  it  would  be  difficult  to  say  whether  it  has  increased 
or  diminished. '  Till  very  recently  it  had  declined,  but  within  the  last  three  or 
four  years  a  favorable  change  has  taken  place. 

"  By  the  recent  extension  of  their  communications  with  the  West,  the  inhabit 
tants  are  sanguine  that  their  city  will  become  a  large  market  for  the  distribution 
of  foreign  merchandise.  Indeed,  it  is  that  already,  but  its  supplies  are  to  a  l.irge 
extent  received  at  second  hand  in  New  York.  The  merchants  are  now  striving 
to  emancipate  themselves  from  this  dependence  on  their  rival,  and  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  line  of  screw  ocean  steamers,  bringing  them  into  direct  intercourse 
with  Europe,  they  expect  to  bring  direct  to  their  port  a  large  portion  of  those 
commodities  which  have  heretofore  reached  them  through  other  channels.  These 
improvemente  in  their  internal  communications,  and  foreign  intercourse,  will,  at 
the  same  time,  favor  the  increase  of  the  export  trade  of  the  city. 

"  The  imports  consist  of  dry  goods,  iron,  cotton,  sugar,  and  other  articles  of 

general  domestic  consumption,  most  of  which  till  recently  was  used  within  the 
tate.    By  the  improvement  of  the  railways  and  canals,  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  imports  are  now  forwardtd  for  distribution  in  the  West 

"  The  exports  consist  of  wheat,  flour,  corn,  provisions,  coal,  &.C.,  neatly  all  of 
which  are  the  productions  of  the  State,  for  thus  far  a  very  small  portion  of  the 
heavy  products  of  the  West  find  this  route  a  convenient  outlet  to  the  sea.  The 
exports  of  breadstuffs  alone,  in  1853,  were  worth  $3,736,098 ;  and,  in  1852, 
there  were  shipped  from  Richmond — which  almost  joins  Philadelphia — 1,236,649 
tons  of  coal." 

PHILADELPHIA  AS  ▲  MAKUTACTURnia  CITT. 

**  As  a  manufacturing  city,  Philadelphia  occupies  the  second  place  in  the  Union. 
In  1850,  she  had  $33,737,911  capital  invested  in  manufactures.  At  the  several 
establishments  59,106  people  were  employed,  and  the  value  of  the  produce  of 
their  labor  amounted  to  $64,1 14,1 12.  This  information  is  derived  from  the  cen- 
sus, but,  in  the  report  of  the  Philadelphia  Board  of  Trade,  it  has  been  showB 
that  the  statements  in  the  census  are  very  imperfect  and  unreliable,  and  that,  in 
reality,  the  manufactures  of  the  city  are  greater  than  here  shown." 

With  a  few  more  paragraphs  from  Mr.  Robertson's  book,  touching  the 
*^  industrial  and  commercial  interests  of  Philadelphia,"  we  bring  the  pres- 
ent paper  to  a  close.  These  extracts,  as  will  be  seen,  relate  to  the  several 
eauge*  which  have  combined,  in  the  author's  estimation,  io  injure  the  trade 
of  Philadelphia,    These  causes,  he  says,  were — 

'*  The  opening  of  the  Erie  Canal,  which  brought  New  York  into  easy  and 
cheap  communication  with  the  West,  drawing  the  traffic  of  those  immense  re- 
gions to  its  harbor;  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  to  tlie  de- 
velopment of  which  the  attention  and  capital  of  its  merchants  were  too  largely 
directed,  at  an  early  period,  and  before  other  circumstances  rendereki  it  possible 
that  the  mines  could  be  worked — the  capital  being  diverted  from  the  more  legit- 
imate trade  of  the  city  and  port;  and  finally  the  failure  of  the  United  States 
Bank,  and  tlie  ruin  in  which  it  involved  the  capitalists  of  the  State. 

**  Philadelphia  is  in  nearer  communication  with  the  West  than  New  York,  even 
with  Lake  Erie,  and  much  more  so  with  the  Ohio  and  the  far  West;  and  there- 
fore, had  its  citizens  been  attentive  to  their  own  interests,  they  would  not  have 
lo^t  the  opportunity  of  drawing  to  their  harbor  the  products  of  the  West  While, 
however,  New  York  pressed  forward  its  great  undertaking,  the  Erie  Canal,  the 


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58  Commercitd  and  Industrial  Cities  of  the  U.  States. 

Philadelphi&HB  looked  idly  on,  and  were  made  sensible  of  the  conseqnenocs  of 
their  neglect,  only  when  too  late  to  remedy  their  error.  The  bulky  and  heavy 
p^roduce  of  the  West — the  products  of  agricultore  and  of  the  forest — will  seek 
the  cheapest  rente  to  the  sea-board,  and  that  is  obtained  by  the  Erie  Canal.  For 
the  conveyance  of  sach  articles  other  channels  can  be  merely  supplementary  to 
that  route. 

"The  extensive  introduction  of  railways  into  the  States  led  many  to  believe 
tbat,  as  Philadelphia  was  at  a  less  distance  from  the  leading  points  of  the  West 
than  New  Yotk,  she  mi^ht  be  able,  by  her  railway  connections,  to  recover  much 
of  the  carrying  trade,  which  rightly  belong(>d  to  her  situation,  but  which,  by  the 
opening  of  the  Erie  Canal,  had  slipped  out  of  her  hands.  This  expectation  is 
more  sanguine  than  reasonable.  For  the  carriage  of  articles  of  country  produce, 
of  great  bulk  and  weight  in  proportion  to  their  value,  and  which  have  to  be  con- 
Teyed  a  long  distance,  canals  seem  to  offer  the  cheapest,  though  not  tlie  most 
expeditious  route ;  and  at  the  points  of  transhipment,  either  on  the  lakes,  rivers. 
Of  on  the  sea-board,  they  present  greater  facilities  for  the  loading  and  unloading 
of  cargoes  than  can  be  offered  at  any  railway  terminus;  and  those  facilitie-*  are 
obtained  at  a  much  smaller  cost — an  important  consideration  where  cheapness 
alone  can  enable  ihe  trade  to  be  pursued  to  advantage.  To  these  add,  that  the 
quantities  of  produce  coming  forward  annually  is  much  greater  than  can  be 
readily  conveyed  by  any  ordinary  channel. 

"When  the  New  York  Canal  and  the  railways  which  connect  that  city  witlj 
Lake  Erie  are  completed,  they  will  have  the  capacity  of  carrying  to  the  east 
coast  in  a  season  9,000,000  tons  of  produce,  while  the  railways  of  the  Slate  of 
Pennsylvania,  running  to  the  same  quarter,  can  carry  only  1,700,000  tons.  True 
enough,  other  works  are  in  progress,  or  in  contemplation,  which  will  enlarge  her 
carrying  power  to  between  five  and  six  million  tons  per  annum,  but  they  will 
not  be  in  operation  for  some  years  to  come. 

"  The  goods  carried  westward  are  very  much  ligher  in  proportion  to  tlieir 
value  than  those  brought  to  the  east,  and  consequently  are  of  far  less  total 
weight  In  that  case,  cost  of  carriage  will  not  add  nearly  so  much  to  their  value. 
It  is  therefore  highly  probable  that,  from  Philadelphia  being  nearer  to  the  West, 
and,  indeed,  in  the  line  of  direct  communication  between  New  York  and  the 
Ohio,  she  may  supply  that  great  valley  with  a  large  portion  of  the  goods  re* 
eeived  iVom  the  east  coast  Indeed,  she  now  claims  to  be  the  great  distributor 
of  the  West,  but  with  more  enterprise  on  the  part  of  her  merchants,  she  may 
jMreafler  make  that  claim  with  more  solid  pretensions* 

"  The  natural  and  acquired  advantages  of  New  York  eity,  and  the  position  she 
now  occupies,  wHI,  for  a  long  period,  if  not  entirely,  defeat  any  hopes  that  may 
be  entertained  in  Philadelphia  of  competing  with  her  with  any  success,  even  in 
the  import  trade.  iStill,  the  position  Philadelphia  holds  in  respect  to  the  West, 
ought  to  encourage  her  merchants  to  mske  an  effort  to  diminish  the  disparity 
now  existing  between  the  Commerce  of  the  two  cities. 

"  The  distance  of  Philadelphia  from  the  ocean — neariy  one  hundred  miles— and 
the  limited  accommodation  afforded  by  her  harbor,  are  by  many  deemed  insHpei^ 
able  obstacles  to  her  ever  becoming  a  great  commercial  city.  Those  obsUicles 
are,  however,  only  apparent,  for  the  Delaware  is  at  all  times  navigable  to  the 
largest  merchantmen,  and  the  wharves  can  be  extended  to  double  their  present 
length.  After  the  all  but  insurmountable  obstructions  which  were  removed  in 
the  improvement  of  the  navigation  of  the  Clyde,  by  the  enterprise  of  the  mer- 
chants of  Glasgow,  and  after  the  triumphant  success  which  has  resulted  from 
that  undertaking,  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia  have  no  need  to  fear  for  the  pros- 
perity of  their  city,  if  they  be  only  true  to  themselves. 

"  By  the  opening  up  and  extension  of  their  western  communications,  by  rail- 
ways and  canals ;  by  the  improvement  and  enlargement  of  their  river  and  bar- 
bor;  and  by  the  encouragement  of  increased  intercourse  with  Europe — in  all  of 
which  undertakings  they  are  now  embarked— they  will  go  far  to  recover  much 
of  that  commercial  prosperity  which  was  lost  through  neglect  or  mismanage- 
ment, and  they  will  come  near  to  realize  some  of  those  hopes,  which  they  s6 
generally  and  bo  very  sangninely  entertain." 


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Pkfsiecd  Geography  of  the  Sea.  99 

We  designed,  when  we  commeiiced  this  article,  to  have  followed  oitt 
traveler  in  his  visits  to  the  other  points  of  observation  embraced  in  his 
tour.  But  the  great  length  of  the  interesting  memoir  of  that  "  Prince  of 
Merchants,"  the  late  Thomas  H.  Perkins,  in  a  former  part  of  the  present 
number,  compels  ns  reluctantly  to  defer  the  subject  to  a  more  convenient 
opportunity. 


Art.  Ill— TAB  PniSICAL  eeOfiRiPlY  OF  THE  SEl. 

Lieutenant  Maury  has  already  won  a  distinguished  reputation  as  aa 
explorer  of  science,  in  association  with  the  National  Observatory,  and  his 
recent  work,  upon  "  The  Physical  Geography  of  the  Sea,"*  will  cause  no 
diminution  of  his  well-earned  &me.  In  this  work  he  has  presented  us  the 
result  of  profound  study  and  observation,  acute  analysis,  and  logical  de* 
duction,  throwing  valuable  light  upon  navigation  and  the  phync^  causes 
bearing  upon  it,  in  connection  with  the  laws  which  regulate  the  winds 
and  currents,  and  other  phenomena  of  the  sea.  It  will  doubtless  exercise 
a  beneficial  influence  upon  nautical  science,  and  consequently  upon  the 
maritime  enterprise  which  is  prosecuted  upon  the  ocean. 

It  appears  that  the  treatise  is  in  some  measure  based  upon  the  facts  in- 
dicated by  "The  Wind  and  Current  Charts,''  which  were  'constructed 
from  the  collected  experience  of  navigators,  respecting  the  winds  and  cur- 
rents which  prevail  m  different  parts  of  the  oeean.  The  charts,  thus 
founded  upon  the  observations  of  successive  navigators  who  recorded  the 
observations  made  at  the  time,  are  ascertained  to  be  of  practical  advan- 
tage in  determining  what  would  be  the  circumstances  bearing  upon  any 
particular  voyage,  and  have  tended  to  diminish  the  duration  of  voyages^ 
by  enabling  mariners  to  select  their  courses  according  to  the  indications 
of  the  chart. 

It  was  formerly  customary  for  naviffators  to  take  their  courses  by  what 
were  termed  "  track  charts,"  which  defined  the  tracks  of  previous  voy- 
ages^ and  thus  the  ocean  was  coursed  by  prescribed  roads,  which  were 
pursued  with  almost  as  little  deviation  as  the  turnpike  roads  of  the  land, 
in  consequence,  with  a  view  to  the  solution  to  improved  tracks,  and  the 
more  thorough  exploration  of  the  ocean,  inducement  was  proffered,  through 
the  agency  of  the  National  Observatory  at  Washington,  for  masters  of 
vessels  to  send  an  abstract  log  of  their  voyages  to  the  Department,  on  con- 
dition that  they  should  be  provided  with  a  copy  of  the  charts  and  the 
sailing  directions  founded  upon  them.  The  result  thus  far  'has  been  an 
improved  knowledge  of  the  best  tracks  of  navigation,  and  the  consequent 
diminution  of  the  time  employed  and  the  distances  required  to  be  sailed 
in  such  courses. 

From  the  advantages  which  had  been  derived  from  those  observations, 
and  the  probable  benefit  of  their  continuance,  the  General  Government  in- 
vited all  the  maritime  States  of  Christendom  to  a  general  conferenoo,  with 
a  view  to  a  uniform  system  of  observation  of  the  character  which  has  been 
described.    On  the  23d  of  Augu^  1853,  the  conference  was  held  at  Brus- 

*  The  Physical  Geography  of  the  Sea.    Bj  M.  F.  Macet,  LL.  P.,  Llent.  U.  B.  Nary.    Naw  York  t 
Harper  k,  BroUierib    1855. 


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00  PhifHoal  Oeogrophy  of  the  Sea. 

sele.  It  was  constituted  of  representatives  from  the  United  States,  Eng^ 
land,  France,  Russia,  Norway,  Sweden,  Holland,  Denmark,  Belgium,  and 
Portugal. 

A  uniform  plan  of  observation  which  should  be  conducted  on  board  the 
vessels  of  the  respective  countries  was  recommended.  CJo-operation  in  the 
same  cause  was  subsequently  proffered  by  Spain,  Prussia,  Hambui^,  the 
republics  of  Bremen  and  Chili,  and  the  empires  of  Austria  and  Brazil. 
The  minute  records  of  meteorological  and  other  observations  which  will 
doubtless  be  made  by  the  vessels  of  those  nations,  will  probably  furnish 
the  basis  of  more  improved  charts. 

The  present  work  contains  precisely  those  scientific  observations  and 
deductions  which  might  be  anticipated  from  the  investigations  to  which 
allusion  has  been  made ;  and  they  relate  to  the  circulation  of  winds  and 
currents,  the  temperature  and  depths  of  the  sea,  its  inhabitants,  and  the 
phenomena  which  it  sometimes  assumes.  We  are  presented  with  a  phi- 
losophical view  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  which  the  author  terms  6ne  of  the 
most  marvelous  things  in  the  sea ;  he  calls  it  "  a  river  in  the  ocean," 
whose  banks  and  bottom  are  of  cold  water,  and  whose  current  is  warm, 
with  its  fountain  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  its  mouth  in  the  Arctic  Seas ; 
with  a  speed  more  rapid  than  the  Mississippi  or  the  Amazon,  with  waters 
as  far  out  from  the  Gulf  as  the  South  Carolina  Coast,  of  an  indigo-blue, 
yet  the  track  so  distinctly  marked  that  its  line  of  junction  with  the  com- 
mon sea  water  can  be  discerned  by  the  eye ;  the  water  of  a  quality  which 
appears  to  possess  but  little  chemical  aflSnity  with  the  ordinary  water  of 
the  sea.  The  actual  causes  which  have  produced  the  Gulf  Stream  have 
not  been  ascertained.  A  theory  has  been  started  that  it  draws  its  current 
from  the  Mississippi — a  theory  which  has  been  exploded.  Others  have 
maintained  that  it  is  produced  by  the  escaping  waters  which  have  been 
forced  into  the  Caribbean  Sea  by  the  trade  winds,  the  pressing  of  those 
winds  upon  the  water  forcing  up  into  that  sea  a  head  for  the  stream,  a 
cause  which  the  writer  does  not  deem  adequate  to  the  effect. 

It  would  seem  that  this  current  exercises  an  important  agency  in  the 
physical  economy  of  the  ocean.  The  Niagara  is  an  immense  river,  de- 
scending into  a  plain,  and  its  channel  is  lost  as  it  unites  with  Lake  Ontario ; 
but  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  to  quote  the  language  of  the  author, 
"  like  a  stream  of  oil  in  the  ocean,  preserve  a  distinctive  character  for  more 
than  three  thousand  miles."  Constituting  a  species  of  conducting  pipe, 
it  is  supposed  to  exert  an  influence  upon  climate.  He  remarks  that  it  is 
now  no  longer  to  be  regarded  merely  "  as  an  immense  current  of  warm 
water  running  across  the  ocean,  but  as  a  balance-wheel,  a  part  of  that 
grand  machinery  by  which  air  and  water  are  adapted  to  each  other,  and 
by  which  the  earth  itself  is  adapted  to  the' well-being  of  its  inhabitants." 
It  is  termed  by  mariners  the  "  weather  breeder "  of  the  North  Atlantic 
Ocean,  being  swept  by  the  most  furious  gales ;  while  the  foffs  of  New- 
foundland, which  so  much  impede  navigation,  are  believed  to  be  derived 
from  the  vast  bodies  of  warm  water  which  are  carried  through  it  to  that 
sea. 

We  are  informed  that  several  years  ago,  inquiries  were  set  on  foot  by 
the  British  Admiralty  regarding  the  storms  which  prevailed  in  certain 
parts  of  the  Atlantic  with  disastrous  results  to  navigation,  and  the  conclu- 
sion to  which  the  investigation  arrived  was,  that  they  were  "  occasioned 
by  the  irregularity  between  the  temperature  of  the  Gulf  Stream  and  of 


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Physical  Chograpky  of  the  Sea,  61 

die  neighboring  regions,  both  in  the  air  and  water.*^  This  ocean  river 
i^pears,  however,  to  have  been  formerly  a  sea  mark  of  navigation  more 
generally  than  at  the  present  time,  in  consequence  of  the  greater  skill  of 
seamen  and  the  greater  accuracy  of  nautical  instruments  in  our  own  day. 
As  early  as  1770,  the  more  rapid  voyages  which  were  made  between  our 
own  country  and  Europe  by  one  class  of  vessels  than  by  another,  were 
supposed  to  have  been  caused  by  the  knowledge  of  the  track  of  the  Gulf 
Stream. 

Another  important  office  performed  by  this  current  is,  that  it  furnishes 
a  refuge  which  supplies  a  summer  heat  in  mid-winter  to  mariners,  on  their 
approaches  to  our  northern  coasts,  from  the  snows  and  tempests  of  that 
season. 

A  consideration  of  the  nature  of  the  atmosphere  constitutes  an  import 
iDt  part  of  the  geography  of  the  sea.  As  there  are  ascertained  to  be 
uniform  currents  in  the  sea,  so  also  there  are  regular  currents  in  the  at- 
mosphere. Two  zones  of  perpetual  winds  extend  around  the  earth,  which 
blow  continually,  and  are  alleged  by  the  author  to  be  as  constant  as  the 
eurrent  of  the  Mississippi.  The  laws  which  regulate  the  winds  are  uni- 
form, and  so  are  their  general  courses.  Their  primum  mobiley  or  original 
cause,  is  ascribed  to  heat;  .but  other  causes  in  combination  act  upon 
them. 

We  are  likewise  presented — in  connection  with  a  view  of  atmospheric 
laws — with  a  consideration  of  the  red  fogs  which  are  sometimes  met  near 
the  Cape  de  Verd  Islands,  as  well  as  of  those  showers  of  dust  which  are 
precipitated  in  the  Mediterranean,  termed  "  Sirocco  dust,"  and  by  others 
••African  dust,'*  since  they  are  usually  driven  by  winds  supposed  to  pro- 
ceed from  the  Sirocco  Desert,  or  some  other  parched  portion  of  Africa. 
Although  the  vessel  may  be  a  hundred  miles  from  land,  these  showers  of 
dust — of  a  bright  cinnamon  color — ^frequently  fall  in  sucli  quantities  as  to 
cover  the  entire  sails  and  rigging.  We  are  presented  with  philosophical 
arguments  indicating  whence  these  showers  proceed,  and  how  they  are 
blown  from  the  shore  and  circulated  through  tne  atmosphere. 

A  considerable  portion  of  the  volume  is  devoted  to  a  cohsideration  of 
"the  magnetism  and  circulation  of  the  atmosphere."  It  is  maintained  that 
heat  and  cold,  rains,  clouds,  and  sunshine,  are  distributed  over  the  earth 
in  accordance  with  uniform  laws.  Indeed,  the  influence  of  magnetic 
forces — a  subject  which  has  formerly  been  but  partially  investigated — is 
considered  in  its  relation  to  the  circulation  of  the  atmosphere,  and  even 
the  effect  of  geographical  configurations  of  territory,  is  traced  in  its  in- 
fluences upon  climate. 

We  are  told  that  the  sea,  like  the  air,  has  its  system  of  circulation ;  and 
that  there  are  currents  running  hither  and  thither,  modifying  submarine 
climates,  which,  like  those  of  the  land,  furnish  resorts  for  different  classes 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  ocean.  It  must  be  admitted  that  the  circulation 
of  the  waters  bears  a  shade  of  analogy  to  sanguineous  circulation,  although 
the  present  state  of  knowledge  upon  the  subject  appears  to  be  somewhat 
meager.  Proof  of  the  circulation  of  sea  water  is  even  derived  from  the 
existence  of  those  minute  insects  that  have  quarried  from  the  sea  those 
coral  islands,  reefs,  and  beds  which  abound  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  construct- 
ing shell-like  groves,  grottoes,  and  palisades  amid  the  crystal  depths,  and 
which  without  currents  supplying  new  drops  for  their  aliment,  would  have 
perished  in  the  very  drop  of  water  in  which  they  were  produced.    Hence^ 


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62  The  JPhymcal  QeogT$^h^  ^  Qia  Sea. 

we  say,  says  tlie  author,  "  that  the  sea  has  ita  system  of  cireiilation,  for  il 
transports  materials  for  the  coral  rock  from  one  part  of  the  world  to  an* 
other,  its  currents  receive  them  from  the  rivers,  and  hand  them  over  to 
the  little  mason  for  the  structure  of  the  most  stupendous  works  of  solid 
masonry  that  man  has  ever  seen — the  coral  islands  of  the  sea." 

Lights,  heat,  electricity,  and  nmgnetism,  are  the  forces  which  are  sup- 
posed to  cause  circulation  to  the  atmosphere ;  hut  electricity  and  magnet- 
ism are  believed  to  perform  an  important  office  in  giving  dynamical  force 
to  the  waters  in  the  system  of  circulation.  Marine  currents  are  believed 
to  derive  their  motive  powers  ti'om  heat ;  but  the  author  assumes  that  an 
active  agency  in  the  system  of  marine  circulation  is  exerted  from  the  salts 
of  the  sea,  through  the  medium  of  winds,  marine  plants,  and  animals.  In 
reference  to  the  influence  of  animal  life  upon  marine  circulation,  it  is  re- 
marke<l  that  a  single  little  insect  secretes  from  a  single  drop  of  water  a 
certain  amount  of  solid  matter,  constituted  of  lime,  for  his  cell.  By  this 
subtraction  the  specific  gravity  of  this  drop  of  water  is  changed,  and  it 
must  accordingly  be  displaced  by  another  drop,  and  it  moves  about  until 
the  original  specific  gravity  is  recovered ;  and  here  we  find  one  of  the 
principal  elements  of  cij'culation  derived  from  animal  life.  Thus  it  is  thai 
these  minute  insects  perform  their  part  in  thg  economy  of  creation. 

As  the  sea  is  divided  into  regions,  characterized  by  peculiar  winds,  the 
clouds  perform  important  offices  relating  to  the  production  of  rain  and 
snow,  and  causing  variations  of  climate.  In  that  part  of  the  work  treating 
of  the  geological  agency  of  the  winds,  the  author  concludes  that  the  vapor 
which  is  condensed  into  rains,  for  the  valley  of  the  great  American  lakes 
of  the  Northwest,  as  well  as  the  Mississippi  valley  generally,  and  which  is 
carried  off  by  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  not  derived  from  the  Atlantic,  but  ia 
taken  off  by  the  southeast  trade  winds  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  The  precise 
depth  of  what  is  denominated  "  blue  water,"  is  unknown.  Soundings  o£ 
great  depth  have  been  reported  by  officers  of  our  navy — one  of  34,000 
feet,  and  another  with  a  line  of  39,000  feet  Minute  insects  have,  more- 
over, been  brought  up  from  a  depth  of  more  than  two  miles  below  the  sea 
level — a  portion  of  that  variety  of  animalculse,  some  of  whidi  cause  the 
sea  to  glow  as  by  the  influence  of  phosphorescence.  Charts  indicating 
the  temperature  of  the  Atlantic,  in  its  various  parts,  have  been  constructed 
from  actual  observation. 

It  appears  that  the  highest  temperatiu*e  of  the  sea  occurs  during  the 
month  of  September,  and  the  lowest  in  the  month  of  March  ;  while  upon 
the  land  February  is  deemed  the  coldest,  and  August  the  hottest  month. 
It  is  likewise  maintained  that  the  climate  of  our  own  hemisphere  is  modi- 
fied by  the  curve  of  the  line  against  which  the  sea  dashes  in  the  other. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  ocean  has  its  **  drift,"  depending  upon  causea 
which  have  not  been  ascertained  by  the  present  state  of  nautical  science, 
and  that  it  is  subject  to  violent  periodical  conmiotion,  from  reasons  which 
have  not  been  analyzed.  Tracts  of  colored  water — either  crimson,  brown, 
black,  yellow,  or  white — have  often  been  perceived,  which  are  supposed  to 
be  derived  from  animal  or  vegetable  organisms.  In  the  present  work  wq 
have  a  discussion  of  the  causes  which  influence  the  occurrence  of  tem- 
pests, and  charts  have  been  constructed,  or  are  in  the  progresa  of  comply 
tion  at  the  Observatory,  designed  to  show  the  direction  and  usual  time  of 
the  occurrence  of  fogs,  calnis,  light  winds,  rains,  and  storms,  in  the  varioua 
parts  of  the  sea. 


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CoinmeiiwU  (uwl  Indtutrial  Cities  <^  JSkuro^  W 

Having  pointed  out  some  of  the  promineot  feature  of  Lieut  Maury'i 
able  treatise,  to  which  we  have  been  indebted  for  the  £acts  in  the  present 
paper,  it  may  be  remarked  in  conclusion,  that  it  is  a  valuable  work,  indi- 
eating  the  author  to  be  profound  in  science,  who  has  explored  with  signal 
ability  the  laws  which  govern  tl\e  ocean,  and  in  this  labor  he  has  done  an 
important  service  to  the  cause  of  navigation.  The  volume  is  provided 
with  numerous  plates  which  illustrate  the  text,  and  it  will  doubtless  attain 
a  wide  circulation. 

Lieut.  Maury  dedicates  his  book  to  George  Manning,  Esq.,  '^  as  a  tokea 
of  friendship  and  a  tribute  to  worth."  Mr.  Manning  is  an  intelligent  and 
well-known  merchant  of  New  York  city.  A  personal  acquaintance  of 
several  years,  enables  us  to  say  that  there  is  no  one  whom  we  would  be 
happier  to  see  the  recipient  of  the  compliment 


Irt  IT.— CeiMERCIll  ABB  IflDDSTBIAl  CITIKS  OF  EBROPB. 

*         NVMBSR  XIII. 

FRANKFORT-ONTHE-MAINE,  GERMANY. 

riAinCPORT— SEOOEAPfnCAl.  ?08IT101I— HirrORT— OOTBBNIIBNT— ITf  FOPCLATIOIf  AMD  B«ORIIOVI 
WBALTH— BKSTRICnolIf  AS  TO  CITIZKNIHIP— TBK  RIVBR  MAINB— PBODOCTf  AMD  HAMUfACTUEBB 
— «BBMAir  BAlLROADt — PROPITABLB  IMTBBTMBNT— TBB  BAMKBRfl,  BBOKBRfl,  MBRCBANTe,  AMB 
TEADBB-PBOPLB  OP  PRARKPORT— BAMKIMO  OM  TBB  AMERICAN  PLAN— DBaLBRS  Uf  OOTTOH  OOODB, 
BIBAHDB,  LACB8,  JBWELRT,  BOOKB,  CREMICALt,  BTC.— WORKIMOB  OP  TBB  EOLLTERBIN->TRB  POR 
TRADB   Of    OBRMAMT— TBB    PROPOSAL    OP    SBCRBTART    OOTBRIB  TO  ADMIT  BATTBBR^  PUR  DUTT 

i  PRBR— «B1PHBRTB  OP  OBRMAN  WIMB,  CICARB,  HOBIBRT,  AMD  WOOLBM  pLOTBS  TO  TBB  UMITBD 
BTATBB—TMB  BAbARIBB  OP  ULBRKS,  TBB  WASBB  OP  MBOBAMICB,  LABORINO  MEN,  AND  tBRVAMTB^ 
OBBXAVTIlirrt  POUTIGAL  ABPBOT— TOB  aBRMAinO  OOMPBDRRATIOM— AUSTRIA,  PROtflAy  AMD  TBB 
XIBOR  POWBRS,  BTOn  BTC. 

Thb  famous  commercial  city  of  "  Frankfort-am-Main^  one  of  the  four 
free  cities  of  Germany,  capital  of  State  of  same  name,  and  seat  of  the 
German  government,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  River  Maine,  in  lati* 
tude  50°  8'  north,  longitude  80°  36'.  The  city  proper  is  on  the  north, 
and  its  suburb,  Sachsenhausen,  with  which  it  communicates  by  a  substan- 
tial stone  bridge  of  fourteen  arches,  on  the  south  side  of  the  river. 

The  old  town  of  Frankfort  is  antiquated,  ill-built,  and  irregular ;  but 
the  new  town  has  many  noble  public  and  private  buildings,  and  fine  thor- 
oughfares, including  the  Zell,  New  Mayence-street,  Alle,  a  fine  quay  along 
the  Maine,  the  horse-market,  &c.  The  territory  of  the  city,  fixed  by  the 
Congress  of  Vienna,  contains  ninety-five  square  miles,  some  70,000  inhab- 
itants, and  5,000  houses.  The  government  is  republican,  according  to  the 
constitution  of  May  16,  1816.  It  has  two  burgomasters,  chosen  annually, 
a  legislative  senate,  and  an  executive  assembly. 

Frankfort  has  the  first  seat  among  the  free  cities,  and  was  a  free  impe- 
rial city  in  1154;  its  rights  and  privileges  being  confirmed  by  the  peace 
of  Westphalia.  It  was  made  a  free  port  in  1831 ;  is  also  one  of  the  four 
great  emporiums  for  supplying  Germany  with  all  kinds  of  merchandise, 
but  the  principal  source  of  its  great  wealth  is  in  extensive  banking,  corn- 


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64  Cfommercud  and  Industrial  Cities  of  Europe : 

mission,  and  fnnding  transactions.  It  communicates  by  railroads  with 
Carlsruh«,  Mainz,  and  Wiesbaden ;  with  Paris  and  Calais  via  Cologne ;  and 
has  a  regular  and  constant  traffic  with  steam  packets  on  the  Maine.  Two 
large  fairs  are  held  at  Frankfort  annually.  Napoleon  I.  made  it  capital  of 
a  Grand  Duchy.  The  revenue  of  Frankfort  in  1853  amounted  to  1,655,200 
florins,  and  the  expenditures  to  1,686,139  florins;  the  debt  of  the  State, 
6,680,0t)0  florins,  and  for  construction  of  railroads,  6,768,700  florins. 

A  correspondent  of  the  State  Department  at  Washington,  probably  the 
United  States  Consulate  at  Frankfort,  enables  us  to  lay  before  the  readers 
of  the  Merchants^  Magazine  in  a  condensed  form,  recent  (1855)  and  some 
very  interesting  and  reliable  statements  in  relation  to  the  Commerce  and 
general  character  of  this  important  commercial  city,  which  we  here  sub- 
join :* — 

"  Frank fort-onrthe-Malne,  the  political  capital  of  Germany,  is  indeed  the  true 
metropolis  of  all  those  countries  which  are  not  immediately  placed  under  the 
sentries  of  Austria  and  PrusHia.  It  is  the  industrial  and  commercial  center  of 
the  south  •wentem  and  central  provinces.  It  is  the  regulator  of  the  German 
stock  exchanges.  It  possesses  of  itxelf  the  capital  employed  in  Germtn  mnna- 
factures,  and  in  the  market  to  which  the  whole  country  is  tributary.  Yet  Frank- 
fort is  not  a  large  city,  like  many  of  those  in  Europe  and  America.  Its  popula- 
tion does  not  exceed  70,000  inhabitants,  but  its  geographical  situation — its 
ancient  rank,  first  as  the  residence  of  the  emperors,  then  as  a  free  city  of  the 
empire — its  great  fairs,  formerly  the  most  renowned  in  Europe-— and  its  immense 
wealth — have  rendered  Frankfurt  what  it  now  is.  It  is  probably  the  wealthiest 
city  in  the  world,  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  its  inhabitants.  That  number 
is  but  very  slowly  increasing,  since  the  Senate  of  the  city  is  extremely  anxious 
to  admit  to  the  frmchise  of  citizenship  only  those  who  can  prove  they  are  able 
to  maintain  a  family ;  so  no  merchant  can  be  admitted  unless  he  proves  himself 
to  possess  at  least  five  thousand  florins  ($2,000,)  and  generally  persons  who  do 
not  possess  even  more  wealth  are  not  admitted  at  all  unless  they  marry  a  citi- 
zen's daughter.  In  that  case  the  law  is  more  favorable.  The  ancient  customs 
of  the  city  corporations  also  prevent  the  increase  of  population.  None  shall 
mend  a  shoe  or  drive  a  nail  unless  he  be  a  master  and  a  member  of  one  of  the 
coriiorations,  and  he  cannot  become  a  member  unless  he  be  the  son  of  a  citizen 
or  marry  a  citizeii*s  daughter.  Tnis  is  a  remn.uit  of  those  *  olden  times'  con- 
demned by  all  judicious  |5eople,  ^nd  maintained  and  praised  only  by  the  be- 
nighted. The  corporations  of  Frankfort  have,  during  a  long  period,  prevented 
the  establishing  of  manufactories  in  the  city,  and  they  have  been  near  destroying 
the  mighty  Commerce,  the  life  and  bloo<i  of  Fmnkfort. 

**The  Commerce  of  the  city  originated  with  its  two  great  fairs,  held  in  the 
months  of  April  and  September,  and  of  which  I  will  speak  more  at  length  ia 
another  place. 

*^  Frankfort  has  about  4,200  houses,  estimated  to  be  worth  eigthty  millions  of 
florins,  and  giving  a  yearly  rent  of  three  millions.  This  will  give  an  interest  of 
4  per  cent,  if  we  reckon  one-sixteenth  of  the  houses  as  without  ten  mts.  Yet 
the  capital  invested  in  houses  is  generally  reckoned  to  yield  6  per  cent ;  so  it  is 
probable  tne  ditTerence  results  from  the  understating  of  rents  before  the  author- 
ities. Each  proprietor  is  expected  to  make  a  return  of  the  real  rent,  and  the 
sum  Hf  three  millions  is  from  the  rent-tax  office. 

*'  The  River  Maine  on  which  Frankfort  is  bituated,  is  navigable  up  to  the  city 
of  Bamberg,  in  Bavaria.  From  Bamberg  the  Donan-Maine  Canal  leads  to  Kehl- 
hiim,  on  the  banks  of  the  Danube.  King  Louis  cf  Bavaria,  ordered  that  canal 
to  be  excavated,  (moved,  perhaps,  only  by  the  idea  that  Charlemagne  had  en- 


*  Thetd  exIraoU  are  publitbed  tn  a  late  number  of  Uie  »*  U^iom^  under  the  g eneral  head  of 
**  Dupartmeal  Newe.** 


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IVankf<ni-<mrihe-Maine,  Germany.  (i§ 

^eavored  to  cremte  it  a  thonsand  years  af^o,)  bat  it  proves  of  no  great  profit  to 
tbe  country,  and  scarcely  gives  an  income  sufficient  for  restoration  jAd  annual 
expenses.  The  Maine  has,  between  Mayence  (where  it  joins  the  Rhine)  and 
Frankfurt,  a  depth  of  forty  to  fifty  inches ;  between  Frankfort  and  Wurzburg, 
from  thirty  to  forty  inches ;  between  Wurzburg  and  Bamberg,  from  twenty-four 
to  thirty  inches.  Thi^  would  be  sufficient  for  vessels  from  1,000  to  3,200  pounds 
weight,  but  there  are  many  obstacles  tjo  the  extension  and  security  of  the  navi* 
gation,  particuUrly  towards  the  head  of  the  river. 

*^  From  the  most  remote  times  the  Maine  has  been  the  most  important  com- 
mercial road  of  the  interior  parts  of  Germany.  There  are  brought  down  it  the 
products  of  the  country,  particularly  wood  and  timber  from  the  Fitchtelberg, 
the  Frankenwald,  the  Stei^rwald,  the  Thnringerwald,  the  Kasswaki,  the  forests 
of  the  Franconian  Saal,  (river,)  the  Rhoen,  the  Vogelsberg,  the  Spessart,  and 
the  Odenwald.  All  these  forest  mountains  are  of  many  square  miles  in  extent, 
and  furnish  immense  stores  of  material.  The  sand-stones  from  the  banks  of  the 
Middle  and  Upper  Maine  are  renowned.  The  wines  of  Wurzburg  and  Kock- 
beim  (Kock)  are  of  the  best  of  Germany.  Grain  of  every  kind  is  exported 
from  the  Middle  Maine  in  large  quantities. 

'*  These  are  the  natural  productions  of  the  country.  As  to  the  products  of 
industry,  the  cities  of  Nuremberg  and  Furth,  on  the  Donan-Maine  Canal,  and 
Schweinfort,  Wurzburg,  Kanaw,  and  Oflfenbach,  on  the  banks  of  the  river,  are 
the  principal  manufacturing  centers.  Nuremberg  \a  known  all  over  the  world 
by  its  toys;  Schweinfort  by  its  tapestry.  Kanaw  is  the  first  place  in  Germany 
for  carpets  and  jewelry ;  Offenbach  for  leather  ware  and  fancy  cases  of  every 
kind. 

**  For  all  these  manufactured  goods,  as  well  as  for  the  products  of  nature, 
Frankfort  is  the  great  emporium. 

*'  I  scarcely  need  say  that  the  River  Maine  has  lost  a  part  of  its  ancient  im- 
portance since  railroads  are  crossing  the  country  in  every  direction ;  still  it  re- 
mains, and  always  will  remain,  the  indispensable  road  for  heavy  goods. 

**  Frankfort  has  lately  become  one  of  the  three  important  centers  of  railroad 
communication  in  Germany.  Four  great  lines,  and  some  others  of  a  more  local 
character,  meet  in  this  city.  The  Maine-Neckar  Railroad  goes  toward  the  south. 
It  leads  to  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden,  wherefrom  railroads  are  directed  to 
Switxerland,  Wurtemberff,  and  Bavaria.  The  Cawnus  Railroad  leads  to  the 
west  and  north-west,  to  Mayence,  and  to  Wiesbaden,  the  capital  of  th^  Duchy 
of  Nassau.  From  Mayence  a  railroad  goes  to  Ludwigshafen,  Uiu  harbor  of  the 
Bavarian  Palatinate,  opposite  Manheim,  and  up  to  Strasburg,  and  therefrom  to 
Paris,  as  well  as  to  Switzerland.  Another  branch  loads  from  Ludwigshafen* 
and  at  the  Nancy  intersects  the  railroad  from  Straaburg  to  Paris.  From  Wiea- 
baden  another  iron  road  (not  yet  finished)  goes  down  the  Rhine  to  Coblentz ; 
and  another,  on  the  left  side  of  the  Rhine,  will  in  a  few  years  be  directed  from 
Mayence  to  the  same  city  of  Coblentz. 

^  The  Maine-Heser  Railroad  goes  through  the  greater  part  of  the  two  Hesses 
up  to  Cassel,  and  communicates  with  Hanover,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  &c  On  the 
right  side,  its  branches  lead  to  Berlin  and  Saxony.  On  the  left,  a  railroad  com- 
munieation  will  soon  be  opened  to  Cologne,  the  metropolis  of  the  Rhine. 

^The  Kanaw  Railroad  connects  Frankfort  with  Kanaw,  and  the  chief  places 
on  the  Maine  up  lo  Bamberg,  and  from  that  city  towards  the  south  with  Nurem- 
berg, Augsberg,  Munich,  and  Austria;  taking  another  direction  from  Bamberg, 
it  commnnkates  with  Leipsic,  Dresden,  and  Rohemia. 

**•  There  are  local  railroads  to  Ofi'enbach,  the  chief  manufacturing  town  of 
Hesse  Darmstadt,  to  Soden,  a  mueh-frequented  bathing  place,  and  to  near  Ham- 
burg, one  of  the  famous  spas  of  Germany.  The  whole  of  this  distance  is  abost 
to  M  finished. 

^  With  the  only  exception  of  Berlin,  no  German  city  is  placed  at  the  starting- ' 
point  of  so  ffreat  a  number  of  railroads.     Frankfort  well  understood  how  to 
apply  its  wealth  so  as  to  secure  for  the  future  the  advantages  of  its  past  leader- 
ship of  German  Commerce. 
VOL.  xxxin. — NO.  I.  5 


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•6  Comtnercial  and  Industrial  Cities  cfJSurope  : 

**  The  territory  of  this  free  city  ie  so  very  small  that  it  would  have  been  ea^ 
for  the  j^iffhborinff  ffovemments  to  lead  the  iron  roads  round  it,  but  on  the 
other  side,  the  Frankfort  money-keepers  formed  railroad  companies  before  the 
governments  thought  it  possible  to  make  those  roads  at  their  own  expense,  and 
so  they  rendered  themselves  masters  of  the  Mayence,  Wiesbaden,  an  Nanao- 
Bavarian  roads.  On  the  other  side,  when  the  governments  were  negotiating  to 
make  the  railroads — a  speculation  of  their  own — Frankfort  profited  by  the  ri^ry 
of  the  different  surrounding  States,  and,  by  offering  to  spend  greater  sums  than 
were  required  for  the  small  extent  of  its  own  territory,  it  secured  for  itself  the 
terminus  of  the  Maine-Necker  and  the  Maine- Weser  roads.  This  apparent  sac- 
rifice of  money  to  have  established  here  the  great  starting-point,  proved  to  be 
most  profitable  in  every  respect,  for  both  of  these  railroads  are  yielding  an  in- 
terest of  nearly  five  per  cent,  whilst  the  money  invested  had  been  raised  at  about 
three  and  three-fourths  per  cent  And  as  Frankfort  obtained  the  condition  that 
the  entire  benefit  of  the  roads  should  be  shared  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of 
cash  actually  advanced  by  each  one,  the  free  city  at  last  made  a  most  profitable 
business  of  it. 

**  The  high  rank  occupied  by  Frankfort  in  the  stock  trade,  makes  it  the  first 
banking  ptace  of  Germany.  There  are  about  twenty  first-class  bankincf-housea; 
amongst  these  are  the  Rothschilds,  Grunelius,  Metzter,  Bethmann  de  Neut'ville, 
Ph.  Nio  Schmidt,  and  others,  all  well  known  in  the  commercial  world.  But  the 
number  of  possessors  of  a  million,  and  of  some  millions,  is  much  greater  than 
the  number  of  the  great  bankers.  The  number  of  those  in  the  stock  trade  and 
exchange  business  may  amount  to  200  at  least.  There  are  about  60  brokers  for 
stocks,  exchange,  and  dry  goods. 

^'A  city  bank,  with  a  capital  of  10,000,000  of  florins,  was  established  last 
summer,  and  has  just  commenced  business  operations. 

^  The  cotton-goods  trade  of  Frankfort  is  in  the  hands  of  some  fifteen  or  more 
wholesale  houses;  amongst  these  are  firms  known  in  England,  America,  and 
China — as,  for  instance,  Keiss,  Brothers  &  Co.,  (in  London,  Manchester,  New 
York,  and  Hong  Kong ;)  Shuster  &  Brothers,  (in  London,  Manchester,  &c. ;} 
W.  M.  Shuster  &  Son,  Du  Fay  &  Co ,  Kesbler  6l  Co. 

^  Of  dealers  in  ribands  and  laces,  there  are  some  twenty-five  houees ;  in  jew- 
elry and  bijouterie,  fifteen  to  twenty  houses;  sprits,  ten  wholesale  houses ;  book- 
stores, paper  manufactories,  and  stationery  warehouses,  some  fifty;  chemical 
and  pharmaceutal  products,  many  manufociurers,  one  of  whom,  the  quinine  ma- 
nufacturer, Mr.  Zumner,  is  perhaps  the  first  in  the  world.  There  are  some 
twenty  houses  for  the  sale  of  iron  and  metal,  and  a  great  number  for  the  retail 
of  French  quincaillenie.  For  German  woolens  and  yam,  some  thirty  houses. 
Glassware,  from  six  to  eight  wholesale  houses,  some  with  extensive  and  rick 
supplies.  Agricultural  products,  from  sixty  to  seventy  houses.  Clothing  and 
articles  of  fashion,  one  hundred  or  more.  Wholesale  silk  houses,  ten ;  some 
extensive  soap  and  candle  manufactories ;  and  stoves,  from  fifteen  to  eighteen. 
Lithographic  establishments,  twenty ;  those  of  Mr.  Dorndorf  and  Mr.  Nauman 
are  known  all  over  Europe  and  America.  Wholesale  wine  houses,  from  sixty 
tti  seventy.  Hats  and  caps,  from  twenty-eight  to  thirty  houses.  Colonial  goods, 
twenty  houses.  Sticks  and  canes,  ten  houses.  Hops,  (an  article  of  great  im- 
portanee,)  twenty  houses.  Preserved  and  dried  frui^  from  ten  to  fifteen  houses. 
Tobacco  and  cigars,  some  fifty  houses.  Tapestry,  carpets,  and  cloth  of  all  kinds, 
at  least  fifty  houses.  Watches  and  clocks,  thirty  houses.  There  are  manufac- 
tories of  brassware  of  much  importance,  of  perfumeries,  of  optical  instruments, 
of  papa-stem  ware,  &c.  There  are  four  large  etttabliahments  for  preparing  for 
market  hares,  rabbits,  &c.  There  are  seveml  breweries,  wood  and  timber  deal- 
ers,  and  establishments  for  making  printers*  black,  &,e. 

*'  As  I  have  already  stated,  the  manufacturing  industry  of  the  surrounding 
country  may  be  looked  upon  as  living  upon  Frankfort  capital.  I  have  heard  the 
yeariy  revenues  of  the  toul  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  city  estimated  at  twenty 
millions  of  florins,  which,  at  the  rate  of  five  per  cent,  presupposes  four  hundred 
millions  of  florins  of  capital.    It  is  clear,  the  city  and  territory  of  Frankfort  are 


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Frankfort-on-ihe-Maine^  Germany.  6Y 

^nite  too  limited  for  the  employment  of  snch  a  capital,  and  hence  many  of  the 
inhabitants  have  been  obliged  to  employ  their  funds  and  wealth  in  foreign  enter- 
prises. The  great  tradesmen  have  founded  houses  in  France,  England,  America, 
and  over  the  whole  business  world. 

•*  Frankfort  is  a  member  of  the  Great  German  Commercial  Union,  and  its  cus- 
tom-houde  is  one  of  the  most  considerable  of  the  league.  In  the  partition  of 
duties  it  obtains  a  part  three  times  greater  than  the  share  which  would  be  al- 
lowed to  her  if  made  on  the  proportion  of  the  number  of  inhabitants.  The  mo- 
tive is  obvious.  The  city  generally  consumes  three  times  and  more  of  the 
provisions  and  merchandise  than  any  of  the  German  countries  with  the  same 
amount  of  population. 

"The  Commerce  of  Frankfort  since  its  accession  to  the  Zollverein  in  183d, 
has  declined  in  some  articles,  particulariy  in  English  cotton  manufactures  and 
silk  goods.  In  others  it  has  been  constantly  increasing,  especially  in  leather  and 
leather  ware,  in  German  woolens  nnd  Ince  goods. 

••  One  of  the  chief  articles  of  export  is  hatters'  fur.  Frankfort  and  neighbor- 
hood are  among  the  principal  places  of  production,  or  rather  for  preparing  this 
material. 

"  The  hare  skins  are  brought  here  from  Russia,  Wallachia,  Turkey,  Austria, 
and  Germany  generally,  to  the  estimated  amount  of  three  millions  of  skins,  or 
six  thousand  bales  annually.  Much  of  this  great  supply  is  obtained  at  Leipsic, 
which  is  one  of  the  centers  of  this  trade. 

"  About  1,600  bales  of  these  skins  are  consumed  by  the  hatters  in  Germany 
and  Austria,  and  the  remaining  4,500  bales  go  into  factories  to  be  turned  into 
hatters'  fur  for  more  distant  markets.  About  five-sixths  of  this,  or  the  produce 
of  3,750  bales,  are  forwarded  to  the  United  States,  and  the  other  one- sixth,  or 
the  produce  of  750  bales,  goes  to  France,  Italy,  and  other  parts  of  Europe.  The 
aggregate  value  of  the  supplies  of  this  article  sent  yearly  to  the  United  States 
has  been  stated  to  me  by  one  of  the  largest  dealers  here  to  amount  to  ^400,000 
or  0500,000.  If  he  be  correct,  a  great  number  of  invoices  must  have  escaped 
Botice.  He  may,  however,  have  had  reference  to  the  amount  realized  for  tite  ar- 
tkles  in  the  United  States. 

"  France,  Engknd,  ai^d  Belgium  produce  also  in  some  quantity  hares'  fur,  but 
the  far  greater  amount  of  their  export  is  Coney  wood,  of  which  this  part  of  En- 
rope  furnishes  very  little. 

"  Iq  the  last  report  of  the  honorable  secretary  of  the  treasury  it  is  proposed  to 
admit  hares'  fur  duty  free.  This  would  certainly  not  prejudice  any  branch  of 
industry  in  the  United  States,  because  neither  hares  nor  rabbits,  in  any  number, 
are  grown  there,  and  there  are  no  establishments  there  to  cut  and  prepare  the 
for,  nor  can  there  be  any  to  compete  with  those  of  this  country,  in  consequence 
of  the  higher  price  for  labor. 

••  Hatters'  fur  may  be  said  to  be  an  aKicle  of  first  necessity.  If  admitted  free, 
it  would,  to  be  sure,  enable  our  hatters  to  compete  with  those  of  France,  but  I 
do  not  think  it  would  have  the  effect  to  increase  the  importation,  because  it  is 
one  of  those  articles  of  natural  production  the  supplv  of  which  is  not  at  all  in- 
fluenced by  the  demand,  and  the  United  States  already  receives  the  larger  por- 
tion of  what  this  country  has  to  offer.  Nor  would  it  check  the  importation  of 
French  hats  materially,  for  those  who  have  used  such  will  probably  not  be  de- 
terred from  continuing  to  do  so  by  a  trifle  of  difference  in  the  price.* 

^  The  export  of  German  wines  had  rather  increased  during  the  past  year,  but 
for  the  year  now  commencing  it  may  not  be  so  great  in  consequence  of  the  bad 
rintage.  Some  have  estimated  this  year's  produce  of  the  German  vineyards  at 
only  one-fourth,  and  others  at  only  one-eighth  of  an  ordinary  yield.  I  confess  I 
have  not  been  able  to  gather  information  on  this  subject  on  which  I  can  place 
full  confidence.  In  fact,  the  true  character  of  the  vintage  is  not  yet  known,  but 
it  is  certain  that  prices  are  some  25  per  cent  higher  than  one  year  ago. 

*  The  bats  mads  In  New  York  br  oar  best  iDuiiiflictar«n»  GsnlO)  IM.,  are  sapsrior  to  tlioae  made 
4a  EiigUuKl  or  Fraaoe.— £d.  Jf«r.  M»g» 


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68  Commercial  and  Industrial  Cities  of  Europe : 

"  It  would  be  difficult  for  me  at  present  to  state  the  difference  between  the 
wholesale  and  retail  rates,  as  profits  here — as  elsewhere — are  constantly  fluo- 
tnating. 

*•  The  exports  of  stationery  ghow  an  increase  during  the  past  three  years,  and 
I  am  assured  the  coming  year  will  exhibit  a  further  augmentation.  This  station- 
ery is  of  the  fancy  order,  such  as  cards,  envelops,  &.c. 

*'  Cigars  now  form  an  important  item  in  the  exports  to  the  United  States. 
Those  from  this  neighborhood  are  mostly  made  of  tobacco  produced  in  the  coun- 
try, especially  on  the  river  lands  between  this  and  Carlsruhe,  in  Baden.  Some 
of  this  tobacco  is  of  good  quality,  and  the  low  rate  of  labor  here  makes  the 
manufacture  and  export  of  cigars  a  large  and  profitable  business. 

"  The  shipments  of  hosiery  have  not  proved  to  be  profitable,  and  will  probably 
cease  altogether.  The  article  of  varnished  leather  is  in  the  same  category.  It 
has  been  said  that  the  exports  of  jewelry  ceased  some  three  years  ago,  but  such 
is  not  the  case.  At  Hanau,  in  Hesse  Cassel,  at  about  half  an  hour  from  this,  are 
some  of  the  most  renowned  jewelry  manufactures  in  all  Germany,  and  very  large 
quantities  are  there  made  expressly  for  the  American  market 

'*The  trade  to  the  United  States  In  woolen  cloth  is  mostly  in  the  hands  of 
two  or  three  houses.  Some  establishments  manufacture  expressly  for  the  Amer- 
ican market,  and  other  supplies  consist  of  goods  that  remain  over  from  the  great 
Grerman  fairs,  and  are  sent  to  distant  places,  so  that  they  may  not  press  upon  the 
home  market,  and  affect  the  regular  prices  here.  The  last  fair  at  Leipsic  was  a 
very  bad  one,  in  consequence  of  the  Eastern  troubles.  I  am  told  that  at  the 
close  of  the  fair  dealers  from  this  city  secured  large  quantities  of  woolen  goods 
at  less  than  the  manufacturer's  price,  and  shipped  them  off  to  America  according 
to  the  conditions  of  the  purchase. 

**  As  to  the  salaries  of  clerks  and  prices  of  labor,  1  am  enabled  to  give  the  fol- 
lowing rates  furnished  me  by  a  citizen  of  the  place : — 

•*  The  salaries  of  clerks  in  banking-houses,  1260  to  $700  per  year ;  the  salaries 
of  clerks  in  merchant^houses,  f  260  to  (600  per  year;  servants  in  banking  and 
merchant  houses,  $120  to  8150  per  year. 

"  Wages  of  a  carpenter  per  day,  in  summer,  29  cents  net ;  wages  of  a  carpen- 
ter  per  day  in  winter,  27  cents  net;  wages  of  a  mason  per  day  in  summer,  29 
cents  net ;  wages  of  a  mason  per  day  in  winter,  27  cents  net ;  wages  of  a  black- 
smith  per  day  40  cents,  or  50  cents  per  week  and  boarded ;  baker,  40  cents  per 
week  and  boarded ;  coopers,  48  cents  per  week  and  board ;  house  servants,  wo- 
men, from  SI  to  S2  40  per  month — men  at  all  prices,  from  16  to  |8  down  to 
their  board  only.  Recently  the  price  of  labor  has  somewhat  advanced,  but  still 
there  are  a  great  many  unemployed  hands.  Expert  workmen  and  good  and  ex- 
perienced servants  obtain  higher  rates  than  here  stated,  but  there  is  a  vast  throng 
who  cannot  even  get  work  at  rates  under  these. 

"  Frankfort  is  the  center  of  the  German  confederation,  where  is  traced  out 
the  political  course  of  all  the  minor  governments  of  this  country.  Nothing  im- 
portant can  be  done  in  Grermany  without  having  been  known  here,  without  hav- 
ing been  discussed  or  resolved  oy  the  Diet,  composed  of  the  representatives  of 
the  minor  governments,  bs  well  as  of  Austria  and  Prussia. 

"  The  importance  of  this  position  has  become  more  evident  since  the  compli- 
cation of  European  affairs,  as  the  part  to  be  played  by  Grermany  will  decide,  one 
way  or  the  other,  the  great  questions  now  dividing  and  agitating  the  govern- 
ments of  this  continent 

"  Austria  and  Prussia  have  been  contending  for  more  than  a  century  for  the 
preponderance  in  Europe.  Their  rivalry  is  the  guaranty,  I  will  not  say  of  the 
existence,  but  without  doubt  of  the  independence,  of  the  minor  governments. 
Since  the  peace  of  Paris  in  1814  and  1815,  it  has  been  the  first  object  of  these 
smaller  States  to  be  the  followers  one  day  of  Austria,  and  the  other  day  of 
Pruffsia,  according  as  the  questions  of  the  day  would  seem  to  require  it  for 
keeping  up  that  beloved  independence  which,  for  the  greater  part  of  them,  can- 
not  be  anything  else  than  a  name.    Another  course  might  havs  been  adopted 


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IVamk/ort-on-the-Mainej  Gtrmomy.  M 

but  the  selfish  ambition  of  the  most  of  these  phantoms  of  States  did  not  allow 
them  to  lay  aside  their  little  hostilities  and  rivalries  in  order  to  unite  themselves 
sincerely  and  firmly  against  the  preponderance  of  the  greater  power. 

^  Of  the  minor  States,  Bavaria,  a  kingdom  of  four-and-a-half  millions  of  sub- 
jects, is  the  most  important.  Bavaria  more  than  once  endeavored  to  put  herself 
at  the  bead  of  the  other  confederates,  and  to  form  with  them  a  more  united 
body,  that  would  be  able  to  lay  its  weight  in  the  balance  of  European  politics; 
but  it  was  in  vain.  Those  governments  that  bore  with  impatience  the  domina- 
tion of  the  great  powers  would  still  less  submit  to  a  neighbor  whom  they  looked 
upon  as  their  equal. 

"  The  constitution  of  the  German  confederation  seems  to  have  been  made  for 
the  purpose  of  destroying  their  strength,  so  far  as  regards  the  questions  of  lead- 
ing order  in  European  amiirs.  Germany  never  can  act  as  one  power,  and  on 
every  occasion  of  anv  importance  she  has  proved  unable  to  piny  the  part  which 
her  geographical  position  and  her  population  ought  to  have  assigned  her.  The 
treaties  which  were  intended  to  unite  her  governments  never  preserved  them 
against  divisions  and  hostilities  among  themselves,  whenever  there  was  a  neces- 
sity for  genera]  and  intimate  union. 

^  The  authority  of  the  German  emperors  havin^become  a  mere  nothing  some' 
centuries  a^o,  and  the  increase  of  the  power  of  Prussia  rendering  it  quite  im- 
possible to  revive  it,  there  were  no  means  of  constituting  a  new  empire  until  the 
fall  of  Napoleon  eeemed'to  afford  an  opportunity  for  restoring  the  independence 
of  Germany.  Then,  if  there  should  be  a  futurt  Qermanyj  Uie  only  way  to  •  be 
followed  was  to  make  her  a  confederation,  whose  members  diould  have  equal 
rights,  however  different  their  powers  and  importance  might  be.  There  are 
States  having  five  or  six  thousand  inhabitants — as,  for  instance,  the  principality 
of  Dcbtenstein — and  yet  there  are  questions  in  which,  the  unanimity  of  votes 
being  prescribed,  the  vote  of  that  title  prince  may  destroy  the  resolutions  of 
Austria  and  Prussia.  In  the  questions  of  war  and  peace,  the  votes  of  Austria, 
Prussia,  Bavaria,  Saxony,  Hanover,  Wurtemberaf,  Hesse  Cassel,  Hesse  Darm- 
stadt, Baden,  Brunswick,  Hassan,  Mecklenberg  &hwerin,  Luxemburg,  (Kin^  of 
Holland,)  Holstein,  (King  of  Denmark,)  though  united  in  the  same  resolution, 
may  be  rendered  nugatory  bv  the  votes  of  the  other  governments,  because  these 
States  put  together  nave  only  forty-five  votes  in  the  full  Diet,  and  the  funda* 
mental  law  requires  two-thirds  of  the  sixty-eight  votes  of  the  flill  Diet  in  decis- 
ions of  questions  of  this  character.  Thus,  by  right  of  law,  the  rulers  of  two- 
and-a-half  millions  of  subjects  have  the  power  to  control  or  to  render  null  the 
decisions  of  governments  that  have  more  than  a  million  of  soldiers  at  their  dis- 
posal. It  is  clear  that  such  a  state  of  things  in  Europe  can  by  no  means  mahi- 
tain  itself,  only  so  lonr  as  great  interests  are  not  involved  in  the  contest  Neither 
in  questions  of  secondary  importance  is  Germany  more  able  to  move  and  act  m 
one  body.  It  is  now  more  than  thirty  years  since  Prussia  first  endeavored  to 
unite  Germany  in  a  commercial  confederation,  and  it  is  only  recently  she  suc- 
ceeded in  overcoming  the  opposition  of  some  of  the  weaker  governments. 

•*  Whatever  may  m  considered  necessary  by  the  state  of  public  affairs  in  En- 
rope — whatever  may  be  useful  for  the  interior — the  questions  of  war  and  peace 
— the  questions  of  Commerce  and  social  economy — reouire  in  this  country  long 
and  tiresome  diplomatio  negotiations,  and,  notwithstaoaing  the  Incessant  watc£ 
words  of  Qtrman  toelfare  and  German  glory^  none  of  the  rulers  think  of  Ger- 
many, but  only  of  their  important  little  selves,  and  thev  even  forget  at  every 
moment  that  most  of  them  would  be  reduced  to  dust  at  the  same  time  when  the 
remains  of  Grerman  unity,  however  weak  and  precarious  it  is,  should  be  broken 
down.  On  every  possible  occasion  the  jealousies  of  these  governments  appear, 
and  the  weaker  they  are  the  more  they  are  anxious  for  opportunities  to  make  a 
show  of  importance.  The  great  object  of  the  ministers  to  the  Diet  is  to  find 
out  the  business  of  others,  and  to  prevent  the  accomplishment  of  anything  ben- 
eficial except  to  his  own  particular  chief." 


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to  The  Seven  Censtuee  of  the  United  States. 

Art.  T.— THE  SEFEN  CENSUSES  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
"progress  of  the  united  states  in  population  and  wealth." 

A  new  edition  of  the  work  of  Hon.  Geo.  Tucker,  of  Philadelphia,  for- 
merly of  the  University  of  Virginia,  and  a  member  of  the  lower  hall  of 
Congress  from  the  latter  State,  first  issued  in  1843,  has  just  appeared  from 
the  press  of  the  Merchants^  Magazine,  with  an  addendum  by  the  author, 
embracing  the  results  of  the  census  of  1860.  Here  we  have  a  summary 
view  of  all  the  statistics  furnished  by  the  seven  decennial  enumerations, 
consecutivelv  made  under  the  injunction  of  the  constitution,  and  a  concise 
exhibit  of  the  more  remarkable  facte  developed  from  a  careful  collation  of 
these  interesting  tables.  It  is  exceeding  well  adapted  to  the  use  for  which 
the  author  intended  it,  as  "a  sort  of  hand-book  to  the  legislator,  the 
statesman,  and  to  all  who  are  conversant  with  political  arithmetic." 

The  .author's  inquiries  have  conducted  him  "  to  important  inferences  on 
the  subjects  of  the  probabilities  of  life,  the  proportion  between  the  sexes, 
emigration,  the  diversities  between  the  two  races  which  compose  our  pop- 
ulation, the  progress  of  slavery,  the  progress  of  productive  industry,"  <kc. 
As  the  matter,  both  of  the  original  volume  and  the  appendix,  was  pub- 
lished in  the  Merchants'  Magazine,  it  will  be  unnecessary  to  particu- 
larize the  resulte  of  Mr.  Tucker's  investigations,  but  a  few  randon  instances 
of  the  facte  elicited,  may  be  given. 

The  largest  decennial  increase  of  population  in  any  New  England  State 
was  in  Vermont  in  the  period  1790-1800,  being  80.8  per  cent;  the  least 
decennial  increase  of  any  State  of  the  same  section  was  in  Rhode  Island 
during  the  same  period,  that  State  being  then  almost  entirely  stationary. 
The  largest  decennial  increase  of  a  Middle  State  was  in  New  York  179(K- 
1800,  being  72.6  ;  the  least  in  Delaware  1810-20,  being  0.01.  The 
largest  and  least  decennial  increase  in  any  State  of  the  Southeastern  sec- 
tion were  in  Georgia  1790-1800,  and  North  Carolina  1830-40,  being 
96.4  and  2.09  respectively.  In  the  Southwest  Arkansas  ^ave  the  largest 
per  centage  221.09  in  1830-40,  although  Mississippi,  while  a  territory,  in- 
creased 1800-10,  336.96  per  cent;  and  Tennessee  1840-60,  the  least, 
20.92,  In  the  Northwest,  the  largest  per  centage,  886.88,  was  in  favor 
of  Wisconsin  in  1840-60;  and  the  least,  13.36,  against  Kentucky  in 
1830-40. 

The  annual  mortality  in  the  United  States  is  estimated  at  1  in  43.4, 
and  by  other  data  at  I  in  30.3  for  the  whole  population  ;  but  from  imper- 
fections of  the  census,  neither  of  these  rates  is  to  be  considered  reliable. 

One  curious  result  is  the  fact  exhibited  by  the  census  in  each  of  the 
years  1830,  1840,  and  1860,  of  an  excess  of  males  over  females  in  all 
classes  below  70  years  of  age,  except  in  the  single  class  of  fifteen  to  ttoenUf 
gears,  where  the  females  outnumber  the  males  by  an  excess  of  Jive  per  cent 
in  the  two  earlier  and  two-and-a-half  per  cent  in  the  latter  year.  Unknown 
natural  causes  mag  produce  this  astonishing  result,  but  we  are  sorry  that 
no  reasonable  explanation  of  it  appears  to  us,  other  than  in  the  reluctance 
of  unmarried  females  to  pass  into  the  region  of  gloomy  hope  that  lies  be- 
yond the  teens.  We  had  hoped  the  prevalent  idea  of  this  proclivity  of  fe- 
males at  a  certain  period  of  life  to  depreciate  their  experience,  was  a  mere 
calumny,  emanating  from  the  malicious  of  the  other  sex ;  but  as  a  sober, 


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Journal  cf  Mercantile  Lat^»  71 

fkct-dealing  people,  we  must  say,  the  census  figures,  that  could  not  well 
lie,  in  this  case,  too  strongly  confirm  the  charge.  Let  the  ladies  beware 
when  the  census-agents  pay  them  the  next  decennial  visit 

The  census  of  1850  justifies  the  suspicion  entertained,  we  may  say, 
rather,  the  absolute  certainty  of  the  errors  of  that  of  1840,  in  regard  to 
the  number  of  insane  among  the  free  colored.  There  must  necessarily  be 
inaccuracy  on  this  point,  as  regards  both  whites  and  bla(^  The  question 
of  insanity  is  often  one  that  puzzles  the  judgment  of  the  shrewdest  medi- 
cal gentlemen,  and  is  sometimes  matter  of  great  perplexity  in  the  courts. 
Hundreds  and  even  thousands  of  perfectly  sane  people  are  accounted  in- 
sane by  their  neighbors,  merely  on  account  of  some  eccentricity  which 
they  are  unable  to  comprehend.  Who  decides  for  the  census-tjiers  the 
character  of  a  man's  mind  ?  Certainly  no  man  admits  his  own  derange- 
ment of  intellect,  and  if  the  opinion  of  his  neighbors  is  taken,  it  may  be 
rendered  according  to  either  the  malice,  the  whim,  or  the  stupidity  oi  the 
neighbor  himself.  We  want  the  truth  in  the  census,  and  the  result  of  the 
efibrt  of  1850  has  conclusively  shown  that  more  questions  may  be  asked 
than  can  be  well  answered,  and  that  by  trying  to  get  at  too  much,  discredit 
may  be  thrown  upon  the  truthfulness  of  the  whole  result  Mr.  Tucker 
endeavors,  while  admitting  the  palpable  errors  of  the  census  of  1840  in 
regard  to  the  insanity  of  the  free  colored,  to  partially  sustain  the  exploded 
inference  against  the  health  of  that  class ;  but  a  sufiScient  reply  to  even 
this  compromise  between  the  two  censuses,  is  found  in  the  fact  which  Mr. 
Tucker  himself  freely  sets  forth,  of  the  superior  longevity  of  the  free  blacks 
to  either  the  slaves  or  the  whites.  We  allude  to  this  matter  in  no  relation 
to  the  subject  of  slavery,  but  simply  as  a  question  of  fact 

We  might  mention  some  other  points  in  regard  to  which  Mr.  Tucker's 
inferences  are  questionable,  but  as  there  is  so  much  sterling  merit  and 
sound  truth  in  the  book,  we  will  pass  these  by.  As  a  whole,  perhaps,  no 
other  writer  would  have  used  his  material  more  judiciously  than  Mr. 
Tucker  has  done. 


JOURNAL  OF  MERCANTILE  LAW. 


BHXS  OF  EXCHAHOE  AHD  BD:XS  of  lading — ^DBCISION  OF  THE  TRIBUNALS  OF  HAVRE. 

A  case  of  much  interest  to  commercial  men  has  recently  been  decided  in  the 
Freneh  courts  in  Havre,  directly  the  reverse  of  the  English  practice  in  regard  to 
the  use  of  shipping  documents  for  the  security  of  bills  of  exchange  drawn  against 
cotton  and  other  produce  from  this  country.  It  is  also  at  variance  with  the  hith* 
erto  received  custom  adopted  by  our  bankers  in  regard  to  French  bills.  The 
ship's  bill  of  lading  has  been  held  to  control  the  property  not  only  until  the  ex- 
change is  presented  and  accepted  in  Liverpool  or  Havre,  but  until  the  acceptance 
itself  is  made  satisfactory  to  the  holder,  or  cashed  at  bank  rate  by  the  acceptor 
himself.  Sudi,  however,  is  not  the  law  of  France.  The  consignee  in  Havre  is 
no  party  to  any  contract  here  outside  the  bill  of  exchange  itself.  The  property 
passes  to  his  control  when  the  bill  is  accepted.    The  case  was  as  follows : — 

A  merchant  in  Mobile  bought  for  a  merchant  in  Havre  353  bales  of  cotton, 
and  drew  for  the  amont  at  sixty  days'  sight.    The  draft  was  sold  to  L.  W.  &  Co.» 


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It  Jonmal  cf  MercamUk  Lmm. 

aceoropanied  with  the  bill  of  lading,  with  the  understanding  that  if  the  draft  waa 
accepted,  and  the  acceptance  was  satisfactory  to  the  holder,  the  bills  of  lading 
be  remitted  to  the  person  on  whom  the  draft  was  drawn ;  but  if  it  was  refused 
acceptance,  or  if  the  acceptance  was  not  satisfactory,  then  the  holder  was  author- 
ized to  put  said  bills  of  ladins^  in  the  hands  of  another  to  operate  the  sale  on 
account  of  the  proprietor,  and  apply  the  proceeds  to  the  payment  of  the  draft. 

The  bill  was  accepted  1>y  the  drawee,  who  claimed  in  exchange  for  his  accept- 
ance the  bills  of  Inding,  which  the  holder  refused  except  on  receiving  good  secu- 
rity for  the  ultimate  payment  of  the  acceptance. 

An  action  was  brouffht  by  the  acceptor  before  the  tribunals  of  Havre  to  obtain 
the  bills  of  lading.    'Hie  following  points  were  decided  by  the  court: — 

1.  The  holder  of  a  bill  of  exchange,  not  yet  accepted,  but  who  intends  pre- 
senting the  same  for  acceptance,  cannot  exact  from  the  drawee  who  is  charged 
with  the  fulfillment  of  the  provisions  of  said  bill  any  guaranty  not  stipulated  in 
the  contract  of  exchange  itself. 

Especially  the  holder  of  a  bill  of  exchange  cannot  exact  from  the  drawee,  in 
addition  to  his  acceptance,  a  security  for  payment  at  the  expiration  of  the  term, 
or  any  other  guaranty  not  stipulated  in  the  original  contract 

2.  The  holder  of  a  bill  cannot  produce,  in  justification  of  his  position,  agree- 
ments between  him  and  the  drawer  which  are  irrelevant  to  the  bill,  and  to  which 
the  drawer  is  an  entire  stranger. 

3.  An  acceptance  is  sufficient  when  given  in  conformity  to  the  rules  laid  down 
in  Articles  122  and  123  of  the  Ciide  of  Commerce,  and  the  drawer  has  the  right, 
when  he  offers  an  acceptance  conformably  thereto,  to  insist  on  a  delivery  of  the 
bills  of  lading  of  the  goods  for  the  payment  of  which  the  bills  of  exchange  has 
been  drawn. 

EXPRESS  BUSINESS  AS  DISTINGUISHED  FROM  COKMON  CARRIERS. 

In  Supreme  Court,  (New  York,)  before  Judge  R.  H.  Morris,  Herman  Heii- 
field,  el  alf  v$,  Alvin  Adams,  et  al. 

This  case,  which  Is  of  great  importance  to  persons  engaged  in  the  express 
business,  as  distinguished  from  common  carriers,  came  before  the  judge  without 
a  jury,  as  the  following  statement  of  fkcts  is  admitted  by  the  parties : — 

That  the  plaintiffs  are  in  partnership  in  New  York  and  have  a  resident  partner 
in  San  Francisco,  and  that  the  defendants  are  co-partners  in  the  express  business, 
carrying  packages  for  hire  between  the  city  of  New  York  and  San  Francisco. 
It  also  appeared  the  defendants  do  not  own  any  of  the  naeans  (vessels  and  boats) 
of  transportation  between  New  York  and  San  Francisco,  neither  are  they  in  any 
manner  interested  in  them,  nor  have  they  the  least  management  or  control  of 
them  either  in  person  or  by  agents.  The  packages  which  the  defendants  ex- 
pressed to  San  Francisco,  they  have  conveyed  in  their  own  name  ft'om  place  to 
place,  in  the  vessels  and  conveyances  owned  by  others,  plying  upon  the  route 
between  the  two  cities,  used  in  common  by  the  community.  The  plaintiffs  on 
the  28th  day  of  August,  1850,  delivered  to  the  defendants  two  trunks  contain- 
ing clothing,  worth  $2,026  09,  to  be  forwarded  and  transported  by  the  defend- 
ants to  San  Francisco  to  Mr.  Burnett,  the  house  of  the  plaintiffs,  to  be  sold  for 
plaintiffs,  and  on  their  account  The  trunks  were  properly  protected  with  can- 
vas. The  plaintiffs  paid  to  the  defendants  $219  75  compensation  for  forwarding 
and  transporting  the  trunks.  The  defendants,  upon  the  receipt  of  the  trunks 
and  the  money,  gave  the  plaintiffs  the  following  receipt : — 

Adam •  i&  Co.'i  New  York  akd  CAuroRNiA  Packaor  ExpRRfS,  I 
M  B w  VoRX,  AuguM  88, 1850.        t 

Received  from  Hersfield,  Burnett  d&  Back,  in  apparent  ffood  order,  to  be  trana- 
ported  by  our  Express,  the  following  articles,  marked  as  below,  which  we  prom- 
ise to  forward  in  like  order,  subject  to  the  agreement  now  made,  to  Mr.  Burnett, 
at  San  Fmncisco.  It  is  agreed,  and  is  port  of  the  consideration  of  this  contract, 
that  we  are  aot  to  be  responsible  for  any  loss  or  damage  arising  from  the  dao* 


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JimnuU  cf  MtramHU  Lam.  78 

ffert  of  ocean  or  ri?er  luiTigatioii,  leakage,  fire,  or  from  any  caate  whatever,  un- 
less  the  same  be  proved  to  have  occarr^  from  the  fraud  or  gross  negligence  ot 
ourselves,  our  agents  or  servants,  and  we  are  in  no  event  to  be  made  liable  be- 
yond our  route  as  herein  receipted,  value  under  8100,  unless  otherwise  herein 
stated.  Freight  paid  here,  $219  76— marked  [N3,]  *50J^1.  Packages — two 
trunks.    San  Francisco.  For  Adams  d&  Co., 

COBB. 

The  defendants  shipped  the  trunks  on  board  one  of  the  steamers  plying  be- 
tween New  York  and  Chngren  in  their  own  name,  and  paid  the  freight  on  them. 
The  trunks  arrived  safely  at  Chagres.  On  the  9th  of  September,  1850,  the  de- 
fendants shipped  these  trunks  in  their  own  name,  paying  freight  for  them,  on 
board  a  flat-boat,  Capt.  Thomas  Angels,  for  Cruses,  on  the  route  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, which  was  the  usual  conveyance.  The  boat  arrived  safely  at  a  point  upon 
the  Chagres  River  below  the  town  of  Varmos,  on  the  evening  of  tlie  12th  of 
September,  1860.  The  night  was  dark,  and  the  river  was  rising  rapidly.  Capt. 
Angels  deemed  it  imprudent  to  proceed,  and  made  the  boat  fast  at  the  bank  of 
the  river.  At  /  oVlock  on  the  morning  of  the  ISth  of  September,  it  was  dis- 
covered that  the  boat  was  leaking,  owing  to  the  springing  of  a  plank,  produced 
by  the  pressure  of  the  current  and  drift  wood  passing  down  the  river,  and  not 
by  any  insufficiency  of  the  boat  or  neglect  of  master  or  crew.  Captain  and 
crew  made  every  effort  to  prevent  the  boat  sinking,  but  the  pressure  or  the  cur- 
rent caused  the  boat  to  careen,  and  she  sank.  Captain  and  crew  exerted  them- 
selves to  save  the  cargo ;  they  got  much  of  it  on  the  bank,  and  among  it  the 
trunks  in  question,  and  then  the  crew  deserted.  The  master  of  the  boat  re- 
ahipoed  to  Chagres  the  trunks  in  question,  and  other  packages  saved  from  the 
flatpt>oat.  On  the  26th  of  September,  1860,  Capt  Angels  'called  upon  three  re- 
spectable merchants  of  Chagres  to  survey  the  packages  saved  from  the  flat-boat, 
and  among  them  the  trunks  m  question.  The  surveyors  considered  the  trunks 
in  question  and  their  contents  as  being  damaged  and  unmerchantable.  They 
signed  a  certificate  to  that  efiect,  advising  that  they  should  be  sold.  The  con- 
duct of  the  captain  and  the  surveyors  was  honest  On  the  2l8t  of  September, 
1860,  the  trunks  and  goods  in  question  were  sold  by  Capt  Angels  at  public  auc- 
tion, and  were  purchased  by  W.  Porter,  the  highest  bidder,  for  #360.  The  sum 
9360  was  afterwards  remitted  to  the  defendants  at  New  York,  and  was  received 
by  them.  The  goods  from  the  two  tf  unks  were  sent  by  Mr.  Porter  to  San 
Francisco,  and  sold  by  him  for  #2,000.  There  was  a  semi-monthly  means  of 
transportation  from  Chagres  to  San  Francisco.  The  goods  were  never  forwarded 
to  Mr.  Burnett  There  was  a  semi-monthly  means  of  communication  between 
Chagres  and  New  York.  The  plaintifls  were  not  notified  of  the  accident  or  of 
the  sale.  The  defendants  have  ofiered  judgment  for  #669  76,  beins  the  amount 
for  which  the  trunks  and  goods  sold  at  Chagres,  and  the  amount  of  freight  paid 
in  advance,  and  interest  on  both  sums.  There  is  no  pretence  that  fraud  has 
been  committed  by  the  defendants  or  their  agents,  or  that  defendants  or  their 
agents  knew  of  the  accident  or  of  the  sale,  until  informed  of  both  at  New  York 
by  the  receipt  of  the  amount  of  sale  transmitted  to  them. 

The  judge  delivered  the  following  opinion  in  writing,  which  the  plaintiff  en- 
tered to  contest  before  the  court  above : — 

The  defendants  in  this  case,  not  being  owners  of  or  interested  in  the  vessels 
and  boats  in  whkh  these  trunks  were  to  be  conveyed  between  New  York  and 
San  Francisco,  were  not  common  carriers,  and  are  not  liable  as  such.  The  de- 
feiidants  are  bailees  for  hire  to  receive  these  trunks  at,  and  to  forward  them  from 
and  to,  place  to  place,  to  destination,  by  the  ordinary  and  approved  means  of 
conveyance,  and  had  a  legal  right  to  define  the  extent  of  their  liability.  By  the 
contract  in  this  case,  defendants  obligated  themselves  to  deliver  the  trunks  and 
contents  specified  to  Mr.  Burnett,  at  San  Francisco.  They  were  not  to  be  liable 
**  for  any  loss  or  damages  arising  from  dangers  of  the  ocean  or  river  navigation, 
leakage,  ^to^  or  from  any  cause  whatever,  unless  the  same  be  proved  to  have 
occurred  from  the  fraud  or  gross  negligence  of  the  defendants,  their  agent)  or 
servants.**    In  this  case  it  is  established  that  up  to  the  time  when  Captain  An- 


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14  Journal  of  Mercantile  Law. 

gels  and  his  crew  recovered  the  trankn  from  the  sunken  fl^t-^oat  and  placed 
them  upon  the  bank  of  the  River  Chngres,  there  had  been  no  fraud  or  gross 
negligence  by  the  defendants  or  their  agents— consequently,  the  defendants  are 
nob  liable  for  any  damage  that  had  occurred  up  to  that  period.  The  only  re- 
maining question  is  whether,  according  to  the  spirit  and  letter  of  the  defendants' 
agreement  with  the  plaintiffs  under  the  facts  proved,  they  or  their  agents  were 
guilty  of  gross  negligence  in  not  delivering  the  trunks  and  contents  in  their 
damaged  condition  to  Mr.  Burnett,  at  San  Francisco.  The  defendants*  contract 
must  be  construed  with  reference  to  the  rights  and  obligations  of  other  persons 
engaged  in  the  transportation  of  these  trunks  to  and  with  the  plaintiffs.  Capt. 
Angels,  of  the  flat-boat  on  the  River  Ch'aflrres,  was  a  common  carrier,  and  during 
the  time  he  was  in  possession  of  the  goods  was  responsible  to  the  plaintiffs  to 
the  full  value  of  the  trunks  and  contents,  $2,025  09,  for  the  faithful  perform- 
ance of  his  duty,  and  as  an  insurer,  and  for  all  his  legal  liability  as  common  car- 
rier; and  he  has  a  right,  for  the  purpose  of  saving  himself  harmlesa^of  legal  re- 
sponsibility, to  do  with  these  trunks  and  contents  whatever  the  law,  under  similar 
circumstances  authorized  common  carriers  to  do;  and  the  defendants  under  the 
authority  contained  in  their  agreement  had  no  power  to  prevent  him.  In  addi- 
tion to  this,  the  defendants  and  tlieir  agents  had  no  knowledge  of  what  Capt. 
Angels  was  doing.  The  first  information  thev  received  upon  the  subject  was 
after  he  had  sold  the  trunks  and  goods.  The  defendants,  therefore,  had  not  been 
guilty  of  negligence. 

Decision.  There  must  be  judgment  for  plaintiffs  for  $567  75,  being  the 
amount  for  which  the  defendants  offered  that  plaintiffs  might  take  judgment, 
(and  wnich  offer  must  control,)  wiUi  costs  to  the  defendants,  since  the  offer  of 
judgment 

TBE   BOOK  TRAD2 — INJUNCTION  PERPETUATED— DECISION   OF   JUDOS   KELSON. 

In  United  States  Circuit  Court  In  Equity,  before  Judge  Nelson.  Josephine 
M.  Bunkley  vs,  Robert  M.  De  Witt,  James  Davenport,  William  S.  Tisdale,  and 
Charles  H.  Beale. 

MOTION  FOR  AN  INJUNCTION.      JUDGE   NELSON,  J.  « 

This  is  a  bill  filed  by  the  complainant  against  the  defendants  for  the  purpose 
of  restraining  them  from  the  puolication  of  certain  manuscripts  of  a  work  en- 
titled **  My  Book,  or  the  Veil  Uplifted,"  of  which  she  claims  to  be  the  proprietor 
and  authoress,  and  for  which  she  has  taken  out  a  copyright 

The  motion  is  now  for  a  preliminary  injunction,  and  involves  the  merits  of  the 
controversy  only  so  far  as  may  be  necessary  to  asi'ertain  whether  or  not  the 
cese  presented  is  such  as  to  require  the  court  to  interfere  and  restrain  the  publi- 
cation till  the  final  hearing. 

The  defendants  set  up  two  main  grounds  of  defense :  1,  that  the  complainant 
is  not  the  proprietor  or  authoress  of  the  manuscripts :  and  2,  that  admitting  her 
to  be  the  proprietor  and  authoress,  Beale,  one  of  the  defendants,  was  duly  au- 
thorized to  contract,  on  her  behalf,  for  the  printing  and  publication  of  the  work, 
and  did,  in  pursuance  thereof,  contract  with  De  Witt  d&  Davenport,  two  of  the 
other  defendants,  for  such  publication. 

As  to  the  first  ground — the  book  has  already  been  printed,  and  a  copy  handed 
up  with  the  papers  on  this  motion,  and  is  now  before  me. 

It  is  entitled  "My  Book,  or  the  Veil  Uplifted;  a  Tale  of  Popish  Intrigue  and 
Policy.  By  Josephine  M.  Bunkley,  late  Novice  at  St  Joseph's,  Maryland.  In- 
cluding a  Narrative  of  her  Residence  at,  and  Escape  from  that  InsUtution." 

There  is  also  on  one  of  the  fly-leaves  the  following:  "To  American  parents 
and  daughters,  as  an  affectionate  warning  against  error ;  and  to  those  unselfish 
patriots  who  have  nobly  dared  to  free,  and  to  preserve  the  public  from  the  dan- 
gers of  Jesuitical  influence,  this  volume  is  respBctfully  dedicated  by  the  author." 

And  in  address  to  the  reader  on  another  leaf,  it  is  remarked, "  that  the  writer 
would  liave  preferred  to  remain  unnoticed,  and  to  enjoy  the  quiet  repc^sc^of  do- 


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Joumail  €f  MereafUUe  Law*  *l% 

Beslic  life,  without  being  forced  to  a88ume  a  position  to  whiah^he  is  totally  an- 
aecastomed.  After  having  effected  her  escape  from  the  inatitotion  in  which  she 
wan  confined,  and  which  Hhe  entered  with  pure  intentions  and  bright  anticipa- 
tions, sbe  wonld  willingly  have  suffered  the  veil  of  oblivion  and  pardon  to  have 
fidlen  over  the  tramtaction.  But  as  her  assertions  have  been  denied,  her  motives 
misrepresented,  and  her  good  name  threatened,  she  has  no  alternative,  in  justice 
to  herself  and  friends,  but  to  speak  the  '  whole  truth  and  nothing  but  the  truth,' 
in  order  to  vindicate  her  action.  Her  *  statement'  will  be  found  in  the  following 
pages;  as  she  earnestly  desires  to  imprens  tlie  American  people  with  a  senile  of 
thdr  danger  from  the  eontroling  influence  of  a  religion  which  tends  to  degrade 
the  mind,  and  subject  the  will  to  the  sWay  of  a  wily  priesthood,  a  simple  story, 
founded  on  fkcts,  is  added,  for  whidi  the  author  requests  the  indulgence  of  her 
readera." 

We  have  referred  to  these  extracts  as  evidence  of  the  authorship  of  the  work 
contained  in  the  book  itself;  and  whom,  as  it  respects  the  complainant  and  these 
defendants,  has  a  very  material  bearing  upon  the  issue  between  them.  Their 
position  is,  as  respects  this  branch  of  the  defense  to  her  bill,  that  she  is  not  the 
authoress,  but,  on  the  contrary,  that  the  work  is  the  joint  production  of  Beale, 
one  of  the  defendants,  and  Miss  Upshur;  and,  being  the  authors,  they,  or  any 
one  representing  them,  had  a  right  to  contract  for  the  publication,  and  to  take 
out  a  copyright 

The  book  itself,  as  we  have  seen,  refutes  this  position,  unless,  indeed,  we 
adopt  the  conclusion  that  the  complainant's  name  has  been  most  unwarrantably 


It  is  said,  however,  that  she  consented  to  the  use  of  her  name,  although  not 
in  point  of  fact,  as  the  authoress.  This  defense  sounds  harshly  in  a  court  of 
equity  from  parties  who  deny  her  authorship,  and  at  the  same  time  are  seeking 
to  realize  to  themselves  great  profits,  which  it  is  supposed  will  result  in  the  sale 
of  the  work  from  the  use  of  her  name.  If  the  fact  of  consent  was  shown,  it 
would  indeed  turn  the  complainant  out  of  court,  but  it  would  be  upon  the  de- 
feet  of  her  own  case  as  presented,  rather  than  any  merit  in  the  defense. 

A  complete  answer,  however,  is  that  the  consent  claimed  is  not  sustained 
upon  the  proof  before  me.  We  will  simply  add,  upon  this  branch  of  the  case, 
that  there  is  considerable  evidence  of  the  authorship  of  the  complainant  to  a 
large  portion  of  the  book,  as  the  case  stands,  besides  that  derived  from  the  work 
itself,  and  whksh,  taken  together,  overcomes  the  contrary  evidence  relied  on. 

The  next  question  is,  admitting  the  complainant  to  be  the  author,  was  Beale, 
one  of  the  defendants,  authorize  to  contract  for  the  publication  of  the  book 
with  the  publishers? 

There  is  certainly  some  conflict  in  the  evidence  on  this  point.  As  this  branch 
of  the  defense  assumes  the  complainant  to  be  the  proprietor,  and  are  charges, 
the  burden  is  upon  the  defendants  to  establish  the  authority.  We  have  looked 
into  the  papers  with  some  care  upon  this  question,  and  with  a  view  to  its  proper 
determination,  and  must  say  that  the  weight  of  the  proof,  as  it  stands,  is 
against  iu 

The  defendants,  De  Witt  &  Davenport,  the  publishers  under  the  contract 
with  Beale,  have  already  printed  the  book,  and  of  course  have  been  subjected  to 
a  considerable  expense,  and  an  appeal  has  been  made  on  this  ground  in  their 
favor,  as  distinguishing  the  case  rrom  that  simply  between  one  complainant  and 
Beale.  But  the  proofs  showed  that  these  defendants  not  only  had  notice  of 
eompUinant's  rights,  but  were  expressly  forbidden  by  her  to  print  or  publish  the 
books — she  complaining  that  Beale  had  no  authority  to  make  the  contract  before 
they  had  entered  upon  this  expense. 

They  are,  therefore,  chargeable  with  notice  of  the  want  of  authority  on  the 
INirt  of  Beale,  if,  in  point  of  fact,  no  such  authority  existed,  and  are  in  no  better 
•ituation  than  Beale  himself  in  this  issue  with  the  complainant. 

Indeed,  the  proofs  show  that  these  defendants,  after  they  were  forbidden  to" 
print  and  publish,  and  before  they  entered  upon  the  business,  sought  a  negotia- 
tion themselves,  through  their  friend  and  agent,  with  her,  to  procure  her  consent, 


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^  76  Journal  of  MtrcantUe  Law. 

and  failed,  the  complatnant  insisting  thai  the  maonsoripis  belonged  to  her,  and 
bad  been  improperiy  withheld,  and  that  Beale  had  no  authority  to  make  t  ie 
eontract. 

The  case  is  a  peculiar  one.  The  defendants  are  seeking  to  print  and  put  into 
eirculation  a  work  in  the  name  of  an  authoress,  which  name,  as  is  obvioos,  is 
supposed  to  give  to  it  its  chief  interest  and  attraction  in  the  public  estimation, 
against  her  remonstrance,  and,  as  she  claims,  not  only  in  .violation  of  her  rights, 
but  also  in  some  respects,  as  printed  and  sought  to  be  published,  in  disparage- 
ment of  her  chart  cter,  and  one,  and  the  principal  answer  to  her  complaint  is 
that  she  is  not  the  authoress,  and  that  the  work  is  the  production  of  other  minds. 

Another  ground  is,  that  although  not  the  authoress,  she  consented,  in  consid^ 
oration  of  receiving  a  portion  of  the  profits  of  the  work,  thai  her  name  should  be 
used  as  the  authoress  of  it. 

A  third,  that  being  the  authoress  and  proprietor,  and  therefore  having  a  right 
to  control  the  printing  and  publkation,  she  authorized  Beale,  one  of  the  defends 
ants,  to  contract  for  the  same  with  De  Witt  d&  Davenport,  two  of  the  o.her  de- 
fendants. 

There  is  no  pretense  that  he  had  any  written  authority.  It  is  sought  to  be 
made  out  by  verbal  statements  and  corroborating  circumstances.  l%is  is  met 
by  the  denial  of  authority  in  any  form  by  the  complainant,  supported  by  the  de- 
position of  her  father  and  sister.  If  they  are  to  be  credited,  Beale  has  repeatedly 
admitted  that  he  bad  no  authority,  had  done  wrong,  and  expressed  his  regret  at 
his  conduct  in  the  business. 

The  deposition  of  the  father,  who  naturally  must  have  taken  a  deep  interest 
in  the  matter,  is  verv  full  and  particular,  both  as  to  the  relation  on  which  Beale 
stood  in  respect  to  the  manuscripts  of  his  daughter,  the  terms  and  conditions  of 
it,  and  also  as  to  his  admissions  since  the  difloculty  has  arisen,  repeatedly  made 
to  the  father,  that  he  had  acted  without  authority  in  entering  into  the  contract 
for  publication. 

The  book  itself  contains  a  certificate  of  the  mayor,  and  other  public  men  of 
Norfolk,  of  the  character  of  the  father  as  **  a  gentleman  of  probity  and  honor," 
and  entitled,  therefore,  to  the  highest  confidence. 

We  are  satisfied,  therefore,  that  neither  of  these  grounds  of  defense  has  been 
sustained,  and  that  in  the  present  posture  of  the  case,  the  preliminary  injunction 
heretofore  granted  must  be  continued  till  the  final  hearing. 

LIABILirr  OF  1.  LCH>6Ilf6*H0U8B  KEBPBR. 

In  the  American  Law  Register,  for  March,  is  an  essay  on  the  "  Liability  of 
Lodging-House  Keepers,*'  with  which  it  would  be  well  for  such  persons  to  be 
acquainted.  A  case  came  before  the  Queen's  bench  in  England,  where  a  lady 
sought  to  obtain  damages,  of  the  woman  who  kept  a  l>oarding-house  in  which  she 
resided,  for  the  loss  of  a  box,  which  was  taken  as  follows: 

The  lady  being  about  to  leave  the  house,  sent  one  of  the  defendant's  servants 
for  biscuits.  The  servant  left  the  door  ajar,  in  consequence  of  which,  during 
his  absence,  a  thief  entered  and  stole  the  box  from  the  hall.  The  plaintiff,  as 
has  been  said,  was  a  boarder  in  the  house  at  a  weekly  payment,  upon  the  terms 
of  bein^  provided  with  board,  lodging,  and  attendance. 

The  judge,  at  the  trial,  instructed  the  jdry  that  the  defendant  was  not  bound  to 
take  more  care  of  the  house  and  the  things  in  it  than  a  prudent  owner  would 
take,  and  that  she  was  not  liable,  if  there  were  no  negligence  on  her  part,  in 
hiring  and  keeping  the  servant  And  he  left  it  to  the  jury  to  say,  supposing  the 
loss  to  have  been  occasioned  by  the  negligence  of  the  servant  in  leaving  the 
door  ajar,  whether  there  was  any  negligence  of  the  defendant  in  hiring  or  keep- 
ing the  servant. 

When  ^0  case  came  before  the  full  court  of  four  judges,  two  of  them,  (Wight- 
man  and  Eari  J:  J.,)  held  the  ruling  of  the  trial  to  l^  correct  But  the  Chief 
Justice  Campbell,  and  Justice  Coleridge,  held  the  contrary,  with  whose  opinion 
the  essayist  coincides.  Lord  Campbell  said,  **  There  might  be  negligence  in  a 
servant  in  leaving  the  outer  door  ot  a  boarding-house  open,  whereby  the  gooda 


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Cammereial  OhrtmieU  and  Bmew.  *J*J 

of  a  guest  are  stolen,  wlHeh  might  render  the  master  liable.  I  think  there  is  a 
duty  oo  bis  part,  analogons  to  that  ineambent  on  every  pmdent  householder,  to 
keep  the  outer  door  of  the  house  shut  at  times  when  there  is  a  danger  that 
thieves  may  enter  and  steal  the  goods  of  the  guest  If  he  employs  servants  to 
perform  tliis  duty,  while  they  are  performing  it  they  are  acting  within  the  scope 
of  their  employment,  and  he  is  answerable  for  their  neffligenee.  He  is  not 
answerable  for  the  eonsequences  of  a  felony,  or  even  a  willful  trespass  commit- 
ted by  them ;  but  the  general  rule  is,  that  the  master  is  answerable  for  the  neg- 
ligence of  his  servants  while  engaged  in  offices  which  he  employs  them  to  do ; 
and  I  am  not  aware  how  the  keeper  of  a  lodging-house  should  be  an  exception 
to  the  rule.  He  is  by  no  means  hound  to  the  same  strict  care  as  an  inn-keeper; 
but  within  the  scope  of  that  which  he  ought  to  do,  I  apprehend  that  he  is  equally 
liable,  whether  he  is  to  do  it  by  himself  or  hb  servants.  The  doctrino  that  in- 
quiry is  to  be  made,  whether  the  master  was  guilty  of  negligence  in  hiring  or 
keeping  the  servants,  is,  I  believe,  qnite  new." 

COMMERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW. 


Acoouirra  or  ths  orowino  caopf— fPicuLATioNi  i*  BRBADtruppi— thc  bakk  ¥oviMBiri^-f up- 

PLT  OP  •PBOIK  ~  DBPOtlTB  AT  TBB  BBW  YORK  AfBAT  OPPICB  —  DBPOHTl  AMD  COIRAaB  AT  TBB 
pau.AmcLpaiA  and  mbw  orlbabb  mintb  —  icrplcb  op  BILVBR  OOIN^TVB  ITOCK  MARKBT  — 

PORBiaN  BXCHANOB— IMPORTS  AT  MBW  YORK  POR  MAY,  AMD  PROM  JAMOaRY  ItT— IMPORTB  OP 
BRY  OOOOB— BZPORTI  PROM  MBW  YORK  POR  MAY,  AMD  PROM  JAMUART  Ut->IMPORT«  AND  BZ- 
PORT8  POR  BLBVBN  MONTBI— CAIH  RBVBMUB  AT  MBW  YORK,  BOtTOM,  AND  POILaDBLPHIA^ 
axrOBTB  OP  OOMBBTIC  PRODDOB— BAMXB  OP  DIICOOMT  AMD  IMUB,  WITM  BOMB  BBMARKB  OS 
RBCBar  COAMCRB  OP  POLICY,  BTC. 

We  stated  in  our  last  that  the  business  of  the  country  for  the  next  year  de- 
pended in  a  gr§at  degree  upon  the  incoming  harvest  At  the  date  of  writing 
that  statement,  there  were  many  fears  in  regard  to  the  harvest  on  account  of  the 
drouth  then  prevailing  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  These  fears  are  now  for  the 
most  part  happily  dissipated.  The  breadth  of  gronnd  sown  is  greater  than  ever 
before,  and  the  most  cheering  accounts  reach  us  from  every  quarter.  There  are 
instances  of  local  damage,  but  the  great  portion  of  the  crops  are  yet  uninjured, 
and  we  may  hope  will  be  safely  garnered.  The  influence  of  these  favorable 
prospects  is  everywhere  apparent  Trade  is  reviving,  and  business  men  are  re- 
newing their  operations  with  fresh  courage. 

Our  caution  in  regard  to  speculation  in  breadstuffs,  we  are  glad  to  know, 
saved  some  of  our  readers  from  heavy  losses,  and  oar  position  has  been  fully 
sustained  by  the  course  of  trade.  Notwithntanding  all  the  predictions  of  famine 
prices,  based  on  estimates  of  a  short  supply,  flour  has  come  forward  freely,  and 
the  markets  on  the  seaboard  have  steadily  declined.  There  may  be  a  temporary 
reaction  before  the  new  wheat  shall  be  threshed,  but  if  the  yield  is  as  abundant 
as  now  promised,  specnlators  will  have  the  worst  of  it  Never  were  the  harvest 
fields  in  this  country  so  closely  watched  as  during  the  current  season,  and  the 
'*  harvest  home  *'  will  this  year  swell  into  a  song  of  thanksgiving  that  shall  be 
heard  throughout  our  remotest  borders.  Th^  deficiency  last  year  was  not 
owing  so  much  to  the  damage  done  to  the  growing  grain  by  the  drouth,  as  to 
the  diversion  of  labor  from  agricultural  pursuits.  For  several  years  the  various 
railroad  enterprises,  and  a  growing  inclination  for  trade  or  speculative  projects 
that  promised  an  easier  fortune  than  could  be  wrung  from  the  soil,  had  united 
in  drawing  our  people  from  the  pursuit  of  husbandry,  so  that  the  production  did 
not  increase  so  rapidly  as  the  hungry  consumers. 


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Commercial  Chronicle  and  Beview. 


The  snrplas  of  old  erop  was  each  year  relatively  Ims,  until  a  partial  failure  of 
the  crops  in  Europe  drew  off  nearly  all  oor  stores,  and  the  decreased  producttoa 
of  the  last  year,  owing  to  the  want  of  rain,  completed  the  depletion.  Many 
writers  among  us  becnme  seriously  frightened,  and,  reckoning  the  home  con- 
sumption the  same  as  in  years  of  plenty,  predicted  a  serious  deficiency  that 
eould  only  have  resulted  in  an  absolute  famine.  Our  readers  will  bear  ua  wiW 
ness  that  we  steadily  opposed  these  eff«>rts  at  panic  making,  and  while  we  gave 
the  writers  in  question  due  credit  for  their  sincerity,  avowed  our  belief  in  a 
sufficiency  for  all  practical  purposes.  Comparatively  high  prices  have  been 
maintained,  but  not  within  30  per  cent  of  the  rates  thus  anticipated,  and  no 
scarcity  has  been  felt,  and  no  suffering  has  resulted  at  any  point,  or  in  any  mar- 
ket throughout  the  country. 

Money  is  everywhere  abundant,  and  although  the  demand  for  it  has  revived 
under  the  increased  activity  in  other  business,  the  rates  of  interest  are  unchanged, 
and  at  the  principal  money  centers  capital  is  freely  offered  upon  prime  security 
at  6  a  7  per  cent.  The  banks  stand  very  strongly,  and  notwithstanding  the  lai^ 
sbipmento  of  specie  to  Europe,  their  stock  of  coin  is  quite  sufficient  for  all  use- 
ful purposes.  At  New  York  the  amount  of  specie  in  the  vaults  of  the  banks 
has  but  slightly  varied.  We  continue  our  table  of  the  weekly  averages  since 
January  Ist: — 

WBXKLT  AVEBAOIS  NKW  TOaK  CITT  BAKES. 

Loans  and 

Date.  Capital.  Dtscuuina.                Specie.  OrcntatloB.        Depotita. 

Jan.     6,  1855  48,000,000  82/244,706  18,596,968  7,049,982  64,982.158 

Jan.  18 48,000,000  88,976,081  15,488,525  6.686,461  67,808^98 

Jan.  20 48,000,000  85,447.998  16,372,127  6,681.855  69,647,618 

Jan.  27 48,000^000  86,654,657  16,697,260  6,7a9,828  20,136  618 

Feb.     8 48,000,000  88,145,697  17,459,196  7,000,766  72,928.817 

Feb.  10 48.000.000  89,862.170  17,124,891  6,969,111  78,794,848 

Feb.  17 48,000,000  90,850,081  17,889,085  6,941,606  76,198,636 

Feb.  24 48,000,000  91.590.504  16,370,875  6,963,562  74,644,721 

March   8....  48,000,000  92,886,125  16,581,279  7,106,710  75,958,844 

March  10...  48,000,000  92,881,789  16,870,669  7.181,998  76,259,484 

March  17...  48,000,000  92,447,845  16,988,982  7,061,018  76,524,227 

March  24...  48,000,000  98,050,778  16,602,729  7,452,281  76.289,928 

March  81...  47,688,415  93,684.041  16,018.105  7,837,688  75,600,186 

April     7  ..  47,855,665  94.499,394  14.968,004  7,771.584  77,818,908 

April  14...  47,855,665  94,140,899  14,890,979  7,523,628  77,282,242 

April  21...  47,855.665  93.682,893  14.355.041  7,510,124  75,744,921 

April  28....  47,855,666  92,505.961  14,282,424  7,610,985  76,219,951 

May    5 47,855,665  98,093,248  14,825,050  8.087,609  78,214,169 

May  12....  47.865,665  91,642.498  14.586.626  7,804,977  75,850.692 

May  19 47,865,665  91,675,500  16.225.056  7,638  680  77,361,218 

May  26....  48,684,730  91,160,518  16,814,632  7,489,637  76,766,740 

June    2. 48,684,780  91,197,658  16.897,674  7,655,609  76.348,286 

June    9 48,684.780  92,l09.i>97  16,006.155  7.602,668  77,128,789 

June  16 48,684,880  98,100.386  14,978,568  7,462,161  77,894,454 

We  also  continue  our  weekly  statements  of  the  Boston  banks  from  the  date 

given  in  our  last : — 

May  SI.  MaySS.  Jone  4.  June  11.  June  18. 

Capital $32,710,000  $82.710000  132,710.000  $82,710,000  $82,710,000 

Loaos  and  discounts..    62.387,867  62,004,324  61,992,058  62,813,211  62,698,944 

Specie 8,137,441  8,201,248  8,875,358  8,409.181  3.598,651 

Doe  ft-om  other  banks      7,145,087  8,040.088  8.006,670  8,621,400  8,814,169 

Dueto  other  bankn..       6,864381  6,989,178  6,066,804  6,166384  6,118394 

DepoeiU 14.929,017  14,620,292  14,781.982  15.004,126  16,446,898 

Circulation 7,321,806  7,292.828  7,113,978  7,696,796  7,864,402 


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ComtwreM  Chronicle  and  Heview,  79 

It  will  be  aeen  that  at  Boston  the  specie  has  slightly  iocreased,  and  is  larger 
than  at  previous  periods  since  April  23d.  From  most  other  parts  of  the  country 
there  has  been  a  flow  of  specie  towards  the  seaboard,  while  the  balance  in  the 
Sub-Treasury  has  also  decreased.  From  California  the  receipts  continue  large, 
but  are  less  easily  summed  up,  owing  to  the  fact  that  since  the  second  suspen- 
sion of  Messrs.  Page,  Bacon  &.  Co.,  large  sums  have  been  brought  in  the  hands  of 
passengers,  not  entered  upon  the  ships*  manifests. 

The  following  will  show  the  deposits  at  the  New  York  Assay  Office  during 
the  month  of  May : — 

DSPOSTTS  AT  THX  A8SAT  OmOK,  HEW  TORE,  POB  THE  MONTH  OF  XAT. 

Gold.  surer.  TotaL 

Foreign  corns. $28,000  00  $4,000  00  $82,000  00 

Foreign  ballioQ 47,000  00  274  86  47,274  86 

Domestic  ballioo. 1,847,800  86  16,989  74  1,868,740  60 

Total  deposits $1,922,800  86        $20,214  10      $1,948,014  96 

Total  deposito  payable  in  bars. $1,864,265  41 

Total  depo&its  payable  in  coins 88,749  65 

$1,948,014  96 

Gold  bars  stomped 1,864,704  48 

Transmitted  to  the  Uoited  States  Mint  at  Philadelphia  for  coinage. .  87,086  62 

The  deposits  at  the  Philadelphia  mint  for  the  month  of  May  were  $496,000  in 
gold,  and  $372,300  in  silver,  the  latter  purchased  by  government,  making  a  total 
of  $868,200.  l*he  coinage  was  $355,756  in  gold,  and  $440,000  in  silver,  inclo* 
ding  1,635,845  pieces.  Nothing  was  coined  at  New  Orleans.  The  deposits 
were  $79,256  20  in  gold,  and  $818,246  63  in  silver — making  a  totol  of 
$897,502  83. 

The  government  has  noir  coined  about  $20,000,000  of  the  new  silver  coin 
made  under  the  law  of  Congress  of  February  2lHt,  1853,  which  reduced  the 
weight  of  half  dollars,  quarters,  dimes,  and  half  dimes,  about  7  per  cent.  This 
coin  is  not  a  legal  tender  in  payments  of  over  five  dollars,  and  only  about 
$15,000,000  is  in  the  hands  of  the  people,  the  remainder  being  in  government  de- 
positories and  not  wanted  for  convenience. 

The  stock  market  has  been  buoyant  both  for  railroad  stocks  and  State  bonds, 
and  prices  of  nearly  all  descriptions  have  steadily  improved.  There  has  not 
been,  however,  much  fever  of  speculation,  and  but  little  sustained  animation  is 
expected  until  after  the  summer  holidays. 

Foreign  exchange  has  been  firm  at  rates  above  the  flpecle  point,  and  there  has 
been  a  steady  flow  of  specie  to  London  and  the  continent.  The  average  for  the 
month  has  been  110  for  60-day  bills  on  London,  and  5.12i  for  Paris.  The 
heavy  rains  have  given  hope  of  an  increased  supply  of  cotton  bills,  but  no  per& 
manent  relief  is  now  expected  until  we  shall  renew  our  shipments  of  breadstufis 
to  Europe. 

The  imports  from  foreign  ports  continue  to  deeline.  At  New  York  the  total 
for  May  was  $5,535,195  less  than  for  May,  1854,  $2,894,257  less  than  for  May, 
1853>  and  $3,926,251  more  than  for  May,  1852,  as  will  appear  from  the  following 
comparison  :— 


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Oomntereial  Cfkronide  and  Bevietd, 


VOKSICnf  IMP0ET8  AT  mnf  TOBK  VOE  VAT. 

18a.       im.       \m.       im 

Entered  for  consamption $6,096,996  (10,256,071  112,004,888  $8,082,524 

Entered  for  warehouMDg 458,109      2,590,000      8,151,964  2,886,959 

Freegoods 789,046       1,487,248       1,858,954  1,156,918 

Specie  and  bullion 880,584         207,924         165,925  69,590 

Total  entered  at  the  port $7,719,785  $14,540,248  $17,181,181  $11,645,986 

Withdrawn  irom  warehoQse 1,880,871       1,049,550      1,588,652      1,782,884 

This  leaves  the  total  imports  at  New  York  since  Janaary  Ist,  $25,071,725  * 
less  than  for  the  corresponding  five  months  of  last  year,  $24,421,866  lese  than 
for  the  same  period  of  1863,  and  $4,417,787  more  than  for  the  same  time  in 
1852.    We  annex  a  comparison,  including  the  seyeral  dates  specified: — 

FOKnON  nCPOETB  AT    WWW  TOEK  FOB   fTVB   XONTBS   FROM  JANUAET   IST. 

im.       18M.        im.      i8Si 

Entered  for  consumption $89,418,781  $68,242,647  $61,971,984  $37,877,2(0 

Entered  for  warehousmg 4,887,027       8,496,277  10,721,104     11,116,646 

Freegoods 6,281,888      7,851,707  7,088,241       6,574,684 

Specie  and  bullion 1,448,484         785,041  1,249,218         885,887 

Total  entered  at  the  port $51,586,080  $80,875,672  $81,025,641  $56,958,817 

Withdrawn  from  warehouse.       7,615,198      5,848,258      9,285,872     10,986,450 

The  warehousing  business  has  been  less  in  May,  but  during  the  last  fife 
months  it  shows  an  increase  upon  the  total  for  the  same  time  last  year.  Of  the 
decline  in  the  imports,  as  shown  above,  not  quite  one-half  has  been  in  dry  goods; 
the  total  of  this  description  for  the  month  is  82,030,662  less  than  for  May,  1864, 
tl,6r2,244  less  than  for  May,  1863,  aod  $414,663  more  than  for  May,  1862,  «s 
will  appear  from  the  following  summary : — 


nrpoETs  OF  FoanoM  dry  ooods  at  hsw  toek  nc  hat. 

SMTBESD  FOB  OOKSUMPnOIC 

18§2.         18§I.  18M.  18it. 

Manufactures  of  wool $897,805     $1,026,451  $1,028,867  $549,187 

Manufactures  of  cotton 277,851          880.808  788,982  826,545 

Manukotures  of  silk 51t(,368       1,500.858  1,026.881  818,045 

Hanufactures  of  fla:t 263,607         857.649  860,087  288,47 1 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 246,796         24 1,651  129,218  188,579 

Total  entered  for  coDsnmptioo  .  $1,708,427    $8,506,417  $8,278,485  $2,160,777 

WITBDRAWlf  FROM  WAREHOUSE. 

180.           18$S.  18i4.  im. 

Manufactures  of  wool $70,584         $88,567  $158,521  $108,228 

Manufactures  of  cotton  .  ^ 87.902          29.007  87,128  77,558 

Hanufactures  of  Bilk 188,717          79,177  100,182  124,161 

Manufactures  of  flax 40,855            9,890  28,724  75,428 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 26,705            9,597  12,511  57,148 

Total $814,268      $210,788  $882,061  $442,688 

Add  entered  for  consumption 1,708,427      8,506,4 17  8,278,486  2,160,777 

Total  thrown  00  the  market .. .    $2,017,690    $3,717,155    $8,660,546  $2,608,810 


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■MTBRXD  FOR  WABSBOUSIlfO. 

1851.  18».         18S4.  im. 

Mftnofactiireeofwool 1109,786  1178,918  $642,867  |109,821 

MftDufactures  of  cotton 89,619  68,967  194,201  68,649 

Manufkcturesofulk 111,309  107,694  811,891  26,638 

MRDulactiireeoffiax 26,680  48,740  82,847  18,189 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 19,817  26,469  46,222  61,082 

Total $806,961       $480,778   $1,177,028      $264,174 

Add  entered  for  consumption 1,708,427      8,606,417     8,278,486      2,160.777 

Total  entered  at  the  port $2,010,888   $8,987,196   $4,466,618    $2,424,961 

The  receipts  of  dry  goods  at  that  port  since  January  shows  a  decline  of 
tl6,451,103  as  compared  with  last  year,  $16,177,024  aa  compared  with  1853, 
and  $2,231,516  as  compared  with  the  same  period  of  1852 : — 

IMPORTS  OF  POaBON  DRT  GOODS  AT  THB  PORT  OP  NRW  YORK  FOR  PIV^  MONTHS,  PROM 

JANUARY    1st. 
SMTKRXD  FOR  COM8I7MPTIOH. 

i8».       mt.      im.       im. 

Manufoctnresofwool $4,688,869  $8,496,117  $7,626,647  $4,408,660 

Manufactures  of  cotton. 4,296.267  6,718,790  7,948,864  8,862,288 

Manufactures  of  silk 8,166,667  18.806,811  12,149,488  6,629.689 

Manufactures  of  flax. 2,648,389  8,799,691  8,436,496  2,061,648 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods. 1,868.622  '2,689,874  2,688,771  1,936,826 

Total $21,642,604  $84,948,688  $88,699,611  $18,288,895 

withdrawn  from  warehousb. 

18S3.       18U.       im.       im. 

Manufactures  of  wool $779,610  $498,791  $1,166,141  $1,066,768 

Manufactures  of  cotton 1,004,280  664,698  1,608,682  1,612.108 

Manufactures  of  silk 1.163.660  671,666  1,808.667  1,481,647 

Madufacturesofflsz 666.149  117,280  601,446  741.420 

Mbcellaneous  dry  goods. 219,324  201,768  190,676  606,887 

Total  withdrawn $3,782,963    $2,044,083    $4,669,461     $6,407,725 

Add  entered  for  consumption  . . .     21,642,604    84,948,688    88,699,61 1     1 8,288,895 

Total  thrown  upon  the  market.  $25,276,667  $86,992,716  $88,869,072  $28,696,120 

XNTSRRD  FOR  WARBH0U8IN0. 

mi  mi  1854.  18Si. 

Manufactures  of  wool $688,486  $767,202  $1,608,180  $792,168 

Manufactures  of  cotton 636,078  610,254  1,878,697  989.259 

Manufactures  of  silk 1,484.510  826.778  1,519,176  1,271,783 

Manufactures  of  flax 187,772  180,294  488,208  686,176 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 187,967  204,659  168,182  468,115 

Total $8,029,767     $2,666,187     $5,092,838    $4,062,451 

Add  entered  for  consumption.. . .     21,642,604    84,948,683     88,699,611     18,288,896 

Total  entered  at  the  port $24,672;861  $87,517,870  $38,791,949  $22,340,846 

The  exports  for  the  month  of  May  from  New  York  to  foreign  ports  have  heen 
large»  both  in  specie  and  general  merchandise.  ExcluBive  of  specie,  the  total  is 
only  $624,437  less  than  the  very  large  amount  shipped  in  the  same  month  of 
last  year,  when  breadetuffs  were  going  out  freely ;  and  is  $777,694  more  than 
for  May,  1858,  and  $772,161  more  than  for  M«y,  1852.  The  exports  of  specie 
are  not  larger  than  has  frequently  been  cleared  from  New  York  in  one  month 
VOL,  XXXIII. — NO.  I.  6 


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82  Commercial  Ohronkk  and  JUview, 

MDce  (he  discovery  of  gold  in  Califoraia.  Thus,  in  September,  1854,  the  exports 
of  specie  were  $6,547,104;  in  June,  1851,  16,462,170;  and  in  July,  1851, 
$6,004,170.  The  exports  of  foreign  goods  have  slightly  increased.  We  annex 
a  Comparison  of  the  several  items: — 

KXPORTS  mOX  NSW  TOBJL  TO  rORUOlT  POBTS  FOR  TBI  MONTH  OF  MAT. 

im.       mi      18H.       i8». 

Domestic  produce $4,249,924  $4,166,964  $6,824,427  $6,071,890 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 106,818  248,698  182.449  244,264 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable)...  646,978  487,670  842.487  868,782 

Specie 1,884,898  7,162,467  8,661,626  6,820,162 

Totol  exports $6,787,608    $7,069,649    $9,960,989  $10,996,028 

Total,  exclusive  of  specie 4,902,716      4,897,182      6.299,818      6,674,876 

The  total  exports  from  New  York  to  foreign  ports,  exclusive  of  specie,  since 
January  1st,  are  only  $1,803,356  less  than  for  the  corresponding  five  months  of 
1854,  and  are  $4,590,332  more  than  for  the  same  period  of  1853,  and  $6,277,987 
more  than  for  the  same  time  in  1852,  as  will  appear  from  the  annexed  snm- 
inary : — 

BXPORTS  FROM  NEW  YORK   TO  FOREIGN  PORTS  FOR  FIVE  MONTHS  FROM  JANUARY  Ist. 

1861.         im.         18i4.  im. 

Domestic  produce. ^18^79,462  $20,866,061  $26,671,067  $22,880,718 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 896,719  687.809         684.816      2,666.876 

Foreign  mercbaifdise  (dutiable)..       1,936,981  1,646,987      1,828,028      2,263,646 

Specie 9.067,664  6,890,700    11/)  17,684     18,212,402 

Total  exporU $29,979,806  $27,990,607  $40,101,079  $40,402,641 

Total,  exclusive  of  specie 20,912,162    22,699,807     29,088,896    27,190^89 

We  are  now  within  one  month  of  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  and  as  there  is 
much  interest  felt  in  regard  to  the  result  of  the  year's  foreign  Commerce,  we 
have  carefully  compiled  a  comparative  statement  showing  the  exports  of  specie* 
and  the  total  exports  and  imports  at  New  York  from  July  1st  to  May  3l8t: — 

fOREIQN  IMFORTB  AND  EXPORTS  AT  NEW  YORK  FOR  ELEVEN  MONTHS,  ENMNG  MAY  81  ST. 

Exports  of  tpede.   Total  exportt.      Total  imports 

1866 $84,196,941       $91,278,827       $142,611,914 

1864 29J  16,068        97.176.848         177,286,671 

Difference $6,079,888        $6,896,621        $84,774,787 

From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  the  exports  of  specie  from  that  port  for  the  last 
eleven  months  have  increased  $5,079,883 ;» the  total  exports  of  all  descriptioiw 
to  foreign  porta  have  decreased  only  $5,896,521,  while  the  total  imports  from 
foreign  ports  have  decreased  $34,774,757.  The  exports  from  the  gulf  ports 
have  doubtless  declined  in  a  greater  proportion,  but  this  is  a  very  favorable  show- 
ing for  the  Commerce  of  New  York,  considering  the  times  through  which  we 
have  passed.  Nearly  all  of  the  exports  have  paid  a  profit  to  the  shipper,  while 
that  portion  of  the  imports  which  has  been  sent  to  us  on  foreign  account,  being 
chiefly  a  refuse  of  stock  unsaleable  to  other  markets,  has  mostly  sold  for  less 
than  the  invoice  price. 

The  revenue  has  of  course  declined  with  the  imports,  but  the  receipts  are  am- 
ple for  all  the  wants  of  government,  and  there  is  still  a  handsome  balance  in  the 
Treasury.    The  following  will  show  the  comparative  receipts  at  New  York: — 


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98 


OASB  ovnn  riohtcd  ay  hew  toex  fok  fiyb  mouths,  feom  JAMVAmy  Itn, 


18St 

Jamuny $2,600^62  64 

Febrotfj 2,«8M56  47 

HATch 2,780.869  61 


18M. 
$8,811,187  87 
8,878,89«  47 
8.986,967  68 


18S4. 
$4,879,286  82 
2,867,294  60 
8,627,119  49 


Total  8  months..    $7,617,867  72  $11,126,600  47  $10,878,699  81 

April 2,447,684  07       8,848,262  14       8,166.490  21 

Maj 1,962,110  86       2,862,868  66       8,248,164  41 


18Si. 

$2,660,088  82 
2,666,164  94 
2,868,084  96 

$7,668,288  21 
1,994,710  10 
2,400,482  60 

Total  6  months..  $12,017,682  66  $17,826,606  17  $17,886,868  98  $11,988,480  91 
The  total  cash  receipts  at  New  York  for  the  eleven  months  of  the  fiscal  year 

are  $30,342,408  23,  against  939,206,250  26  for  the  same  time  of  the  previous 

year,  showing  a  decline  of  $8,863,842  93  at  that  port 
We  also  annex  a  comparative  statement  of  the  receipts  for  cash  duties  at  Phil- 

idelphia  and  Boston  since  January  Ist: — 

aXOKIPTS  FOB  DUTIES. 


-FHILADBLPHIA.- 


1865. 

18M. 

\m. 

$1,998,688 

$1,880,724 

$968,711 

624,618 

879,472 

228,988 

677,481 

828,428 

226,888 

-     18S4. 

First  quarter $2,848604 

April 680,908 

Jlay 667,147 

Total  from  January  Ist  ... .      $8,681,669      $8,190,887      $2,088,619    $1,418,082 
This  shows  a  falling  off  since  January  1st  of  $490,672  at  Boston,  and  $675,537 

at  Philadelphia,  equal  to  a  falling  off  in  imports  at  those  ports  of  nearly  five 

millions  and  a  half  of  dollars. 
We  annex  a  summary  comparison  of  the  shipments  of  certain  leading  articles 

of  domestic  produce  from  New  York  to  foreign  ports.     The  weekly  exports 

continue  large,  although  there  is  little  of  breadstuffs  or  cotton  to  go  forward. 

Had  the  crop  of  cereals  in  this  country  last  year  been  a  large  one,  the  exports 

hence  would  have  been  nearly  as  large  as  during  the  famine  year  nearly  ten 

years  ago. 

XZFOaTS   OF   CEBTAIN   ARTIOLBS  OF   DOMBSHO   PBODUOB    FROM  NBW   TOBK    TO    VOBBUIV 
POBTS   FROM  JAMDABT    IST  TO  JUNB   18tH  : — 


Ashes — ^pots, . , 

pearls  , 

Beeswax 


18j4. 

8,248 
881 
ibs^    110,916 


.bbls. 


-  18S5. 

4,541 

1,188 

97,610 


Wheat  flour.,  bbls.  660,972  208,884 

Rye  flour 9,488  12,648 

Com  meal 48,816  28,481 

Wheat bush.  1,168,463  29,808 

Rye 816,168  6,189 

Oats 11,608  12,111 

Com 2,246,665  1,668,422 

Candles— mold..boxe8  29,849  28,982 

sperm 8,269  6,987 

Goal .tons  14,878  8,666 

Cotton .bales  162,091  188.618 

Hay 1,689  8,004 

Hops 476  6,988 


18S4.  18$S. 

Naval  stores . . .  .bbls.    800,268  888,668 

Oils-— whale.... galls.    106,291  66,891 

sperm 220,782  426,192 

lard 16,894  27,879 

linseed 1,684  6,889 

ProFiwons— 

Pork bbls.      42,182     107,964 

Beef: 86,898      44,616 

Out  meats,  lbs. .  .10,791,452  18,768,790 

Batter 1,112,880    824,686 

Cheese 818,808  1,096,681 

Lard 7,476,097  4,940,289 

Rice trcs      16,409        9,849 

Tallow lbs.  1,788,667  1,096,842 

Tobacco,  crude.,  pkgs  19,686  17,999 
Do.,  maDufactured.lbB.  1,416,139  2,166,086 
Whalebone •.    760,644    747,887 


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84  Commercial  CfhronicU  and  Review, 

The  above  shows  a  falling  off  since  January  Ist  eqnal  to  661  per  cent  in  wheat 
flour,  and  33  per  cent  in  corn,  while  it  shows  an  almost  total  cessation  in  the 
shipments  of  wheat  and  rye,  the  total  of  both  being  less  than  35,000  bushels 
against  about  1,500,000  bushels  for  the  same  time  last  year.  The  shipments  of 
cotton  since  January  Ist  from  New  York  have  fallen  off  about  20,000  bales,  but 
from  all  other  ports  the  shipments  from  September  1st  to  date  have  increased 
about  80,000  bales.  In  pork  the  shipments  in  the  above  table  show  a  very  large 
increase  for  the  current  year;  and  the  same  may  be  said  in  beef  and  cut  meats, 
the  latter  including  bacon  of  all  descriptions.  In  shipments  of  butter  and  lard 
there  has  been  a  large  decline,  both  ruling  very  high.  If  the  present  prospects 
fire  realized  we  shall  have  a  more  abundant  stock  of  produce  for  export  another 
year. 

In  Connecticut  and  New  Jersey  the  system  of  banking  under  general  laws  is 
to  be  abandoned,  and  the  banks  'organized  under  it  are  mostly  to  go  on  under 
charters.  This  is  a  retrograde  step  in  legislation,  and  appears  to  be  a  concession 
to  tlie  clamors  of  a  faction  rather  than  a  change  of  policy  through  conviction. 
We  believe  that  many  of  the  laws  restricting  the  operation  of  banking  might  be 
repealed,  and  that  in  the  end  most  of  them  will  be  given  up.  Banking  in  its  le- 
gitimate sense,  the  loaning  of  money,  ought  to  be  free  as  air.  We  would  go  as 
far  as  the  repeal  of  all  laws  fixing  an  arbitrary  rate  of  interest  We  have  no 
fears  of  any  monopoly  not  protected  by  law.  If  the  banks  combined  to  raise 
the  rate  upon  borrowers,  so  much  capital  would  be  drawn  to  the  business  that 
the  very  competition  would  break  down  the  combination.  Let  the  usance  for 
money  be  fixed  and  regulated  like  the  value  of  any  other  commodity,  by  the  de- 
mand and  supply.  It*  a  bank  were  organized  by  a  set  of  swindlers,  they  could 
hurt  nobody  in  the  way  of  loaning  money,  and  let  depositors  look  out  for  them- 
selves ;  they  need  the  protection  of  law  no  more  than  people  who  give  credit  in 
any  other  relation  of  business.  The  case  is  different,  however,  in  regard  to  banks 
of  circulation.  To  facilitate  the  ordinary  transactions  of  business,  that  which 
passes  as  currency  should  command  general  confidence,  and  be  worthy  of  it  be- 
yond a  question.  No  man  need  make  a  deposit  in  a  bank  until  he  has  had  am- 
ple time  to  satisfy  himself  of  its  solvency.  But  the  masses  who  receive  and 
handle  bank  notes  in  small  transactions  can  know  very  little  of  the  credit  to  be 
attached  to  each,  if  such  credit  depended  solely  upon  the  character  of  the  insti- 
tution itself,  and  hence  the  importance  of  a  general  law  compelling  all  who  issue 
such  notes  to  give  security  for  their  redemption.  Such  security  should  be  am- 
ple and  easily  converted  into  coin,  and  bonds  and  mortgages  should  therefore  be 
excluded.  Gold  and  silver  form  the  best  basis,  but  this  security  if  left  with  the 
banks  is  sometimes  missing,  and  therefore  the  law  requiring  a  deposit  of  value 
with  some  responsible  State  ofilicer.  Gold  and  silver  coin  is  now  so  plenty,  that 
all  bank  bills  below  five  dollars  should  be  prohibited  in  each  of  the  States.  If 
this  were  done  there  would  be  less  importance  in  securing  the  redemption  of 
bank  notes,  as  there  would  be  a  much  smaller  amount  left  in  the  hands  of  the 
poor,  who  are  always  the  greatest  sufferers  by  bank  failures,  being  less  skillful 
ie  matters  of  finance.  Private  banks  will  come  in  the  end  to  do  most  of  the 
regular  banking  business,  and  we  should  not  be  surprised  if  the  only  issue  of 
bank  notes  should  then  be  such  as  were  based  on  an  actual  deposit  of  the  full 
amount  of  gold  and  silver  in  government  vaults. 


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Oommercial  Chronicle  and  Review,  85 

HEW  TORI  COTTON  MARKET  FOR  THE  HONTH  EllDINO  JUNE  n. 

VEBPARCD  POE  THE  ■BECBAllTt'M4aASIRE  BT  VHLBOEM  J&  PEBDKBIOEION,  BEOEKEI,ltBWTOES. 

At  the  close  of  oor  last  monthly  report,  May  18th,  our  market  was  aotive  at 
10^'  cents  per  poond  for  Middling  Upland,  and  lOf  cents  for  Middling  Orleans. 
At  that  time  there  were  hot  few  parties  in  the  trade  who  anticipated  a  further 
advance,  yet  in  reviewing  the  past  month  we  find  the  sales  to  be  the  largest  that 
have  ever  taken  place  in  this  city,  and  at  an  improvement  in  price  of  fully  two 
cents  per  pound  on  all  grades,  and  for  desirable  lists  and  qualities  the  advance 
has  been  greater  in  some  cases. 

The  transactions  during  the  month  have  been  mostly  of  a  speculative  charac- 
ter; our  home  trade  has,  however,  materially  aided  to  sustain  prices,  not  so  much 
owing  to  their  extensive  purchases  as  to  their  confidence  in  prices,  and  the  im* 
provement  in  the  value  of  the  manufactured  article,  which,  on  print  cloths,  in 
equal  to  the  advance  in  cotton  during  the  past  six  weeks.  With  the  exception 
of  those  spinners  who  are  under  contract,  the  purchases  for  the  home  trade  have 
been  only  for  immediate  consumption ;  the  probabilities  are  that  our  own  manu- 
fteturers  will  be  competitors  for  the  balance  of  the  crop  with  the  spinners  of 
Europe,  and  that  present  prices  will  see  little  or  no  diminution  until  the  opening 
of  the  season  with  the  present  growing  crop. 

The  advices  from  Europe  during  the  month  have  been  of  a  satisfactory  char- 
acter. An  abundant  money  market  has  enabled  buyers  in  the  Liverpool  market 
to  operate  to  an  enormous  extent — the  sales  being  over  100,000  bales  per  week, 
and  for  seven  consecutive  weeks  the  total  transactions  were  841,120  bales,  at  an 
advance  of  Hd.  per  pound.  This  improvement  in  the  staple  has  caused  a  more 
extended  inquiry  for  and  a  rise  in  thie  manufactured  article,  and  there  is  no  talk 
in  the  manufacturing  districts  of  working  short  time^that  bug-bear  has  lost 
much  of  its  power  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  and  if  the  spinners  of  Europe 
are  to  day  richer  than  they  were  ten  years  ago,  it  is  also  a  fact  that  they  are 
compelled  to  run  their  machinery  even  at  a  trifling  loss,  in  consequence  of  the 
equalization  of  capital  and  labor.  The  day  is  passed  in  England  when  the  bone 
and  sinew,  ^  the  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  water,"  were  looked  upon  as 
nere  automatons  to  do  the  will  and  bidding  of  the  capitalist,  and  to  be  set  at  work 
or  cast  adrift,  as  a  rise  or  fall  in  the  market  occurred.  *'  If  the  rich  but  knew,** 
says  Bulwer  Lytton,  seems  about  to  be  understood  and  acted  upon,  and  a  report 
to  short  time,  or  a  stoppage  of  mills,  is  now  an  operation  that  requires  more 
nerve  than  it  did  ten  years  ago,  and  which  would  be  more  disastrous  to  capital 
than  labor. 

The  quantity  taken  by  the  trade  in  Liverpool  fW>m  January  1st  to  June  8th 
averages  46,997  bales  against  33,497  bales  for  same  time  in  1864,  and  it  is  re- 
presented that  the  stocks  in  spinners'  hands,  either  manufactured  or  unmanufac- 
tured, b  extremely  small. 

The  amount  of  cotton  to  be  received  up  to  the  1st  September  can  now  be 
very  nearly  arrived  at,  and  while  opinions  vary  the  general  impression  is  that 
2,750,000  to  2,775,000  bales  will  be  the  extent  of  the  crop  of  1854-5.  It  is 
satisfactory  to  know  that  the  growing  crop  is  represented  to  be  in  a  fine  condi- 
tion, and  it  is  not  improbable  that  the  receipts  for  the  present  year  may  be  aug- 
mented 20,000  to  30,000  bales  from  the  growing  crop. 

The  transactions  for  the  week  ending  May  25th  were  limited  by  the  Increased 
pretensions  of  holders  and  the  small  stock  offering.    The  sales  were  estimated 


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86  Commercial  Chronicle  omd  Beviem. 

at  12f000  ba!ei-H>Be  half  on  speculatioii,  the  balance  to  tiie  home  trade  and  for 
export ;  the  advance  for  tbe  week  bein^  fully  \  cent  per  pound,  the  market  clo^ 
log  with  an  upward  tendency  at  the  following  rates : — 

raicn  aooptbd  vat  26th  fob  tab  roLLOWiKO  qCAuriBa: — 

UpUuKL  Florida.       MobU«.  M.O.^T«sM. 

Ordinary 9^  9^  9i  9f 

Middliag 10}  11  llj  Hi 

MiddliDgiSur Hi  llf  12  12i 

Fair 12  12^  12}  18 

The  advancing  tendency  in  prices  continued  during  the  week  ending  June  lat, 
tbe  aalea  being  26,000  bales,  at  f  cent  per  pound  improvement  Much  confidence 
being  felt  in  a  still  higher  range  of  prices,  the  week  closed  with  buoyancy  at  the 
following  quotations : — 

PaiOBS  ADOPTin  JUKE   IST  rOB  THB  FOLLOWING  QUALITIES . — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.O.IbTezaa. 

Ordinary 9i  9i  9i  10 

Middling «...         llf  Uf  12  12} 

Middlingfair 12}  12f  12}  18 

Fair 12f  18  18}  18| 

The  sales  for  the  week  ending  June  8th  were  estimated  at  35,000  bales,  includ- 
ing 12,000  bales  sold  in  transitu.  The  stock  in  first  hands  being  much  reduced, 
and  an  easy  money  market  enabling  speculators  to  hold  their  purchases  for  a 
material  advance,  the  quantity  on  sate  was  small.  The  market  closed  with  much 
firmness  at  an  advance  for  the  week  of  }  a  }  cent  per  pound : — 

PBICES  ADOPTED  JUNE  8tB  POB  THB  POIXOWnCO   QUALITIES!^ — 

Upland.        Florida.       Mobile.     K.O.IbtexM. 

Ordinary 10  10  10}  10} 

Middling 12}  12}  12}  12} 

Middlingfair 13  18}  18}  18} 

Fair 18}  18}  U  14} 

The  transactions  for  the  week  ending  June  15th  were  18,000  bales,  at  a  fuN 
ther  advance  of  }  a  }  cent  per  pound.  At  the  close  of  the  week  there  was  leea 
inquiry  in  consequence  of  telegraphic  reports  from  the  South  of  increased  re« 
ceipts,  owing  to  a  rise  in  the  rivers.  With  receipts  even  beyond,  and  a  total 
crop  exceeding  that  of  last  year — which  is  not  possible—present  prices  would 
be  sustained  if  not  enhanced  so  long  as  consumption  abroad  is  not  interrupted. 
The  market  closed  firm,  with  light  offerings,  at — 

PEIOBS  ADOPTED  JUNE   16tB  FOB  THB  rOLLOWINO  <}UALITIBB: — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.  O.  k,  T^xas. 

Ordinary lOj  10}              10}            11 

Middling 12}  12}              12}            13 

MiddUogfaur 18}  18}              18}            14 

Fair 18}  18}              14              14} 

The  sales  for  the  week  closing  June  22d  were  10,000  bales,  and  although  tbe 
foreign  accounts  were  of  a  highly  satisfactory  character,  there  was  an  increased 
desire  on  the  part  of  speculators  to  realize  on  a  portion  of  their  purchases.  The 
•ales  at  the  close  of  the  week  were  at  uregular  prices,  aad  the  quotations  an- 
nexed must  be  considered  nominal : — 

FBIOBS  ADOPTED  JUNE  82D  POE  THB  FOLLOWUie  QUAUTIES:-* 

UpUnd.       Florida.       Mobile.    N.O.IbTesaa. 

Ordinary. 10}  10}  lOi  10} 

Middling 12}  12}  12}  12} 

MiddliDg£air 18  18}  18}  18} 

Fair 18}  18}  18}  14 


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Journal  €f  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance. 


8T 


JOURNAL  OF  BANKING,  CURRENCY,  AND  FINANCE. 


PROPERTT,  TAXES,  km  POPULATIOflT  OF  PBUBrSTLVilflA. 

The  report  of  the  Auditor- General  of  PenDsylvanU  furnishes  the  following  state- 
ment, showing  the  ▼aloation  of  real  and  personal  estate  in  the  several  counties  of  the 
CooMAon wealth,  taxable  for  State  purposes;  the  assessment  of  tax  thereon  for  the 

jear  1854,  as  fixed  bj  the  Revenue  Commissioners  at  their  last  triennial  meeting; 

also  the  population  of  each  county,  according  to  the  census  of  1860,  and  the  taxable 

inhabitaDts  therem  for  the  year  1854 : — 

AneMOMiit 

CXrantles.  Valastlon.  of  taxes.       Popalation.  Taxablea. 

Adams I4J49.866  $14,668  18  25,931  6,252 

Alleghany 26,285,810  80,858  08  188,290  80,112 

Armstrong 2,476.487  7,885  98  29,660  7.671 

Beaver 4.104,964  12,676  97  26.689  6,061 

Bedford 2,837,887  7,082  00  28,052  6,828 

Berks / 22,599,200  69,16118  77,129  17,408 

Blair 4.670,689  14.456  11  21,771  5,768 

Bradford 4,078,992  12,480  18  42,831  9,221 

Bucks 17,667,012  53,866  67  56,091  18.761 

Botler -2,974.824  9,797  68  80,846  7.678 

Cambria 1,871.844  4.878  22  17.778  5.634 

CarboQ 2,248,125  7,105  19  15,688  4,128 

Centre 5.041,476  15,620  68  23,865  6,026 

Chester 22,690,418  69,247  6(i  66,488  15.188 

Clarioo 1,787,827  6,311  86  28,566  5,668 

CUntoQ 1,987,118  6.268  02  11.207  3.116 

Clearfield 1.249,182  8,846  04  12,580  8,884 

Columbia 8,112,988  9,788  68  17,710  6,468 

Crawford 8,424,527  10,468  48  87.840  9.666 

Cumberiaod 10.946.866  88.817  77  84,827  8,886 

DaopUn 10.456,188  82.885  87  85,754  8,897 

Delaware 8,544,698  26,547  84  24,809  6,045 

Srie 4,868,916  18.627  60  88.742  11.886 

Elk 622.425  1.869  87  8,581  U75 

Fayette 5.188.825  15.949  90  89.112  6,949 

Franklin 12.492.572  88.612  05  89,904  9,416 

Fulton 797,800  2,422  10  7,567  2,286 

Ferert 146,839  488  12          246 

Oreeoe 2,957,868  9,144  02  22,186  5,526 

Huntiogdoo 5,447,844  16,746  83  24,186  6.572 

lodioia 2,690.475  8,248  48  27,470  6.999 

JeflersQQ 1,026.890  8,164  68  18,618  8.854 

JoDiaU 2,827,846  8,612  92  18,029  3,891 

Laneasttf* 82.592,596  100,654  7 1  98.944  26.666 

Lawrence 8.174.986  9,796  82  21,079  6,119 

Lebanon 8,105.664  24.807  21  26,071  6.828 

Lehigh 8,599.966  26.519  44  82.479  7,909 

Luseme 6,771,527  20,982  98  18.072  13,787 

Lycoming 4,861,187  18,463  62  26,267  7,498 

Mercer 8,918,008  12,078  69  88.172  8,201 

M'Kean 591,546  1,814  44  6,254  1,546  < 

Mifflin 4,851,475  18,696  92  14,880  8,450 

Monroe 1.591,210  4,909  41  18,270  8.251 

Montgomery 17,529.013  58,788  58  58,291  15,461 

Montour 1.864,427  5.81150  18,219  2,981 

Hortbampton 18.958.778  48,210  80  40,289  10,688 

Northnmberland . .« 5,284,929  16,847   19  28,286  6.401 

Perry 8,113,608  9,608  48  20,088  4.795 


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88  Journal  of  Banking^  Currency,  and  Fhanee. 

Oouiitiet.  Valaation.  of  taxes.  Populatioiu  Taxablet. 

Philadelphia 1150,949.866  $474^91  96  408,762  86.948 

Pike 786,076  2,226  66  6,881  1,628 

Potter 746.697  2,262  79  6,048  1,708 

Schuylkill 11,869.089  86,628  97  60,718  18,268 

Somerset 2,912,78*  8,940  46  24,410  6,479 

Sullivan 461,066  1,867  49  8,694  982 

SuBquebanna .; 2.716,480  8,868  92  28,688  7,076 

Tioga 1,697,198  6,028  61  28,987  6,770 

Unioix 6,066,680  19,096  41  26,088  5,779 

Venango 1.876,841  4,280  49  18,810  4,847 

Warren 1,886,664  4,230  62  18,671  8,667 

Washington 9,896,880  80,418  40  44,989  10.684 

Wayne 1,614.190  4,942  07  21,890  6,886 

Westmoreland 7,988,272  24,698  00  61.720  10,941 

Wyoming 927,464  2,890  84  10,666  2,846 

York...   ^.  11,682,881  86,886  76  .61,460  16,186 

ToUl 1681,781,804  $1,649,967  76  2,811,786  658^86 


G0TERNM£NT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— ITS  COST. 

The  National  Intelligenetr  recently  published  in  a  supplemental  sheet,  filling  some 
twenty-four  of  its  wide  columns,  a  list  of  appropriations  made  at  the  Oongressiooal 
Session  of  1864--66,  (prepared  and  published  agreeable  to  law.) 

Tills  document  ought  to  possess  interest  for  every  reader,  aqd  ought  to  be  examined 
by  every  one,  as  exhibiting  in  the  main  the  objects  on  which  the  public  revenue  it 
expended.    The  aggregate  of  the  classified  heads  of  expenditure  is  as  follows : — 

Civil,  diplomatic,  and  miscellaneous $17,266,929 

Army,  fortifications,  military  academy,  Ac 1 2,67 1,496 

Indian  department,  naval,  revolutionary,  and  other  pensions.  4,468.686 

Naval  service. 16,012,091 

Poetoflice  department 19,946,844 

Ocean  steam  mail  service .      8«674,46S 

Texas  debt •..: 7.76Q,000 

$71,674,867 
This  vast  sum  of  $71,674,867  is  only  the  amount  of  specified  appropriations.  The 
great  mass  of  contingent  objects  of  expenditure,  of  which  the  sums  were  unascertained 
and  could  not  be  specified,  may  swell  the  grand  total  of  the  expenses  of  the  year  to 
perhaps  seventy -five  millions  of  dollars.  Although  the  Government  expenses  most 
necessarily  increase  with  the  growth  of  the  country  and  the  corresponding  necessities 
of  the  public  service,  one  can  hardly  imagine  the  necessity  of  so  vast  an  augmentation 
of  the  necessary  expenses  of  the  Gk>verDment  as  seventy-five  millions  of  dollars ;  and 
the  immensity  of  the  sum  must  arrest  the  attention  of  every  intelligent  reader. 


TiBUU&  STATEMENT  OF  THE  DEBT  OF  UTE  REPUBUC  OF  TEXAS. 

We  annex  for  the  information  of  our  readers  an  ofiSdal  statement  made  up  at  the 
Controller's  Office  on  the  1st  of  May,  1866,  of  the  portion  of  the  debt  of  the  late  Be- 
#  public  of  Texas,  which,  according  to'  the  decision  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
and  the  opinion  of  the  Attorney-General  of  the  United  States,  is  secured  by  a  pledge 
of  Impost  Duties,  exhibiting  the  rate  of  adjustment  established  by  Texas,  and  the  rate 
proposed  by  the  recent  act  of  the  United  States  Congress.  Also  the  excess  and  de- 
crease of  each  mode  of  payment  compared  with  the  other,  and  the  dividend  in  the 
dollar,  on  the  ostensible  amounts,  realized  by  each  mode  of  adjustment  ^** 


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Jtmmal  of  BaaMng^  Chimney,  and  Finance. 


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tK)  Journal  of  Bankhtff,  Currency ^  and  Finance* 

Jnterett  has  beeo  calculated  oo  all  the  abore  liabilitiea  iasoed  to  bear  ioterest  from 
their  respective  dates  of  iseoe,  or  from  the  date  of  the  last  payment  of  interest  to  Ist 
July,  1800,  except  on  the  first  and  second  issoes  of  Treasury  Notes,  on  which  interest 
is  computed  only  to  1st  January,  1841,  as  it  is  considered  that  interest  ceased  to  run 
at  that  time  oo  those  two  classes  of  securitiea  under  the  laws  of  Texas. 

Of  the  8  and  10  per  cent  bonds  entered  in  the  above  statement,  the  State  has  paid 
1298,065  86,  principal  and  interest,  which  sum  under  the  Texas  creditor's  bill  recently 
passed  by  Cknogress,  would  be  refunded  to  the  State. 


COHDITIOll  OF  THE  NEW  ORLEANS  BANKS. 

We  bare  com  pilecT  from  the  official  statement  the  subjoined  taUe  showing  the  oon- 
ditioo  of  the  banks  in  New  Orleans  for  the  weeks  endmg  Saturday,  May  19  and  June 
2, 1865 ;  also  a  comparative  statement  for  the  lour  weeks  ending  June  2, 1866  j — 

ACnVX  MOTKHXKT— UABILITIK8. 

.    MAT  19,  1866.  JUITB  2, 1866. 

Due  distant  One  dlstaat 

Banks.  Ctrcalatloii.     Deposits.  Jt  local  b«nk&  Circalatioo.  Deposits.  Jt  local  b*kB. 

Bank  of  Louisiana.     $976,904  $2,641,346  $611,479  $938,389  $2,578,658  $584,711 

Louisiana  State  . .     1,144,715    2,985,725     501,358  1,090,485     2,944,718    448,514 

Canal 984,000     1,018,261     216,683  987,795     1,088,368    286,947 

Citiiens* 2,094,870    8,116,867       80,808  2,174,495     2,989,844     119,939 

Mech.  <fc  Traders' .        864,890       872,838      40,841  855,815       772,969      49,800 

Union 648,800       789,899     160,289  596,926       641,627     188,807 

Southern 268,705       247,754         1,200  240,790       197,711         1,200 

Bank  of  K.Orleans       649,620       729,089      46,778  688,790       755,884      80,588 

Total $7,017,004  12,850,228  1,648,881  $6,896,819  11,814,726  1,661,006 

EV8OCK0K1. 

Specie.      90k1«7  paper.  Exchange.      Specie.     90-dA7  paper.  Exehaage* 

Bank  of  Louisiana.  $1,960,150  $2,540,801  $717,802  $1,952,728  $2,565,974  $442,674 

Louisiana  State  . .     1,887,876    8,660,798  128,777  1,710,095     8,479,661     162,468 

Canal 1,005,010     1,679,206  764,289  886,088     1,684,654    889,088 

Citiiens' ...     1,887,548     8.478,582  752,126  1,736,180    8,449,189     746,670 

Mech.  <k  Traders' .        426,488     1,148,008  69,126  870,489     1,096.768      48,946 

Union ^.       431,142       727,927  610,952  249,154       671,690    440,886 

Southern 280,019       271,349  684,841  163,558        280,070    618,892 

Bank  of  N.Orleans       264,189     1,071,147  182,499  818,414     1,016,118     159.984 

Total $8,128,024  14.477,768  8,809,852  $7,886,601   14,198,024  8,459,050 

OOMPARAnYE  BTATXMIIIT  VOR  rOUE  WBKK8. 

liajlS.          May  19.  Ilaj96.  Jane  2. 

Specie $8,128,024  $8,041,867  «$86,157  $7,461,685  $7,386,601  «$165,080 

CircuUtion 6,991,729    7,017,004  t26,276  6.920,424  6,896,819  ♦24,l06 

Deposits. 12,669,666  12,850,228  ♦819,488  11,808,688  11,814,728  \\\fi^n 

Short  loans 14,916,496  14,477,768  ♦488,727  14.882,817  14,198,024  ♦187,798 

Exchange 4,065,062     8,809,362    ♦48,997  8,460,428  8,469,050  ♦1.878 

Due  dbtantb^nks    1,766,882    1.648,837  ♦2,768  1,579,707  1,551,006  ♦28,791 

Long  and  short  loans,  May  19 $20,668,487  $21,100,387 

Long  and  short  loans,  May  12 20,646,619  20,947.824 

Total  increase  for  the  week. . .  $6,808  $168,51 8 

The  decrease  is  ngnified  by  a  (♦,)  and  increase  by  (f .) 

The  deposits  of  gold  at  the  Branch  Mint  at  New  Orleans  for  the  month  of  May, 
1856,  amounted  to  $79,256,  which  was,  with  the  exception  of  $2,222,  from  Oalifomia 
The  BtlTer  deposits  at  that  mint  for  the  same  month  were  $818,246,  showing  a  total 
of  gold  aad  sil?er  of  $897,60^ 


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Journal  rf  Bankmg^  Curreney^  and  FmoMd.  91 

DB1T8  OF  TBB  UIITBS  8TATB8  iO  THE  STATES  OP  TAB  UfflOlT. 

[rKOM  THE  OltUOChAR  OF  MAftlK  A  KAKX.] 

Ttea.                                  States.  Debt*  PopalaUoa.  TazablM. 

November  80, 1864. . .  .United  States  ....  $44,976,466  28,191,876         

March               1855 Alabama 4,671,000  774,622  79,233,027 

December  81,  1864 Califoniia 1,284,148  264,486  66.982,820 

Nevember  80,  1868. . . .Qeoisia 2,801,982  906,186  864,426,174 

December  81,  1864 IIUikSb 13,994,615  851,470  187,818,079 

December  81,1864 Induma 6,898,189  988,416  290,418,140 

December  81,  1864. . .  .Kentaeky 6,067,288  982,406  800,000.000 

Deeember  81, 1864.... Louisiana. 12,469,860  617,762  444,181,612 

September  80.  1853 Maryland. 16,182,909  688,084  261,243,660 

Janaary        1,1854 Massaehuaetta    ...  6,868.780  994,614  673,.342,285 

Deeember  81, 1864. . .  .Mtchigaa 2,581,646  697,664  59,787,266 

November        1865  . .  .Missouri 8,062,000  682,044  187,247,707 

December  81,  1864. .«. New  York 26,260,000  8,097,894  1,268,666,190 

December  81, 1864 . . . , North  Carolina 2,928,668  869.089  226,800,472 

Jaooary        1,  1854  . .  .Ohio 14,289,867  1,980,829  698,896,848 

December  81, 1864 Pennsylvaoia. 40,084,916  2,811,786  581,781,804 

October         1,1868 Tennessee 6,746,866  1,002,717  201,246,886 

October         1,  1864 Vir^nia. 22,474,177  1,421,661  466,64£,17^ 

The  estimates  of  1860,  under  the  oolamn  of  Tarable  Property,  are  taken  from  the 
eeoBisB^  and  include  property  not  taxed,  as  well  as  that  which  is  subject  to  taxation. 
Omxk    The  State  is  at  present  redeeming  $500,000  of  the  loan  of  1866,  at  108  per 


PainraTLTAHiA.  Beveaue  from  ordinary  sources  in  1854,  $6,218,099.  Expenses  for 
ordiDary  purposes,  inslnding  interest,  $4,116,744.  The  public  works,  which  cost 
$86,060,667,  yielding  no  income  to  the  State,  the  latter  has  authorised  them  to  be  sold 
to  the  highest  bidder,  at  a  minimum  of  $7,000,000. 

Tbkabsbc  We  hare  no  later  statement  than  the  above  (1st  October,  1863.)  The 
State  has  further  granted  its  credit  to  railroads  to  the  extent  of  $10,000  per  mile, 
making  probablv  an  aggregate  of  $6,000,000. 

ViaeiNiA.  The  State  has  further  guarantied  $8,906,874,  of  Oity  Oanal  and  other 
securities.  The  State  owns  $26,868,732  of  stock,  which  yield  an  income  equivalent  to 
6  per  cent  on  $10,280,449. 

REMARKS. 

Alabama.  This  debt  is  being  rapidly  reduced,  under  the  operations  of  the  Sinking 
Find. 

Oboboia.  No  report  has  been  made  later  than  November  80, 1868.  The  debt  has 
not  been  increased  since  then. 

Ilunois.  The  debt,  during  the  last  two  years,  has  been  reduced  $2,750,038.  The 
Oovemor  states  that  it  will,  no  doubt,  be  entirely  liquidated  before  ten  years.  The 
proceeds  of  a  special  tax  is  applied  to  the  back  mterest;  the  proceeds  of  the  sale^  of 
certain  public  lands^  to  the  redemption  of  the  priocipaL 

Inoiava.  The  debt  comprises  f  6,040,000  of  6  per  cents,  and  $1,768,139  of  2^  per 
cents. 

KaartJOKr.  The  public  works,  costing  $6,484,740,  yielded  an  income  in  1853  of 
$460,289. 

Louisiana.    Amount  of  debt  bouirht  in  by  the  Sinking  Fund  in  1854,  $98,000. 

Maktlamd.  From  this  sum,  the  $8,178,687  lying  in  the  Sinkmg  Fund  is  to  be  de- 
docted. 

MASSACHUswrs.  The  State  owns  $18,966,106  of  productive  property;  $2,077,796 
nDprodnotive  real  estate ;  and  $5,049,666  mortgagee  on  railroads. 

MiomoAjr.  The  Oovemor  recommends  the  application  of  the  present  surplus  on 
band  of  $668,008  to  the  redemption  of  certain  bonds,  redeemable  at  the  pleasure  of 
tlieSUte. 

MiseouRL    The  State  has  further  lent  its  credit  to  railroads  for  $5,800,000. 

Nnw  York.  The  canals,  which  have  cost  $40,000,000,  yield  a  revenue  equal  to  6 
per  eent  on  $60,000,00a 

NoaTH  Caroluia.  The  debt  will  be  increased  $1,000,000  by  Uie  loan  to  bid  for  on 
the  14th  inst,  and  $2,000,000  more  in  the  course  of  1855-56. 


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92  Journal  of  Banking,  Currency,  and  Finance, 

VALUE  OF  PROPERTT,  REAL  AND  PERSONAL,  IN  CONNECTICUT* 

The  assessed  value  of  property  io  the  State  of  Coanecticat  on  the  first  day  of  Oc- 
tober, 1858  and  1864,  is  exhibited  in  the  annexed  table.  Railroad  stock  and  some 
bank  and  insurance  stock,  amounting  to  about  thirty  millions  of  dollars,  are  not  in- 
cluded, as  they  pay  taxes  directly  to  the  State : — 

A88X88XD  VALUE  OF  PROPKRTT  IN  OONNXCTIOUT.' 

ISM.  18S4. 

Total  amoqnt  of  property $194,141,867    |202,089.881 

Total  amount  of  polls 676,960  681,464 

Total  amount  of  assessments 6,6S1,4S6  6,819,191 

Dwelling  houses,  number  of 60,878  61,267 

Dwelling  houses 68,972,772  66,862,707 

Land , 66.694,958  67,490.822 

Mills,  stores,  Ac 12,916,281  14,118,498 

Farming  utensils 98,064  224,848 

Piano- fortes  and  other  musical  instruments 260,446  808,91 1 

Household  furniture 1,177,289  1,198,81 1 

Quarries,  fisheries,  Ac 929,681  661,097 

Bridge,  turnpike  stock '. 262,646  806,888 

Bank,  insurance,  and  manufacturing  stock 14,108.980  17,686,481 

State,  canal,  Ac.,  stock 886,908  828,815 

Railroad,  city  and  other  bonds 1,896,666  1,978,61 1 

Amount  employed  in  merchandise 6,664,026  6,918.981 

Amount  employed  in  manufacturing  operations. 10,298,207  9,678,748 

Amount  eipployed  in  yemels  and  Commerce 8.288,1 82  8.882,804 

Money  at  interest 16,877,489  16,1 64.488 

Money  on  hand 886.468  629.186 

Horses.Ac 2,167,868  2,828,268 

Neat  cattle 4,789,146  4,160.921 

Sheep,  swine,  Ac 808,820  256,466 

Coaches,  pleasure-wagons,  Ac 821,102  887,276 

Other  taxable  property 6,687,442  6,988,712 


TRANSACTIONS  OF  THE  BANK  OF  ENGLAND.     * 

The  annual  accounts  presented  to  Parliament  pursuant  to  the  Acts  26, 48,  and  69, 
George  III.,  have  just  been  published.  They  show  that  the  amount  of  all  exchequer 
bills,  treasury-bills,  or  other  government  securities  which  were  purchased  by  the  gov- 
ernor and  company  of  the  Bank  of  England,  or  on  which  any  sums  were  lent  or  ad- 
vanced by  the  said  Bank  of  England,  during  the  year  ended  the  6th  of  January,  1866, 
included  the  following  sums — viz.,  in  the  quarter  ending  on  the  6th  of  April,  1864, 
£8,711,201;  in  the  quarter  ended  the  4th  of  July,  £790,000 ;  in  the  same  qoarter, 
£6,862,048;  in  the  quarter  ending  on  the  10th  of  October,  £600,00;  in  the  same 
quarter,  £4,029,289 ;  and  in  the  quarter  ending  the  6th  of  January,  1865,  £2,460,682. 
All  these  advances  were  made  on  the  growing  produce  of  the  Consolidated  Fund. 
There  were  also  advanced  on  exchequer  bills  two  sums  of  £1.760,000  and  £800,460. 
All  these  amounts  were  paid  off  during  the  year,  except,  £286,900,  whidi  remained 
undischarged  in  the  hands  of  the  Bank  on  the  6th  of  January  last  The  balances 
issued  for  the  payment  of  dividends  due  and  not  demanded,  and  the  payment  of  lofc- 
ery  prises  or  benefits  not  claimed,  amounted  as  follows — ^vis.,  on  the  6th  of  April, 
1864,  to  £1,099,209,  of  which  £990,968  was  advanced  to  Qovemment;  on  the  6th  of 
July  to  £1,079,164,  of  which  £979,164  was  advanced  to  Government;  on  the  10th  of 
October  to  £1,013,298,  of  which  £918,298  was  advanced  to  Government;  and  on  the 
6th  of  January,  1866;  £1,066,081,  of  which  £913,298  (the  same  sum  as  in  the  prece- 
ding quarter)  was  advanced  to  the  government  The  sums  left  in  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land consequently  amounted  on  the  above-named  quarter  days  to  £108,266,  £100,000, 


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Journal  of  Btmking^  Currency^  and  Finance,  98 

£100,000,  aod  £152,788,  respectiveljr.  An  aooouot  of  the  receipt  and  expeDditure  of 
the  Fom  of  £2,794,722  daring  the  year  1854  by  the  oommiseioDers  for  the  reduction  of 
the  national  debt,  shows  that  the  greater  portion  of  the  receipts  accrued  from  ^  cash 
received  at  sundry  times  from  the  Exchequer,''  and  that  nearly  all  of  this  cash,  or 
£2,77 1,597^  was  expended  in  the  purchase  of  exchequer-bills.  The  rest  of  the  receipts 
were  appropriated  to  the  purchase  of  £2,974  Consuls,  and  £24,921  Reduced  Annuities 
Consolidated.  A  supplementary  return  states  that  on  the  16th  of  February,  1854, 
Mr.  Qladstone,  the  Chancelor  of  the  Exchequer,  applied  to  the  Bank  for  advances  on 
Exdieqner-bills,  of  such  sums  as  should  not  leave  a  larger  amount  of  the  said  bills  in 
the  hands  of  the  Gk>vemor  of  the  Bank  than  £1,000,000 ;  and  that  on  the  8  th  of  June, 
1854,  a  similar  advance  was  requested  to  the  amount  of  £750,000.  Both  requests 
were  complied  with  by  the  Court  of  Directors  of  the  Bank  of  England. 


THE  DBBTS  OF  CITIES  Iff  THB  UfflTED  STATES. 

The  following  table  shows  at  a  glance  the  debts,  population,  and  value  of  taxable 
property  in  several  of  the  largest  cities  in  the  Union.  It  is  believed  to  be  nearly 
correct: — 

dtj.                                                      Debt.                      PopahUlon.  Tsxable  value 

New  Tork,  Jan.  1,  1855 |18.9tt0,866  1855. .  700,000  1854. .  $462,285,790 

Albany,Mavl 2,682,016  1865..     60.000  1864..       21,506,261 

Baltimore,  Jan.  1 11,672,689  1855..  200,000  1850..       80,287,960 

Bodtoo,  Jan.  1 7,779,855  1855..   160,000  1854..     207,018,200 

Brooklyn, Jan.  1 1,284,540  1865..   200,000  1854..       88,928,685 

Cincinnati,  March,  1854 2,929,000  1855. .   150,000  1854. .       40,000,000 

Cleveland,  June,  1855 720,000  1853. .     31,000  1853. .       18,510,779 

Chicago,  Febi 728,000  1856..     80,000  1854..       24,892,039 

DetroU,  June  12 817,624  1854..     40,878  1854..       12,518,115 

Jersey  City,  May 700,000  1854..     20,989  1854..       12,878,285 

Lonisville,  March  9 1,137,000  1854..     70,000  1854..       86,000,000 

Milwankie,  March 1,081,550  1854..     85.000  1864..         4,700,000 

New  Orleans,  April  1 12,147,262  1855..  160,000  1854..       72,247,420 

Philadelphia,  Jan 19,870,085  1854..  500,000  1854..     155,260,000 

Pittsbuigh,  Jan.  I 2,985,794  1864..     62,000     

St.  Louis,  May  1.. 8,905,096  1855..   115,000  1854..       51,228,859 

Sacramento,  April  5 1,480,536  1 852 . .     1 0,000  1 854 . .         9,000,000 

San  Francisco,  Jaa  1 1,509,000  1854. .     84,776  1854. .       84,296,195 

Wheeling,  Jan.  1 1,215,951  1855..     14,186     


BELL'S  PHILOSOPHY  OF  JOIffT-STOCK  BiffKIffG. 
It  will  be  seen  by  the  following  extract  from  a  review  in  the  London  EeoncmUtt 
that  G.  M.  BxLL,  Esq.,  (a  name  favorably  known  to  the  readers  of  the  Merchants 
Maganne,)  has  published  a  new  edition  of  his  treatise  on  the  **  Philosophy  of  Joint- 
Stock  Banking."    In  reviewing  the  work,  the  JS'conomM/ justly  remarks: — 

"  It  states  nearly  all  that  a  book  can  state  on  the  subject ;  for,  after  ingenuity  has 
exhausted  itself  iu  describing  all  the  possible  cases  that  (he  manager  of  a  joint-stock 
bank  has  to  consider,  there  are  always  new  circumstances  arising  which  the  mother- 
wit  of  the  maoager  must  decide  for  bimselfl  For  them  the  '  file  aflfords  no  precedent.' 
Correctly  and  emphatically  does  Mr.  Bell  say, '  that  the  entire  security  of  the  whole 
system  of  banking  rests  on  this  one  word— management.'  Banking,  however,  is  not 
in  chis  respect  singular.  All  business  depends  on  management,  and  even  when  it  is 
precnbed  by  an  act  of  Parliament,  there  must  still  be  management  to  adapt  it  to  cir- 
camstances  as  well  as  the  act.  The  direction  of  an  act  is  really  adding  to  all  the  diffi- 
culties of  a  busioeds  the  difficulty  of  knowing  what  the  act  prescribes,  and  conducting 
the  business  accordingly.  Mr.  Bell  is  an  enlightened  advocate  of  perfect  free  trade  in 
blinking ;  and  we  presume  all  men  are  bv  this  time  convinced  that  no  folly  or  pre- 
fumptiun  is  greater  than  that  of  igporant  legislators  pretending  to  regulate  a  business 
which  those  who  carry  it  oo  have  in  a  great  measure  yet  to  learn.'' 


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94  Jtmmal  of  Banking^  Currency,  and  Finance, 

GOLD  AHV  SPECIE  RECEITED  IN  ElfGUHD  111  1864. 

According  to  HerapaiKi  (London)  Joumalt  the  following  are  the  net  arriTala  of 
gold  and  specie ;  that  is,  the  excesses  of  the  published  arrivals  over  the  departures 
for  the  past  year  1804,  np  to  the  80th  December :— Total  for  the  jear,  £21,400,188. 
This  is  ezclnsiye  of  sums  brought  and  sent  away  by  private  indiyiduals,  loans,  Ac. 
In  the  following  table,  which  has  cost  no  little  labor,  from  its  size,  to  compile,  the  im- 
ports of  the  precious  metals  are  apportioned  to  the  countries  from  which  they  were 
{^hipped.  It  should  be  observed  that  these  are  the  imports,  irrespective  of  exports  to 
them  or  any  other  places.  Imports  are  not  included  which  are  trifling  in  amount,  or 
from  places  which  send  us  but  little  gold.  It  the  last  column,  under  the  head  of 
South  America,  Pacific,  Ac^  is  included  £:!6 8,000  from  the  East  Indies,  £880,000  from 
Mexico,  and  £40,000  from  Russia: — 

Booth  America. 
United  Steles.  AwtrtHa.  West  Indies.  PaciflcJce. 

Total £8,604,760        £9,428,880        £4,846,510        £1,5*78,180 

**  This  table  shows  that  we  have  had  nearly  as  much  of  the  precious  metals  from  the 
United  States  as  from  Australia,  and  about  half  as  much  from  our  West  India  colo- 
nies 8S  from  America.  The  balance  of  trade,  therefore,  has  been  greatly  in  onr  fisvor 
from  all  three  places.  But  it  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  our  unbalanced  exports  horn 
America,  if  the  payments  were  at  all  of  short  date,  were  much  greater  during  the 
lest,  than  the  first  six  months  of  1 854,  that  is  during  the  wilder  part  of  the  AniericaB 
mania.  In  December,  however,  the  returns  of  gold  fell  off  to  less  than  half  the  aver- 
age of  the  preceding  ^ye  months,  no  doubt  owbg  to  the  rupture  of  American  credit, 
and  the  fear  of  our  merchants  to  export  i  he  Australian  trade,  measured  by  a  aimi- 
lar  rule,  showed  much  more  done  in  the  first  half  of  1854  than  in  the  last,  whidi  is 
easily  accounted  for  by  the  markets  being  glutted  by  our  wild  exportations  to  that 
colony. 

**  It  is  here  worthy  of  remark  that,  according  to  the  gold  returns,  the  unbalincod 
ex|  orts — which  are  usually,  though  not  always  truly,  oiinsidered  a  measure  of  our  ad* 
vantage  by  the  trade — are  only  about  one-sixth  to  South  America,  the  Pacific^  Ac,  of 
what  they  are  to  our  Australian  colonies." 


COMMERCE  IBD  HNAHCES  OF  RUSSIA, 

Some  elaborate  tables  have  just  been  published  by  the  statistical  department  of  the 
British  Board  of  Trade,  conveying  all  the  latest  infcrmation  obtained  regarding  the 
commerce  and  finances  of  Russia.  From  these  it  appears  that  in  1852  the  public  debt 
of  the  empire,  domestic  and  foreign,  was  £68,185,808.  In  the  same  year  the  revemM 
from  customs  and  excise  duties  was  £4,924,608.  As  regards  the  general  revenue,  the 
amount  is  not  given  for  a  later  period  than  1849,  when,  exdnsive  of  Poland  and  Fkt- 
land,  it  was  £24,794,735,  of  which  £7,275,458  was  from  direct  taxes,  £7,745,110  from 
indirect  taxes,  and  £9,774,167  from  the  brandy  monopoly.  Under  the  head  of  shippingt 
the  tables  show  that  the  total  of  vessels  entered  at  Russian  ports  in  1858  was  8,616 
of  an  aggregate  burden  of  1,570,645  tons,  more  than  half  of  which  were  to  the  ports 
in  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Asoff.  The  total  dearance?  were  8,407  vefsela,  of 
1,520,160  tons.  Of  this  trade  fully  a  fourth  was  carried  on  in  British  ships,  Tarkish 
Greek,  Swedish,  Sardinian,  Dutch,  Austrian,  Prussian,  and  Danish,  coming  next  in 
order.  The  most  important  of  any  single  port  b  Odessa,  where  the  arrivals  in  1858 
amounted  to  589,178  tons,  while  the  value  of  the  cai^goes  shipped,  and  whidi  coodat- 
ed  principally  of  grain,  was  £5,627,500,  or  about  150  per  cent  above  their  i 
1851. 


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Commercial  StaUsUa.  96 

IWW  BAJHIVe  IkW  OF  UTDUVA* 

All  bunks  ara  prohibited  from  iasuiDg  more  than  one-twentieth  of  their  bill  oircuU- 
tinn  in  denominations  under  fire  dollars.  No  bank  can  reiemie  the  bills  of  the  banks 
of  other  States.  The  majority  of  the  stock  of  any  bank  most  be  owned  by  resident 
citizens  of  the  State.  The  stocks  allowed  to  be  taken  by  the  aadiior  as  securities  for 
the  issued  bills,  are  **  such  as  form  any  portion  of  the  public  debt  now  created,  or  here- 
after to  be  created,  the  United  States  or  by  that  State,  and  chargeable  on  the  treas- 
ury, or  such  other  States  of  (he  Union  as  pay  interest  semi-annually,  or  at  any  less 
period,  on  their  public  debts ;  but  such  debts  shall,  in  all  cases,  be,  or  be  made  to  be, 
equal  to  a  stock  producing  six  per  cent  per  annum ;  and  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  the 
treasurer  to  take  any  stock  at  any  rate  above  its  par  value,  nor  its  market  value." 

The  thirty-day  notice  of  the  old  law,  after  suspension  of  payments,  before  the  bank 
can  be  wound  np,  is  abolished,  and  the  auditor  is  compelled  to  proceed  to  redeem  the 
IhUs  of  a  suspended  bank  immediately  after  he  shall  have  given  notice  to  the  bank, 
whidi  he  is  bound  to  give  on  evidence  of  any  defoult  in  specie  payments.  Banks  can 
only  be  organized  in  towns  having  one  thousand  inhabitants  and  can  only  carry  on 
basiDess  at  their  respective  locations.  The  owners  of  banks  have  to  prove  that  they 
aie  possessed  of  unincumbered  taxable  property  in  the  State,  subject  to  ezecntioQ. 


THE  RATES  OF  INTEREST  IV  L0UI8IAIA. 
We  give  below  the  several  sections  of  a  bill  passed  at  the  late  session  of  the  Legfi- 
lature  of  Lomsiana,  and  approved  by  the  Governor  March  15th,  1856: — 

Skction  1.  That  all  debts  shall  bear  interest  at  the  rate  of  five  per  cent,  from  the 
time  they  become  due,  unless  otherwise  stipulated. 

Sac.  2.  Ihat  article  two  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety-five  of  the  Civil  Oode 
shall  be  so  amended  that  the  amount  of  conventional  interest  shall  in  no  case  exceed 
eight  per  cent  under  pain  of  forfeiture  of  the  entire  interest  so  contracted. 

Ssa  8.  That  if  any  person  hereafter  shall  pay  on  any  contract  a  higher  rate  of  in- 
terest than  the  above,  as  diecouot  or  otherwise,  the  same  may  be  sued  for  and  recov- 
ered within  twelve  months  from  the  time  of  such  payment. 

Sxa  4.  That  all  laws  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  all  laws  on  the 
same  subject  matter,  except  what  is  contained  in  the  Civil  Code  and  Code  of  Practice, 
be  repealed. 


COMMERCIAL  STATISTICS. 


STATISTICS  OF  THE  WHALE  FISHERY. 

According  to  the  annual  statement  of  the  New  Bedford  Shipping  List,  there  was 
Hnported  into  the  United  States  in  1854  of  sperm  oil,  76,096  barrels;  whale  oil, 
SI  9,837  barrels,  and  of  whalebone,  8,445,200  pounds.  The  import  of  oil  and  bone 
for  each  year  from  1841  to  1854  has  been  as  follows. — 

Boas, 
lbs. 
2,276,989 
8,167,148 
2,582,445 
2,000,000 
1,600,000 
2,000,000 


Bpemoil,  Whale  oU. 

Boae, 

Sperm  oil, 

Whale  oil 

bbla. 

bbls. 

lbs. 

bbls. 

bbla. 

1853  .... 

108,077 

260,114 

6,652.300 

1846  ..,. 

95,217 

207,493 

1852 

78,872 

84,211 

1,259,900 

1845  .... 

157,917 

272.780 

1851 

99,691 

828,488 

8,916,500 

1844 

139.594 

262,047 

1850 

'    92,892 

200,608 

2,869,200 

1843  .... 

160,985 

206,727 

1849 

100.944 

248,492 

2,281,100 

1842..., 

166.687 

161,041 

1848  .... 

107,976 

280,656 

2.008,000 

1841.... 

159,304 

207,848 

1847  .... 

120,678 

818.150 

8,841.680 

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96 


Commercial  StaHsiies, 


VALUE  OF  EXPORTS  AHD  IMPORTS  OF  fTHITED  STATES. 

The  followiDg  table,  compiled  from  the  report  of  the  Register  of  the  Treasury,  ex- 
hibits the  total  valae  of  exports  to,  aod  imports  from  each  foreign  oooDtry ;  also  the 
valae  of  the  domestic  produce,  and  of  the  foreign  produce  exported  to  each  foreign 
country  during  the  year  ending  June  80th,  1864  :— 


DotnesUe 

Countries.  prod  ace. 

Russia 1385,521 

Prussia »... 

Sweden  and  Norway 1,085,602 

Swedish  West  Indies 1 2,741 

Denmark  . .  « 87,870 

Danish  West  Inc^ies. 928,924 

Hamburg 2,265,519 

Bremen 8,886,077 

Holland 2,299,710 

Dutch  East  Indies 109,208 

Dutch  West  Indiea 87 1,880 

Dutch  Guiana 68,745 

Belgium 8,848,890 

England 186,111,708 

Scotland 8,097,662 

Ireland 1,006.017 

Gibraltar 446,445 

Malta 148,628 

Hanover 

British  East  Indies 567 ,1 98 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 292,628 

British  Honduras 208,91 8 

British  Guiana. 718,096 

British  West  Indies 4,766,398 

British  American  Ck>lonie8  ....  4,698,771 

Canada. 10,510.878 

Australia 2,999,685 

Falkland  Islands 

Other  British  possessions 

France  on  the  Atlantic 29,749,466 

France  on  the  Mediterranean.  •  1,218,786 

French  West  Indies 661,626 

French  Guiana 100,148 

French  possessions  in  Africa 

Spiun  on  the  Atlantic 1,890,848 

Spain  on  the  Mediterranean. . .  8,21 2,868 

Teneriffe  <b  other  Canariea ....  19,618 

Manilla  A  Philippine  Islands. .  27,852 

Cuba 8,228.1 1 6 

Other  Spanish  West  Indies  . . .  990,886 

Portugal 127,160 

Madeira 47,708 

Fayal  and  other  Azores 1 0,030 

Cape  de  Verdes 80,087 

Italy 1,686,827 

Sicily 246,151 

Sardinia 188,805 

Tuscany 11,785 

Trieste  A  other  Austrian  ports.  1,697,819 

Turkey 219.496 

Hayti 1,880,187 

Mexico 2,091,870 

Central  Republic  of  America  250,639 

New  Grenada 865,254 


— EXPORTS.— 

Foreign 

^ 

Valae  of 

produce. 

Total. 

imports. 

$146,095 

$480,616 

$1,644,286 

•  •  •       •  • 

47,778 

89,824 

1.124,926 

616.178 

12,741 

22.690 

28,647 

111,417 

8,097 

84,026 

962,960 

286.044 

618.761 

2.874,280 

2.822.971 

826,901 

9.211,978 

14,648,927 

142.966 

2,442,666 

1.696,970 

76,578 

184,776 

1,041,609 

22,066 

898,445 

684.978 

7,678 

61.428 

104,286 

1,158,004 

6,006,894 

8,462,241 

6,668,631 

140.675,389 

140.888,788 

190,886 

8,287,998 

5,820.469 

86,485 

1,092,502 

229,885 

81,827 

527,772 

59.678 

21,245 

169,778 

88,695 

69,219 

686,412 

6,878,821 

7,830 

299,958 

448,903 

68,728 

262,641 

288.954 

1,168 

719,249 

47,489 

168.277 

4.909,675 

1.126,417 

2,672,888 

7,266,164 

2,206,021 

6,790,888 

17,800,706 

6,721.589 

149,444 

8,149,079 

214,202 
4,844 

978,866 

80.727,821 

82.892,021 

201,874 

1,420,160 

2,889,372 

60,602 

612,027 

161,086 

685 

100,888 

29,618 

1,390,848 

688,504 

81,040 

8,248,408 

.1,579,074 

804 

20,417 

89,598 

46,660 

74,502 

2.965,282 

828,686 

8,651,762 

17.124,889 

60,997 

1,061.888 

2,860,863 

28,715 

150,866 

243,592 

47.708 

80,007 

440 

10,470 

21.684 

2,208 

82,245 

8,985 

166,439 

1,761.766 

971,728 

18,900 

260,051 

959,300 

2,020 

190,826 

85,676 

87,082 

48,767 

1.152,717 

206.290 

1,908.609 

741.919 

106,702 

826,198 

808.114 

829.688 

2.209,725 

2,857,262 

1,048,616 

8,136,486 

8,468,190 

68,846 

808,884 

2.860,422 

82,062 

987,806 

1,478.620 

Digitized  by 


Google 


Commercial  StataHet. 


il 


Omntiiefl. 

Teoezuela. 

Braail    

Oriental  Republic  of  Uruguay. 

Ar^«iitiDe  Eepublic 

ObiU 

Peru. 

China 

West  Indies  generally 

Europe  generally 

A^ia  generally 

Liberia 

Africa  generally 

8outh  America  generallgr 

South  Sea  Islands 

Ecuador 

Pontifical  States 

Oret^nland « 

Pacific  Ocean 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Indian  Ocean 

Japan 

Sandwich  L^iands 

Kurtbwest  Coast 

Uncertain  places 


DomaBtte 

produce. 

1,181,604 
4,046,867 

4.'>0,856 

688,720 
1,942,380 

651,707 
1,293,925 

167,049 
5,050 


1»7 16.924 

47,241 

886,779 


— laCPOETB.- 
Fwreign 
produce. 

69,279 
192,884 

62,102 
108,005 
260.929 

33,448 
104,168 


200 


88,048 

109,308 

66,086 


1,560 
'55,891 


Total. 
1,200,888 
4,289,241 

512,957 

761,726 
2,19S,269 

685,155 
1,398,088 

157.049 

5,050 

200 

i,VoV,972 
156,549 
962,815 


M60 
56,891 


I  of 
imports. 

8,072,649 

14,110,887 

457.179 

2,144,971 

8,832,167 

1,005,406 

10,506,329 


60,730 

1,386,566 

28^,698 

10,106 

57,684 


60 
Vl9,186 


Total $252,047,806  128,748,514  1275,796.820  $801,494,094 


AME&iaV  ii\D  FOREIGN  T0NN16B  ENTERED  AHD  CLEARED  TflE  U.  STATES 

« 

A  STATISTICAL  VIEW  OV  THE  TONNAGE   09    AICEBICAN    AND     POEEION  VESSELS  ARRIVINO 

Fauir,    AND   DSPARTINO  TO   XAOH    roaSION    OOtJNTar,  DUaiNO  the  tear   ending  JUNE 

80,  1854:— 

, AXEaiOAN. ^        , FOREIGN. ^ 

Gomitries.                                                                Entered.  Cleared.  Entered.  Cleared. 

Ru^ia. 1L487  8,891  945  1,486 

Prassia „ 519  ....  ....  296 

Sweden  and  Norway 4,747  4,781  5,628  4,896 

Swedish  West  Indies 1,168  367  

Denmark 714  567  1,894 

Danish  Weet  Indies  12,749  22,846  6,992  7,984 

Hamburg 8,428  5,717  86,014  28,968 

Bremen 84,661  18,048  129,676  74,262 

Holland 10,880  16,204  8,866  15,004 

Dutch  East  Indies 8,645  8,688  441  4,818 

Dutch  West  Indies 15,1 66  7,920  4,808  690 

DutchGuiana 4,899  2,927            180 

B*»!gium 86,480  42,682  18,217  11,171 

England 826,859  868,970  482,122  488,246 

Scotland 80,866  22,018  86,895  28,008 

Ireland 8.781  9,120  26,087  14,432 

Gibraltar 197  12,189  862  624 

Malta 681  8,197  ....  803 

Hanover ....  ....  628  .... 

British  East  Indies 56,664  45,812  1,379  686 

Cspe  of  Good  Hope 2,887  8,869  477  881 

British  Honduras 6,076  4,189  2,821  8,687 

British  Guiana 6,129  12,181  1,172  8.161 

British  Weet  Indies 66,965  97,389  40,762  39,678 

British  American  ookmies 121,105  295,781  868,460  537,809 

.OanAda 867,489  880,941  674,188  648,289 

VOL.  XXXIII. — NO.  I.  7 


Digitized  by 


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98 


Commercial  Statktiei. 


Aostralia 4,548 

Falkland  Islands 256 

Other  British  possessions .... 

France  on  the  Atlantic 216.483 

France  on  the  Mediterranean. 17«666 

French  West  Indies 8,514 

French  Guiana 990 

French  possessions  in  Africa .... 

Spain  on  the  Atlantic    8,461 

Spain  on  the  Mediterranean 1 8,740 

Tenerifife  and  other  Canaries 1 ,099 

Manilla  and  Philippine  Islands 22,614 

Cuba 467,856 

Other  Spanish  West  Indies 62,228 

Portogat 1,154 

Madeira 2,270 

Fayal  and  other  Azores 2,186 

Cape  de  Verdes 886 

Italy 

Sicily 24,190 


Sardinia 

Tuscany 

Trieste  and  other  Austrian 

Turkey 

Hayti 

Mexico 

Central  America 


ports  . 


590 
12,466 
1,791 
10.018 
48,822 
87.569 
84,197 
New  Grenada 160,967 


VenesueU. 

Brazil 

Oriental  Republic  of  Uruguay. 
Argentine  Republic 

Peru!!!..! !..!!!!!.' 

China 

West  Indies  generally 

Europe  generally 

Asia  f^enerally 

Liberia 

Africa  generally 

South  America  generally 

South  Sea  Islands 

Ecuador 

Pontifical  SUtes 

Greenland 

Pacific  Ocean 

Atlantic  Ocean 

IndUn  Ocean 

Japan 

Sandwich  Islands 

Korthwest  Coast 

Uncertain  places 


/ AlCERICAN. V 

Eatend.         ClemredL 
89,421 
106 

212,824 

17,728 

18,576 

2,284 

8,940 

12,140 

1,046 

16,798 

898.049 

81,014 

2.866 

821 

560 

4,891 

8.862 
10,688 

2,886 
18,015 

8,948 
88,246 
29,768 
86,814 
170,460 
12,268 
60,848 
17,892 

8.526 

22.871 

121.825 

68,658 


/ F0RKT6N. ^ 

Entered.     Cleared. 

8,794  4,989 

216  .... 


16,616 
77,910 
8,449 
11,245 
19,408 
158,400 
61,196 


215 
12,982 

594 
8.966 
1,981 

446 

41,186 

10,714 

1,850 

22,287 

2,082 

894 


689 

18,672 

700 

8,487 


409 

48,449 

6,412 

8,814 

600 

19,885 

2,862 


28.882 
7,951 
6,826 


1,966 

11,750 

899 

1,985 

42.182 

8,710 

6,012 

686 

124 


15,867 
2,198 
4,819 
1,941 

6.081 

8.605 

1,467 

1.950 

8.898 

14,612 

681 

1,669 

22.816 

21,822 

19,280 


1,861 
2,097 
'265 
1*078 


14.926 
8.166 
6,097 

181 

8,164 

87,224 

843 

26,188 

8,628 

6,094 

286 

468 


8,718 

2.246 

887 

6,401 

669 

4,797 

16,178 

8.499 

1.164 

4,074 

2.829 

1,761 

1,880 

22,408 

86,685 

18,64' 


1,709 

686 
192 


2,111 


1.451  1,417 

4,408  6,092 


Total 8,762,116    8,911,892    2.182,224    2,107,802 


BRITISH  EXCISE  RETURNS  IN  1868  AND  1854. 

The  excise  statements  for  the  year  hare  also  been  issued,  and  the  subjoined  taUe 
eidiibits  the  quantities  of  each  article  charged  with  duty  in  the  United  Kingdom  du- 
ring that  period  as  compared  with  1868,  and  also  the  quantities  retained  for  home 
eoDsomptioQ.    Paper  continues  to  show  an  increase,  caused  by  a  further  improToment 


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Commercial  SicUisHcs,  09 

in  the  export  demand  In  Bpirits,  likewise,  tbere  has  been  a  oonsiderable  angmenta- 
tioo,  with  an  increased  home  consumption.  The  small  quantities  of  sugar  which  ap- 
pear in  the  list  consist  of  that  made  by  the  Irish  Beet  Company : — 

QaanUtlen  retained  ft>r  home 
Quantities  cluyrged  with  dntj.  oonaumptlon. 

18U.  im.  im.  i8i4. 

HopsL lb&  81,751,698  9,87*7,126  80,949,690  9,291,968 

Malt bush.  42,089,748  86,819,664  41,992.178  86,812,727 

Paper lbs.  177.688,009  177,896.224  164,886,186  161,784,204 

Spirits galls.  26,428,444  26,148,611  26,021,817  26,888,684 

Sugar cwts.  1,688  2,204  1,688  2,204 


IMPORT  AJIB  EXPORT  OF  WOOL  IN  GREAT  BRlTAUf. 

The  subjoined  statement  of  the  import  and  export  of  foreign  and  colonial  wool  for 
the  years  ending  on  the  6th  of  January,  1863,  1664,  and  1866,  is  deriyed  from  the 
drcnlar  of  J.  T.  Simes  <fc  Oo^  of  the  8d  of  March,  1866:— 

DCPOaTS. 

18S1.  I8S4.  I85S. 

OokmiaL lbs.        67,529,406        67,062,096        70,786,646 

Foreign 84,168,459        60,186,087        84,068,987 

Total 91.692,864      117,248,182      104,864,482 

■XPOBTB. 

18SI.  18S4.  18SS. 

Colonial lbs.  7,865,249  8,460,209        16,940,868 

Foreign 8,911,690  8,286,796  7,526,426 

Total 11,266,939         11,697,004        24,467,284 

The  export  of  British  wool  (in  pounds)  during  the  three  years  ending  as  above 
waein — 

mi.  mi  im. 

18,919,277  6,784,129  12,988,989 

The  consumption  of  woqI,  of  late  years,  has  increased  yery  rapidly  in  England  and 
the  continent  The  British  woolen  manufacture  now  stands  next  to  the  cetton  mann- 
ftcture,  and  employs  one  hundred  and  fifty  millions  of  dollars  of  British  capital ;  and 
the  product  forms  more  than  a  fourth  part  of  British  textile  manufactures.  Down  to 
1814,  the  British  imported  forty  millions  of  pounds  of  wool,  mostly  from  Spain;  they 
Uien  procured  it  from  (Germany ;  and  within  a  few  years  immense  supplies  have  been 
deriyed  from  Australia.  It  was  predicted  and  feared  that  the  gold  discoyeries  would 
diminish  the  product  in  this  country,  but  this  has  not  been  the  case.  Here  are  the  ex- 
ports firom  Australia  in  1861  and  1868 . — 

1851.  18SS. 

Western  Australia. IbsL  868,696  24,069 

South  Australia 8,896,608  8,889,748 

Kew  South  Wales 14,772,112  16,674,988 

Victoria 17,269,621  20,822,692 

Tan  Dieman's  Land 6,198,088  6,614,766 

Hew  Zealand. 809,208  690,780 

Total 41,810,117  47,076,694 

But  the  war  of  last  year  has  diminished  the  product  of  the  continent ;  and  in  Great 
Britain  there  has  been  a  fUlmg  off  of  60,000  bales  in  the  import.  At  this  time  France 
is  the  largest  nuurket  in  the  world  for  wool  She  uses  sixty  millions  of  dollars'  worth 
annually,  and  is  largely  increasmg  her  exports.  The  Zollyerein  and  Belgium  use  fifty 
millions  of  doUari^  worth. 


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100 


Commercial  SkUistia. 


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Commereial  Staiisties,  101 

TRADE  IHB  COMMERCE  OF  THE  SAHDWICH  ISLA5DS. 
W.  GooDALE,  Oollector  Oeneral  of  Cnetoms,  poblishes  in  the  Polynenan  hie  official 
tables  of  etattstics  for  the  year  1854: — 

1863 — Valae  of  goods  imported 11,160,856  18 

1854— Valae  of  goods  exported 1,266,022  71 

DoDMstic  exports  ID  1868 281,699  17 

Domestic  exports  io  1864 274,029  70 

Number  of  national  veseels  at  Honolulu,  1868 10 

Number  of  national  voseels  at  Honolulu,  1854 26 

Number  of  merchant  vessels,  1868.. 211 

Number  of  merchant  Teasels,  1854 •  148 

Number  of  whaling  vessels,  1868 538 

Number  of  whaling  vessels,  1864 526 

Gallons  of  spirits  and  wines  for  consumption,  1853 «... 18,208 

Gallons  of  spirits  and  wines  for  consumption,  1854 17,587 

Revenue  from  spirits,  1858 $70,209  68 

Revenue  from  spirits,  1854 65,965  87 

The  total  quantity  of  oil  and  bone  transhipped  was  as  follows: — 

Sperm  oil galls.        156,484  I  Bone lbs.        I,479,67l8 

Whale  oil 1,688,922  | 

Tbe  above  was  all  shipped  to  the  United  States,  except  about  85,000  gallona  whale 
•il  and  47,000  pounds  bone,  shipped  to  Bremen  and  Havre. 

COTTON  km  8LAFE  STATISTICS. 

The  Baltimore  American  says : — 

The  South-western  Kewt  makes  up  from  the  census  reports  some  very  important 
statistics,  peculiarly  interesting  to  tbe  cotton  growing  and  slave  States,  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Loui^iuna,  Texas,  and  Arkansas.  The  whole 
area  is  662,185  square  miles,  of  whica  21,676,682  acres  are  improved  land.  Tlio  whole 
number  of  slaves  is  1,798,768,  whose  avernge  rate  of  increase  for  the  last  ten  years  is 
54.46  per  cent  The  number  of  bales  of  cotton  made  is  2,204,521,  averaging  1.197 
bales  per  thousand  slaves.  Average  number  of  acres  of  improved  land  per  bale 
is  10.12. 

These  statistical  views  are  not  limited  to  the  present.  The  calculations  are  carried 
forward  forty  years  to  1890,  with  the  following  result: — 

Actual  number  of  slaves,  according  to  the  ratio  of  increase  in  the  United  States, 
(28.97)  5,004,219.  Actual  number,  according  to  the  ratio  of  increaFe  in  the  planting 
States,  (54.49)  10,295,962.  Slave  population  demanded  by  the  crop,  18,218,715. 
Acres  of  improved  land  required,  160,102,539.  Bales  of  cotton  demanded  by  plant- 
ing States,  15,820,400. 


THE  « INDIAN  CHIEF  "—A  VETERAN  SHIP. 
A  writer  in  the  Norfolk  Herald^  in  noticing  the  arrival  at  Talchuana,  February  10, 
1865,  of  the  ship  Indian  Chief,  Oaptain  Fieh,  of  New  London,  remarks: — 

The  above-named  ship,  Indian  Chief  is  the  same  identical  craft  built  by  Mr.  Porter, 
in  Portsmouth,  Virginia,  and  launched  in  1811 — laid  up  at  Broadway,  in  the  Appo- 
mattox, all  the  war,  and  began  her  first  voyage  to  London  in  1815,  from  which  time 
until  1819,  (when  she  was  sold  to  New  York,)  ehe  was  the  pride  of  Virginians  marine. 
This  noble  ship  was  built  for,  and  under  the  superintendence  of,  that  noble  old  seaman. 
Captain  Edward  Watson,  of  Norfolk,  by  whom  ehe  was  commsnded.  Now,  according 
to  mj  reckoning,  this  gallant  old  ehip  is  forty- four  years  old,  and  ^he  is  still  dobg  hard 
service  on  the  other  side  of  the  glooe — still  staunch,  strong,  and  seaworthy.  Only 
two  years  ago  her  present  owners  represented  her  to  the  writer  of  (his,  as  being,  from 
her  model,  soundness,  and  fine  sea  qualities,  one  of  the  best  whaling  ships  in  Uie  Pa- 
cific Ocean. 


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102  Commercial  Begutations. 

TRlDfi  BBTWSEJI  SffOLA5D  AID  TURKET. 
The  trade  between  Turkey  and  EogUuid  has  very  oooaiderablj  inoreased  within  the 
hist  few  years.  One  of  the  principal  exports  to  England  consists  of  grain,  but  it  was 
not  until  1842  that  the  Turkish  government  permitted  the  shipment.  Between  that 
year  and  1848,  the  increase  in  the  exports  of  Indian  com  from  Galatz  was  from 
697,062  quarters  to  1,270,745  quarters,  or  110  per  cent.  The  quantity  of  wheat  ex- 
ported from  Ibraila  during  the  same  period  increased  from  667,909  quarters  to 
1,862,909  quarters,  or  180  per  cent  The  increase  in  the  exports  of  Indian  com  from 
the  same  port  was  from  224,810  quarters  to  1,448,619  quarters,  or  645  per  cent  Some 
opinion  may  be  formed  of  the  extent  of  the  agricultural  resources  of  Turkey,  when 
such  results  have  been  accomplished  within  the  last  few  years. 


COMMERCIAL  REGULATIONS. 


TREATY  OF  COMMERCE,  ETC,  BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AID  THE 
ARGENTINE  CONPEDERATIOV. 

The  following  treaty  between  the  United  States  of  America  and  the  Argentine 
Confederation  was  concluded  and  signed  by  their  respective  plenipotentiaries,  at  Sao 
Jose,  on  the  twenty-seventh  day  of  July,  eighteen  hundred  and  fifty-three,  which 
treaty  being  iu  the  English  and  Spanish  languages,  (the  Eoglish  only  being  here  pub- 
lished,) is  word  for  word  as  follows : — 

TREATY  OF  FaiBlf  DSHJP,  OOMMXROB,  AND  NAVIGATION  BETWEEN  THE  UKFTBD  STATES  AND  THE 
ARGENTINE  OONFEDBRATION. 

Commercial  intercourse  having  been  for  some  time  established  between  the  United 
States  and  the  Argentine  Confederation,  it  seems  good  for  the  security  as  well  as  the 
encouragement  of  such  commercial  intercourse,  and  for  the  maintenance  of  good  un- 
derstanding between  the  two  governments,  that  the  relations  now  subsisting  between 
them  should  be  regularly  acknowledged  and  confirmed  by  the  signing  of  a  Treaty  of 
Friendship,  Commerce,  and  Navigation.  For  this  purpose  tliey  have  nominated  their 
respective  plenipotentiaries — that  is  to  say,  the  President  of  the  United  States,  Rob- 
bet  C.  ScuENCE,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  the  United 
States  to  Brazil,  and  John  S.  Pendleton,  Charge  d' Affairs  of  the  United  States  to  the 
Argentine  Confederation,  and  his  Excellency  the  Provisional  Director  of  the  Argentine 
Confederation,  Doctor  Don  Salvador  Maria  del  Carril  and  Doctor  Don  Joes  Ben- 
jamin QoRosTiAGA — who,  after  having  communicated  to  each  other  their  full  powers, 
found  in  good  and  due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  following  articles  :— 

Article  1.  There  shall  be  perpetual  amity  between  the  United  States  and  their 
citizens  on  the  one  part,  and  the  Argentine  Confederation  and  its  citizens  on  the 
other  part 

Art.  2.  There  shall  be  between  all  the  territories  of  the  United  States  and  all  the 
territories  of  the  Argentine  Confederation  a  reciprocal  freedom  of  Commerce.  The 
citizens  of  the  two  countries  respectively  shall  have  liberty,  freely  and  securely,  to 
come  with  their  ships  and  cargoes  to  all  places,  ports,  and  rivers  in  the  territories  of 
either,  to  which  other  foreigners,  or  the  ships  or  cargoes  of  any  other  foreign  nation 
or  State,  are  or  may  be  permitted  to  come;  to  enter  into  the  same,  and  to  remain  and 
reside  iu  any  part  thereof,  respectively ;  to  hire  and  occupy  houses  and  warehouses  for 
the  purposes  of  their  residence  and  Commerce ;  to  trade  in  all  kinds  of  produce,  man- 
ufactures, and  merchandise  of  lawful  Commerce ;  and  generally  to  enjoy,  in  all  their 
business,  the  most  complete  protection  and  security,  subject  to  the  general  laws  and 
usages  of  the  two  countries  respectively.  In  like  manner,  the  respective  ships  of  war 
and  post-office  or  passenger  packets  of  the  two  countries  shall  have  liberty,  freely  and 
securely,  to  come/o  all  harbors,  rivers,  and  places  to  which  other  foreign  ships  of  war 
and  packets  are  or  may  be  permitted  to  come ;  to  enter  into  the  same ;  to  anchor  and 
remain  there  and  refit,  subject  always  to  the  laws  and  usages  of  the  two  countries  re- 
ipectively. 


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Commercial  Begulatumi.  103 

Art.  3.  Hie  two  high  cootrmnUog  parties  agree  that  aay  &yor,  exemption,  privDege, 
or  immuoity  whatever,  in  matters  or  Oommerce  or  navigatioo,  which  either  of  them 
has  actually  granted,  or  may  hereafter  grant,  to  the  citixens  or  subjects  of  any  other 
government,  nation,  or  State,  shall  extend  in  identity  of  cases  and  drcnmstances  to 
the  citizens  of  the  other  contracting  party  gratuitously,  if  the  concession  in  favor  of 
that  other  government,  nation,  or  State  shall  have  been  gratuitous ;  or,  in  return  for 
an  equivalent  compensation,  if  the  ctincession  shall  have  been  conditional. 

Abt.  4.  No  higher  or  other  duty  shall  be  imposed  on  the  importation  into  the  terri- 
tories of  either  of  the  two  contracting  parties  of  any  article  of  the  growth,  produce, 
or  manufacture  of  the  territories  of  the  other  contracting  party  than  are  or  shall  be 
payable  on  the  like  article  of  any  other  foreign  country ;  nor  sliall  any  other  or  higher 
duties  or  charges  be  imposed  in  the  territories  of  either  of  the  contracting  parties  on 
the  exportation  of  auy  article  to  the  territories  of  the  other  than  such  as  are  or  shall 
be  payable  on  the  exportation  of  the  like  article  to  any  other  foreign  country ;  nor 
shall  any  prohibition  be  imposed  upon  the  importation  or  exportation  of  any  article 
of  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufiicture  of  the  territories  of  either  of  the  contracting 

Erties,  to  or  from  the  territories  of  the  other,  which  shall  not  equally  extend  to  the 
;e  article  of  any  other  foreign  country. 

AaT.  5.  No  other  or  higher  duties  or  charges  on  account  of  tonnage,  light  or  harbor 
does,  pilotage,  salvage  in  case  of  average  or  shipwreck,  or  any  other  local  charges^ 
shall  be  imposed  in  the  ports  of  the  two  contracting  parties  on  the  vessels  of  the  other 
than  those  payable  in  the  same  ports  on  its  own  vessels. 

Aet.  6.  The  same  duties  shall  be  paid  and  the  same  drawbacks  and  bounties  al- 
lowed upon  the  importation  or  exportation  of  any  article  into  or  from  the  territories 
of  the  United  States,  or  into  or  from  the  territories  of  the  Argentine  Confederation, 
whether  such  importation  or  exportation  be  made  in  vessels  of  the  United  States  or 
in  vesstsLs  of  tbe  Argentine  Confederation. 

Aet.  7.  The  contracting  parties  agree  to  consider  and  treat  as  vessels  of  the  United 
States  and  of  the  Argentine  Confederation  all  those  which,  being  furnished  by  the 
competent  authority  with  a  regular  passport  or  sea-letter,  shall,  under  the  then  exist- 
ing laws  and  regulations  of  either  of  the  two  governments,  be  recognised  fully  and 
honajide  as  national  vessels  by  that  country  to  which  they  respectively  belong. 

AnT.  8.  All  merchants,  commanders  of  ships,  and  others,  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  shall  have  full  liberty,  in  all  the  territories  of  the  Argentine  Confederation,  to 
manage  their  own  a^^rs  themselves,  or  to  commit  them  to  the  management  of  whom- 
soever they  please,  as  broker,  factor,  agent,  or  interpreter ;  nor  shall  they  be  obliged 
to  employ  any  other  persons  in  those  capacities  than  those  employed  by  citizens  of 
the  Argentine  Confederation,  nor  to  pay  them  any  other  salary  or  remuneration  than 
such  as  is  paid  in  like  cases  by  citizens  of  the  Argentine  Confederation ;  and  absolute 
freedom  shall  be  allowed  in  all  cases  to  the  buyer  and  seller  to  bargain  and  fix  the 
price  of  any  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  imported  into  or  exported  ht)m  the  Argen- 
tine Confederation  as  they  shuU  see  good,  observing  tbe  laws  and  established  customs 
of  the  country.  The  same  rights  and  privileges,  in  all  respects,  shall  be  enjoyed  in 
the  territories  of  the  United  States  by  the  citizens  of  the  Argentine  Confederation. 
The  citizens  of  the  two  contracting  parties  shall  reciprocally  receive  and  enjoy  full 
and  perfect  protection  for  their  persons  and  property,  and  shall  have  free  and  open 
access  to  the  courts  of  justice  in  the  said  countries  respectively  for  the  prosecution  and 
defense  of  their  just  rights,  and  they  shall  be  at  liberty  to  employ  in  all  cases  such 
advocates,  attorneys,  or  agents,  as  they  may  think  proper ;  and  they  shall  enjoy,  in 
this  respect,  the  same  rights  and  privileges  therein  as  native  citizens. 

Akt.  9.  In  whatever  relates  to  the  police  of  the  ports,  the  lading  and  unlading  of 
ihipj,  the  safety  of  the  merchandise,  goods,  and  effects,  and  to  the  acquiring  and  dis- 
poning of  property  of  every  sort  and  denomination,  either  by  sale,  donation,  exchange, 
testament,  or  in  any  other  manner  whatsoever,  as  also  to  the  administration  of  justice, 
the  citizen)  of  the  two  contracting  parties  shall  reciprocally  enjoy  the  same  privileges, 
liberties,  and  rights  as  native  citizens ;  and  they  shall  not  be  charged  in  any  of  those 
respects  with  any  higher  imposts  or  duties  than  those  which  are  paid  or  may  be  paid 
by  native  citizens,  submitting,  of  course,  to  the  local  laws  and  regulations  of  each 
country  respectively.  If  auy  citizen  of  either  of  the  two  contracting  parties  shall  die 
without  will  or  testament  in  any  of  tbe  territories  of  the  other,  the  consul-general,  or 
consul  of  the  nation  to  which  the  deceased  belonged,  or  the  representative  of  such 
consul  general  or  consul,  in  his  absence,  shall  have  the  right  to  intervene  in  the  posses- 
•ioB,  administration,  and  judicial  liquidation  of  the  estate  of  the  deceased,  conform- 
ably with  the  laws  of  the  country,  for  the  benefit  of  the  creditora  and  l^gal  heirs. 


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104  Commercial  BegukstwM, 

Art.  10.  The  dtisene  of  the  United  States  residhig  in  the  Aigentine  Ooofederfttioa' 
and  the  ciluieDs  of  the  Argentine  Confederation  residing  in  the  United  States,  shall 
be  exempted  from  all  compulsory  military  service  whatsoever,  whether  by  sea  or  by 
land,  and  from  all  forced  loans,  requisitions,  or  military  exactions ;  and  they  shall  not 
be  compelled,  under  any  pretext  whatever,  to  pay  anv  ordinary  charges,  requisitions, 
or  taxes,  greater  than  those  that  are  paid  by  native  citizens  of  the  contracting  parties 
respectively. 

Abt.  11.  It  shall  be  free  for  each  of  the  two  contracting  parties  to  appoint  consuls 
for  the  protection  of  trade,  to  reside  in  any  of  the  territories  of  the  other  party ;  b«t 
before  any  consul  shall  act  as  such  he  shall,  in  the  usual  form,  be  approved  and  ad- 
mitted by  the  government  to  which  he  is  sent ;  and  either  of  the  contracting  parties 
may  except  from  the  residence  of  consuls  such  particular  places  as  they  judge  fit  to 
be  excepted. 

The  archives  and  papers  of  the  consulates  of  the  respective  governments  shall  be 
respected  inviolably,  and  under  no  pretext  whatever  shall  any  magistrate  or  any  of 
the  local  authorities  seize  or  in  any  way  interfere  with  them. 

The  diplomatic  agents  and  consuls  of  the  Argentiup  C«>nfederation  shall  enjoy,  in 
the  territories  of  the  United  States,  whatever  privileges,  exemptions,  and  immunities 
are  or  shall  be  granted  to  agents  of  the  same  rank  belonging  to  the  most  favored  na- 
tion ;  and,  in  like  manner,  tbe  diplomatic  agents  and  consuls  of  the  United  States  in 
the  territories  of  the  Argentine  Confederation  shall  enjoy,  according  to  the  strictest 
reciprocity,  whatever  privileges,  exemptions,  and  immunities  sre  or  may  be  granted 
in  the  Argentine  Confederation  to  the  diplomatic  agents  and  consuls  of  the  most  fa- 
vored nation. 

Abt.  12.  For  the  better  security  of  Commerce  between  the  United  States  and  the 
Argentine  Confederation,  it  is  agreed  that,  if  at  any  time  any  interruption  of  friendly 
commercial  intercourse,  or  any  rupture  should  unfortunately  take  place  between  the 
two  contracting  parties,  the  citizens  of  either  of  them,  residing  in  the  territories  of 
the  other,  shall  have  the  privilege  of  remaining  and  continuing  their  trade  or  occupation 
therein,  without  any  manner  of  interruption,  so  long  as  they  behave  peaceably  and 
commit  no  offense  against  the  laws ;  and  their  effects  and  property,  whether  introf ted 
to  individuals  or  to  the  State,  shall  not  be  liable  to  seizure  or  sequestration,  or  to  any 
other  demands  than  those  which  may  be  made  upon  the  like  effects  or  property  be- 
longing to  the  native  inhabitants  of  the  State  in  which  such  citizens  may  reside. 

A&T.  13.  The  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  the  citizens  of  the  Argentine  Con- 
federation respectively,  residing  in  any  of  the  territories  of  the  other  parties,  ^hall 
enjoy  in  their  houses,  persons,  and  properties,  the  full  protection  of  the  government. 

They  shall  not  be  disturbed,  molested,  nor  annoyed  in  any  manner  on  account  of 
their  religious  belief,  nor  in  the  proper  exercises  of  their  peculiar  worship,  either  with- 
in their  own  houses  or  in  their  own  churches  or  chapels,  which  they  shall  be  at  liberty 
to  build  and  maintain  in  convenient  situations,  to  be  approved  of  by  tbe  local  govern- 
ment, interfering  in  no  way  with,  but  respecting  the  religion  and  customs  of  the  coun- 
try in  which  they  reside.  Liberty  shall  also  be  granted  to  the  citizens  of  either  of  the 
contracting  parties  to  buir  those  who  may  die  in  the  territories  of  the  other  in  burial- 
places  of  their  own,  which  in  the  same  manner  may  be  freely  established  and  main- 
tained. 

Art.  14.  The  present  treaty  shall  be  ratified  on  the  part  of  the  goyernment  of  the 
United  States  within  fifteen  months  fiom  tbe  date,  and  within  three  days  by  his  Ex- 
cellency the  Provibional  Director  of  the  Argentine  Confederation,  who  will  also  present 
it  to  the  first  Legislative  Congress  of  the  Confederation  for  their  approval. 

The  preceding  treaty  was  ratified  on  both  parts,  and  the  ratifications  of  the  same 
exchanged  in  tbe  city  of  Parana  on  the  20th  day  of  December,  1854,  and  made  public 
by  the  proclamation  of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  bearing  date,  city  of 
Washington,  9th  of  April,  1856. 


FREE  IVAVIGATION  OF  THE  RIVERS  PARANA  AND  URUGUAY. 

TREATY   BKTWXBN   TBE  tHsTTED  STATES  ANU  THE  ARGENTINE    CONFEDERATION. 

A  treaty  between  the  United  States  of  America  and  the  Argentine  Confederation 
was  concluded  and  signed  by  their  respective  plenipotentiaries  at  San  Jose  de  Flores, 
on  the  10th  day  of  July,  in  1858,  which  treaty,  being  in  the  English  and  Spanish  lan- 
guages-*the  £Dglish  only  being  here  pabliihed— is  word  for  word  ae  follows : — 


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OommsrekU  Regulaii&M,  105 

Tbe  Preeideni  of  tbd  UdIM  States  aod  bis  Ezcelleney  the  Prorisional  Director  of 
the  Argentine  CoofedcratloD,  being  desirons  of  strengthening  tbe  bonds  of  friendehip 
which  so  happily  subsist  between  their  reepectivea  States  and  countriea,  and  convinced 
that  tbe  sorest  means  of  arriving  at  this  result  is  to  take  in  concert  all  the  measures 
re<)iii»ite  for  fHcilitaiiog  and  developing  commercial  relations,  have  resolved  to  deter^ 
mine  by  treaty  the  conditions  of  the  free  navigation  of  the  rivers  Parana  and  Uruguay, 
and  thus  to  remove  the  obstachs  which  have  hitherto  impeded  this  navigation. 

With  this  object  they  have  named  as  their  plenipotentiaries— tliat  is  to  say,  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  Robert  C.  Schenck,  envoy  extraordinary  and  minister 
^enipotentiary  of  the  United  States  to  Brazil,  and  John  S.  Pendleton,  charge  d'affaires 
of  the  United  States  to  tlie  Argentine  Confederation ;  and  his  Excellency  the  Provis- 
iooal  Director  of  the  Argentine  Confederation,  Doctor  Don  Salvador  Maria  del  Carril, 
and  Doctor  Don  Jose  Benjamin  Gorostiaga;  who,  after  having  communicated  to  each 
other  their  full  powers,  found  in  good  and  due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  following 
artieles: — 

Article  I.  The  Argentine  Confederation,  in  the  exercise  of  her  sovereign  rights, 
concedes  the  free  navigation  of  the  rivers  Parana  and  Uruguay,  wherever  they  may 
belong  to  her,  to  the  merchant  vessels  of  all  nations,  c^ubject  only  to  the  conditions 
which  ihis  treaty  establishes,  and  to  the  regulations  sanctioned,  or  which  may  hereaf- 
ter be  sanctioned,  by  the  national  authority  of  the  Confederation. 

Art.  2.  Consequently,  the  said  vessels  shall  be  admitted  to  remain,  load,  and  un- 
load in  the  places  and  ports  of  the  Argentine  Confederation  which  are  open  for  that 
purpose. 

Art.  8.  The  govemmeot  of  the  Argentine  Confederation,  being  desirous  to  provide 
every  facility  for  interior  navigation,  agrees  to  maintain  beacons  and  marks  pointing 
OQt  tbe  channels. 

Art.  4.  A  uniform  system  shall  be  established  by  the  competent  authorities  of  the 
Confederation  for  the  collection  of  the  custom-house  duties,  harbor,  light;*,  police,  and 
pilotage  dues  along  the  whole  course  of  the  waters  which  belong  to  the  Confederation. 

Art.  6.  The  high  contracting  parties,  considering  that  the  island  of  Martin  0-arcia 
may,  from  its  position,  embarrass  and  impede  the  free  navigation  of  the  confluents  of 
the  River  Plate,  agree  to  use  their  influence  to  prevent  the  posses$«ion  of  the  said  isl- 
and from  being  retained  or  held  by  any  State  of  the  River  Plate  or  its  confluents 
which  shall  not  have  given  its  adhesion  to  the  principle  of  their  free  navigation. 

Art.  6.  If  it  should  happen  (which  God  forbid)  that  war  should  break  out  between 
any  of  the  States,  republics,  or  provinces  of  the  River  Plate  or  its  confluents,  the  nav- 
igation of  the  rivers  Parana  and  Uruguay  shall  remain  free  to  the  merchant  flag  of 
fdl  nations,  excepting  in  what  may  relate  to  monitions  of  war,  such  as  arms  of  all 
kinds,  gunpowder,  lead,  and  cannon  balls. 

Art.  7.  Power  is  expressly  reserved  to  his  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Brazil  and  the 
governments  of  Bolivia,  Paraguay,  and  the  Oriental  State  of  Uruguay  to  become  par- 
ties to  the  present  treaty  in  case  they  should  be  disposed  to  apply  its  principles  to  the 
parts  of  the  rivers  Parana,  Paraguay,  and  Uruguay,  over  which  they  may  respectively 
possess  fluvial  rights. 

Art.  8.  The  principal  objects  for  which  the  rivers  Parana  and  Uruguay  are  declared 
free  to  the  Commerce  of  the  world  being  to  extend  the  mercantile  relations  of  tbe 
countries  which  border  them,  and  to  promote  immigration,  it  is  hereby  agreed  that  no 
fiivor  or  immunity  shall  be  granted  to  the  flag  or  trade  of  any  other  nation  which  shall 
not  equally  extend  to  those  of  the  United  States. 

Art.  9.  The  present  treaty  shall  be  ratified  on  the  part  of  the  government  of  tbe 
United  States  within  fifteen  months  from  its  date,  and  within  two  days  by  his  Excel- 
lency the  Provisional  Director  of  tbe  Argentine  Confederation,  who  thall  present  it  to 
tbe  first  legislative  congress  of  the  Confederation  for  their  approbation. 

The  preceding  treaty  was  "  done  **  at  San  Jose  de  Flores  on  the  lOtb  of  July,  1868, 
by  Robert  C.  Schenck,  John  S.  Pendleton,  Salvador  Maria  del  Carril,  and  Jose  Benja- 
min Gorostiaga,  and  duly  ratified  on  both  parts ;  and  the  respective  ratifications  of 
the  same  exchanged  b  the  city  of  Parana  on  tbe  20tb  December,  1854.  Tbe  procla- 
mation of  the  President  of  the  United  States  was  published  in  Washington,  April 
9tb,  1666. 


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106  Commercial  BegulaUons. 

UW  OF  LOUISIAilA  ]lEUTiy£  TO  S£iMBI. 

The  following  being  a  correct  copy  of  an  act  passed  the  last  session  of  the  Legisla- 
ture of  Louisiana,  and  approved  March  16th,  1855,  is  published  in  the  MerehanU* 
Magazine  for  the  information  of  seamen  and  shipping  merchants  :— 

AN   ACT  aSLATITK    TO  SBAMKN. 

Section  1.  That  the  master  of  every  vessel  arriving  from  sea,  at  anv-  port  of  this 
State,  shall  give  to  every  person  shipped  on  board  such  vessel  who  shall  be  entitled 
to  his  discharge,  or  who  shall  be  discharged  there,  a  certificate  in  the  following  form  : 

A  B,  one  of  the  crew  of  the  ship  or  vessel,  called  the  of  on  her 

voyage  from  to  is  hereby  dischaiged. 

Dated  of  in  the  year  of 

(Signed)  C  D,  Commanding  said  vessel 

Ssa  2.  That  if  any  seaman  shall  desert  from  any  vessel  in  any  of  the  ports  of  this 
State,  or  in  the  voyage  from  the  sea  up  to  either  of  them,  the  master  of  the  vessel 
shall,  within  twelve  hours  after  his  arrival,  if  such  desertion  shall  have  taken  place 
before  his  arrival,  or  within  twelve  hours  after  the  desertion,  if  it  shall  happen  in  the 
port,  make  out  an  advertisement  containing  the  name  of  the  seaman  and  of  the  vessel 
to  which  he  belonged,  together  with  a  description  of  the  person  of  the  deserter,  which 
advertisement  shall  be  signed  by  the  master,  and  within  the  time  aforesaid  put  up  in 
the  office  of  tJie  mayor  of  the  city  of  New  Orleans. 

Sbo.  3.  That  in  all  seaports  in  this  State  other  than  that  of  the  city  of  New  Orleans, 
the  advertisements  required  by  law  shall  be  made  at  the  custom  house  of  the  parish 
in  which  the  port  may  be  situated ;  and  the  legal  proceedings  herein  provided  for 
shall  be  had  before,  and  determined  by  any  of  the  justices  of  the  peace  of  the  port 

Sec.  4.  That  no  master  of  a  vessel,  nor  any  person  for  him,  shall  ship  any  seaman 
who  shall  not  produce  such  discharge,  unless  he  shall  previously  thereto  give  twelve 
hours'  notice  that  such  seaman  has  applied  to  be  shipped  without  a  discharge,  to  all 
the  masters  of  vessels  then  in  port,  who  have  within  two  months  next  before  adver- 
tised any  deserter  from  their  vessels.  Until  the  expiration  of  which  twelve  hours,  the 
master  of  any  vessel  to  whom  such  seaman  may  apply  to  be  shipped  is  authorized  to 
detain  him  on  board  his  vessel  to  the  end  that  he  may  be  reclaimed,  if  he  is  a  deserter ; 
but  if  such  seaman  be  not  so  reclaimed,  it  shall  then  be  lawful  to  engage  him  without 
producing  any  such  certificate.  And  if  any  master  of  a  vessel  shall  ship  any  seaman 
contrary  to  tie  pijovisions  of  this  section,  he  shall  forfeit  $60,  to  be  recovered  by  any 
person  who  shall  sue  for  the  same. 

Sjco.  5.  That  the  justice  of  the  ]>eace,  on  the  verbal  complaint  of  any  person  that  he 
is  entitled  to  receive  his  discharge,  and  that  the  same  is  denied  by  the  master  of  the 
vessel  to  which  he  belonged,  shall  issue  a  citation  directed  to  the  master,  commanding 
him  to  appear  before  him  to  show  cause  why  such  certificate  should  not  be  granted  ; 
the  justice  shall  examine,  in  a  summary  way,  into  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  and 
if  he  finds  that  the  seaman  is  entitled  to  his  discharge,  he  shall  give  judgment  to  that 
effect ;  and  if  the  discharge  has  been  previously  demainded  and  refused,  he  shall  add 
to  the  judgment  an  order  that  the  defendant  pay  the  complainant  $10  for  hb  damages, 
and  pay  the  costs  of  the  proceedings ;  and  a  copy  of  so  much  of  the  judgment  as  or- 
ders  the  discharge  shall  be  given  to  the  complainant,  which  shall  have  all  the  effect  to 
a  legal  discharge. 

Sec.  6.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  persons  who  shall  carry  on  the  business  of 
shipping  seamen,  previous  to  their  engagement  of  the  same  to  give  bond  with  two 
good  securities,  freeholders  of  the  parish,  payable  to  the  governor  and  his  successor  in 
office,  in  the  penal  sum  of  $10,000,  conditioned  as  follows:  That  he  (the  shipping 
master)  and  his  securities  shall  be  liable,  in  solido,  for  the  price  and  value  of  any  slave 
or  slaves  who  have  been  regularly  shipped  by  the  said  shipping  master,  and  car- 
ried out  of  the  State  of  Louisiana ;  the  same  to  be  recovered  by  the  owner  of  such 
slave,  with  all  damages  accruing  thereon,  by  prosecuting  upon  the  bond:  provided, 
that  said  bond  shall  not  become  void  by  the  first  or  any  otner  recovery,  but  may  be 
put  in  suit  and  recoveries  had  thereon  as  often  as  any  breach  of  the  condition  may 
happen,  until  the  full  amount  of  the  bond  shall  be  paid.  And  any  person  who  shall 
act  as  shipping  master  without  complying  with  the  foregoing  conditions,  shall  be  fined 
$1,000  and  suBer  imprisonment  for  six  months  at  hard  labor. 

Sfic.  7.  That  whenever  any  master  or  owner  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  steamboat,  or 
other  craft,  shall  ship  any  seaman,  cook,  or  steward,  for  said  ship  or  vessel,  it  shall  not 


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Journal  of  Insurance,  107 

be  Iftwful  for  tliem,  under  a  penalty  of  a  fine  of  one  thousand  dollars,  and  imprison- 
ment  at  hard  labor  for  six  months,  to  employ  any  shipping  master  or  other  person, 
excepting  they  bare  complied  with  the  preceding  section. 

Sec.  8.  That  all  fines  incurred  under  the  provisions  of  the  foregoing  sections,  shall 
be  recovered  for  the  benefit  of  the  New  Orleans  Oharity  Hospital,  and  may  be  proae- 
euted  at  the  instance  of  the  institution. 

Sia  9.  That  the  owner  of  such  ship,  steamboat,  or  other  water  craft,  and  the  master 
thereof,  as  well  as  the  vessel,  steamboat,  or  other  craft,  shall  be  liable  to  the  owner  of 
any  sUve  so  taken  out  of  the  State,  for  the  value  of  said  slave. 

Sec.  10.  That  all  persons  engaged  in  the  business  of  shipping  seamen,  who  have 
given  bond  in  conformity  with  law,  shall,  in  case  of  death,  bankruptcy,  or  the  removal 
&om  the  State  of  his  sureties,  be  compelled,  within  fifteen  days  thereafter,  to  renew 
his  bond :  and  in  case  of  neglect  or  refusal,  the  person  so  offending  shall  be  fined  five 
hundred  dollars,  together  with  all  costs. 

Sbo.  11.  That  whenever  the  sureties  above  named  or  either  of  them,  shall  remove 
from  the  State,  die,  or  become  bankrupt,  the  bonds  signed  by  them  shall  be  considered 
null  and  void,  as  regards  the  persons  carrying  on  tlie  business  of  shipping:  seamen. 

Skc.  12.  That  all  laws  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  all  laws  on  the 
same  subject  matter,  except  what  is  contained  in  the  Civil  Code  and  Code  of  Practice, 


same  subi< 
berepealc 


led. 


CUSTOMS  DUTIES  IN  CANADA. 

F.  Hinks,  Inspector-General  at  Quebec,  has  issued  the  following  department  order : 

CusTOMB  Dkpartmknt,  Qukbbc,  12th  May,  1855. 

In  virtue  of  tlie  authority  of  the  third  section  of  an  act  of  a  Provincial  Parliament, 
passed  the  sixteenth  year  of  her  majesty's  reign,  and  chaptered  eighty  five,  entitled, 
**  An  Act  further  to  amend  the  laws  relating  to  duties  of  customs,"  it  is  ordered  that 
the  following  packages  be  chargeable  with  duty,  viz. :  all  packages  containing  spirits, 
wines,  cordials,  or  liquids  of  any  kind  in  wood,  bodies,  flasks,  and  all  packages  of 
glassware  or  earthenware,  sugar,  molasses,  syrups,  treacle,  coffee,  rice,  tobacco,  flour, 
provisions,  and  no  deduction  to  be  allowed  for  the  weight  or  value  of  the  paper  or 
string  covering  sugar,  <&c.  All  packages  containing  hoap,  candles,  pipes,  nails,  chains, 
paints,  spices,  nuts,  vermicelli,  macaroni,  glass,  tin,  Canada  plates,  tins,  trunks,  and 
jars  containing  merchandise,  and  all  other  packas^es  in  which  the  goods  are  usually 
exposed  for  sale,  or  which  necessarily  or  generally  accompany  the  goods  when  sold. 
And  that  the  following  packages  are  to  be  exempt  from  the  payment  of  duty,  vix.: 
Bales,  trusses,  cases  covering  casks  of  wines  or  brandy  in  wood,  cases  and  casks  con- 
taining dry  goods,  hardware,  or  cutlery,  crates  and  ca^ks  containing  glassware  or 
earthenware,  cases  containing  b  'ttled  wines  or  bottled  spirits,  and  all  other  packages 
in  which  the  goods  are  not  usually  exposed  for  sale,  or  which  do  not  necessarily  or 
generally  accompany  the  goods  when  sold.        By  command, 

F.  HINKS,  Inspector-GeneraL 


JOURNAL    OF   INSURANCE. 


STOCK  nRE  INSURANCE  COMPANIES  IN  NEH^  YORK,  JANUARY  1,  1865. 

STATISTICAL  TABLE  or  THE  REPORT  MADE  BY  THE  STOCK  FIRE  INSURANCE  COMPANIES  OP  THS 
STATE  or  NEW  YORK  TO  THE  CONTROLLER,  JANUARY  1,  1866. 

We  have  compiled  a  tabic  from  the  reports  made  by  the  Fire  Insurance  Companies 
to  the  Controller  on  the  1st  of  January,  1855.  We  have  given  in  the  first  column  the 
amount  of  capital ;  in  the  second  column  the  premiums  received  during  the  year  1854 ; 
in  the  third  the  gross  amount  of  assets  on  hand  at  thatHate,  beyond  their  capital;  in 
the  fourth  the  amount  of  liabilities  and  unearned  premiums,  calculating  the  latter  at 
the  rate  of  45  per  cent  of  the  amount  received  during  the  year ;  in  the  fifth  and  sixth 
the  surplus  or  deficiency,  as  shown  by  calculation  from  the  previous  columns ;  in  the 
seventh  the  per  centage  of  dividend  on  the  capital  paid  b/  each  company ;  and  in  the 
eighth  the  amount  at  risk. 


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108  Journal  of  Insurance, 

"We  have  made  this  table  for  the  purpose  of  condensing  the  reports  of  the  com- 
panies in  sQcb  form  that  they  may  be  seeo  at  a  glance ;  and  have  made  a  calcolatioa 
for  nneamed  premiums  at  the  rate  of  45  per  cent  on  the  whole  amount  received  by 
each  company  during  the  year,  and  added  this  to  the  liabilities.  TTiis  we  think  a  lib- 
eral allowance  for  short  time  policies,  and  we  know  that  all  careful  underwriters  make 
an  allowance  of  this  kind  when  estimating  their  surplus,  and  the  Controller,  in  his  re* 
port  to  the  Legislature  on  the  9th  of  March,  1864,  pages  18,  19,  and  20,  calls  atten- 
tion to  this,  and  there  makes  a  calculation  at  60  per  cent  as  an  illustration. 

"We  know  that  the  business  of  each  company  is  constantly  changing,  and  that  many 
of  them  are  now  in  a  much  better  condition  from  what  they  were  on  the  Ist  of  Janu- 
ary last,  owing  to  the  small  number  of  fires  since  tbat  time ;  but  great  care  should  be 
shown  in  drawing  from  the  surplus  to  make  dividends,  that  the  capital  or  unearned 
premiums  should  not  be  encroached  upon. 

We  fear  that  our  merchants  do  not  examine  this  part  of  their  business  sufficiently. 
They  will  not  sell  an  invoice  of  goods  without  first  making  a  thorough  itiquiry  as  to 
the  character,  standing,  and  responsibility  of  the  parties  to  whom  they  are  making 
sales,  but  will  often  obtain  insurance  from  any  company  they  can  find  that  will  insure 
them  at  a  low  rate  of  premium,  without  even  asking  the  question  if  there  is  any  re- 
sponsibility.   We  shall  at  some  future  time  examine  this  subject  more  fully. 

9  8  »S.         £S  55  o         o         :*- 


Companies. 


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6?o 

&s 

■rsS 

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[8        s  :        r 


IV 

Sis  i  :  :  i 

.    ■          .  o  -         rTP-  •  ... 

-fitna $200,000  $87^872  186,873  $16,921  $19,962      16  $5,086,626 

Albany 100,000     60,247     68,504     30,467  83,037      18     6.466,728 

Arctic 250.000     41,866     27,938     18,610  9,328      7     8.5.j0.00O 

Astor 160,000     62,130     22,687     86.846      $18,768  6     6.401,074 

Atlantic 160,000     88.406     48,860     66,645      11,786  6     9,853,825 

Beekman 200.000     49,633     20,866     27,439      6,673  .     4,167,626 

Broadway....  200,000     68,717     16,632     23,486      6,804  6     7,131.680 

Brooklyn 102,000     69,277     89.881     89,904      23  6     7,085.811 

City. 210,000     83192  134,208     40.272  93,936      26  11,834,878 

Citixena*  .  * . . .  150,000     84,727     77,258     40,395  36,868      20     9,890,522 

Clinton 250,000    47,207     84.»88     26,248  9,690      7     6,871,668 

Columbia....  200,000     83,700     26.207     19,845  6,862      4     8,66-2,427 

Commonwealth  250,000     72.099     32.481     86,782      4,261  12     6,748,711 

Commercial..  200,000     76.900     82,497     45,777       18,280  4     7,468,698 

Continental...  500,000  126,682     96,547     67,018  88,534      10  15,227,769 

Com  Exchange  200,000    89,660    44,617     64,119      19,502      6     

Eagle 800,000     79,977     79,516     87,603  42,012      16  18,413,466 

East  River...  150.000     20,726       8,264     11,976      8.712  .     8,148.707 

Empire  City...  200,000     51,800     43.648     80,621  13,127      6     6,000,000 

Excelsior 200,000     66.073     88,086     42,678      9,642  10     6,414,623 

Fireman's....  204,000     98,896     76,222     55,703  20,619      26  11,180,460 

Fulton 160,000     65,646     23,930     86,108      12,178  6     6,569,490 

Greenwich....  200,000     87.445     42,431     19.907  22,624      15     7,636.986 

Grocers* 200,000     40,538     81,983     18,586  13,347       8     4,949,374 

Hamilton 150,000     60,523  189,740»  51,200      61,460  .     4,648,430 

Hanover 160,000     41,391     17,020     21,086  .,...  4,065  14     4,148,560 

Harmony 160,000     63,024     28.820     34,842      6,022  4     5,000,000 

Home 600,000  899,720  241,578  264,104      12.526  13  26,697,084 

Howard 250,000  202,480  108,279  118,244      9,966  20  20,610,505 

Irving. 200,000     60,908     28,432     27.619      4,187  7     5,406.006 

Jefferson 200,000    76,848  119,998     89,767  80.281      28  10.202,50t 

Knickerbocker.  280,000    67,180     65,606     84,036  21^70      20     9,242,981 


•  Whole 


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Journal  of  Insurance* 


109 


I 


Companies. 


I 


3L 


Lafarge 150,000 

Lenox. 160,000 

Long  Island..  200,000 

Lorillard 200,000 

MaobatUD  . . .  250,000 

Market 200,000 

M*rch.ATradV  200,000 

Mercantile....  200,000 

Merchants'  . . .  200,000 

Metropolitan..  800,000 

Nassau 150,000 

National 150,000 

N.  Amsterdam.  200,000 

N.Y.  Bowery.  800,000 

N.Y.  Equitable  210,000 

N.Y.  Fire  AM.  200,000 

Niagara 200,000 

North  River.. .  850,000 

N.  American..  250,000 

Pacitic 200,000 

Park 200.000 

People's 150,000 

Peter  Cooper  .  150,000 

Pbeniz 200,000 

BepubUc 150,000 

Rutgers. 200,000 

St  Marks  ....  150,000 

St.  NichoUs  . .  150,000 

Stuy  vesant. . .  200,000 

United  Sutes.  250,000 

Washingtan . . .  200,000 

Williambburg..  150,000 


48,286  4,878  29,805      24,092  4  8,299,582 

34,736  12,692  16,980      4,288  4  8,884,686 

72,795  105,828  85,738  70,085      20  8,986,974 

72,175  87,118  88.141  8,977      10  7,175.508 

84,148  56,410  41,940  14,470      20  1C,014,672 

75,200  28,682  35,425       6,798  5  6,654,560 

41,729  29,676  22,010  7,666       8  4,895,467 

58,455  ^7,808  88,555  9,248       5  5,464,164 

79,626  87,002  41,976      4,974  6  9,765,295 

11,686  7,880  5,951  1,879      4  1,771,120 

45,144  48,389  80,529  12,819      8  5.806,196 

77,889  100,448  87,736  62,708      25  8,499,820 

55,728  25,274  26,226      958  10  5,412,086 

71,099  116,860  85,641  80,719      20  18,344,209 

106,618  106,978  49,508  57,470      24  18,605,881 

68,571  95,777  49,592  46,106      20  9,262.886 

81,379  61,800  40,321  20,979      18  7,254,346 

70,258  69,379  87,710  31,669      15  10,901,910 

55,142  85,062  26,862  8,200      18  7,779,886 

70,823  28,128  41,040      17,912  6  7,844,741 

41,984  21,937  22,893      956  6  4,110,029 

82,001  12,409  14,878      2,464  .  8,969,052 

22,250  17,827  10,277  7,050      4  2,821,594 

59,460  29,776  30,677       902  .  6,586,164 

42,972  49,824  20,086  29,288      7  4,681.474 

48,*i24  17,489  21,551      4,062  4  8,788,688 

56,514  10,592  39,869      29,277  4  4,847,396 

61,514  18,402  89,888      21,431  .  4,898.521 

49,797  16,570  28,6o9      7,089  8  6,443,888 

58,782  58,679  83,886  19,784      16  7.788,939 

68.948  46,654  41,096  6,559  ....  6  6.217,195 

45,468  24,798  80,229      5,481  6  8,982,820 


FIRE,  MARINE,  AND  UFE  IIVSURA.NCfi  COMPANIES  IS  NEW  YORK. 
The  general  summary  which  follows,  of  the  returns  of  the  several  fire,  marine,  and 
life  inaorance  companies,  domestic  and  foreign,  doing  business  in  New  York  State  in 
the  year  1854,  was  carefully  compiled  by  Mr.  Jones,  the  editor  of  the  Americaa  Li- 
•oraoce  Manual  for  1855 : — 

I.     FIEB  INSUEANOX. 

Retoms  have  been  made  for  189  companies  engaged  in  the  business  of  fire  imnrance 
in  the  State  of  New  York  for  the  year  ending  8 let  December,  1854.  One  hundred 
and  ten  of  those  companies  belong  to  this  State,  28  to  other  States  of  the  Union,  and 
1  to  England.  Of  the  110  domestic  companies,  65  are  *' stock  capital,"  and  46 
**  matuaL" 

SinUCAKT   OF  STOCK  CAPITAL   COMPANIES  OF   NEW   TOEE. 

The  65  stock,  or  specific  capital  companies,  represent  an  aggregate 

capital  of •. $18,277,109  48 

Their  accamulated  assets  amount  to 17,121,385  88 

Cash  premiums  received  for  1854 4,469,288  00 

Notes  taken  for  premiums 72,495  89 

Grow  income 6,607,066  62 

Losses  paid  in  1854,  including  portions  of  losses  incurred  in  1858. .  2,638,772  76 
Expenses  for   1854,  including  commission   to  agents,  taxes.  saW 

aries,<fec 1,122,516  87 


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110 


Journal  of  Insurance^ 


Gross  amount  of  risks  agaiiutt  fire  taken  in  1864 |464,886,<I18  60 

Proportion  thereof  taken  in  other  States 64,186,687  80 

Amount  of  inland  navigation  risks ».  46,494,266  80 

••         marine 6,697,658  86 

•*         dividends  paid  for  1864 1,887.668  14 

**         cash  deposits  in  banks 483,068  89 

SUMMAaT   OF  MUTUAL  COMPANIES. 

The  aggregate  assets  of  the  46  matnal  companies  amount  to. .... .  8,030,468  97 

Cash  premiums  received  for  1854 681,952  44 

Notes  received  liable  to  assessment 2,287,322  76 

Gross  cash  income  for  1854 1,684.658  26 

Losses  paid  in  1854,  including  portions  incurred  in  1853 1,202,386  04 

Expenses  for  1854,  including  commissions,  taxes,  salaries,  <&c 382,750  09 

Gross  amount  of  fire  risks  held  in  1854 192,665,289  78 

Amount  thereof  taken  in  other  States 47.813.933  14 

"      of  inland  navigation  ridks 13,621 ,930  88 

"      marine 21 ,400,856  50 

«      dividends  paid  in  1 854 87,724  97 

**      cash  deposited  in  banks 41,884  41 

8UMMART   OF  FORBION  COMPANIES. 

The  aggregate  assets  of  the  28  American  companies  amount  to. . .  12,162,279  48 

Gross  mcome  in  1864 6,1 12.177  89 

Gross  losses  paid  in  1854,  exclusive  of  English  loss 8,647,017  61 

Amount  of  fire  rinks  taken  in  New  Tork  Sute  in  1854 72,686,886  72 

*•           premiums  received  on 910,807  70 

•«           losses  incurred  in  New  York  State 691,808  28 

<*           marine  risks  in  1864 6,128,498  00 

**           inland  navigation 61,280,324  00 

The  risks  of  the  **  Monarch,'*  of  London,  amounted  to 24 1 ,600  00 

Premiums  to 1,648  27 

U.      MARINE   IN8URAN0B. 

Nine  home  and  four  foreign  companies  have  transacted  marine 
busmess  in  New  York  State  in  1854.  Those  companies  are  exempt 
from  making  returns  to  the  Controller  in  this  State. 

The  aggregate  assets  of  the  9  domestic  companies  amounted  to. . .  9,940,406  60 

Premiums  received  in  last  financial  year 12,782,969  29 

Premiums  not  marked  off  at  close  of  previous  year 8,984,024  97 

Premiums  marked  off  in  last  year 12,683,679  80 

Losses  paid  and  unadjusted 1 1,826,978  60 

Expenses,  commissions,  return  premiums,  and  reinsurance 2,074,442  77 

Amount  of  advance  and  premium  notes  and  bills  receivable  includ- 
ed in  assets 8,229,088  04 

Two  of  those  companies  took  fire  risks — namely,  the  Sun  Mu- 
tual and  the  Union  Mutual.  The  premiums  received  and  losses 
thereon  are  to  be  deducted  from  the  above  summary  for  marine 
business,  vix. : — 

Fire  premiums • «  . . . .  402,884  68 

Losses  on  fire 876,698  21 

Also,  the  New  York  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Co.,  whose  return 

is  printed  among  the  fire  companies,  took  for  1854  on  marine  risks. .  669,000  00 

But  the  premium  thereon  or  the  amount  of  loss  thereon  is  not 
distinguished  in  the  return. 

FORBIGN  MARINE   OOMPANUES. 

Their  aggregate  assets  amount  to 1,662,198  00 

Premiums  receiven  in  last  financial  year 1,076,704  79 

**         not  marked  off  for  previous  year. 829,982  78 

**         marked  off  in  last  year 717.267  78 

Losses  paid  and  unadjusted 862,698  14 

Expenses,  commissions,  return  premiums,  and  reinsurance 188,666  64 

Amount  of  advance  and  premium  notes  and  bills  receivable  inelud- 

edinassete «..••••  608,774  64 


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Ifautical  Intelligence.  Ill 

Two  of  those  ccmipanies  took  also  fire  risks,  the  premiums  on 
which  amounted  to  $257|771  86,  and  are  iocluded  lo  the  above 
summary ;  but  the  amount  of  loss  thereon  is  not  distinguished  in 
the  statements. 

m.      LIFX  INSVBAIIOS. 

The  aggregate  assets  of  the  other  11  companies  amount  to $6,727,273  72 

The  aggregate  income  for  1864,  from  all  sources 2,fi92,982  10 

Oross  amount  at  risk  on  whole-life  and  short-term  policies 72,481,797  82 

Kumber  of  policies  issued  in  United  States  in  1864 6,683 

Amount  insured  therebj 16,028,047  00 

*•      cash  premiums  received  in  1864 1,796,878  87 

**      notes  taken  for  premiums 806,810  62 

•*      expenses,  as  far  as  returned 800,441  18 

*      losses  paid 886,982  84 

"      losses  accrued  and  unpaid 267,100  00 

**      premium  notes  and  loans  on  policies  estimated  as  assets ..  1,696,284  82 


RBCOVERT  OF  A  STEAMEB  AFTER  ABAJVDOlfMElVT  TO  THE  UllDERWRITERS. 

The  Cincinnati  Commercial^  of  May  81,  1866,  notes  a  novel  Insurance  case.  The 
Oommereial  says : — 

The  case  of  the  Merchants  and  Manufacturers*  Insurance  Company,  against  Charles 
Duffield  and  P.  K.  Barclay,  was  before  the  general  term  of  tne  Superior  Court  on 
error.  Duffield  and  Barclay  were  the  plaintiffs  at  special  term,  where  they  recovered 
judgment  They  were  the  owners  of  the  steamboat  Samuel  Cloon,  upon  which  four 
insurance  companies  of  Cincinnati  issued  policies  of  insurance — namely  the  Firemen's, 
the  Merchants  and  Manufacturers',  the  Ciocinnati  and  City  Insurance  Companies — for 
18,760  each,  making  $16,000.  The  boat  was  valued  in  the  policy  at  $20,000.  In 
February,  1 868,  she  sunk  in  the  Mississippi,  and  an  abandonment  was  made  to  the 
insurance  companies,  who  paid  the  amount  of  the  insurance.  The  boat  was  recovered 
afterwards  by  the  companies,  and  sold  to  Eades  <&  Nelson,  of  St  Louis.  The  owners 
of  the  boat  brought  suit  to  recover  one-fourth  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale,  in  respect  to 
that  portion  of  the  boat  which  was  not  covered  by  insurance,  and  they  recovered.  The 
proceeding  is  to  reverse  that  judgment,  on  the  ground  that  by  the  terms  of  the  policy 
abandonment  operates  as  a  relinquishment  of  all  their  right  in  the  boat 


NAUTICAL  INTELLIGENCE. 


UGHT-HOUSE  AT  BAMS  RIVER  NORTH  SIDE  VINEYARD  SOUND. 

The  following  notice  to  mariners  is  published  by  order  of  the  Light-House  Board, 
(Boston,  April  26th,  1866,)  under  the  signature  of  A.  A.  Hokomb,  Light-House  In- 
spector, Second  District : — 

A  light-house  has  been  erected  at  Bass  River,  on  the  north  aide  of  Vbeyard  Sound, 
and  the  light  will  be  exhibited  for  the  first  time  on  the  evening  of  the  l%t  of  May 
next,  and  on  each  succeeding  day  from  sunset  to  sunrise. 

The  apparatus  is  of  the  6th  order,  fixed,  of  the  system  of  Fresnel,  illuminating  ao 
arc  of  180^  of  the  horizon. 

The  tower  is  placed  on  the  center  of  the  keepei^s  dwelling. 

The  tower  and  dwelling  are  painted  white,  and  the  top  of  the  lantern  red. 

The  light  will  be  40  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  tne  sea,  and  should  be  seen  in 
ordinary  states  of  the  atmosphere,  by  an  observer  ten  feet  above  the  water,  a  distance 
of  10^  nautical  miles. 

The  light  will  be  visible  from  east  around  by  south  to  west.  Vessels  approaching 
from  the  westward  must  bring  the  light  to  bear  N.  by  £.  to  clear  the  east  end  of  the 
breakwater,  and  those  approaching  from  the  eastwara  should  bring  the  light  to  bear 
K.  W.  before  nmning  in  fSmr  the  anchorage. 


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112  NcMtkal  InteUiffeMe. 

ffOTICfiS  TO  MIRIIERS  AND  NlYlOATOfiS. 

The  subjoined  notices  to  nayigatore  in  regard  to  Lights  on  the  North  and  East  Coasts 
of  Ireland  and  the  River  Shannon,  have  been  received  at  the  Department  of  State  aX 
Washington  from  the  United  States  Consol  at  London,  and  are  published  in  the  Mer- 
chants* McLgazine  for  the  information  of  mariners: — 

DUNDALK   FLASHING    LIGHT IRELAND,    EAST   COAST. 

The  Port  of  Dublin  Corporation  have  given  notice  that  a  light-houpo  has  been  erected 
within  the  entrance  of  Dundalk  Harbor  Channel,  from  which  a  light  will  be  exhibited 
on  the  evening  of  the  18th  day  of  June  next,  1855,  and  which  thenceforth  will  be 
lighted  during  every  night  from  sunset  to  sunrise. 

The  light  will  be  a  flashing  light;  th;  t  Js,  a  fixed  light  varied  by  flashes,  giving  a 
flash  once  in  every  fifteen  seconds  *,  its  focal  point  is  33  feet  over  the  level  of  the  sea 
at  high  water— and  in  clear  weather  it  will  be  visible  at  the  distance  of  about  9  milea 
To  seaward  the  light  will  appear  of  the  natural  color,  bright,  between  the  bearings  of 
W.  by  N.,  and  N.  \  W^  and  will  be  masked  or  screened  in  the  direction  of  the  Dunany 
Rtefs,  between  the  bearings  of  N.  \  W.,  and  N.  bv  E.  i  F..;  it  will  be  colored  red 
towards  ihe  west  side  of  Dundalk  Bieiy,  and  shown  bright  towards  the  Harbor  Chan- 
nel Northerly.  f 

The  light-bouee  is  borne  on  screw  piles  of  red  color,  braced  into  an  open  framing 
below  the  dwelling,  which  is  of  octagonal  form  and  colored  white ;  over  tbis  the  light* 
house  has  a  dome  formed  top.  It  stands  in  lat  58®  68'  40"  N.,  and  long.  6®  18'  W.. 
within  the  entrance  of  the  channel,  and  bearing  from  Castle  Rocks,  (off  Cooley  Point,) 
N.  W.  i  W.,  distant  6^  nautic  miles ;  from  Dundalk  Patch,  (rocky  shoal,)  N.  by  W.  f 
W.,  distant  6^^  nautic  miles ;  from  Dunany  Reefs,  (eastward  of  Dunany  Point,)  N.  J- 
W.,  distant  6^  nautic  miles. 

1'he  channel  formerly  northward  of  the  light-house  now  runs  southward  of  it,  and 
on  passing  it  outward  the  course  alters.  Masters  of  vessels  are  cautioned  to  give  the 
piles  a  sufficient  berth. 

All  bearings  are  magnetic. 

JOHN  WASHINGTON,  Hydrograpber. 

Htdrooraphic  Opfick,  Admiraltt,  Lovdom,  16th  April,  1855. 

This  notice  affects  the  following  Admiralty  Charts :— Irish  Channel,  No.  1,824 ;  Esivt 
(3uast  of  Ireland,  sheet  1,  No.  1,408 ;  also  British  and  Irish  Lighthouse  List,  No.  290. 

BROADHAVEN    FIXED    LIGHT IRELAND,   WEST    COAST. 

The  Port  of  Dublin  Corporation  have  given  notice  that  a  light  house  has  been  erected 
on  the  west  side  of  the  entrance  of  Broadhaven  Harbor  Channel,  from  which  a  light 
will  be  shown  on  the  evening  of  Ist  day  of  June  next,  1856 ;  and  which  from  that 
time  will  be  lighted  during  every  night  from  sunset  to  sunrise. 

The  light  will  be  a  fixed  light,  appearing  of  the  natural  color,  bright,  as  seen  from 
between  the  bearings  of  S.  by  E.  4  £•*  &nd  N.  N.  £.  ^  £..  (round  by  the  eastward,) 
and  of  a  Ted  color,  as  seen  from  the  Harbor,  between  N.  N.  R  ^  K.,  and  N.  E.  by  K 
The  focal  point  is  87  feet  over  the  level  of  the  high  water  of  spring  tides,  and  in  (^ear 
weather  it  will  be  visible  seaward  at  the  distance  of  about  12  miles. 

The  tower  is  circular,  of  stone  color,  and  60  feet  in  height  from  its  base  to  top  of 
dome.  It  stands  on  Gubacashel  Point,  in  lat  54°  16'  N..  and  long.  9**  68'  W^  bearing 
from  Erris  Head,  (rocks  north  of,)  S.  S.  E.  ^  E,  distant  4^  nautic  miles;  from.Kid  Isl- 
and, S.  W.  \  S.,  distant  8f  nautic  miles ;  from  Tidal  Rock,  (in  channel,  off  Coast  Guard 
Station,)  N.  N.  E.  f  E.,  distant  f  nautic  mile. 

In  entering  Broa*Jhaven  Bay,  keep  the  light  open  to  clear  the  rocky  islets  off  Erris 
Head ;  and  in  sailmg  through  the  Harbor  Channel,  to  clear  the  Tidal  Rock  off  Coast 
Guard  Station,  keep  eastward  or  outside  the  limits  of  the  red  color  of  the  light 

All  bearings  are  magnetic 

JOHN  WASHINGTON,  Hydrographer. 

HTDRooRAraic  OrncB,  Admiralty,  Loimoit,  9th  April,  18G5. 

This  notice  affects  the  British  and  Irish  Light- house  List,  Na  82S. 

FIXED    LIGHT    ON   THE    BEEVBS    ROCK IRELAND,    RIVER   SHANNON. 

The  port  of  Dublin  Corporation  has  given  notice  thai  on  the  14th  of  May  next, 
1855,  a  fixed  light  will  be  established  on  the  Beeves  Book,  in  the  River  Shannon. 


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Nautical  InteUigenoe.  11 S 

The  lighlrtower  ttands  on  the  goathwest  side  of  the  rock,  ia  kt  6i^  89'  N^  and 
long.  »^  r  18"  W.  of  Greenwich,  and  bears  from  Foynes  Islaod,  (north  abore,)  £.  i  a, 
cbetant  %\  milee;  from  Herring  Roeks,  (north  point,)  N.  N.  £^  distant  |  mile ;  and  from 
Onrrig  Keal,  W.  f  N.,  distant  4  miles. 

The  light  will  be  a  fixed  light,  at  an  elevation  of  40  feet  aboye  the  leyel  of  hi^ 
water  at  spring  tides,  and  should  be  visible  from  the  deck  of  a  vessel  in  clear  weat^ 
mfc  a  distance  of  from  10  to  12  miles. 

It  will  appear  of  the  natural  color,  bright,  as  seen  from  the  south  or  main  chaiMid 
of  the  river,  between  the  bearings  E.  \  N.,  and  K.  W.  by  W.,  or  over  an  arc  of  140^ 
of  the  horiaon;  and  colored  red  towards  the  passage  northward  of  ^e  Beeves  Boek. 

All  bearings  are  magnetic. 

JOHN  WASHINGTON,  U}  drographer. 

Btdeookaphic  OfpicB)  Admiraltt,  Lohdok,  SSth  March,  18S5. 

This  notice  affects  the  following  Admiralty  Charts  :~West  Coast  of  Ireland,  No.  3 ; 
Biver  Shannon,  sheet  5,  No.  1,549  ;  North  Atlantic,  Nos.  2,069  and  2,060 ;  also  River 
Shannon  Sailing  Directions,  p.  14,  and  British  aod  Irish  Lighthouse  List,  No.  8S6. 

BUOTAOK   OF   THB   QUEBN'S   CHANNEL. 

Triritt  Uodsb,  London,  15th  May,  1855. 

Notice  is  hereby  given  that  in  accordance  with  the  advertisement  from  this  House, 
dated  let  March  last,  the  West  Pan  Sand  Buoy,  chequered  black  aod  white,  and  car- 
rying a  staff  and  globe,  has  been  removed  a  short  distance  S.  S.  £.  from  its  former  po- 
sition, and  now  lies  in  14  feet  at  low  water  spring  tides,  with  the  following  marks  and 
compass  bearings,  viz. : — 

The  west  end  of  Clevewood,  in  line  with  St  Nicholas  Easternmost  Preventive  Sta- 
tion, S.  S.  £. ;  Ash  Church,  nearly  midway  from  Reculvers  to  Sarr  Mill,  S.  ^  E. ;  Gird- 
ler  Light  Vessel,  N.  by  W.  |  W.;  North  Pan  Sand  Buoy,  N.  by  E.;  Pan  Sand  Spit 
Booy,  R  by  8.  i  S. ;  South  Knoll  Buoy,  S.  E.  by  E  ^  E. ;  West  Last  Buoy,  S.  ^  W. 

The  following  alterations  have  also  taken  place  in  accordance  with  the  intentbn  ex- 
pressed in  the  said  notice  of  the  1st  March,  viz.: — The  Pan  Saod  Knoll  Buoy  has  been 
taken  away,  being  no  longer  necessary. 

OHANGX  OF  COLORS. 

The  West  Pan  Saod  Buoy,  the  Pan  Sand  Spit  Booy,  the  Pan  Patdi  Buoy,  and  the 
West  Tongue  Buoy,  have  been  changed  from  their  former  colors  to  black  and  white 
chequered.    The  Wedge  Buoy  from  red  to  black. 

By  the  above  alterations  the  buoys  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Queen's  Channel  are 
all  black  and  white  chequered,  and  thoee  on  its  southern  side,  black. 

The  N.  E.  Margate  Spit  Bupy,  previously  chequered  black  and  white,  has  been 
changed  to  thoee  colors  m  vertical  stripes. 

By  order,  j.  Herbert,  Secretaiy. 


UGHT-HOUSS  m  fifORTflWEST  PASSAGE,  RET  WEST. 
OiOROS  G.  Meade,  Lieutenant  Topographical  Engineers,  nnder  date.  Key  West, 
Florida,  February  19th,  1855,  has,  by  order  of  the  Light- House  Board,  issued  the  fol- 
lowing notice  in  regard  to  the  light-house  recently  erected  in  the  Northwest  passage: 

Thie  light-house,  recently  erected,  is  situated  on  the  western  bank,  lorming  the  N. 
W.  channel  in  6  feet  ordinary  low  water. 

The  position  may  be  approximately  laid  down  by  the  following  magnetic  bearings 
and  distances : —  ' 

Sand  Key  Light-House,  S.  11^  13'  east,  distance  10  nautical  miles. 

KcyWest  Light-House,  S.  67®  east,  distance  6.88  nautical  miles. 

N.  W.  bar  buoy,  N.  20*^  46'  east,  distance  1.81  nautical  miles. 

The  structure  is  founded  on  piles.  The  keeper's  dwelling  is  28  feet  above  the  water, 
and  is  surmounted  by  the  lantern. 

The  foundation  is  painted  of  dark  color — the  dwelling  and  lantern  white. 

The  illuminating  apparatus  is  a  Fresnel,  5th  order,  illuminating  270®  of  the  horison, 
and  showing  a  fixed  white  light. 

The  focal  plane  is  40  feet  above  the  sea  level ;  the  light  should  therefore  be  seen  in 
dear  weather  from  the  deck  of  a  vessel  10  feet  above  the  water,  at  the  distance  of 
1 1^  nauiical  miles,  or  about  10  nautical  miles  beyond  the  bar. 

▼OL.   XZXIU« ^FO.  I.  8 


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114  Statktks  of  Agriculture^  etc. 

The  light  will  be  exhibited  for  the  5th  of  March  proxiiDo,  aad  wBl  eontiBoe  to  be 
exhibited  from  soneet  to  sonriee  on  each  aucoeediog  night  till  farther  notiee. 

To  enter  this  channel  bj  day,  bring  the  light-booee  to  bear  S.  bj  W.f  W.  magnetic, 
or  in  range  with  the  buoy  on  the  bar,  and  &e  weet  end  of  Mullet  Key ;  then  run  till 
the  bar  ie  croeeed  and  buoy  No.  2  is  made,  when  haul  up  S.  £.  f  £.  magnetic,  for 
hoi^  Na  1. 

lx>  enter  by  ojght,  bring  the  light  to  bear  8.  by  W.  \  W.  magnetic,  and  run  on  thai 
course  till  Key  West  light  bears  S.  E.  ^  S.  magnetic,  when  haul  up  for  it,  and  when  in 
three  fathoms  anchor  for  the  night 

This  light  is  designed  to  notihr  mariners  of  their  approach  to  the  bar,  and  to  guide 
them  over  it  by  day  and  night,  but  it  is  not  intended  nor  can  it  be  used  as  a  guide  in 
the  passaj^e  from  the  bar  to  Key  West  Dependance  for  this  purpose  must  be  had  m 
the  day  time  on  the  channel  buoys  and  ranges  on  shore,  and  at  night  on  the  bearings 
of  Key  West  and  Sand  Key  Liffbte ;  to  ascertain  the  relative  position  of  which,  mar- 
iners are  recommended  to  provide  themselves  with  the  chart  of  this  harbor  published 
by  the  Coast  Survey.  ^. 

LOUISIAMA  QUIRAIVTIIIS  REGULATIOHS. 

By  virtue  of  an  act  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Louisiana,  approved  March 
15,  1866,  entitled  **  An  act  to  establish  quarantine  for  the  protection  uf  the  State,*' 
the  Governor  of  that  State  has  thought  proper  to  issue  a  proclamation,  upon  the  ad- 
vice of  the  Board  of  Health,  declaring  all  vessels  coming  from  any  port  m  the  torrid 
zone,  or  an^r  ve'ssel  which  may  have  cleared  from  other  ports,  but  hat  last  sailed  from 
a  port  within  the  tropics,  subject  to  a  quarantbe  of  not  less  than  ten  days  The  ports 
of^  Savannah  and  Charleston  are  also  included.  This  proclamation  was  published  oo 
the  4th  day  of  June,  1866. 


STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE.  &c. 


COM MBRCE  IM  A9IMALS  AHD  CONSUMPTIOH  OF  AHIHAL  FOOD. 

Heretofore  we  have  known  very  nearly  the  number  of  animals  raised  in  the  United 
States,  but  we  have  not  known  the  number  and  weight  of  animals  actually  consumed 
in  the  country.  But  this  fact  is  very  desirable,  and  will  prove  veiy  useful  It  is  well 
known  that  the  cattle,  as  well  as  the  hog  trade,  furnish  a  very  large  portion  of  the  ex- 
changes of  the  country,  and  hence  the  question  of  how  much,  where,  and  when  animal 
food  IS  consumed,  has  a  direct  relation  to  the  financial  as  well  as  commercial  concerns 
of  the  country.  The  progress  of  statistics,  however,  gradually  furnishes  the  materials 
to  show  this,  and  all  similar  problems.  The  great  difficulty  is  to  find  a  unit  of  meas- 
urement for  the  consumption  of  cattle  and  hogs.  In  tlie  cattle  trade,  we  know  that 
the  great  cities  of  the  country  are  the  main  purchasers  of  cattle,  insomuch  that  what 
enters  into  general  Commerce  is  a  very  small  amount  of  what  is  consumed  in  the  large 
towns.  With  hogs  it  is  something  different,  for  an  immense  amount  of  pork  and  lard 
enter  into  general  Commerce  for  exportation,  especially  to  southern  latitudes,  and  for 
^e  navies  and  armies  of  the  world. 

At  present  we  shall  confine  ourselves  to  the  supply  and  consumption  of  cattle  and 
sheep  as  food ;  in  other  words,  beef  and  mutton.  For  the  consumption  of  beef,  we 
want  a  unit  It  might  have  been  furnished  by  the  staticftics  of  Smithfield  market, 
London ;  but  we  are  not  aware  that  they  have  been  kept  and  recorded.  The  New 
York  market,  however,  is  a  still  better  test,  for  the  whole  of  our  population  are  meal 
eaters.  Fortunately,  all  the  cattle,  sheep,  and  calves  consumed  in  I^ew  York  are  sold 
from  some  half-dozen  yards.  Fortunately,  also,  the  New  York  Tribune  has  kept  a 
reporter  especially  for  those  yards,  and  has  given  us  the  entire  number  of  cattle,  sheep^ 
and  calves  consumed  in  1864  in  New  York  city,  including  Brooklyn,  dw.  The  aggre- 
gate result  is  as  follows: — 

Cattle  consumed 164,000 

Sheep  andlambe 470,000 

We  know  very  nearly  the  average  weight  of  these  animals,  and  the  population  by 

.  whom  ibey  are  consumed.    The  ayerage  weight  of  the  cattle  may  be  taken  at  760 

ponndi,  and  of  the  sheep  and  calves,  80  polonds.     The  population  of  New  York, 


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SttUiBtUi  nf  A^rictUture,  etc.  115 

BrookljD,  lod  Wflliftmsborg.  in  1854,  was  about  750,000.  ^H«re,  then,  we  kave  the 

elemeou  for  the  tolatioo  of  the  general  problem. 
Before  we  go  ikrtber,  let  us  look  at  the  fioanoial  aspects  of  the  qaestioa,  as  between 

New  York  and  the  West,  where  cattle  sold  for  an  average  of  970  each;  the  sheep 

aad  calves  at  an  average  of  $5  60  each.    We  have  then  this  result  :— 

Value  of  150,000  cattle. $10,780,000 

Value  of  470,000  sheep  and  hunbs 2,585,000 

Aggregate  value  of  beef  and  mutton  in  New  York.  $18,855,000 
Now,  fiill  three-fourths  of  this  entire  amount  came  from  the  West,  begiaoiog  with 
the  valley  of  the  Alleghany,  in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  New  York,  then,  has 
to  pay  ien  millions  of  dollars  to  the  West  for  cattle  and  sheep,  (independent  of  wool,) 
and  the  West  is  thus  furnished  with  ten  millions  in  exchange  for  the  pavmeot  of  its 
dry  goods.  This  financial  operation  is  one  of  great  importance,  and  makes  no  small 
part  of  the  business  of  the  banks  in  the  interior  of  Ohio  and  Kentucky.  It  is  a  safe 
and  a  profitable  business ;  and  in  regard  to  their  own  operations,  no  banks  are  si^er 
than  those  based  on  the  cattle  trade.  ^  -v 

But  l«t  us  look  at  the  general  consumption  of  cattle  in  this  country.     The  above  | 
fiicts  show  that  each  1,0(K)  persons  in  ctvic  population  consume  205  cattle  and  588  ^ 
sheep  per  annum.     What  does  this  give  us  for  the  whole  town  population  of  the  Uni- 
t«d  States  f    The  following  table  will  exhibit  the  account : — 

8beepand 
Population.        CsUle.  lamtM. 

New  York 760,000        164.000        470,000 

PhUadelphia 600,000        101,000        818,600 

Boston,  including  Roxbury  and  Charlestown. ...        1 80,000  86,900        109,990 

Baltimore 210,646  48,050         125,980 

NewOrleans. 150.000  80,800  94,000 

OinciDaaa 160,000  82,860  99,880 

StLouis 90,000  18,460  47,997 

Charleston 60,000  10,276  81.838 

Bofl&ilo. 50,000  10,276  8 1 ,888 

develand 80.000  6,150  19,080 

Chicago 60,000  10,276  81,888 

Detroit 26,000  5,188  15.666 

Albany 60,000  12,000  88,160 

Troy 80,000  6,150  19,080 

Rochester 40,000  8,200  26,440 

Portland 26.000  5,188  16,666 

Lowell 86,000  7,175  22,260 

Salem 20,000  4,100  12,720 

Xanchester 16,000  8,078  9,640 

New  Bedford 18,000  8,690  9,599 

Pittoburg,  including  Alleghany. 100,000  20,600  68.600 

Wheeling 20,000  4,100  12,720 

Richmond 80,000  6,160  19,080 

Norfolk 26000  5,188  16,666 

Louisville 60;000  12,800  88,160 

Memphis 16,000  8,078  9,540 

Other  towns  over  6,000 200,000        246,000        763,200 

Aggregate. 8,988,666        806,282      2,458,488 

The  towns  over  5,000  inhabitants  each  in  the  United  States  contain  at  present  four 
million  of  inhabitants,  or  about  one  fourth  the  population  of  the  country.  The  Urge 
towns  eonsume  eight  hundred  thousand  beeves  and  two- and-a  half  million  of  sheep 
and  lambs.  At  an  average  of  $50  each  for  the  beeves,  and  $8  each  for  the  sheep, 
which  is  not  too  much,  we  have  the  following  result  :— 

Valueof  800,000  beeves $40,000,000 

Value  of  2,600,000  sheep  and  Iambi 7,600,000 

Let  us  now  add  to  this  the  hogs  of  Commerce— 
8,000,000  at  $8 24,000,000 

Total $71,500,000 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


lid  StoHstici  af  Pcpulaiion,  §te. 

If,  BOW,  we  add  io  this  aggregate  the  pickled  beef,  the  salt  barrels,  aod  labor  used 
ID  packing  pork,  and  finally  the  valae  of  wool  sold  from  sbeep^  we  find  the  Commeroe 
in  animals  amoonting  in  value  to  foil  one  hundred  nailUons  of  dollars;  an  amonnt 
greater  than  the  entire  cotton  crop.  Two-thirds  of  this  entire  prodoct  comes  from  the 
States  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio ;  and  we  ihall  not  be  beyond  the  mark  in  saying,  that 
the  States  of  Ohio  and  Kentucky  create  an  exchange  on  the  Atlantic  States  equal  to 
twenty  millions  of.  dollars  per  annum,  derived  from  the  Comnoerce  in  animala. 

In  reference  to  the  average  weight  consumed,  if  the  above  number  of  beeves,  sheep, 
and  hogs,  be  reduced  to  their  aggregate  weight,  and  then  divided  by  firar  milUons,  (the 
aggregate  of  town  or  city  population,)  the  result  will  be  about  16  ounces  to  each  indi- 
vidual per  diem.  Now,  the  daily  ration  of  solid  meat  allowed  in  the  British  navy  is 
12  ounces,  which  may  be  taken  as  the  average  for  adults.  The  excess  of  quantity 
found  in  the  above  calculation  will  be  fully  aocounted  for  by  ez|)ortation  to  other 
countries,  and  by  the  consumption  of  towns  of  less  than  6,000  inhabitants.  The  gen- 
eral accuracy  of  the  above  calculation  is,  therefore,  sufficiently  proved,  and  the  mag- 
nitude of  the  result  furniebes  another  illustration  of  the  value  of  mtemal  Commerce. — 
Cincinnati  Price  Current, 


THE  SORfiHO,  A  NEW  SUGAB  PLiVT. 
The  scarcity  of  com  in  France,  as  we  learn  from  an  English  ootemporary,  baa  drawn 
attention  to  a  new  plant,  recently  introduced  from  China,  which  promises  to  supersede 
to  a  certain  extent,  the  use  of  beet-root  in  the  manufacture  of  sngar  and  the  distilla* 
tion  of  alcohol.  The  agricultural  committee  of  Toulon  has  recently  addressed  a  report 
to  the  Minister  of  War,  with  respect  to  the  use  of  the  plant  in  question.  It  is  cidled 
the  sorgho,  or  holeuB  iaccharatus,  and  was  first  introduced  into  France  in  1861»  by  M. 
de  Montigny,  the  French  consul  in  China,  who  sent  some  grains  of  the  seed  to  the 
government  Since  then  the  culture  of  the  plant  has  been  commenced  with  snccesa 
in  Provence,  and  promises  to  be  of  great  advantage  to  Algeria.  The  eorgho  has  been 
called  the  *'  sugar-cane  of  the  north  of  China,"  and  numerous  experiments  have  raoent< 
ly  been  tried  witli  a  view  to  ascertaining  if  it  possesses  the  properties  necessary  for 
producing  a  crystallizable  syrup,  so  as  to  become  a  rival  to  sugar-cane  and  beet-root 
According  to  the  report  of  the  Toulon  Agricultural  Association,  it  would  appear  to 
have  those  properties.  The  fiict  has  been  ascertained  by  a  series  of  experimantB 
made  in  the  department  of  the  Yar.  It  also  appears  to  be  richer  in  the  sacfaarine 
principle  than  any  known  plant,  except  the  vine.  Beet-root  contains  from  eight  to 
ten  per  cent  of  sugar;  the  sorgho  produces  from  sixteen  to  twenty  per  cent,  from 
which  eight  or  ten  percent  of  pure  alcohol,  fit  for  all  industrial  and  domestic  purposes, 
can  be  produced.  The  refuse  is  excellent  food  for  cattle,  who  are  very  fond  of  it 
The  plant  grows  with  great  rapidity,  and  does  not  require  irrigation.  The  soi^gfao  is 
not  a  new  discovery,  as  it  has  been  used  from  time  immemorial  by  the  inhabitants  of 
the  North  of  China,  by  whom  large  quantities  of  sugar  are  extracted  from  it  But 
this  is  the  first  time  it  has  been  produced  on  any  thing  like  an  extensive  scale  m 
Europe. 

HEW  YOR£  CATTLE  TRADE  FOR  1864. 

raw  TOSK  TBB  MOST  KXTKNaiVB  CATTLK  MARXBT  1»  THB  UMITBD  tTATKS— BUCBimOS  OP  OAI^ 
TLB  BOLD  WBBKLT  IN  1854— AVBRAOB  PBlCBf  or  BBBTBft»  COWS)  GALVKt,  ■HBBPf  AND  LAXBS — 
COMPABATIVB   MONTBLT   STaTBMBMT  Ot  CAITLB  ON  BALB  IX  XBW  TOBK  MABKBT,  BTC 

New  York  is  the  most  extensive  cattle  mart  in  America.  The  cattle  brought  to 
the  New  York  market  come  from  nearly  all  sections  of  the  Union  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Indiana,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Virgiuia,  and  Pennsylvania,  are 
our  most  liberal  contributors ;  but  Western  and  Northern  New  York,  with  Connecti- 
cut, Massachusetts,  and  other  of  the  New  England  States,  likewise  send  os  extensive 


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SiatMci  ef  Agriculture,  etc. 


IIT 


mpplicfl.  All  the  lines  of  trarel  redUting  from  this  city  to  the  iaterior— ^e  Harlem 
mod  Hudson  aod  Erie  railroads,  the  New  York  Oentral,  the  Lake  Shore,  the  Great 
Michigan  Central,  and  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  and  some  of  the  Eastern  railroads — 
find  in  the  carriage  of  the  live  stock  coosumed  here  one  of  their  most  profitable  items 
of  freight  lirom  Ohio,  Kentucky,  IllinoiB,  Indiana,  Maryland,  Virginia,  Pennsylvania, 
Hew  England,  and  Northern  and  Western  New  York. 

A  considerable  proportion  of  the  cattle  driven  to  this  market,  h3wever,  come  firom 
districts  not  so  distant  The  counties  on  the  North  River  raise  some  of  the  finest* 
while  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey  are  occasionally  large  contributors.  In  New  York 
dty  there  are  principally  four  places  for  the  sale  of  beef  cattle — the  welUknown 
Washington  Drove  Yard  in  Forty-fourthstreet,  between  the  Fourth  and  Fifth  aven- 
ues, of  which  A.  M.  Allerton,  Esq.,  is  the  proprietor ;  2d,  the  Lower  or  Hudson  River 
BulFs  Head,  kept  by  Messrs.  Chamberlain ;  Sd,  George  Browning's  Central  Bull's 
Head,  in  Sixth-street ;  and  4th,  the  market  kept  by  Mr.  Morgan  Q'Brien,  also  in  Sixth- 
street,  near  the  Third  Avenue. 

Sheep  and  lambs  are  sold  at  all  these  places  except  the  last  mentioned ;  the  largest 
nnmber  at  Browning's,  and  the  next  at  Chamberlain's.  The  largest  business  in  cows 
and  calves  is  done  at  Browning's  and  Chamberlain*s.  The  market  day  hereafter  wlU 
be  Wednesday,  but  sales  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  wul  doubtless  be  made  every 
day.  Independently  of  the  regular  transactions  at  those  several  city  markets,  there 
are  many  cattle  bought  and  sold  on  the  boats  at  the  wharves.  Many  cattle  slaugh- 
tered in  the  country  are  also  brought  to  market  here,  ready  dressed,  but  these  do  not 
enter  into  the  statistics  below  :— 

•TATISTIOi  or  THX  aXVXEAL  I>l80aiPTIO58  OP  OATTLK  BOLD  WIBKLY    DUaXNO  TBB  TtAft 
1864,  AS  OOMPILBD    raOM   THE  PUBLI6BBO   EXPORTS. 


Janoary  4. 
11. 
18. 
24. 
81. 
February  7. 
18. 
81. 
87. 

7. 
14. 
21. 
27. 

6. 
11. 
17. 
24. 

2. 

8. 
15. 
22. 
29. 

6. 
18. 
19. 
28. 


Mareh 


April 


M»y 


Jana 


1,721 
4,092 
2,858 
2,278 
2,448 
8,228 
2,270 
2,729 
2,724 
2,467 
2,611 
2,814 
2,412 
8,662 
2,794 
2,664 
2,688 
2,264 
8,487 
2,780 
2,186 
2,892 
8,229 
8,682 
2.424 
8,698 


Gows 

At  ears. 

269 

878 

248 

297 

888 

125 

444 

521 

441 

880 

877 

872 

978 

982 

1,264 

1,127 

1,409 

1,969 

728 

1,489 

1,584 

1,418 

1,780 

1,426 

1,180 

1,100 


Sbeep 

&in>a. 

9,264 
7,887 
7,404 
4,611 
7,488 
9,461 
6,681 
8,828 
7.848 
6.981 
6.284 
8,144 
4,992 
4.496 
4,128 
2,603 
8,708 
7,182 
8,429 
4,484 
5,062 
5,648 
8,240 
8,167 
7.980 
9,706 


Sept. 


July  4. 

10. 

17. 

24. 

81. 
August      7. 

14. 

21. 

28. 
4. 

11. 

18. 

26. 

October     2. 

8. 

16. 
'     28. 

80. 
6. 

18. 

20. 

27. 
4. 

14. 

21. 


Nov. 


Dec 


Beeres. 

8,711 

8,484 

2,927 

2.662 

8.289 

8,006 

5,067 

4,000 

8.519 

8.046 

8,066 

8,686 

8,820 

4,668 

8,669 

4.617 

4,487 

5,621 

8,870 

1,268 

8,408 

8.820 

2,860 

2,884 

2,446 

1,937 


Cows 
it  Oil's. 
1,100 
1,698 
1,441 
911 
800 
770 
800 
560 
670 
680 
514 
870 
740 
576 
870 
716 
667 
560 
480 
600 
679 
587 
620 
666 
628 
288 


Sheep 

aitl*bs. 
18.676 

7,194 
11,486 
11,177 
12,298 
12,942 
14,981 
16.856 
14,645 
10,088 

8,892 
10,658 
12.220 
16.108 
14,900 
14,010 
18.924 
16,211 
18,566 
12.079 
14,282 
12.291 
11,295 
18,882 
11,764 
10,094 


ToUl 164,796   41,086  470,817 


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118                             SUiHhki  <f  Agrieultur€y  etc 

AVSftAQB  PmiOES  OT  OATTLB  SOLD  DUEIHG   TBE    TSAR  18M,  AS  OOHIIUD  rSOM  THB 

▼KKKLT   EKPOBTB. 

Beeree.  Cows  It  calvet.  Sheep  &  iMobs. 

January      4 |7  00  a  10  00  $30  a  60  $2  50  a    8  00 

11 8  00  a  10  00  25  a  65  8  00  a    5  00 

18 8  00  a  10  00  85  a  60  2  '75  a    7  00 

24 8  00  a  10  00  80  a  60  8  00  a  10  00 

81 8  00  a  10  00  80  a  60  2  60  a    6  00 

February  7 8  00  a  10  00  80  a  66  2  60  a  9  00 

14 8  00  a  11  00  2f  a  60  8  00  a  8  00 

21 8  50  a  10  50  25  a  60  8  00  a  7  00 

28 8  50  a  10  60  80  a  55  4  00  a  10  00 

March    7 8  50  a  10  60  80  a  66  4  00  a  10  00 

14 8  50  a  10  50  80  a  55  8  50  a  10  00 

21 8  00  a  10  50  80  a  65  4  00  a  5  50 

28 900a  11  60  80a60  400a    700 

April          5 8  00  a  11  00  80  a  60  4  00  a  10  00 

12 7  00a900  80  a  60  400a700 

17 8  00  a  10  00  80  a  40  4  00  a  8  00 

24 8  00  a  10  00  80  a  70  5  00  a  9  00 

May     2 ^. 9  00  a  11  00  80  a  40  5  00  a  10  00 

8 • 9  50  a  11  50  88  a  55  5  00  a  12  00 

15 9  00  a  11  00  20  a  70  4  CO  a  10  00 

22 11  00  a  18  00  80  a  50  8  00  a  10  00 

29 11  00  a  18  00  85  a  50  4  00  a  8  00 

JuDe     6 10  00  a  18  00  80  a  60  5  00  a  7  00 

12 9  00  a  10  00  80  a  65  8  00  a  7  00 

19 900a  10  00  80  a  70  400a  900 

26 8  00  a  9  50  80  a  66  6  00  a  9  00 

July           4 8  00  a  10  00  80  a  66  8  50  a    8  00 

10 8  00a900  80  a  70  400a800 

17 8  00  a  9  50  80  a  60  4  00  a  6  50 

24 8  00  a  10  00  80  a  45  2  00  a  7  00 

81 8  00  a  10  60  80  a  75  2  00  a  6  50 

AugiMt   7 8  00  a  10  50  25  a  50  8  00  a  7  00 

14 7  00  a  9  50  80  a  50  8  00  a  8  00 

21 8  00  a  10  00  26  a  60  2  60  a  6  00 

28 6  00  a  9  00  80  a  60  2  00  a  7  00 

Sept.    4 7  00  a  9  75  25  a  50  1  25  a  6  00 

11 6  00  a  9  60  20  a  50  2  50  a  6  00 

18 8  00  a  10  50  80  a  70  2  00  a  6  50 

26 8  00  a  11  00  80  a  65  8  00  a  7  00 

October   2 8  50  a  9  25  20  a  50  2  50  a  6  00 

8 8  25  a  9  00  22  a  50  2  00  a  5  76 

16 7  50  a  9  50  80  a  46  1  50  a  6  50 

28 6  00  a  9  00  60  a  65  2  50  a  9  00 

80 600a9  50  80  a  60  200a600 

Korember  6 7  50  a  10  00  80  a  60  2  00  a    6  50 

18 6  26  a    9  00  80  a  65  2  00  a    6  50 

20 %  9  00  a  10  00  80  a  75  1  25  a    7  00 

27 8  50  a  10  00  85  a  65  2  00  a    8  00 

December  4 9  00  a  l""  oo  80  a  60  2  26  a    7  00 

14 9  50  a  10  uu  25  a  75  2  00  a    7  00 

21 9  50  a  10  00  80  a  Y5  2  50  a    7  00 

28 7  50  a  11  00  80  a  76  2  50  a    9  00 

Ayerage $8  97  $48  48  $5  48 

Itiefe  reeults  and  tbe  following  comparisons  enable  us  to  see  the  general  advaoce 
there  has  been  in  the  prices  of  all  kinds  of  cattle  during  the  year. 


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11^ 


OOMPAmATTTS  MOlfTBLT   STATBMCHT  OF  OATTLE  ON   tALB   IN  TBV   NNW  TOBX   MABKST 
PUBING    THN  TSARS   1858  AND   1864. 

. 18SJ. ,   . 18S<. ^ 

Onwsaod    8keep  mod  Cows  and  8heepaiid 

Beeres.  ctdTea.        lamta.         Dmtm.       oalvet.         lamb*. 

January    18,560^  866  44,600  18,390  1,609  86^89 

February 8,960  )  815  22.000  10,946  1,681  82,208 

March ^.  9,6007  477  16,860  9,904  8,067  20,401 

April :  16,200  620  11,060  11,748  4,'722  14,910 

May 12,108  706  12,900  18,649  7,128  26,808 

Jooe 11,260\  900  26.760  12,878  6,896  84,088 

July 10.600  )  660  84.220  1 6,098  6,466  66,826 

August 18,260/  710  48,88.6  16,592  2.700  58,274 

September 15,022  1,247  45,582  18,557  2,786  41,868 

October 21.812\  1.917  60,209  22,861  8,868  79.168 

Norember 15,461  i  1.569  45,267  12,856  2.246  52,269 

December 15,622/  1,806  46,776  9,567  2,047  46,976 

167,420        10,720      412,989       162.426      42.895      507.698 
Comparing  the  monthly  average  of  1854  with  that  of  the  previous  year,  the  differ- 
ences are  as  follows : —  9 

1854 897  4.848  648 

1868 889  8,690  520 

Increase $0  68  $6  68        $0  2$ 

This  rery  material  increase  in  values  is  referable  to  the  now  apparent  fact  of  an  ac- 
tual scarcity  of  cattle  during  the  year,  owing  mainly  to  the  immense  quantity  of 
stock  sent  to  Califoroia  from  the  Western  States  across  the  plaioB,  which  otherwise 
would  have  found  its  way  to  the  markets  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard.  The  financial 
troubles  which  have  embarrassed  about  every  other  branch  of  business  during  the 
latter  half  of  the  year,  have  also  had  an  undoubted  mfluence  on  the  grazing  and  agri- 
cdtural  interests. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  following  comparison  that  there  were  but  a  few  thousand 
more  beeves  sold  during  1864  than  in  the  preceding  year.  The  excess  in  finvor  of  '64 
IS  not  at  all  in  proportion  to  the  increase  of  the  city  wants,  superinduced  by  the  rapid 
increaM  of  our  population.     Cows  and  calves  show  a  substantial  increase : — 

Beeves.      Cows  6t  oalves.   8heop  6t  kunbs. 

1864 162,426  40,848  507,698 

1868 * 157,420  10,720  412,989 

Increase 6,006  80,129  94,709 

The  total  value  of  cattle  sold  at  the  several  city  markets  above  mentioned— accept- 
ing the  average  prices  as  given  above— -during  the  year,  is  seen  below.  (We  have  put 
down  $46  as  the  average  of  each  head  of  beef  cattle.)  Some  dealers  consider  this  a 
rather  low  figure,  but  as  the  more  general  opinion  seems  to  be  that  this  is  about  right, 
we  have  concluded  to  adopt  it : — 

1854.  18fit. 

Beeres $7,809,170  $6,769,060 

Cows  and  calves 1 ,864,074  886,248 

Sheep  and  lambs 2,218,790  1,161,662      ' 

$11,887,084          $9,255,966 
9,265.966  

iDcreaee $2,072,069  


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120  StatMkM  ^  PojmhU»iij  «ie. 

TheM  figores  show  at  a  glaooe  th«  magnitade  of  (he  oatile  trade  of  tUt  aifcT.  If 
we  ioclade  the  oocaaional  Bales  at  the  docks,  of  which  do  authentic  record  can  be  kept. 
It  is  probable  that  the  aggregate  Talue  of  cattle  sold  for  the  year  does  not  h\l  short 
of  eleyeo-and-a-half  millions  of  dollars. 

The  bulk  of  the  cattle  brought  to  the  city  for  sale  are  consumed  here ;  but  a  large 
Incratiye  business  is  done  by  the  packers  for  shipment  Frequent  shipments  of  liye 
cattle  are  made  to  Bermuda  on  British  goyernment  account 


STATISTICS  OF  POPULATION,  &c. 


RSSULTS  OF  THB  CENSUS  OF  GREAT  BRITAIll. 

MUMBBR  VI. 
DKKSITT  AND  PROXIMITY  OF  POPULATION. 

By  comparing  the  numbers  of  the  population  with  the  area  of  the  soil,  we  deterroioe 
the  density  or  proximity  of  the  population.  A  Freuch  writer  has  f>ropoeed  the  term 
"  specific  population,**  after  the  analogy  of  "  specific  gravity ,"  much  in  use  in  scientific 
works,  "nib  terms  in  commen  use,  **  thinly  populated,"  and  **  populous,**  express  the 
same  idea,  but  in  general  terms. 

The  area  of  a  litfge  portion  of  the  parishes  and  townships,  and  of  the  tidal  rivers  and 
estuaries  in  Englanc^  was  computed  firom  the  maps  in  the  Tithe  Office,  uoder  the  di- 
rectioo  of  Major  Dawson,  R.  £. ;  and  a  report  by  that  officer  is  included  in  the  publi* 
eatioa  The  areas  of  the  remaining  parishes  were  taken  from  the  enumeration  voiumee 
of  1881,  as  estimated  by  Mr.  Rickman. 

Hie  following  table  shows  the  area  of  Great  Britain  in  statute  aeres  and  square 
miles,  also  the  number  of  acres  to  a  person,  the  number  of  persons  to  a  square  mile, 
and  the  mean  proximity  of  the  population  on  the  hypothesia  of  an  equal  distribution : 

AREA  OV  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  DBNSITT  OF  POPULATION  IN  1851. 


England 

Scotland  .... 

Wales 

Islanda 

Great  Britain..         57,«24,877        90,038  299  2.7  «83  124 

The  ratio,  orproportioo  in eise,  of  the  squares  in  the  third  column  is,  England  61 , 
Scotland  81,  w  ales  7,  and  islands  2-5th3 ;  and  the  ratio  of  the  population  is  about 
17.  8, 1,  and  l-7tli. 

The  824  districts  of  England  and  Wales,  classed  in  an  order  of  density,  range  from 
185,761  persons  to  the  square  mile,  in  the  Kast  London  district^  to  18  only  in  North- 
umberland. In  all  London,  the  number  of  persons  to  a  square  mile,  in  1851,  was 
19,876.  In  1801,  the  people  of  England  were,  on  an  average,  168  yards  asunder;  is 
1861,  only  108  yards  asunder*.  The  mean  distance  between  their  houses  in  1801  was 
882  yards;  in  1851,  ouly  253  yards.  In  London,  the  average  proximity  in  1801  was 
21  yards;  in  1851,  only  14  yards. 

ISLANDS. 

The  British  population  is  spread  over  a  great  multitude  of  islands  whidi  rise  be- 
tween the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  North  Sea,  the  large  Island  of  Great  Britain  being 
the  chief  of  the  group.  This  island  is  surrounded  by  the  Isle  of  Man,  Anglesey^  the 
Scilly  Islands,  the  Isle  of  Wight,  the  outlaying  Channel  Islands,  the  Shetland  Islands, 
the  Orkneys,  and  the  Hebrides.  Five  hundred  islands  have  been  numbered,  but  in- 
habitants were  only  found  on  one  hundred  and  MeverUyfive  islands  on  the  day  of  the 
census  of  1851. 

In  the  earliest  period  of  oar  written  history,  these  islands  were  peopled  by  OeHs , 
Britain  was  their  holy  island,  and  the  seat  of  their  schools  and  most  sacred  groyes. 
Ihe  isles  of  Anglesey  and  Man,  both  known  under  the  name  of  Mona  to  the  Romans 
were  the  seats  of  the  Druidio  hierarchy  and  worship^    lona,  or  Icolmktll,  a  small  isl- 


Area  in 

Areatn 

Sqaare 

Acres 

Peraons 

Proximity 

statute 

»qaare 

(in 

toa 

toa 

orpersoBSi 

acres. 

miles. 

miles.) 

person. 

iq.  mile. 

inyarda. 

82,590,529 

50,921 

226 

1.9 

882 

104 

20,047.462 

81,824 

177 

6.9 

92 

197 

4,784,486 

7,898 

86 

4.7 

186 

162 

252,000 

894 

20 

1.8 

868 

99 

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SkUMee  0/  PopuUUkm,  He  121 

ftod  10  tbe  H«brid«s,  now  cootaioing  604  inhabitatiU.  is  celebrated  as  an  early  seat  of 
ChrietiaDitj.  It  was  the  etatioo  of  St.  Columba,  who  founded  an  order  of  miesioo- 
aries  there,  and  thos  cootribated  to  tbe  diffusion  of  Ohristianity  oTer  Britain.  Tbe 
celebrated  ruins  on  the  island  consist  of  a  cathedral,  a  nunnery,  and  St.  Oran's  chapel, 
together  with  many  ancient  tombs  and  crosses ;  this  island  is  often  visited  by  tourists 
to  the  Western  Highlands,  and  is  only  ten  miles  from  the  far-famed  Staffa. 

The  population  of  the  Island  of  Qreat  Britain  has  been  stated  to  be  20,636,857; 
Irriaod,  as  enumerated  by  another  department,  contained  6,658,857  inhabitants ;  An- 
glesey, the  next  most  populous  island  in  the  group,  had  57,818  inhabitants ;  Jersey 
57,020;  tbe  Isle  of  Man,  52,844 ;  the  Isle  of  Wight.  60.324 ;  Guernsey,  29.757  ;  Lewis. 
22,918;  Skye,  21,528;  Shetland,  20.936;  Orkney,  16,668;  Islay,  12,834;  Bute. 
9,261 ;  Mull,  7,485 ;  and  Arran,  5,867 ;  17  islands  contained  a  population  ranging 
from  4,006  to  1,064;  52  had  a  population  ranging  from  947  to  105  ;  and  the  remain- 
ing 92  inbaUted  islands  ranged  from  a  population  of  92  downwards,  until  at  last  we 
eome  to  an  island  inhabited  by  one  solitary  man. 

The  British  Isles  extend  over  11  degrees  of  latitude  and  10  decrees  of  longitude; 
cooseijtteotly,  in  the  most  northerly  of  the  Shetlands,  tbe  night  in  the  summer  sol- 
stiee  IS  three  hours  shorter  than  m  Jersey ;  and  the  sun  rises  and  sets  on  the  east 
coast  of  England  47  minutes  before  it  rises  and  sets  on  the  west  coast  of  Ireland. 


IA98A8  CENSUS  Iff  1866. 
The  KansoM  Fret  Slate,  of  April  80, 1866,  furnishes  in  the  subjoined  table  the  com- 
plete retaros  of  Kansas  census,  as  follows: — 


Dtatrtets. 
1 

Bfdles. 
....         628 

Females. 

839 

208 

91 

71 

688 

818 

86 

27 

26 

54 

8 

80 

116 

512 

881 

475 

59 

Votorc 

869 

199 

101 

67 

442 

258 

58 

89 

86 

68 

24 

78 

96 

888 

308 

885 

59 

28 

Natives. 

887 

506 

216 

169 

1,886 

791 

117 

76 

66 

108 

80 

206 

278 

801 

846 

1,040 

148 

75 
19 
12 

2 
22 
12 

1 

6 
12 
23 

6 
87 

9 

46 

16 

104 

6 

SUves. 

7 

6 

1 
26 
11 

1 
10 

8 

'7 

14 

86 

16 

88  . 

28 

Total. 
962 

2 

3 

816 
....         161 

518 
252 

4. 

. . . .         106 

177 

5 

. . . .         824 

1,407 
810 

6. 

. . . .         472 

7 

....           82 

118 

8 

....           56 

88 

9. 

....           61 

86 

10. 

. . . .           97 

161 

11 

. . . .           88 

86 

12. 

....         168 

248 

18 

....         168 

284 

14. 

. . . .         666 

1,167 
878 

1,188 
160 

15 

16. 

472 
. . . .        708 

17 

. ...           91 

18. 

6,088  8,278         2,877         7,161  408  192         8,500 


POPUUTION  OF  ST.  iODIS  IN  1864-55. 
Tbe  official  returns  of  the  census  takers  of  St  Louis,  just  completed,  give  the  follow- 
ing as  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  six  wards  of  the  city  proper : — 

White  PDpaUUoD.    Oolored.  Total. 

First  Ward 18,s>02            149  19,054 

Second  Ward 16,686            824  17,510 

Third  Ward 18,086         1.088  14,069 

PonrthWard 11,612            468  11,965 

KftbWard 15,728            292  16,020 

SixthWard 18,819            205  19,024 

Total 94,686         2,966  97,642 

Showing  an  increase  of  about  $12,000  since  the  ceososof  lS62-'68.    The  entire  popa- 
httioo  of  tbe  city  and  suburbs  will  reach  neaiiy  120,000. 


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122 


SiatUtics  of  Population,  etc 


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£^ati$tks  of  PopuiaHcn,  etc.  1^ 

POPULATIOH  OF  PAKI8. 

The  official  publkatioo  of  the  censoB  statistics  of  Paris  began  with  the  eighteenth 
eeiHury  ;  and  the  first  documents  issued  were  found  to  be  in  material  disagreement 
with  the  obeerrations  of  statntidans  and  economists.  Previous  to  the  eighteenth 
century  we  have  only  the  testimony  of  historians  in  regard  to  the  Parisian  population 
and  they  are  equally  contradictory  among  themselves.  Under  the  two  first  races  of 
kings,  the  population  of  Paris  appears  to  hare  been  inconsiderable.  The  kings  seldom 
lesided  there,  and  Charlemagne  himsolf  never  went  there.  But  after  the  fall  of  the 
second  dynasty,  Hugh  Capet,  who  bore  the  title  of  Count  of  Paris,  fixed  his  residence 
there.  It  soon  became  the  chief  city  of  the  royal  domain,  and  grew  with  the  progress 
of  royalty. 

The  city  received  such  accessions  during  the  12th  century,  that  Philip  Augustus  was 
compelled  to  enlarge  the  circuit  of  its  walls;  and  at  the  commencement  of  the  tliir- 
teenth  century  the  population  was  estimated  at  120,000.  Under  Philip  IV.  (say  in 
1286)  it  was  estimated  at  200,000  ;  but  the  tax  lists  of  that  period,  do  not  justify  the 
estimate.  A  century  of  civil  and  foreign  wars,  and  the  prevalence  of  wasting  epi- 
demics, had  so  reduced  the  population,  that  in  1474,  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XI.,  it 
amounted  to  but  160,000.  At  the  epoch  of  the  League,  (which  took  place  in  1690,  to 
exclude  Henry  IV.  from  the  throne,)  it  l^Ml  reached  200,000. 

Under  the  administration  of  Cardinal  Richelieu,  the  emigration  of  the  provincial 
oobleman  to  Paris,  which  had  been  commenced  under  Frands  L,  waM  revived  and 
continued.  The  lords  left  their  chateaux  to  fall  to  ruins,  and  built  a  great  number  of 
hotels  in  the  faubourgs  of  Psiis.  The  vast  space  known  under  the  name  of  Pre-auz- 
Ckrcs,  was  covered  with  dwellings.  Besides  this,  the  privileges  successively  accord- 
ed to  the  inhabitants  of  Paris  by  the  kings  of  France,  such  as  exemption  from  taxes, 
and  from  military  service,  and  from  other  services  of  different  natures,  attracted  to  the 
capi^  <^  crowd  of  people  from  the  provinces,  either  to  escape  the  misfortnnea  of  war 
or  local  servitude,  or  to  enjoy  the  privileges  and  immunities  accorded  to  the  bouigeois 
of  the  city. 

Thus,  towards  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIY.,  we  find  that  Paris  contained 
within  iU  walls,  492,600  inbabitanU;  in  1719,  609,080;  and  frtmi  1762  to  1762  aboat 
676,6Mr.  About  twenty  years  subsequent  to  the  last-mentiooed  epoch,  grave  ques- 
tkms  arose  among  the  political  economists,  as  to  the  exact  population  which  ought  to 
be  assigned  to  the  city.  During  this  interim,  the  population  had  probably  increased 
100,000.  According  to  Bnfibo  it  was  668,000  in  1776 ;  and  in  1778,  according  to 
Moheao,  670,000;  while  in  1784,  according  to  Neckar,  it  was  600,000  only.  The 
\  contributed  much  to  the  increase  of  the  Parisian  population,  by  obtaining  per- 
,  one  by  one,  to  annex  their  individual  estates  or  residences  to  the  city,  to  avoid 
octroi  duties,  and  the  boundaries,  as  well  as  the  populatioo,  were  gradually  enlarged. 

At  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XVL,  the  population  of  Paris  was  set  down  at 
610,620 ;  in  1798  at  640,608 ;  and  in  1802,  at  670,000.  During  the  first  years  of  the 
empire,  however,  it  was  diminished,  being  647,766  in  1806,  and  680,609  in  1808.  Ib 
the  following  year  the  number  was  600,000;  and  in  1807,  notwithstanding  the  recent 
wars  and  two  invasions,  it  was  712,966;  in  1827,800,481;  in  1881,  the  commence- 
ment of  the  quinquennial  censuses,  714,828;  in  1886,  909,126;  in  1841,  912,088,  not 
indudiog  soldiers  under  arms,  absentees*  and  infants;  in  1846, 1,068,897,  and  in  the 
eolire  department  of  the  Seine.  1,864,467.  In  1861,  the  census  gave  Paris  1,068,268, 
and  the  department  of  the  Seine  1,881,782. 

In  1862,  the  births  in  the  city  were  88,284,  of  which  22,426  were  legitimate,  and 
10,868  illegitimattt.    In  the  same  year  the  dkiths  were  27,880,  and  there  were  10,424 


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124  Jcwrmal  qf  Mimn§  aind  Mam^tuiur€$, 

marriages.  It  would  be  a  coriooa  itadstioal  labor  to  Moertain  the  nrnnber  of  Pariaiaiis 
bom  in  tbe  city  and  residiDg  there.  It  is  believed  that  deducting  the  eoldiers  and  the 
abseutees,  there  would  only  be  found  about  200,000  native  born  in  the  whole  popula- 
tion of  the  city. 


JOURNAL  OF  MINING  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


HAHUFACTURB  OF  PLATE  GUS8  IV  VBW  YORK. 

The  Courier  and  Enquirer  gives  an  interesting  account  of  the  success  recently 
adiieved  by  the  American  Plate  Glass  Company,  in  that  part  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn 
known  as  Williamsburg.  The  process  of  manafacture  is  briefly  described  by  a  cor- 
respondent of  the  Courier : — 

The  melting-pots,  of  a  capacity  to  hold  six  hundred  pounds  of  material,  are  made 
of  fire-day,  prepared  in  a  peculiar  manner,  and  placed  in  the  furnace,  and  when  suffi- 
ciently hot  are  nlled  with  the  alkali  and  silex,  and  the  doors  closed  upon  them.  In 
teu  or  twelve  hours  the  mass  is  ready  for  casting.  Near  the  furnace  is  an  iron  table  a 
Hltle  more  than  five  feet  bv  ten,  under  which  a  slow  fire  is  placed,  so  that  it  is  moder- 
ately heated.  At  the  head  of  the  Uble  is  an  iron  roller  some  two  feet  in  diameter, 
and  near  that  a  swinging  crane.  The  surface  of  the  table  is  flush,  but  upon  its  edges 
are  placed  bars  of  iron,  corresponding  to  the  thickness  it  is  desired  to  cast  the  pl«te. 
These  bars  serve  as  bearers  for  the  roller.  The  material  being  ready,  the  first  step  is 
to  remove  the  furnace  door,  which  is  accomplished  by  means  of  long  levers  and  tongs. 
By  similar  means  a  pot  is  extracted  from  the  furnace  and  plao^  on  a  carriage  or 
truck.  From  the  outside  of  the  vessel  all  adhering  substance  from  tbe  coal  is  scraped 
off,  and  the  surfifuse  of  the  matter  is  also  skimmed  by  ladles  of  all  impurities.  A  collar, 
with  two  long  handles,  is  then  lowered  by  the  crane,  and  incloses  tne  pot  just  under 
the  projections  or  shoulders  upon  it,  and  by  a  windlass  it  is  raised  some  six  feet,  and 
swung  directly  over  the  table.  The  projecting  handles  are  then  seiied  by  two  men, 
and  in  a  moment  the  six  hundred  pounds  of  melted  glass  flows  like  a  sea  of  lava  over 
the  iron  surface.  Two  other  men  instantly  send  the  ponderous  roller  on  its  way  firom 
the  head  of  tbe  table,  reducing  the  mass  to  the  thickness  of  which  tbe  iron  bearers  are 
the  guage.  In  fifty  seconds  the  mass  Is  sufiidently  solidified  to  permit  it  to  be  pushed 
rapidly  upon  a  table  having  a  wooden  surface,  resting  upon  rollers,  which  is  at  ooee 
pushed  biasing  and  smoking  to  the  mouth  of  a  kiln,  into  which  the  glara  is  pM8cd» 
there  to  remain  from  three  to  five  days,  when  it  emerges  annealed  and  ready  to  be 
trimmed.  The  edges,  even  if  the  glass  be  an  inch  thick,  are  smoothly  cut  by  a  dia- 
mond, and  it  is  then  read^  for  market  in  a  state  known  as  **  rough  plate  glass.'*  The 
whole  process  of  casting  is  not  only  interesting  but  exoittpg ;  the  men  are  drilled  to 
move  promptly  and  silently,  handling  their  implements  with  great  adroitnesa  Tbs 
process  described  does  not  occupy  more  than  four  to  five  minutes,  and  everything  ia 
immediately  ready  for  another  casting. 

Tbe  company  do  not  as  yet  polish  their  glasa  to  fit  it  for  windows  or  mirrors;  bat 
are  about  to  introduce  the  maeninery  necessary  for  that  purpose.  At  present  there  m 
sufficient  demand  for  the  rough  plate,  to  be  used  in  floors,  roofs,  decks,  <&&,  to  keep 
thiiir  works  constantly  employea.  They  can  produce  plates  two  inches  in  thickneas, 
and  one  hundred  and  twenty  by  two  hundrea  and  forty  inches  square,  a  new  table, 
weighing  thirty-two  tons,  being  In  readiness  for  castings  of  the  latter  dimensions.  It 
is  believed  that  pUte  glasa  of  gr^t  thickness,  at  a  low  price,  will  be  introduced  te 
many  purposes,  for  whidi  iron  and  stone  have  hitherto  been  used. 

The  duty  on  imported  gUss  is  80  per  cent,  but  so  bulky  and  fngiie  w  the  article 
that  the  duty,  expenses,  uid  breakage,  amount  to  nearly  90  per  cent  The  fact  that 
tbe  company  own  a  water  front,  and  can  ship  dhreetly  from  then'  works,  is  an  import- 
ant consideratioii  in  avoiding  loss  from  breakage,  affording  at  tha  same  time  advaa- 
tages  for  receiving  fuel,  sand,  and  other  material  direct. 

The  construction  of  the  works  commenced  on  the  Ist  of  Febriuu^,  1866,  and  the 
first  casting  was  made  about  the  1st  of  May,  giving  proof  of  a  welldigefted  plan  and 
vigorous  execntioii.    The  works  are  at  present  capable  of  producing  seven  hundred 


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JomrmU  irf  Mim^  mtd  MamufaeUtres,  125 

feet  of  three-dghthe  iodi  glM«  per  day.  Hie  fomftce  holds  twelre  pots,  aod  there  are 
twelve  aanealiDg  kilns,  each  forty  by  eighteen  feet  The  fires,  kept  up  by  Cumberland 
coal,  are  not  allowed  to  go  down  until  the  furoaces  are  destroyed,  which  generally  oc- 
curs aAer  a  year's  use.  The  pots,  after  a  casting,  are  at  once  returned  to  the  furnace, 
aod  refilled.  They  usually  last  a  month.  The  temperature  of  the  establishment  is 
decidedly  high,  above  the  top  of  ordinary  thermometers.  The  furnace  fires  are  watched, 
ae  is  a  solar  eclipse,  through  dark-colored  glass,  the  intensity  of  the  light  being  unen- 
durable b^  the  naked  eye.  The  appearance  of  the  "  sea  of  glass  "  when  poured  upon 
the  table  is  extremely  beautiful.  At  first  of  bright  whiteness,  dazzling  to  the  eye,  it 
rapidly  changes  to  pmk,  scarlet,  crimson,  and  a  dark,  murky  red,  streaked  with  l)iack, 
in  which  state  it  is  thrust  into  Uie  kiln. 


THE  ALCOHOL  OF  CHRMI8TRT  AND  COMMERCE. 

Alcohol  is  that  combustible  fluid  which  rises  by  the  distillatioo  of  the  juices  of  sweet 
fruits ;  firom  the  infusion  of  malted  barley  or  other  grain ;  the  solutioDe  of  sugar, 
honey,  aod  other  substances  that  are  capable  of  being  converted  jnto  sugar  after  they 
have  undergone  that  spontaneous  change  which  is  commonly  known  as  fermentation— 
th«  vinous  fermentation.  The  word  alcohol  is  of  Arabic  or  Hebrew  origin,  and  signi- 
fies subtle  or  attenuated ;  but  although  it  has  for  many  ages  been  used  to  designate 
the  material  in  question,  it  does  not  appear  to  have  become  popular ;  **  spirits  of  wine," 
or  **  spirits,**  being  the  general  interpretation  of  alcohol. 

As  alcohol  is  well  known  to  be  derived  from  sugar,  malt,  aod  grapes,  it  is  generally 
though  erroneously  believed  that  these  substances  contain  it  By  the  hand  of  Power 
a  **  Greek  Slave  '^  can  be  produced  from  a  solid  mass  of  marble  chained  to  a  pedestal. 
No  one  will  believe  that  the  beautiful  form  pre-existed  in  the  nubble,  and  that  Power 
merely  removed  the  stone  veil  that  inclosed  itl  In  like  manner,  when  a  chemist 
manipulates  sugar,  barley,  or  grapes,  for  the  purpose  of  making  alcohol,  he  does  sot 
separate  it  as  a  material  pre-existing  in  the  substances  operated  on,  but  merely  uses 
the  ingredients  contained  therein  to  create  alcohol  It  is  an  ascertained  fact  that  al- 
cohol can  only  be  made  from  sugar,  although  at  first  sight  it  appears  to  be  made  from 
a  variety  of  things,  such  as  potatoes,  treade,  (fee.  When  it  is  known  that  any  mate- 
rials that  contain  starch  can  be  converted  into  sugar,  the  mystery  of  making  alcohol 
from  potatoes  becomes  solved.  Moreover,  when  starch  b  manipulated  in  another 
way,  chemists  can  produce  from  it  vbegar,  sugar,  alcohol,  water,  earbonic  acid,  oxalic 
add,  carbonic  oxyd  gas,  lactic  acid,  and  many  other  substances ;  but  it  must  not  be 
sapposed  that  these  materials  have  any  pre-existence  m  starch — no,  they  have  been 
created  from  the  elements  composing  starch,  but  not  from  that  substance  itself.  The 
starch  is  broken  up,  and  its  elements  are  re-arranged  into  new  forms.  When  alcohol 
is  made  from  barley,  we  merely  complete  a  change  which  nature  had  begun.  Barley 
contains  starch.  When  barley  is  malted,  the  starch  becomes  sugar ;  this  we  extract 
by  the  use  of  water,  and  call  it  wort  Fermentation  is  now  set  up,  and  Uie  sugar  is 
dhaoged  into  spirit  How  quickly  this  can  be  turned  into  acetic  acid— that  is,  vinegar 
— is  well  known  to  all  beer  drinkers. 


GRAVEL  COICRETE. 
The  plan  of  building  houses  with  gravel  concrete — a  mixture  of  lime,  stone,  and 
gravel — is  exciting  considerable  attention,  under  the  present  high  prices  of  lumber  and 
brk^  It  is  comparatively  a  new  thing,  although  in  Ohio  and  other  Western  States 
it  has  been  practiced  for  fifteen  or  twenty  years.  The  only  question  about  it  is  that 
of  cheapness,  for  of  its  durability  there  can  be  no  doubt  The  building  now  in  progress 
of  coBStmctioa  on  this  plan  in  Wakham,  Massachusetts,  by  the  Boston  Match  Gobi* 
pany,  is  said  to  hare  thus  fiyr  saved  the  entire  eost  of  bridr. 


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B0AIJ8  FOR  BUIiaiVtt  SfllPS  IB  LeUIMAilA. 

The  Senate  and  Hoose  of  Representatiyes  of  the  State  of  LonisUna  in  General  Aa- 
eemblj  conyened  baye  pasaed  the  following  act  relatiye  to  ship  building.  This  aci 
was  approyed  by  the  Qoyernor  March  1 6th,  1866,  and  is  now  in  force : — 

Sxa  1.  Tliat  a  reward  or  bonus  is  offered,  and  shall  be  giyen,  by  this  State  to  each 
person  or  association  of  persons,  whether  resident  of  this  State  or  otherwise,  who  shaU 
Duild  and  complete,  or  cause  to  be  built  and  completed,  within  this  State,  any  ship  or 
yessel  of  a  tonnage  each  of  more  than  fifty  tons  burden  ;  which  reward  or  bonus  shall 
be  fiye  dollafs  per  ton,  custom-house  measurement,  fur  each  ship  or  yessel ;  and  for 
each  sea- going  steamer  so  built  and  completed  as  aforesaid ;  and  four  dollars  per  ton 
for  each  and  eyery  riyer  or  lake  steamer  so  built  and  completed  as  aforesaid. 

Sec.  2.  That  any  person  demanding  the  reward  or  bonus  shall  file  in  the  office  of 
the  Secretary  of  State  a  certificate,  signed  by  the  collector  of  the  port  and  the  builder, 
which  shall  state  the  name  of  the  builder,  the  name  and  tonnage  of  the  ship  or  other 
vessel ;  was  wholly  built  and  completed  within  this  State ;  and  upon  the  production 
of  a  copy  of  said  certificate,  countersigned  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts  to  giye  to  the  bolder  of  said  certified  copy  a 
warrant  upon  the  Treasurer  for  the  amount  to  which  he  may  be  entitled. 

Saa  S.  That  this  act  shall  be  in  force  during  the  term  of  fiye  years  from  the  18th 
day  of  March,  1866. 

8Ea  4.  That  all  laws  contrary  to  the  proyisions  of  this  act,  and  all  laws  on  the  same 
subject  matter,  except  what  is  contained  in  the  Ciyil  Code  and  Code  of  Practice,  be 
repealed.  

GOMBIBTATIOIV  OF  IROH  A9D  GLASS. 

Mr.  Oampbell,  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  has  made  application  at  Washington  for  a  patent, 
making  a  bond  of  union  between  cast-iron  at  a  yery  high  temperature  and  glass  in  a 
state  of  fusion,  and  designed  for  boxes  in  which  the  axles  of  wheels  reyolye.  The 
glass  is  for  the  interior  of  the  box,  and,  causing  but  little  friction,  it  requires  but  little 
lubrication,  and  is,  therefore,  economical,  costing  less  than  cast  iron.  The  hUelligenetr 
says: — 

**  The  tests  to  which  the  specimen  we  haye  seen  has  been  subjected,  at  once  coo- 
yinced  us  that  glass  thus  imbedded  in  iron  could  sustain  extraorginaiy  pressure  and 
the  most  powerful  blows ;  but  a  doubt  arose  in  relation  to  the  inequality  in  the  coo- 
traction  and  expansion  of  the  two  materials,  by  sudden  changes  in  their  temperature. 
Iron,  however,  expands  and  contracts  by  heat  far  more  than  ^\fi»&^  and  the  cast-iron 
box  being  expanded  to  its  utmost  when  the  glass  congeals,  all  its  after  tendency  by 
this  means  must  necessarily  be  to  embrace  the  glass  within  it;  and  this  glass,  being 
in  the  form  of  an  arch,  with  its  bases  and  apex  b^ih  embraced  by  the  iron,  it  can  yield 
to  no  power  that  is  not  capable  of  literally  cru^fhing  it  to  powder.'* 

MANUFACTURING  BOOTS  AND  SHOES  BT  MACHINERY. 
A  number  of  Frenchman  are  about  getting  up  an  establishment  at  Utica,  New 
York,  for  the  manufkcture  of  boots  and  shoes  by  machinery.  It  Is  said  that  the  mano* 
fttctnre  of  a  fine  shoe  wilt  cost  but  ten  cents,  and  that  of  a  fine  boot  but  fifteen  or 
twenty  cents.  The  machines  can  be  run  by  women  and  boys,  and  their  proper  man- 
agement does  not  require  any  knowledge  of  the  present  way  of  making  boots  and 
shoes.  The  Telegraph  says  that  the  owners  are  now  in  Washington  securing  a  patent 
for  their  machine,  and  it  thus  speaks  of  its  performance : — 

The  machine  is  so  perfect  th^t  it  is  only  necessary  to  place  in  it  two  pieces  of  sole 
and  upper  leather,  and  in  an  incredibly  short  space  of  time  it  turns  out  a  complete 
boot  or  shoe,  as  is  desired.  We  learn  that  a  number  of  capitalists  of  this  city  are  ne> 
gotiating  for  the  purchase  of  the  patent,  and  that  it  is  their  intention,  should  they  suc- 
ceed in  securing  it,  to  purchase  the  Qlobe  Mills  and  to  convert  them  into  an  extensive 
boot  and  shoe  mannfactory,  employing  some  seven  hundred  hands.  A  gentleman  in 
this  city  now  extensively  interetsted  in  mannfinctnring,  it  in  New  York  negotiating  for 
the  purchase  of  the  patent 


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Jowmal  of  Mining  and  M<mufaetwr€9.  127 

IMPROyiUBOT  IH  THE  MAlKJFACTimE  OF  BREAD. 
John  S.  Gould,  of  Columbia  cooety,  recontlj  presented  the  State  Agricultaral  Soci. 
ety  with  a  loaf  of  improved  bread — an  article  in  the  manufactare  of  which  there  haa 
been  no  marked  improvement  since  the  days  of  Pericles.  This  bread,  as  we  learn  from 
the  Albany  Journal^  is  the  invention  of  a  Mr.  CauM,  (an  appropriate  name  for  the  in- 
veotor  of  a  loafy)  who  was  formerly  baker  in  General  Taylor's  army,  daring  the  Mexi> 
ean  war.  The  improvement  consists  in  a  new  application  of  the  old  principles  of  fer- 
mentatioD,  and  modification  in  the  old  method  of  baking.  Its  advantages  are  thus 
sommed  up  by  the  Journal : —  ^ 

1.  It  does  not  c^ow  stale  in  eight  or  ten  days.  It  is  as  fresh  at  the  end  of  a  week 
as  ordinary  bakers  bread  at  the  end  of  twenty- four  hours. 

2.  It  can  be  manufactured  by  machinery,  which  is  impossible  with  ordinary  bread. 
Three  men  can  manu&cture  eight  thousand  loaves  per  day  in  this  manner. 

8.  Ordinary  floor,  of  common  brands,  can,  by  this  process,  be  converted  into  white 
and  sweet  bread,  as  can  by  ordinary  means  l>e  made  from  the  best  superfine  flour. 
Even  sour  flour  can  be  made  into  good  sweot  bread. 

4.  The  liability  of  bread  to  become  sour  is  completely  obviated. 

6.  No  drugs  whatever  are  used  in  making  it,  not  even  pearlash.  No  ingredients  are 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  it  except  flour,  salt,  yeast,  and  water. 

If  half  what  is  claimed  for  this  new  method  of  manufacturing  bread  is  true,  the  im- 
provement is  certainly  very  important 


mix  AS  A  MAJIUFACTURIN6  I56REDIE5T. 

Milk  now  performs  other  offices  besides  the  production  of  butter  and  cheese  and  the 
flavoring  of  tea.  It  has  made  its  way  into  the  textile  factories,  and  has  become  a  val- 
oeable  adjunct  in  the  hands  of  the  calico  printer  and  the  woolen  manufacturer.  In 
the  daas  of  pigment  printing  work,  which  is  indeed  a  species  of  painting,  the  colors 
are  laid  on  the  face  of  the  goods  in  an  insoluble  condition,  so  as  to  give  a  full,  bril- 
liant appearance.  As  a  vehicle  for  effecting  this  process  of  decoration,  the  insoluble 
albnroen  obtained  from  eggs  was  always  used,  until  Mr.  Pattison,  of  Glasgow,  Boot- 
land,  found  a  more'eoonomical  substitute  in  milk.  For  this  purpose  buttermilk  is  now 
bought  op  in  large  quantities  from  the  farmers,  and  the  desired  indissoluble  matter  is 
obtained  from  it  at  a  price  £ar  below  that  of  egg  albumen.  This  matter  the  patentee 
has  called  **hictarin.'' 

A  second  application  of  the  same  artide-^milk — ^has  just  been  developed  by  eaves 
arising  out  of  the  recent  high  price  of  olive  oil,  which  having  risen  from  £40  to  £70  a 
too,  the  woolen  manufacturers  are  now  using  the  high-priced  article  mixed  with  milk. 
'Diis  compound  is  said  to  answer  much  better  than  oil  alone,  the  animal  fat  contained 
in  the  globules  of  the  milk  apparently  famishing  an  element  of  more  powerful  effect 
apon  the  fibers  than  the  pure  vegetable  oil  per  se. 


MEN  E1I6A0ED  IN  THE  BUILDING  TRADES  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN. 
From  a  statement  by  Mr.  Godwin,  the  architect,  published  in  the  London  Bmildir, 
it  seems  that  there  are  182,000  carpenters  and  joiners,  101,000  masons  and  paviors, 
68,000  bricklayers,  68,000  plumbers,  painters,  and  glaziers,  86,000  sawyers,  81,000 
brickmakers,  besides  plasterers,  slaters,  and  others ;  makmg  a  total  of  586,000  per- 
sona, exdodve  of  2,970  architects.  The  largeness  of  their  interests  involved,  he  added, 
was  evident  The  positioo  which  builders  and  contractors  had  taken  in  England  was 
noexampled ;  they  commanded  armies  of  men ;  had  their  William  Oubitt,  Peto,  Jack- 
son, and  others  in  Parliament;  and  were  amongst  the  largest  enoouragers  of  art  and 
Mteratore. 


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126  Journal  af  Mhnimg^  tmd  Mawu/miurm^ 

EXTEISIYB  FLODBUfO  MILL  IS  LOUISTIUB. 
Mesara.  Smith  and  Sm jser,  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  hare  reoeDtlj  completed  a  mo«t 
exteoiiTe  flouring  mill  at  the  Falls  near  that  city.  It  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $86,000, 
and  embraces  all  the  latest  improvements.  Its  Ave  run  of  stones  will  grind  1,600 
bushels  of  wheat  daily,  and  its  arrangements  are  such  that  600  barrels  of  flour  can 
be  packed  in  a  day  without  spilling  a  handful.  We  quote  from  ^e  Courier  of  the 
24th:— 

The  motire  power  of  this  tnill  is  the  water  of  the  falls  of  the  Ohio,  just  where  it 
dsehes  with  irresistible  force  thi  <Migh  the  Indiana  chute.  The  mill-raoe  was  excavated 
at  an  imcoense  cost  of  time,  labor,  and  money,  from  the  solid  limestone  that  forms  the 
bed  of  the  rapids.  The  wheels  are  on  an  entire  new  principle,  being  similar  to  the 
submerged  propellers  used  in  war  steamers,  working  an 'immense  upright  shaft,  the 
base  of  which  is  sunk  fifteen  feet  through  solid  rock.  The  entire  machinery  of  the 
mill  is  worked  or  revolved  by  this  shaft,  which  extends  its  ()ower  from  the  bed  of  the 
river  to  the  very  roof  of  the  building,  the  whole  moving  with  the  evenness  and  rago- 
larity  of  clockwork,  and  with  irresistible  and  untiring  power.  As  long  as  the  waters 
of  the  Ohio  roll  onward  to  the  Oulf,  so  long  will  the  machinery  of  this  great  mill  per- 
petuate its  action,  and  be  an  enduring  monument  of  the  energy,  talent,  and  enterprise 
of  its  builders. 

Messrs.  Smith  and  Smyser*8  flour  store  is  on  Market-street,  above  First,  where  they 
have  constant  supply  of  their  superior  flour,  as  well  as  all  the  diflfereot  kinds  of  offi&l 
of  the  mill.  They  have  been  in  operation  since  the  first  of  January,  and  during  the 
past  week  wore  making  flour  from  wheat  from  Chicago  that  cost  them  $2  per  bushel. 
They  will  always  be  in  market  buying  wheat,  for  which  the  farmers  throughout  Ken- 
tucky, Indiana,  and  Ohio,  are  informed  that  they  pay  the  highest  cash  price  fur  a  good 
article. 

CHEAP  COAL  BY  A  CHEMICAL  PREPARATION. 

Br.  Thomas  Hooper,  of  New  Orleans,  has  discovered  a  chemical  preparatkm,  which, 
mixed  with  mud  as  a  brickUiyer  would  mix  lime  with  sand,  makes  an  exoelleot  coal 
—coal  that  can  be  made  and  sold  in  the  Kew  Orleans  market  for  thirty  oents  a  barrel, 
if  made  by  hand,  or  fifteen  cents  if  made  by  madiinery.  It  lights  easily ;  there  is  no 
offensive  smell  emitted,  but  little  smoke,  and  bat  very  little  dast*or  dndera.  What 
little  cinders  are  left,  is  good  for  cleaning  silver,  brass,  or  other  similar  metals ;  and 
the  ashes  make  a  tolerable  sand  pftper,  and  are  also  good  ibr  scrubbing  floors,  d^  The 
patentee  also  assuies  us,  says  the  American  Fxpanent, "  that  it  will  not  only  bom 
wall  in  grates,  (where  we  saw  it  burning,)  but  in  stoves,  f omates  for  smelting,  and  f>r 
making  steam.  In  fact,  it  can  be  put  to  all  the  practical  uses  of  wood  or  coal,  exoept 
for  the  purpose  of  generating  gas." 


1 


DEMAND  FOR  WOOL  IN  EUROPE. 

The  London  Journal  of  Commerce  says :  **  The  demand  for  wool  is  increasing  very 
rapidly  in  all  countries,  especially  on  the  continent  France  is,  perhaps,  the  larffest 
market  of  the  world  for  wool,  and  employs  every  year  wool  of  the  value  of  more  Uum 
twelve  millions  of  pounds  sterling,  and  is,  moreover,  annually  increasing  her  exports  of 
woolen  stuffs.  France,  the  Zollverein,  and  Belgium,  require  yearly  about  £22,000,000 
worth  of  wool,  while  their  own  production  is  scarcely  to  the  value  of  £16,000,000. 
Wool  stands  next  to  cotton  m  importance  of  the  various  raw  materials  employed  in 
our  home  manufactures,  engaging  upwards  of  £30,000,000  of  Britii<h  capital,  and  the 
woolen  and  worsted  trades  formiog  more  than  a  fourth  part  of  our  textile  manufactures. 
If,  with  all  the  obstacles  to  progression — deficiency  of  labor,  colonial  reverses,  the  rav- 
ages of  the  scab,  and  the  attractions  of  the  gold-fields — the  exports  of  AustraHan  wool 
have  doubled  in  the  last  ten  years,  we  see  no  reason  why  even  a  much  greater  increase 
should  not  take  place  in  the  next  decade ;  and  a  more  diifused  and  dense  population, 
with  increased  facilities  of  transport  bv  water  and  rail,  afford  a  certain  promise,  that 
the  mighty  island  of  New  Holland,  which  in  our  sphere  haa  ah-eady  edipsod  all  Its 


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RaUroad,  Oanal,  and  SUaimhomt  SloMki.  12t 

prcdeoMBon  uid  oootemporttieft,  will,  S8  ragsnb  the  fyrodttctifto  of  the  equrily  neeet- 
tary  staple  wool,  go  on  inrreasiog  in  an  enormous  ratio,  aod  fumiah  such  a  supply  of 
tbe  raw  material  for  oar  woolen  Csbries  as  shall  not  only  meet  the  enhanced  British 
demand,  but  also  leave  supplies  for  the  increasing  wants  of  our  continental  and  trans- 
Atlantic  brethren.  With  every  rach  increase  the  shipping  business  must  necewarily 
prosper,  and  an  enhanced  demand  for  tonnage  of  consequence  arise,  aflbrding  valuable 
return  freightu  for  the  large  fleet  of  fine  ships  engaged  in  the  Australian  tnuie.'* 


LORD  BERRIE9AL£*8  PATF5T  FOR  PAPER  F^OM  THE  THISTLE. 

Among  the  patents  issued  in  England  during  the  past  year,  is  one,  dated  July  8, 
1854,  to  Lord  Berriedale,  London,  relative  to  the  application  and  use  of  the  com  men 
thisUe,  or  Oaiduus,  as  it  is  termed  by  botanists,  in  the  production  of  pulpy  material 
from  which  paper  may  be  made.  All  varieties  of  the  plant,  it  is  stated,  are  applica- 
ble to  the  purposes  of  this  invention,  but  more  partiailarly  the  large  Scottish  thistle, 
which  grows  luxuriantly  in  many  parts  of  Great  Britain,  attaining  a  great  height  and 
thickness  of  stem,  and  which  furnish  in  each  plant,  fiber  of  great  tenacity  to  a  large 
amount  This,  when  duly  prepared,  is  well  suited  for  the  preparation  of  a  paper 
pulp,  which  will  cohere  very  powerfully,  as  well  as  prove  useful  in  textile  manufao 
tares.  It  may  be  used  whether  green  or  dry,  and  for  paper  goes  through  a  proceft 
similar  to  that  which  rags  are  subject  to,  and  if  for  manufactures,  like  flax. 


&AILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 


0CEA5  IAD  IIVUHD  STEAMERS  OUT  OF  THE  PORT  OF  KEW  TORI. 


nvMBia  n. 
-THE  PLYMOUTH  ROCK.'' 

In  continuation  o{  our  series  of  descriptions  of  the  newer  and  finer  steamers  out  of 
Hew  York,  we  this  month  present  a  brief  notice  of  the  Plymouth  Rock,  another  of 
(be  steamers  recently  completed  for  the  navigation  of  Long  Island  Sound,  forming 
part  of  the  **  regular  mail  line  between  New  York  and  Boston  via  Stooington  and 
Plrovidence,"  in  connection  with  the  Stonington  and  Providence,  and  the  Boatoo  and 
Providence  railroads. 

It  may  not  be  out  of  place,  by  way  of  introduction,  to  refer  to  the  rofuU  to  which 
the  Plymouth  Rock  belongs,  as  tbe  oldest  of  the  three  principal  lines  of  travel  be- 
tween the  cities  of  New  York  and  Boston.  In  the  earlier  days  of  steamboats,  the 
passage  was  made  between  New  York  and  Providence  the  whole  distance  by  water, 
aod  many  beside  the  ''oldest  inhabitant"  will  remember  the  name  and  fame  of  the 
steamers  then  engaged  in  this  important  service.  A  trip  through  the  Sound,  passing 
Fisher's  Island,  and  the  race  around  Point  Judith  into  Narragansett  Bay,  stopping 
perhaps  for  wood  and  water,  poultry  and  vegetables,  or  it  may  be  only  by  stress  of 
weather,  at  Hart  Island,  Huntington,  New  Haven,  New  London,  Stonington,  Newport 
and  other  places  all  along  shore,  was  an  undertaking  little  less  arduous  than  a  voyage 
aerois  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  the  Collins  steamers  of  to-day. 

On  tbe  opening  of  the  iiJtonington  Railroad  in  the  year  1887,  the  outside  steamers 
were  in  part  transferred  from  the  route  to  Providence  via  Newport,  to  that  via  Ston- 
ington, and  after  running  thus- in  combination  for  two  or  three  years,  the  boats  were 
exclusively  assigned  to  the  Stonington  route,  which  had  become  more  and  more  a 

VOL.  xxxm^ — KO.  I,  9 


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180  BaUroady  (kmal,  (md  Steamboat  StaiUiki. 

favorite  wtth  travelen,  on  aoooimt  of  its  being  iaUuid  aod  nmoh  more  ezpeditioiiB 
tkao  the  old  roate. 

Not  withstanding  sereral  new  and  popalar  channels  of  conveyance  have  been  opened 
between  New  York  and  Boston  subsequently,  we  understand  the  proprietors  of  the 
route  via  StoningtoD  claim  that  theirs  still  remains  the  shortest  in  miles,  and  the  most 
direct  as  traced  on  the  map. 

At  all  events,  we  know  that  the  Stoningtoo  line  has  always  enjoyed  its  share  of 
public  favor,  and  that  its  steamers  rank  among  the  first  in  these  waters. 

The  Plymouth  Bock  made  her  first  trip  to  Stoniogton  .October  19,  1854.  The  hull 
was  built  by  J.  Simonson,  and  is  of  unusual  heavy  timber,  with  a  variety  of  extra 
fastenings.  The  length  of  keel,  S26  feet;  length  on  deck,  886  feet ;  breadth  of  hull, 
40  feet;  whole  breadth,  including  guards,  72  £eet;  depth  of  hold,  18  feet;  register 
I986O  tons,  custom-house  measurement.  The  model  has  been  much  admired  by  ama- 
teurs in  marine  architecture  for  its  grace  and  symmetry.  She  is  certainly  a  very  fine- 
looking  steamer,  and  reflects  great  credit  on  her  builder,  whose  succees  has  before 
been  remarked. 

The  machinery  was  furnished  by  the  Allaire  Works  of  this  city.  The  engine  is  a 
beam,  with  a  cylinder  76  inches  in  diameter  and  12  feet  stroke  of  piston ;  the  shafts 
and  cranks  are  of  wrought-iron,  heavily  fastened  and  braced.  There  are  two  low- 
pressure  boilers,  of  very  great  size  and  capacity,  placed  on  the  guards.  The  steamer 
has  also  an  extra  engine  and  pumps  to  supply  the  boilers,  and  so  arranged  in  case  of 
fire,  that  a  hose  may  be  attached  at  a  moment's  notice,  and  reach  any  part  of  the 
boat  The  engine  of  the  Plymouth  Rock  is  of  the  first  class— massive  in  strength  and 
oomplete  in  finish.  It  contains  all  desirable  improvements,  and  is  believed  to  be  as 
perfect  a  specimen  of  machinery  as  yet  produced  in  this  country. 

In  the  construction  of  this  mammoth  steamer,  it  was  deemed  of  paramount  import- 
aooe  to  provide  a  strong  and  substantial  vessel  of  great  power,  with  the  highest 
speed,  and  particularly  equipped  for  the  security  and  safety  of  life  and  property. 
But  the  comfort  and  enjoyment  of  the  passengers  has  not  been  by  any  means  ne- 
glected. • 

The  accommodations  throughout  are  spacious,  convenient,  and  elegant ;  the  furniture 
and  appointments  of  the  costliest  description,  and  in  taste  and  beauty.  The  beds  and 
bedding,  chandeliers,  china,  cut  glass,  and  table  furniture,  are  the  best  that  could  be 
procured  in  this  country  or  in  Europe- 

The  Plymouth  Rock  has  one  hundred  well- ventilated  state  rooms,  including  numer- 
ous bridal,  family,  and  single-bedded  rooms,  and  berths  (wide  and  roomy)  for  five 
hundred  passengers,  and  a  dining  cabin  remarkably  spacious.  The  ladies'  cabin,  with 
its  almost  regal  splendor,  and  the  state  room  hall,  with  its  immense  proportions  and 
beautiful  arched  roof,  must  be  seen  to  be  fully  appreciated. 

Tlie  Plymouth  Rock  is  supplied  with  several  metallic  life-boats,  with  patent  cans, 
seats,  and  buoys  fitted  as  life-preservers,  with  fire-engioe,  force-pumps,  hose,  and 
other  apparatus  and  contrivances  to  protect  and  preserve  from  accident,  danger,  or 
harm. 

The  Plymouth  Rock  is  under  the  command  of  Captain  Joel  Stone,  who  has  been 
from  early  boyhood  on  the  Sound,  and  is  most  favorably  known  as  a  competent  and 
courteous  master. 

The  other  steamers  of  the  Stonington  line — the  "  0.  Vanderbilt "  and  the  **  Commo- 
dore," are  among  the  established  institutions  of  Long  Island  Sound.  Their  qualities 
as  staunch,  safe,  and  fast  steamers,  have  always  rendered  them  popular  with  travelers 
to  and  from  the  East 


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Rcnlroad,  Oanal,  and  Steamboat  Statistics, 


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Mercantile  Miseellanies,  183 

A  IfGW  RAILaOAD  BRIDGE. 

The  model  of  a  bridge  inventod  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Avery,  C.  E^  vrta  recently  tested  at 
tbe  Utnoo  Depot,  io  Troy,  before  several  scientific  men  and  a  number  of  spectators. 
The  model  is  four  feet  and  six  inches  in  lenj^th,  with  the  average  height  of  five  inches, 
and  constructed  of  white  pine- wood  and  brass  bolts;  its  weight  being  five-aod  a-hall 
pounds.  It  sustained  a  weight  of  eleven  hundred  pouodj,  being  two  hundred  times 
its  owQ  weight,  with  a  deflection  of  one-quarter  of  an  inch.  On  a  recent  visit  to  Troy 
we  bad  an  opportunity  of  examining  the  model,  and  in  our  judgment,  Mr.  Avery  has 
focceeded  in  attaining  to  the  fullest  extent  possible,  and  to  a  greater  degree  than  has 
been  heretof  jre  attained,  the  great  dedideratuiu  of  bridges— simplicity  of  construotioa 
with  the  combbation  of  lightness  and  strength. 


MERCANTILE  MISCELLANIES. 


MEMOIRS  OF  AMBRICAUr  MBRGHAHTSi 

xicnrxNT  Foa  integkitt,  industrt,  xnebot,  xirrBaPEisK,  and  suocxss  in  lifb. 

We  eopy  the  foUowtng  well-written  editorial  from  the  New  York  Eoening  Mirror. 
As  the  editor  of  that  journal  remarks  in  the  last  paragraph  quoted,  we  propose  td 
publish  a  volume  of  "  Mercantile  Biography,"  in  the  course  of  the  coming  autumn, 
wluch  will  include  many  but  not  "  all "  the  sketches  that  have  appeared  io  the  Jfer- 
thtntt^  Mofftuine,  It  is  our  intention  to  select  such  only  as  comport  with  the  design 
of  the  series  indicated  by  its  title  of  giving  the  **  Memoirs  of  American  Merchants, 
eminent  for  Integrity,  Industry,  Energy,  Enterprise,  and  Success  in  Life  " — the  repre- 
sentative men,  who  **  may  serve  as  a  key  to  universal  mercaatile  history."  The  series, 
lor  we  shall  probably  extend  it  co  tw(»  or  more  volumes,  will  include  many  merchants 
tnd  business  men  of  the  present  and  the  past,  whose  memoirs  have  not  been  pub- 
lished in  this  magazine,  or  in  any  other  form.  The  first  volume  will  cover  some  five 
hundred  octavo  pages,  printed  on  a  large,  handsome  type,  and  fine  paper,  and  neatly 
sod  sobetantially  boond.  The  volume  will  be  illustrated  with  a  number  of  portraits 
eograTed  oo  steel,  and  form  altogether  a  volume  artistically  equal,  in  every  respect 
to  Irving's  Life  of  Washington,  published  by  G.  P.  Putnam,  or  Bancrofc's  History  of 
the  United  SUUs,  by  Little,  Brown  <b  Go. 

The  first  volume  will  contain  biographies  of  Samnel  Appleton,  Thomas  P.  Gope, 
Peter  G.  Brooks,  Samuel  Shaw,  Joseph  Peabody,  Hon.  Thomas  H.  Perkins,  Jonathan 
Ooodhne,  Hoa  James  G.  King,  Patrick  Tracy  Jackson,  Stephen  Girard,  Walter  R. 
Jones,  Ac^  &c^  nearly  all  of  whom  belonged  to  the  first  era  of  the  commercial  history 
of  the  United  States,  and  died  at  an  advanced  age.  Subsequent  volumes  will  proba- 
bly contain  the  lives  of  some  of  the  most  eminent  living  American  merchants,  and 
will  thus  bring  down  this  biographical  history  of  the  G«>mmerce  of  America  to  the 
present  time: — 

**  MXaOANTIUI  BIOOEAFBT— BUNT*B  MAOAZINB.* 

<*  When  the  hiptorian,  yet  to  come,  shall  attempt  to  picture  the  mercantile  phase  of 
oar  national  annals,  he  will  torn  with  thankfalneas  to  the  pages  of  *'  Hunt's  Merchantt* 
Magazine,"  as  the  largest  authentic  source  from  whence  to  derive  the  facts,  philoso- 
phy, and  biography,  which  go  to  explain  the  marvelous  rapidity  with  which  the  Com- 
merce of  our  young  republic  has  risen  in  competition  and  successful  rivalry  with  that 
of  the  eldest  and  proudest  of  maritime  nations.  Among  the  many  admirable  features 
of  the  aforesaid  magazine — the  leading  and  best  of  its  kind  the  world  over— none  af- 
fords greater  interest  and  instruction,  or  deserves  more  praise,  than  the  department 


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154  MertanHle  MUuUam». 

deroted  to  mercaDtile  biograf^.  As  tba  biftorj  of  one  nMD,  of  eosmopoliUo  ezpe- 
rieoce,  may  be  eaki  to  typify  in  a  measure  tbe  history  of  the  humaD  race«  so  the  bio- 
graphical record  of  one  emiDeot  mercfaaDt  may  serre  as  a  key  to  uoiyersal  mercantile 
history.  Tbe  Astors,  Oirards,  Ora^s,  Brookses,  and  Lawrences  of  oar  coantrr,  col- 
lectively or  singly,  illustrate  the  spirit  and  ffeuius  of  the  class  to  which  they  belong. 

"  Fbkeman  Hunt,  in  his  invaluable  roagizme,  whom  we  are  proud,  as  Americana^  to 
know  is  €quall^  popular  and  authoritative,  in  commercial  circles,  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic,  has  given  several  sketches  of  eminent  mercantile  Americans — all  exceeding- 
ly interesting,  but  nooe  more  so  than  the  sketch  of  the  celebrated  Peter  Ghardon 
Brooks,  (with  fine  steel  portrait,)  contributed  by  the  Hon.  Edward  Everett  to  tbe  June 
number  of  the  magazine.  Mr.  Everett  could  hardly  have  selected  a  more  marked 
character,  if  his  object  was  to  best  illustrate  the  integrity,  the  intelligence,  tbe  enter- 
prise, or  the  sagacity  and  energy  of  the  pioneers  and  moiders  of  American  Commare 
— and  his  classic  and  graceful  pen  has  done  as  ample  justice  to  the  great  Boston  aier^ 
chant,  banker,  marine  insurer,  and  millionaire,  as  the  limits  of  a  magazine  article 
would  admit 

**  We  have  not  space  for  eyen  a  synopsis  of  this  interesting  biography — which  everr 
young  man,  intent  on  entering  the  ranks  of  trade  and  Commerce,  snould  read  for  ad- 
vice as  well  as  stimulus — but  we  have,  from  its  perusal,  had  our  life-long  conviction 
strengfthened,  that  tbe  best  goals  of  fortune,  and  honor,  and  personal  happiness,  are 
only  open  to  those  who  begm  their  career  aright,  and  live  it  aright — swayed  by  fixed 
principles  from  tbe  start,  and  never  sacrificing  honesty  or  honor,  howerer  present  cir- 
cumstances may  tempt  Peter  C.  Brooks  achieved  a  vast  fortune,  and  a  solid  and 
commanding  reputation,  not  by  bap-haxard  venturep,  but  by  pursuing,  evenly  and 
steadily,  a  well-calculated  line  of  action,  reauiriuff  a  sagacity  and  enterprise,  but  much 
more  requiring  a  stubborn  integrity  and  an  indomitable  will  to  resist  speculation.  His 
business  was  well  defined,  orderly  to  perfection,  and  constantly  supervised  (during  his 
active  business  career)  by  himself. 

**  If  he  was  iar-seeing  and  far-reaching  in  his  enterprise,  he  was  equally  pmdent 
and  moderate  in  the  use  of  means  to  accomplish  his  ends.  The  most  active  part  of 
bis  life  was  passed  between  the  years  1789  and  1808,  and  perhaps  no  man  in  this 
country  ever  accumulated  fortune  more  rapidly  than  he,  during  that  period.  But,  in 
the  pursuit  of  fortune,  Mr.  Brooks  cultivated  the  Christian  and  the  roan,  and  his  right 
hand  was  not  more  dilligent  and  successful  in  gathering  than  his  left  hand  was  in 
beneficently  dispensing.  Ample  fortune  is  a  glorious  thing  in  the  hands  of  a  true  m&n, 
enabling  him  to  scatter  blessing  on  every  side,  and  at  the  same  time  to  make  &«grant 
and  bright  his  own  pathway.  But  we  must  leave  the  reader  to  Mr.  Everett's  sketch 
for  a  broader  and  more  complete  view  of  Mr.  Brooks,  who  was,  decidedly,  a  repre- 
sentative man. 

**  Mr.  Hunt's  forthcoming  volume  of  **  Mercantile  Biography,"  which  will  include  all 
the  sketches  that  have  appeared  ii.  his  magazine  to  the  present  time,  will  be  warmly 
welcomed  as  an  interesting  and  long-needed  addition  to  our  national  history  and  liter- 
ture.    Mr.  H.  may  well  pride  himself  on  such  contributors  as  Edward  Everett" 


THE  BOSTON  BOABD  OF  TRADE  AKD  THE  MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE. 
In  this  Magazine  for  May,  1 856,  (vol.  zxxii.,  page  647,)  we  published  a  letter,  ooviched 
in  terms  of  high  commendation,  of  Samukl  Lawexkcx,  Esq.,  an  enterprising,  public- 
spirited  merchant  of  Boston,  ordering  a  complete  set  of  the  Merckanti  Magatin*^ 
which  it  will  be  eeen  by  the  annexed  correspondence  and  resolutions,  were  presented 
to  the  Boston  Board  of  Trade  by  that  gentlemaa  The  resolutions  were  original^ 
published  in  tbe  Boston  Evening  Transcript,  and  have  been  transmitted  to  the  editor 
and  proprietor  of  this  work  by  order  of  the  Board.  Our  Eastern  merchants  know 
bow  to  **  kill  two  birds  with  one  stone,"  and  accordingly  we  find  that  in  acceptiqg  the 
gift,  end  returning  their  thanks  to  tbe  donor,  they  did  not  forget  to  express  thear 
''high  opinion  "  of  the  character  of  the  donation  :^ 

OrnuB  OP  TBB  BorroM  Board  op  Trabb,  t 
Boston,  Jane  5, 1855.        ) 

Fbexmam  Bunt,  Ef q..  Proprietor  of  the  Merchant^  Magastne,  New  York : — 

SiB : — It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  comply  with  an  order  of  the  Oovemment  of  tbe 

Board  of  Trade  of  this  city,  passed  yesterday  afternoon,  and  to  transmit  to  yoo  bera- 


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MwaantiU  JUimManUs.  ^  lU 

wHk  tn  eitraci  from  tbehr  Records,  cootamiiig  ResolutioiM  which  refor  to  joar  llagA- 
dne.  I  am.  Sir,  rery  respectfullj,  yoar  obedient  eerrant, 

ISAAC  C.  BATES,  Secretary  of  the  Board. 
[Exiraet  from  the  Becordi  of  the  Government  of  the  Boeton  Board  of  Trade^l 

The  Secretarj  then  read  a  communication  from  Samvbl  Lawbkncb,  Esq.,  asking  the 
Board  to  accept  of  a  complete  eet  of  Hunt*8  Merehante*  Magcudne ;  upon  which  the 
foUowiog  resolatioos  were  proposed  bj  James  M.  ^nx^  Esq^  and  nnantmooBly 
adopted: — 

Reeoivedf  That  we  will  accept  the  copy  of  thirty-one  Tolumes  of  Hunt's  3ferehant$* 
liagaxine^  so  kindly  oflfered  by  Samubl  Lawrencb,  Esq.,  our  President,  as  new  proof 
of  the  interest  be  has  always  manifested  in  our  Association,  and  that  the  thanks  of 
the  Board  shall  be  presented  to  him  for  it,  and  for  his  liberality  in  giving  so  complete 
and  so  perfect  a  copy. 

Retolvedy  That  we  will  take  this  occasion  to  express  our  hi(;h  opinion  of  the  work 
itself,  as  one  well  conducted,  deyoted  to  the  diffusion  of  useful  information  on  com- 
mercial and  industrial  a£^rs,  and  adapted  by  its  freedom  from  party  prejudices  ami 
sectional  views,  as  well  as  by  its  collections  of  valuable  statistics,  to  the  use  of  com- 
mercial men  in  all  parts  of  our  country. 

Bstolved,  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  shall  be  instructed  to  communicate  our 
thanks  to  Mr.  Lawebnob,  by  sending  him  a  copy  of  these  resolutions,  and  that  a  copy 
of  them  shall  also  be  sent  to  Mr.  Hunt,  the  conductor  of  the  Magasine. 

Ordered,  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  see  that  these  resolution  are  carried  into 
effect.  A  true  copy.  Attest 

ISAAC  C.  BATES,  Seeretarj. 

BorroM,  June  4, 18M. 

The  editor  of  the  Evening  IVaneeript  introduces  the  resolutions  with  the  following, 
among  other  remarks : — 

^  We  have  been  gratified  to  hear  that  one  of  our  most  enterprising  and  publio- 
npirited  merchants  has  presented  a  complete  set  of  Hunts  Merchant^  Magasine  to 
the  Boston  Board  of  Trade,  and  in  accepting  the  donation,  the  government  took  occa- 
sion to  pass  a  series  of  resolutions,  which,  as  wci  believe,  express  the  unanimous  opin- 
ioo  of  our  merchants  in  regard  to  the  value  of  the  work  to  which  they  relate.  Aitar 
tneh  ao  indorsement,  can  we  add  more  t** 

IJITfiORITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA  M£RGHA19TS. 
The  Rev.  Dr.  Boabdman,  in  his  address  delivered  at  the  Anniversary  of  the  Mer- 
chants' Fund  Association  of  Philadelphia,  passes  a  well-merited  eulogium  upon  the 
integrity  of  the  merchants  of  that  city,  which  we  take  great  pleasure  in  tnasferriog 
to  the  pages  of  the  Mercha/nti  Magazine : — 

**  The  hieb  mercantile  reputation  of  Philadelphia  has  long  been  established  on  an 
impregnable  basis.  If  there  be  a  witness  among  ourselves,  who  is  competent  to  speak 
on  this  sutject,  it  is  that  great  lawyer  whose  forensic  abilities  and  private  virtues  nave 
for  half  a  century  shed  so  much  luster  on  the  Philadelphia  bar,  and  whose  fame  be- 
longs, not  to  our  city  or  Commonwealth,  but  to  the  Union.  This  is  his  testimony : — 
'  In  the  course  of  an  active  professional  life,  I  had  constant  opportunities  to  observe 
how  vastly  the  cases  of  gooa  faith  among  merchants  and  men  or  business  in  this  city, 
outnumbered  the  cases  of  an  opposite  description,  where  at  the  same  time  there  was 
neither  formal  security,  nor  competent  proof  to  insure  fidelity.  I  should  say  the  pro- 
portion was  greater  than  a  thousand  to  one.'*  If  it  has  fallen  to  the  lot  of  any  body 
of  merchants,  m  any  age  or  country,  to  hare  a  loflier  eulogy  than  this  pronounced 
upon  them,  the  case  has  earned  my  observation.  Nor  is  it  by  any  means  a  mere  local 
and  unsupported  opinion.  The  sentiment  here  expressed  finds  a  cordial  response 
among  foreign  manufacturers,  and  throughout  those  portions  of  our  own  country  which 
have  their  trading  relations  with  this  city.  The  feeling  all  over  the  Sooth  and  the 
West  is,  that  the  merchants  of  Philadelphia,  as  a  body,  are  upright  and  straightforward 
men — men  who  use  words  in  their  common  signification,  and  whose  goods  answer  to 
the  labels.     And  this  conviction  it  is,  even  more  than  your  costly  canals  and  railroads. 


'  Tbe  Hon.  fioraoe  Binney. 


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186  Mmr<tuaiU  MUoOoMifU. 

which  brinffn  Umid  here  to  make  their  purchases,  nod  which  eeearee  yonr  acknowledged 

control  of  the  south-western  business.  Let  Philadelphia  lose  her  hereditary  character 
for  oldfa&hiMoed  honesty,  and  the  bales  and  boxes  which  every  spring  and  autumn 
make  it  ^o  difficult  for  a  pedestrian  to  thread  his  way  along  Market-street,  will  grad- 
ually dwindle  into  very  trivial  obstructions. 

**  The  commercial  integrity  of  our  metropolis,  I  have  said,  is  not  a  thing  of  yester- 
day. A  philosophic  annalist  will  seek  its  origin  in  the  character  of  the  men  who  es- 
tablished this  Commonwealth.  And  he  must  be  wilfully  blind,  who  does  not  detect 
the  germ  of  it,  in  that  iounortal  transaction  which  took  place  under  the  great  Elm 
Tree  in  Kensington.  *  We  meet,'  said  William  Penn  to  the  Indian  sachems,  *  on  the 
broad  pathway  of  good  faith  and  wood  will ;  no  advantage  shall  be  taken  on  either 
side,  but  all  phatl  be  openness  and  love.  I  will  not  call  you  children,  for  parents 
sometimes  chide  their  children  too  severely ;  nor  brothers  only,  for  brothers  differ.  The 
friendship  between  me  and  you  I  will  not  compare  to  a  chain,  for  that  the  rain  might 
rust,  or  a  falling  tree  might  break.  We  are  the  same  as  if  one  man*8  body  were  to 
be  divided  into  two  parts ;  we  are  all  one  flesh  and  blood.'  Thus  was  that  famous 
treaty  made,  of  which  Voltaire  justly  said,  *  It  was  never  sworn  to,  and  never  broken.* 
In  his  intercourse  both  with  the  natives  and  the  colonists,  Penn  adhered  to  the  apothegm 
he  uttered,  when  that  iniquitous  trial  was  in  progress,  which  ended  in  his  being  sent 
to  Newgate :  *  I  prefer  tlie  honestly  simple  to  the  ingeniously  wicked.'  And  well  did 
the  red  men  requite  his  confidence ;  for  not  a  drop  of  Quaker  blood  was  erer  shed  by 
an  Indian.  Our  city,  then,  was  born  in  righteousness.  Thanks,  under  a  benign  Pror- 
idence,  to  the  primitive  Quaker  colonists,  they  laid  its  foundations  in  truth,  and  peace, 
and  honesty.  It  must  in  candor  be  added,  that  their  descendants  have  proved  them- 
selves worthy  of  such  an  ancestry.  It  has  been  their  aim  to  make  and  keep  Phila- 
delphia what  William  Peon  designed  it  should  be.  Like  all  other  modem  cities,  U 
has  experienced  seasons  of  great  financial  perplexity  and  distress.  And  it  would  be 
going  too  far  to  say,  that  nothing  has  ever  occurred  at  these  crises  to  awaken  solicitude 
as  to  its  commercial  integrity.  But  I  may  say,  that  no  class  of  men  amongst  us  have 
been  more  jealous  for  the  honor  of  ihe  city  ihan  our  Quaker  merchants ;  and  that 
whenever  the  maxims  engraved  upon  our  ancient  wall  have  begun  to  rust,  these  de- 
•oendants  of  the  early  builders  have  been  among  the  first  to  brush  away  the  mold, 
and  with  pious  care  retouch  the  sacred  inscriptions.  One  of  them,  a  patriarch  of  more 
than  fourscore,  has  lately  gone  down  to  an  honored  grave,  amidst  the  regrets  of  thta 
whole  community.  It  is  a  great  blessing,  gentlemen,  to  have  had  before  you  for  per- 
haps the  entire  period  of  your  business  lives,  such  an  exemplar  of  the  mercantile  and 
social  virtues  as  Thomas  P.  Cope.  It  is  no  disparagement  to  the  living  to  say,  that 
his  name  was  one  which  came  spontaneously  to  every  lip,  when  requbition  was  made 
for  a  genuine  Philadelphia  merchant  Will  you  indulge  me  in  a  little  anecdote,  which 
may  illustrate  a  single  trait  of  his  character.  A  person  highly  recommended  ap- 
proached him  one  day,  and  invited  him  to  embark  in  a  certain  jointstock  enterprise. 
In  a  careful  exposition  of  the  matter  he  made  it  appear  that  the  scheme  was  likely  to 
succeed,  and  that  the  stock  would  instantly  run  up  to  a  liberal  premium,  on  being  put 
into  the  market.  *  Well,'  said  Mr.  Oope,  *  I  am  satisfied  on  that  point ;  1  believe  it 
would  be  as  thou  savest.  But  what  will  be  the  real  value  of  the  stock  V  *  Why,  as 
t<»  thaC  answered  the  speculator,  '  I  cannot  say,  (implying  by  his  manner  what  he 
thought ;)  but  that  is  of  no  moment,  for  all  vfe  have  to  do  is  to  sell  out,  and  make  our 
80  or  40  per  cent  profit.'  *  I'll  have  nothing  to  do  with  it :  1*11  have  nothing  to  do  with 
it :'  was  the  prompt  and  indignant  reply  of  this  incorruptible  merchant.  *  And  from 
that  day,'  he  used  to  say,  in  relating  the  occurrence, '  I  marked  \htit  man,  and  shunned 
all  transactions  with  him.'  This  was  the  integrity  of  Thomas  P.  Cope.  And  to  men 
of  kindred  principles  with  himself,  both  among  the  dead  and  the  living,  is  Philadelphia 
mainly  indebted,  under  God,  for  her  enviable  commercial  reputation. 


THE  ITEW  EKQUND  MERCHANT. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Boston  Tranteript  gives  the  following  **  short  sketch  "  of  the 
eareer  of  the  New  England  merchant  The  character  so  graphically  drawn  will  be 
recognized  by  some  of  the  readers  of  the  Merchantn*  MoffOMins : — 

There  is  the  New  England  merchant,  who  may  have  been  bom  in  poverty  and 
reared  in  orphanage — **  the  child  of  misery  and  baptised  in  tears."  All  tlie  added 
Ibrce  that  etiucational  discipline  could  impart  to  his  stout  heart  and  determined  will, 
WM  derived  from  the  parish  school    His  progenitors  had  left  no  alluring  and  guiding 


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MnrcaiUiU  MUeOiaadm.  18T 

tight  to  briglrtaa  aod  ADOoaniB^  hit  early  steps  m  his  onward  path ;  but  be  tmew  that 
there  was  a  Metx^  to  be  reached  by  every  assiduously  fMthful  and  persevering  soul. 

To  his  youthfal  promise,  a  ship-owner  of  discriminating  mind  extends  thuhand  of 
patronage,  and  ia  twenty- four  hours  he  U  afloat  and  finds  himself  master  of  the  Tes- 
ters cargo  and  its  destiny. 

The  ^bin  becomes  his  lycenm  by  day«  and  the  deck  his  observatory  by  night 

Responsibility  having  been  unexpectedly  thr  jst  upon  him,  the  eye  of  his  mind  be- 
comes  more  active  and  penetrating,  and  gains  enlargement  as  the  sphere  of  doty 
widens.  He  is  furnished  with  a  copv  of  l£>wditch*s  Navigator,  and  probably  fiicOul- 
loch's  DicUonary  of  Oommeree,  which,  uniteii,  may  be  regarded  as  a  bible  to  the  dili{ 
gent  inquirer  after  nautical  and  commercial  lore.  The  captain  never  ceases  to  wonder 
how  it  IS  that  a  mere  youth  should  be  placed  as  a  sentinel  over  a  matured  Cape  God 
Salt  **  It  must  be,"  says  the  captain,  **  some  infernal  wild  business  that  the  old  man 
must  needs  send  you  as  special  agent** 

The  characterittie  traits  that  distinguished  (he  Oape  Ood  captains  more  or  lest, 
thirty  years  ago,  appear  to  have  been  the  love  of  money  and  laziness ;  they  prayed 
for  an  accumulation  of  just  so  much  money  as  would  enable  them  to  buy  salt  works, 
and  He  on  their  backs  and  see  the  windmill  pump  up  the  water  and  the  sun  evap- 
orate  it 

The  energy  and  discretion  of  our  young  merchant  toon  find  an  ample  field  for  their 
exercise,  among  competitors  of  maturer  years,  on  a  foreign  soil  By  the  force  of  what 
we  may  call  ••  mother- wit"  or  som*ethin^  better,  he  manages  to  dispose  of  his  assorted 
cargo,  and  returns  with  another,  realizing  to  his  employer  a  handsome  profit,  whilst 
older  heads  come  home  from  the  same  port  grayer  and  poorer  than  they  went 

His  next  abidmg  impressions  were  probably  received  among  the  spice  islands  of  the 
East  and  they  caught  here  and  there  a  hue  which  deepened  as  life  advanced.  The 
bb)om  and  odor  of  that  charming  region  becomes  so  inwrought  with  all  that  is  capti- 
vating to  his  senses  and  profitable  to  his  purse,  that  the^  have  never  ceased  to  sweeten 
his  existence ;  and  blow  high  or  low,  the  aroma  remains.  He  can  never  speak  of 
Penang  and  its  surroundings  but  as  a  physical  heaven. 

Success  thus  far  has  been  challenged  and  won,  and  though  it  expands  his  desires,  it 
is  made  to  wait  on  judgment  Wherever  he  goes,  within  or  without  the  tropics,  he  is 
come  to  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of  Korth  Star,  and  as  earnestly  consulted.  He  imparts 
more  useful  knowledge  to  the  denizens  of  remote  and  half- civilized  islands  in  a  day, 
than  the  learned  pedant  could  in  a  month,  backed  by  all  the  appliances  of  classics, 
eodez,  and  philosophy.  Mental  food,  opportunely  prepared,  is  often  more  acceptable 
than  the  savory  compounds  of  professed  cooks.  He  makes  a  capture  of  prejudices, 
where  the  less  skillful  would  incur  and  increase  them. 

The  government  of  himself  has  fitted  him  for  the  governing  of  others.  His  general 
ability  and  forecast  elevate  him  to  the  rank  of  commercial  ambassador  at  the  age  of 
forty,  but  he  is  invested  with  no  commission  but  that  which  he  carries  in  bis  own  bead. 
He  projects  himself  into  commnnities  that  have  long  lain  in  the  ore,  and  sinks  there  a 
shaft  that  strikes  and  develops  a  new  mine  of  material  wealth ;  he  seeks  the  car  of 
public  authority,  and  makes  it  ring  to  the  tune  of  prospective  millions ;  and  possibly 
the  enthroned  monarch  has  been  nis  pupil  in  political  economy,  suggesting  to  him 
a  new  development  ot  his  means,  and  a  brighter  destiny  for  his  people.  His  outgo- 
ings and  his  ingoings,  which  have  been  as  regular  and  salutary  as  the  tides,  now  cease, 
and  he  can  be  seen  any  day  in  our  neighborhood,  seated  at  his  breakfast  table  in  .his 
"  robe  de  chan>bre,''  with  the  morning  paper  in  his  hand,  wearing  a  ruddy  complexion 
and  an  untroubled  aspect  qnite  signincant  of  the  happy  condition  of  his  mind  and 
body. 

TTiis  race  of  hero-merchants  is  rapidly  disappearing.  Modern  enterprise  has  now 
posted  its  allies  on  every  inlet  and  by-way  of  commercial  traffic;  and  the  votary  of 
mercantile  renovn,  however  endned  with  courage  and  skill,  finds  few  places  on  the 
world's  map  where  those  Qualities  can  now  be  signalised  or  tasked  to  advantage. 

We  have  followed  our  iMew  England  merchant  over  seas  and  through  varied  climes, 
and  now  to  his  home.  If  his  satisfied  and  independent  spirit  did  not  find  sufficient 
eoosolatton  in  the  reflection  that  he  has  enlarged  the  circumference  of  civilization  and 
ameliorated  the  condition  of  his  fellow-man,  he  might  retrim  his  sails,  and  safely  navi- 
gate to  the  gates  of  the  capitol ;.  but  he  prefers  to  "  hear  at  a  distance  the  noise  of 
the  Oametia,"  and  pass  the  residue  of  his  days  among  the  groves  of  his  owu  E^cria — 

(*  There  Id  bright  drops  the  crytUl  ruuutaioB  play 
By  laurels  stiadMl  from  lbs  piercing  day  ; 
Where  eummerhi  l>eauiy,  mld«i  of  winter  strays. 
And  winter^  eoolii«»B|  spite  m  suminer's  rays.** 


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198  Mercantile  IReeelkmiee. 

THB  MERCASTILK  UBRABT  ASSOOfATIOff  «F  affmMATI. 

We  have  noticed  in  former  volumes  of  tbe  Merchant^  Magazine  this  succesaful  as- 
sociation. The  twentieth  annual  report  (1855)  of  the  Board  of  Directors  shows  the 
progressive  character  of  the  institution.  It  was  first  organised  in  April,  1836,  witi^ 
forty-five  members.  In  1886  it  had  one  hundred  and  sixty-nine  members,  and  seven 
hundred  and  sixty-seven  volumes  in  its  library.  The  roll  of  members  now  shows  two 
thousand  ^'ve  hundred  and  fifty  members  and  fourteen  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
forty -one  volumes  in  its  library.  The  organization  subscribes  for  four  daily,  two  tri- 
weekly, and  nine  weekly  foreign  journals ;  and  fifty  daily,  nine  tri- weekly,  and  sixty- 
seven  weekly  domestic  journals — making  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight,  besides  about 
sixty  monthlies  and  quarterlies. 

The  aggregate  revenue  of  the  past  year  was  $9,601  98,  and  the  expenses  about  the 
same — including  subscriptions  to  magazines  and  newspapers,  1781  46  ;  books,  11,863 ; 
winter  course  of  lectures,  11,200 ;  salaries,  $2,882,  ibc,  <1m:.  Tbe  association  owns  and 
occupies  a  suit  of  rooms  in  the  Cincinnati  College  building,  for  which  it  paid  $10,000, 
and  has  organized  an  auxiliary  department  denominated  tbe  **  Department  of  Classics," 
with  competent  professors,  in  which  instructions  are  given  in  the  languages. 


WHERE  THE  CORK  OF  COMMERCE  COMES  FROM. 

Cork  is  nothing  more  or  less  than  the  bark  of  evergreen  oak,  growing  principally  in 
Spain  and  other  ooontries  bordering  the  Mediterranean ;  in  English  gardens  it  is  only 
a  curiosity.  When  the  cork-tree  is  about  fifteen  years  old,  the  bark  has  attained  a 
thickness  and  quality  suitable  for  manufacturing  purposes ;  and,  after  stripping,  a  fur 
ther  growth  of  eight  years  produces  a  second  crop ;  and  so  on  at  intervals  for  even 
ten  or  twelve  crops.  The  bark  is  stripped  from  the  tree  in  pieces  two  inches  in  thick- 
ness, of  considerable  length,  and  of  such  width  as  to  retain  the  curved  form  of  the 
trunk  when  it  has  been  stripped.  The  bark  peeler  or  cutter  makes  a  slit  in  the  bark 
with  a  knife,  perpendicularly  from  the  top  of  the  trunk  to  the  bottom ;  lie  makes  an  - 
other  incinon  parallel  to  it,  and  at  some  distance  from  the  former;  and  two  short  hori- 
zontal cuts  at  the  top  and  bottom.  For  stripping  off  the  piece  thus  isolated,  he  uses 
a  kind  of  knife  with  two  handles  and  a  curved  blade.  Sometimes  after  the  cuts  have 
been  made,  he  leaves  the  tree  to  throw  off  the  bark  by  the  spontaneous  action  of  the 
vegetation  within  the  trunk.  The  detached  pieces  are  soaked  in  water,  and  are  plju^ed 
over  a  fire  when  nearly  dry ;  they  are,  in  fact,  scorched  a  little  on  both  sides,  and  ac- 
quire a  somewhat  more  compact  texture  by  this  scorching.  In  order  to  get  rid  of  the 
curvature,  and  bring  them  flat,  they  are  pressed  down  with  weights  while  yet  hot 


DIRECT  LAKE  TRADE  WITH  HOUABTD. 

The  Chicago  pTe9%  states  "  that  an  agent  of  the  '  Netherlands  Trading  Company, 
more  familiarly  known  as  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  has  visited  Chicago  oo  a 
tour  of  observation,  with  a  view  to  opening  a  direct  trade,  through  the  St  Lawrence 
and  also  through  New  York,  with  the  north-west,  for  its  productions  of  beef,  pork, 
flour,  Ac,  and  with  the  south-west  also,  for  its  cotton,  sugar,  and  tobacco.  The  head- 
quarters of  this  rich  association  are  at  Amsterdam,  and  the  company  charters  annually 
some  800  large  ships  in  the  trade  wiUi  the  Indies,  whose  supplies  and  part  of  whose 
out-cargoes  may  as  well  be  composed  of  beef;  pork,  floor,  etc,  received  at  Amsterdam 
from  Chicago,  where  they  are  primarily  collected,  direct,  as  through  intermediate 
hands,  and  at  ao  increased  expense." 


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Th«  Book  Tradt.  189 


THE  BOOK  TRADE. 


l.-^LiUrary  and  Hiitorieal  Miicellaniet,     By  GtoaoB  Banoeoit.     Svo.  pp.,  677. 

New  York :  Harper  A  Brothers. 

In  this  cdlectioo  of  mucellabeous  writiogs,  Mr.  Bancroft  is  presented  as  an  es^jist, 
a  literary  critic  and  translator,  an  historical  inquirer,  and  a  popular  orator.  To  those 
who  are  acquainted  only  with  his  great  work  on  the  History  of  the  United  States, 
this  Tolume  will  fiiniish  an  interesting  proof  of  the  Tersatility  of  his  talents,  and  the 
wide  range  of  bis  studies.  For  clearness  and  depth  of  thought,  freedom  of  specula- 
tkm,  catholicity  of  taste,  Tariety  of  knowledge,  and  splendor  of  dictioo,  it  would  be 
difficult  to  find  its  match  in  tbe  whole  compass  of  modem  literature.  Mr.  Bancroft 
combines  many  intellectual  qualities,  which  are  usually  considered  incompatible  with 
each  other.  He  is  at  once  a  philosopher  and  a  poet,  a  man  of  letters  and  a  man  of 
aflairs,  with  an  equal  aptitude  for  the  subtleties  of  dialectics,  the  details  of  historical 
research,  and  the  select  visions  of  fancy.  Hence,  this  volume  contains  matter  for  every 
class  of  nnnde.  The  essays  will  particularly  attract  the  lovers  of  refined  discipline 
and  acute  discriminations — the  scholar  will  recognize  the  graceful  vigor  and  delicate 
taste  of  tbe  studies  in  Oerman  literature — the  historical  papers  will  be  highly  appre* 
eiated  by  tbe  student  of  politics  and  history — and  the  general  reader  will  find  an  am- 
ple store  of  instruction  and  delight  in  the  occasional  orations  and  addresses.  We 
gratefblly  welcome  the  collection  as  an  honor  to  oar  native  literature,  persuaded  that 
writings  of  such  noble  purpose  and  admirable  execution,  are  no  less  friendly  to  tbe  rep- 
utation of  oar  country  than  to  tbe  fame  of  their  author. 

2.^TAe  Chemiftry  of  Common  Lif*,  By  Jamis  F.  JoHNaoir,  M.  A.,  F.  R.  S.,  F.  O.  a, 
etc,  author  of  **  Lectures  on  Agncultural  Chemistry  and  Qeology,"  dc,  ^  Illus* 
trated  with  numerous  wood  engravings.  2  vols.,  12mo.,  pp.  S81  and  2}>2.  New 
York :  D.  Appleton  &,  Co. 

Tbe  learned  author  in  this  work  treats  in  their  natural  order  of  the  air  we  breathe 
and  the  water  we  drink,  in  their  relaUoos  to  health — the  soil  we  cultivate  and  the 
plant  we  rear,  as  the  source  from  which  tbe  chief  substances  of  all  life  is  obtained-* 
tbe  bread  we  eat  and  the  beef  we  cook— tbe  beverage  we  infuse— the  sweets  we  ex- 
tract—the liquor  we  ferment — (he  narcotics  we  indulge  in— the  odors  we  enjoy  and 
the  smells  we  dislike — what  we  breathe  for  and  why  we  digest— the  body  we  cherish 
— and  finally,  the  circulation  of  matter,  as  exhibiting  in  one  view  the  end,  purpose, 
and  method  of  all  changes  in  the  natural  body.  The  author  exhibits  the  present  con- 
dition of  chemical  knowledge,  and  of  matured  scientific  opinion,  upon  subjects  to 
which  his  work  is  devoted,  and  mingles  with  his  familiar  scientific  investigations  im- 
portant statistical  data.  It  is  a  most  valuable,  interesting,  and  instructive  work,  and 
should  be  introduced  into  all  our  schools  and  academies  as  a  text-book. 

%,—Th€  Praetieal  American  Cook  Booh ;  or  Practical  and  Scientific  Cookery.    By  a 

HocfiKKKEPXR.    12ma,  pp.  267.    New  York:  D.  Appleton  ^  Ca 

This  work  furnishes  a  collection  of  receipts  for  cooking  and  preparing  all  Tarieties 

of  food.    The  authoress  in  her  preface  prepossesses  us  in  favor  of  her  book  by  her 

sensible  and  well-timed  remarks  on  speaking  of  the  importance  of  good  cookery  to 

» nousekeei 


our  comfort,  happmeee,  and  health,  and  the  duties  of  the  housekeeper  to  her  family  in 
relation  to  cooking.  Besides  the  receipts,  which  are  graduated  to  the  requirements 
both  of  **  simple  fare  "  and  the  "  elaborate  luxuries  of  the  table,**  the  reader  is  furnished 
with  some  general  sanitary  rules  on  diet  and  the  time  of  eating,  from  high  authorities, 
which  must  be  valuable. 

A. ^ Bell  Smith  Abroad,      Illustrated  by  Hxalt,  Waloutt,  OvsaABCHS.      12moi, 

pp.  826.    New  York :  J.  0.  Derby. 

This  book  of  travel  gives  an  account  of  the  author's  journey  to  Europe,  and  ber  ex- 
perience of  a  sojourn  in  Paris ;  also  some  of  the  manners  and  customs  of  that  people, 
It  contains  a  series  of  sketches,  written  in  a  ver^  spirited  style,  and  abounds  in  amus- 
ing adventures,  interesting  stories,  gossip,  portraits,  Ac  The  pleasii^  variety  of  the 
contents,  with  the  lively,  off-hand,  humorous  way  in  which  the  subjects  are  treated, 
renders  the  work  highly  entertaining. 


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140  The  Book  Trade. 

6. — The  American  Statesmen :  a  Political  History,  ezhibitinff  the  Origio,  Nature,  and 
Practical  Operatioo  of  Constitutiuoal  Government  in  the  IT nited  States ;  the  Rise 
and  Prog;re48  of  Parties;  and  tlie  Views  of  Distiogoiahed  Statesmen  on  Questions 
of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Policy.  With  an  Appendix,  containing  Explanatory  Notes, 
Political  hssaye,  Statistical  Information,  and  other  useful  matter.  By  ANDasv  W. 
TouNO,  author  of  **  Science  of  Oovemment,"  **  First  Lessons  in  Ciyii  Ooveromeot," 
**Citisen'8  Manual  of  Qovemment  and  Law."  8ro.,  pp.  1,016.  New  York:  J.  C. 
Derby. 

This  work,  the  copious  title  of  which,  above  quoted,  explains  the  general  character 
of  its  contents,  is  one  whose  design  and  the  very  respectable  manner  in  which  that  de^ 
sign  is  executed  should  recommend  it  to  the  notice  of  the  political  student,  and  all 
who  wish  to  become  familiar  with  the  political  history  of  their  country.  It  is  useful, 
too,  as  a  book  of  reference  to  the  advanced  politician.  The  diffusion  of  political  knowU 
edge  through  the  length  and  breadth  of  our  land  contributes  to  the  public  prosperity, 
and  the  safety  of  our  democratic  republican  institutions;  and  such  a  volume  as  thtt« 
cont^ning,  as  it  does,  in  a  compendious  form,  information  which  is  to  be  obtained  else- 
where only  from  a  multitude  of  sources,  or  in  more  voluminous  works,  should  ounculate 
generally.  In  controverted  questions  of  natural  policy,  or  those  involving  coostitu- 
tiooal  principles,  the  substance  of  arguments  on  t>oth  sides  is  given,  with  apparent 
faithfulness  and  impartiality.  The  history  of  political  parties  is  not  an  uninteresting 
feature.  The  appendix  contains  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  Articles  of  Ooo- 
federation,  United  States  Constitution,  statement  of  the  electoral  votes  from  1789  to 
1858,  the  members  of  the  Cabinet,  chief  and  associate  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
speakers  of  the  House,  and  presidents  pro  tern,  of  the  Senate,  during  the  same  period.  . 

6. — The  Empress  Josephine^  first  Wife  of  Napoleon.  By  P.  C.  Hbadlbt,  author  of 
**  Women  of  the  Bible."  12mo.,  pp.  383.  New  York :  "Miller,  Orton,  <&  Mulligan. 
The  design  of  the  author  and  publishers,  it  appears,  was  to  furnish  in  a  more  popu- 
lar form  than  any  previous  publication,  an  impartial  delineation  of  Josephine's  char- 
acter,  and  at  the  same  time  give  a  general  view  of  the  events  upon  the  field  of  his- 
tory, across  which  that  extraordinary  woman  made  a  sad  and  brilliant  transit  The 
author  lays  no  claim  to  originality,  as  he  had  no  access  to  manuscripts  or  archives ; 
hia  fact-i  were  derived  from  Boumenne,  Hazlitt,  Von  Rotteck,  Scott,  Alisoto,  and  others. 
The  author  truly  says,  that  the  empress  was  a  greater  person  than  the  emperor  in 
the  elements  of  moral  grandeur,  and  retained  her  sovereignty  in  the  hearts  of  the  French 
nation,  while  he  ruled  by  the  unrivaled  splendor  of  his  genius.  It  b  written  in  an 
agreeable  style,  and  will  doubtless  extend  the  admiration  of  the  pure  and  beautiful, 
in  contrast  with  all  the  forms  of  corruption  humanity  could  present  in  a  period  of 
bloody  revolution.  The  work  has  alr^y  reached  a  sale  of  more  than  thirty  thousand 
copies. 

7. — A  Long  Look  Ahead;  or  the  First  Stroke  and  the  Last  Ry  A.  S.  Rob,  author 
of  "James  Montjoy ;  or  IVe  been  Thinkbg,"  "To  Love  and  to  be  Loved."  12mo., 
pp.  441.    New  York :  J.  C.  Derby. 

This  volume  is  written  in  an  uncommonly  easy  and  natural  style,  presenting  pictures 
of  daily  life,  and  inculcating  lessons  which  can  bie  made  practically  useful.  The  writer, 
a  true  lover  of  nature,  is  happy  in  his  descriptions  of  natural  scenery,  and  the  story 
very  successfully  contrasts  an  mdependent  country  life  with  the  uncertainties  which 
often  attend  a  metropolitan  career.  Rural  life  is  made  very  attractive.  The  events 
of  the  book  are  related  with  simplicity  and  earnestness — the  characters  finely  drawn. 
Its  perusal  will  have  a  tendency  to  correct  an  erroneous  idea  so  prevalent,  that  a  city 
life  has  so  much  greater  advantages  and  opportunities  for  real  happiness,  than  can  be 
obtained  in  quiet  villages  and  rural  retreats. 

8.— F«rrfi  Leaves  from  Fanny's  Port-folio,     Seoood  Series.    12mo.,  pp.  400.    New 

York :  MUler,  Orton  <b  Mulligan. 

More  than  sixty  thousand  copies  of  the  first  series  of  Fanny's  leaves  *'  found  a  mar- 
ket" before  the  expiration  of  tne  first  twelve  months,  and  of  this  second  series  some 
thirty  or  more  thousand  have  been  published.  That  one  who  can  write  so  well  on 
topics  connected  with  domestic  every-day  life  should  disregard  the  ties  of  consanguin- 
ity and  the  natural  affections  of  the  human  heart,  is  an  anomaly  in  the  history  of  the 
human  race  that  w«  are  unable  to  solve.  The  enterprising  publishers  have  already 
paid  **  Fanny  "  some  eleven  thousand  dollars  copyright  on  her  **  leavea.** 


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The  Boei  Trade.  141 

t. — Memoim  of  the  lAfe,  JBziU^  and  Cotwertatumt  of  the  Empercr  Napohon,  By 
the  Count  di  Las  Oasas.  With  Portraits  and  other  lUiutrationa.  A  new  editioa 
in  four  Tolumea.    New  York :  J.  S.  Redfield. 

The  admiratioD  of  Laa  Oaaas  for  Napoleoo  was  tmboDoded.  It  made  him  follow 
him,  without  knowiog  him,  aod  when  he  did  know  him,  love  alone,  he  declares,  fixed 
him  forever  near  bb  person.  While  the  world  was  full  of  Napoleon's  military  glory 
and  renown,  and  his  deeds  and  his  moDuments  spread  all  over  it,  but  comparatively 
little  was  known  of  his  private  qualities  or  the  natural  disposition  of  his  soal.  This 
void  Las  Casas  undertook  to  fill  up,  and  it  must  be  confeseed  that  his  advantages  for 
sach  a  task,  or  rather,  we  should  say,  labor  of  love,  were  unexampled  in  history,  with 
perhaps  the  single  exception  of  Boswell,  the  hero- worshiper  of  Johnson.  He  followed 
him  in  his  exile,  (an  exile  that  reflects  no  honor  upon  England's  glor^  and  fame.)  aud 
recorded  day  by  day  all  that  he  heard  him  say,  or  saw  him  do,  during  the  period  of 
aighteeo  months,  in  which  he  was  constantly  by  his  person.  **  In  these  conversation 4." 
•ays  Las  Oasas,  **  which  were  full  of  confidence,  ana  which  seemed  to  pass,  as  it  were , 
in  another  world,  he  could  not  fail  (unless  we  suppose  him  guilty  of  acticg  a  part)  to 
be  portrayed  by  himself  as  if  in  a  mirror,  in  every  point  of  view,  and  under  every 
aspect."  Allowing  somewhat  for  the  author's  devotion  to  Napoleon's  fame,  and  hn 
natural  enthusiasm,  and  the  generally  volatile  character  of  the  French  people,  the 
world,  we  say,  may  freely  study  these  memoire,  as  there  can  be  no  great  error  in  th<» 
materials,  which  the  dear-visioned  and  philoeophio  writer  has  grouped  with  so  much 
apparent  fidelity.  The  volumes  contain  a  great  number  of  appropriate  illustratioiH. 
We  commend  the  work  to  all  who  have  not  already  studied  the  life  and  character  of 
the  greatest  general,  and  in  eome  respects  the  most  remarkable  statesman  of  any  age. 

10. — A  Journey  Through  the  Chinese  Empire.  'Bj  M.  Hue,  author  of  **  Recollections 
of  a  Journey  through  Tartary  and  ThitAft**  In  two  volumes.  12ma,  pp.  421  and 
422.    New  York :  Harper  A  Brothers. 

The  author  of  these  interesting  volumes  on  Ohina  enjoyed  unusual  fiuiilities  for 
seeing  the  people,  and  of  obeervation  generally.  He  was  a  missionary,  and  traveled 
with  pomp  under  the  protection  of  the  emperor.  Previous  to  this  journey  he  resided 
fourteen  years  in  different  parts  of  the  empire.  His  knowledge  of  the  Chinese  seems 
to  have  been  gained  by  a  large  experience  rather  than  by  hearsay.  The  narrative  is 
written  in  a  felicitous  st>le,  and  aifords  instruction  and  matter  for  stud 7,  while  many 
scenes  depicted  are  unique  as  well  as  amusing  in  their  character. 

1 1  — Harper' »  Story  Booke.  A  Series  of  Narratives,  Dialogue^  Biographies,  and  Tales, 
for  the  Xn»tructi«in  ami  Entertainment  of  the  Young.  By  Jacob  Asbott.  Small 
quarto.    New  York :  Harper  A  Brothers. 

Two  volumes  of  this  delightful  series  have  already  been  published.  Each  tale, 
narrative,  ^c,  is  issued  separately,  and  several  of  them  form  a  handsomely  bound 
Tolume  of  three  hundred  pages^  Hr.  Abbott,  the  aothor  of  a  great  number  of  books 
for  children,  is  beyond  all  question  the  most  popular  writer  in  this  imporUnt  depart- 
ment of  literature,  and  deservedly  so,  for  hie  books  blend  innocent  amusement  with 
the  most  wholesome  lessons  of  moral  and  social  wisdom  and  virtue. 

\t.—The  Whimncal  Woman,    By  Emilik  F.  Cablbn,  author  of  **  One  Month  in  Wed- 
lock," "  1'he  Bride  of  Omberg,"  **  Guetavus  Lindorn,"  etc    From  the  original  Swed- 
ish, by  Elbebt  Pebck.    1 2mo.    New  York :  Charles  Scribner. 
The  tales  of  Miss  Carlen  have  obtained  a  wide  and  deserved  popularity,  and  al- 
though modestly  disclaiming  the  aspiration  for  that  brilliancy  of  expression,  that 
beauty  of  8t>  le,  that  richness  of  sentiment,  and  that  majestic  grandeur,  which  Chirac- 
terixe  tie  works  of  some  of  her  sistera  in  literature,  she  nevertheless  depicts  with 
power  life  as  *t  actually  exists  in  nature.     Those  who  have  read  the  works  of  Miss 
Bremer,  will  take  an  iuteiest  in  the  perusal  of  her  Swedish  cotemporary. 

18. — Le  Cure  Manque  ;  or  Social  and  Religious  Customs  in  France.  By  Eugbxb  db 
CouaciLLON.  12mo^  pp.  265.  New  York:  Harper  &  Brothers. 
This  work,  fictitious  only  in  ii»rm,  is  the  autobiography  of  a  peasant.  The  charac- 
ters, it  s«ems,  sre  drawn  from  actual  life,  and  the  fcenes  portrayed  are  a  faithful  re- 
production of  what  the  author  has  known  and  observed.  The  picture  of  the  social 
hfe  of  the  pn»vinces,  and  the  peculiarities  of  the  great  body  of  the  French  people,  are 
graphically  sketched,  and  afford  reading  of  an  enteruining  character.  The  st>le  is 
often  times  sl>ly  humorous,  as  well  as  some  of  the  incidents. 


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14. — A  Common  pHaee  Book  of  ThovghU^  Memories,  and  Fanciet,  Fart  1.  Ethic8  and 
Character.  Part  2.  Literature  and  Art  By  Mrs.  Jaicbson.  12ino.,  pfx  829.  Ifew 
York :  D.  Appleton  <b  Oa 

The  oontents  of  this  volume  are  for  the  most  part  fragmentary — original  and  se- 
lected— and  are  the  result  of  a  custom  of  this  distinguished  writer  **  to  make  a  memo- 
randum of  any  thought  which  might  come  across  her,  and  to  mark  any  passage  in  any 
hook  whidi  excited  either  a  sympathetic  or  an  antagonistic  feeling.**  This  collecUoa 
accumulated  to  such  an  amount,  that  she  has  embodied  them  in  this  form  and  sent 
them  to  the  worid.  It  is  a  book  which  is  replete  with  pure  and  lofty  ideas.  We  would 
recommend  it  asim  excellent  volume  to  keep  near  at  hand  for  moments  of  leisure,  for 
in  these  fragments  there  are  contained  truths  and  sentiments  which  are  suggestive  of 
much  thought  and  reflection. 

]  ^.^Kenneth  ;  or  the  Rear  Guard  of  the  Grand  Army.  By  the  Author  of  **  BedcUffe,** 
^Heartsease,"  "Oaatle  BuUders,**  ''The  Two  Guardians.**  ISmo.,  pp.  82a  New 
York:  D.  Appleton  <b  Co. 

This  novel,  though  it  has  not  some  of  the  attractions  which  the  others  possess,  still 
will  be  read  with  eagerness  and  pleasure.  The  style  is  easy  and  graceful  The 
scenes  are  laid  in  Russia  and  France,  and  the  author  gives  some  account  of  the  wars 
of  1812,  and  the  disastrous  effects  consequent  upon  the  evils  which  war  inevitablv 
brings  upon  countries.  The  dangers  and  sufferings  to  individuals  growing  out  of  sudi 
an  unsettled  state  of  affiirs  are  well  delineated.  The  book  leaves  a  moral  sentiment 
in  the  mind  of  the  reader,  when  it  is  seen  how  £Mne  and  power  can  be  rejected  when 
they  do  not  come  iothe  way  of  principle  and  duty. 

16.— TAtf  Standard  Third  Reader/or  Public  and  Private  Schools.  By  Epeb  Sakqbnt, 
Author  of  the** Standard  Speaker,**  the '* Standard  Fifth  Reader,^*  the  **  Standard 
Fourth  Reader.**    12mo.,  pp.  216.    Boston :  Phillips,  Sampson  <b  Co. 
This  manual  contains  exercises  in  the  elementary  sounds ;  rules  for  elocution,  ^ ; 
numerous  choice  reading  lessons ;  a  new  system  of  references ;  and  an  explanatory  in- 
dex    This  number  of  the  series  seems  to  possess  the  merits  of  its  predecessors.    The 
subjects  are  various,  well  chosen,  elevating,  and  in  every  way  adapted  to  the  youth- 
ful mind.    A  correct  enunciation  and  articulation  can  be  gained  by  following  the  di- 
rections and  explanations  laid  down  with  such  simplicity  and  completeness  by  the 
editor. 

17. — Hittory  for  JBoift ;  or  Annals  of  the  Nations  of  Modem  Europe.     By  Johw  G-. 

Edoax,  author  of  ''The  Boyhood  of  Great  Men,**  and  "The  Footprints  of  Famous 

Men.**    ISmo.,  pp.  461.    New  York:  Harper  A  Brothers. 

The  history  of  each  of  the  States  of  Europe  is  briefly  sketched,  and  the  work  is  emi- 
nently well  adapted  for  the  use  of  youth.  It  is  also  a  convenient  book  of  reference 
for  all,  from  •the  compactness  with  which  it  is  constructed.  It  is  written  in  excellent 
language,  and  aims '*  to  assist  in  rendering  historical  knowledge  iuteresting  without 
the  smallest  sacrifice  of  aocuracy.** 

18. — HermiCs  Dell,    From  the  Diary  of  a  Penciler.    l2mo.,  pp.  285.    New  York:  J. 

C.  Derby.    Boston :  Phillips  Sampson  <b  Ca    CinciDoati :  H.  W  D«'rby. 

These  pencilings  are  verv  pleasantly  written.  The  author  describes  his  beautiful 
rural  retreat,  Hermit's  Dell,  and  gives  a  picture  of  life,  its  joys  and  sorrows,  in  this 
sequestered  spot  The  descriptions  of  natural  scenery  are  very  fine.  The  characters 
and  incidents  recorded  in  this  diary,  with  the  pictures  of  country  lil'e,  render  the  book 
interesting  and  attractive. 

l^j-^Katurt  and  Human  Nature,     By  the  author  of  "  Sam  Slick,  the  Clocknutker," 
**  Wise  Saws,**  "  Old  Judge.**    l2mo.,  pp.  336.    New  York :  Stringer  <&  Towosend. 
A  humorous  Yankee  story  in  the  v«*.in  of  Sam  Slick,  the  Clockmaker.    The  author, 

an  Englishman,  is  a  keen  observer,  and  sees  and  depicts  the  unique  and  grotesque  in 

our  full-blooded,  genuine  Yankee  character  to  the  life. 

20.— C7nc/*  Sam's  Farm  Fence,    By  A.  D.  MiLifx.     With  Illustrations  by  N.  Orr. 

12mo.,  pp.  282.    New  York :  C.  Shepard  <&  Ca 

A  tale  depicting  scenes  of  misery  brought  about  by  intemperance.  The  author  it 
in  fiivor  of  a  prohibitor  law  against  intoixicating  drinks.  The  story  was  originally 
publitJteU  iu  lUe  New  York  People's  Organ,  and  its  pubiicatioo  in  book  Ibrm  is  owaog 
lu  **  earuvfit  request  **  from  ditfer«iit  parts  of  the  couutry. 


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tl.-^JSllen  Kcfhwry;  ot  the  Adveotores  of  an  Orphao.  Bj  EiisasoN  Benvbtt,  au- 
thor of  -  Clara  Morelaod."  «  Viola,"  "  Forged  Will,"  **  Pioneer's  Daughter,*'  Ac^  Ac 
12mo^  pp.  309.    Philadelphia:  T.  B.  Petersoo. 

This  novel  is  written  with  a  high  object,  the  purpose  of  which  is  to  arrest  public 
attention  in  behalf  of  the  misery,  vice,  and  crime  so  common  and  alarming  in  large 
citiesL  The  scenes  are  laid  in  Philadelphia,  the  characters  and  incidents  are  drawn  ' 
from  the  author's  own  experience  and  obeerration,  the  counterparts  of  which  may  be 
found  in  every  large  dty.  He  writes  with  much  naturalness,  aud  depicts  the  miseries 
and  horrors  of  such  low  life  with  great  fidelity.  Many  of  the  incidents  seem  very 
starUing^et  we  feel  they  are  not  fictions,  but  what  may  be  transpiring  around  us 
daily.  We  are  impressed  with  the  moral  truth  of  the  book,  that  crime  will  sooner  or 
later  meet  with  retribution,  while  virtue  as  surely  meets  its  reward. 

22. —  Woman  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  ;  and  kindred  papers,  relative  to  the  Sphere, 

Condition,  and  Duties  of  Womaa    By  MAEOAaBT  FuLLsa  Ossoli.    Edited  by  her 

brother,  Rev.  A.  B.  Fuller.    Boston :  John  P.  Jewett  A  Co.    12mo.,  pp.  428. 

No  one  can  question  the  rare  taleut,  origiual  thought,  and  imagibative  power  of 

Margaret  Fuller:  and  no  work  can  be  more  interesting  than  that  which  exhibits  her 

views  of  her  sex,  especially  as  she  was  a  reformer  on  her  own  hook.    This  volume  is 

the  best  embodiment  of  her  most  valuable  views.     We  accept  with  peculiar  gratitude 

her  brother's  testimonial  to  her  religious  character.    Her  sad  fate  was  no  cruelty  to 

herself^  but  a  vast  loss  to  her  country  and  her  sex,  to  art  and  literature  and  humanity. 

The  account  by  Mr.  Cass,  at  page  892,  of  her  nuble  services  to  Italian  liberty,  should 

make  her  menaory  dear  to  every  friend  of  freedom  throughout  the  world. 

28. — HiUory  of  the  lAfe  and  Inetitution  of  8t.  Ignatiiu  Loyola,  Founder  of  the  Society 
of  Jeeu*.  By  Father  Danikl  Baetoli,  of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  Translated  by  the 
author  of  **  Life  in  Mexico."  2  vols^  12mo.,  pp.  Mi  and  489.  New  York  :  Edward 
Dunigan  A  Brother. 

Daniel  Bartoli,  a  Jesuit  eloquent  in  the  pulpit,  and  a  popular  writer  in  Italy  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  published  the  work  of  which  the  one  before  us  is  an  elegant  and 
apparently  faithful  translation,  in  tbs  year  1650.  It  was  translated  into  Latin,  and  at 
a  later  period  into  French.  The  book  contains  a  biography  of  Loyola,  and  an  account 
of  his  order — its  rise,  spirit,  and  progress;  and  as  such  will  be  interesting  to  Catholic 
readers,  and  all  who  desire  to  study  the  spirit  and  genius  of  the  order. 

24. — ComelVs  Intermediate  Geography,  4ta,  pp.  84.  New  York:  Daniel  Apple- 
ton  A  Ca 

This  work,  the  second  book  of  a  series  of  school  geographies  by  S.  S.  Cornell,  is  de* 
ti^ed  for  pupils  who  have  become  familiar  with  but  a  few  elements  of  geogpraphical 
science.  The  maps  contain  only  such  of  the  physical  and  political  divisions  of  the 
earth  as  a  student  at  such  a  stage  of  advancement  is  reasonably  expected  to  know 
and  remember.  The  illustrations  of  the  work  are  of  excellent  subjects  and  are  well 
executed,  much  superior  to  the  wretched  cuts  of  the  geographies  of  the  past.  The 
maps  are  clear  and  distinct 

25. — A  School  of  Life.     By  Anna  Mart  Howitt,  author  of  **  An  Art  Student  in 

Munich."     12moL,  pp.  266.    Boston :  Ticknor  A  Fields. 

This  volume  is  well  written,  the  characters  skillfully  delineated.  The  reader  will 
follow  with  much  interest  the  fortunes  of  the  two  poor  artists  in  their  struggles  with 
an  uneympathizing  world,  and  the  sorrows  and  trials  which  they  experience  in  the 
working  out  and  perfecting  the  gift  of  genius  which  they  possessed.  The  story  shows 
that  victory  almost  invariably  crowns  the  earnest  seeker  of  right — that  the  first  great 
lesson  in  **  the  school  of  life  "  is  to  learn  to  discern  duty,  then  to  perseveringly  adhere 
to  its  performance.    We  predict  success  to  this  youthful  writer. 

26. — Th^  CloHt  Companion;  or  Manual  of  Prayer:  consisting  of  topics  and  brief 
form  of  Prayer,  designed  to  assbt  Christians  in  their  devotions.     With  an  introduc- 
tion. ^   By  Ajlbbbt  BAams.    12mo.,  pp.  806.    New  York:  M.  W.  Dodd. 
Thia  volume  contains  a  great  number  of  well- worded  prayers,  on  a  great  variety  of 
topic^.    The  author  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  efficacy  of  prayer  depends  very  much 
on  our  knowing,  definitely  and  thoroughly,  what  we  want  and  how  to  exprese  our  de- 
Hres,    In  omr  judgment  a  hungry  man  knows  what  he  wants  without  consulting  ati- 
thoritiea. 


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27.— 7^«  Papal  Conniracy  Botpotedy  end  ProieUantitm  D&fendtd,  in.  the  lAght  tf 
Reamn,  Hittory^  andSoripture,  By  Rev.  Edward  Bekchee,  D.  D.,  12ma,  pp.  482. 
New  York:  M.  W.DodcL 

Dr.  Beecber  arraigns  the  "  Romleh  corporation "  on  a  eerious  diar^e,  addorea  evi- 
denoe  and  argues  his  case  with  system,  force,  and  earnestness.  Besides  an  introdoc- 
tioD,  the  work  is  dkided  into  four  parts :  1.  Romanism,  a  fraudulent  and  persecuting 
conspiracy ;  2.  Romanism  the  enemy  of  mankind ;  8.  Romanism  an  imposition  and  a 
ibrgery  ;  4.  The  judgment  of  God  and  the  burning  of  Babylon.  The  Appendix  con- 
tains a  letter  to  the  Hon.  Joseph  R  Obaodler,  called  forth  bj^  the  speecn  of  that  ac- 
complished statesman  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  in  which  he  gave  his  Tiews  on 
the  rekUon  of  the  PajMd  power  to  our  national  and  State  governments. 

28. — Modem  Agitators  ;  or  Pen  Portraits  of  Living  American  Reformers.  By  Datid 
W.  BARTLrrr.,  author  of  "  LiliB  of  Lady  Jane  Grey,"  **  Joan  of  Arc,"  etc,  etc.  12mo., 
|>p.  806.    New  York :  Miller,  Orton  <fc  Mulligan. 

Some  of  the  distinguished  anti-slavery,  temperance,  and  religious  reformers  of  the 
day  are  portrayed  by  one  who  sympathises  with  and  admires  them.  Beecher,  Seward^ 
Ohapin,  Gough,  Giddings,  Greeley,  and  Bushnell,are  among  the  twenty  who  are  writ- 
ten about.  In  meet  instances  extracts  are  made  from  Uie  writings  of  the  persons 
sketched.  The  author's  delineations  will  be  interesting  to  a  large  class  of  the  com- 
munily.    His  style  is  vigorous. 

29.--A/y  Brother's  Keeper,  By  A.  B.  WARiritE,  author  of  **  Dollars  and  Oents,"  «  Mr. 
Rutherford's  Children,"  4&c  12mo.,  pp.  866.  New  York:  D.  Appleton  <b  Oa 
The  scenes  of  this  interesting  novel  are  mostly  American,  occurring  in  and  about 
New  York,  and  some  of  the  incidents  are  connected  with  the  late  war  of  Great  Britain. 
The  style  is  simple  and  natural,  and  the  story,  of  which  the  title  is  suggestive,  truly 
exemplifies  the  moral  power  and  silent  influence  which  one  can  have  over  the  way- 
wardness of  another,  whose  life  is  consistently  pure  and  good.  The  author  has  shown 
it  in  the  character  of  Rosalie,  and  its  eflect  on  that  of  her  brother.  The  story  cannot 
but  morally  impress  the  reader. 

80. — Brookiiana;  or  the  Controversy  between  Senator  Brooks  and  Archbishop  Hughea, 
growing  out  of  the  recently  enacted  "  Church  Property  Bill."  With  an  Introduc- 
tion by  the  Most  Rev.  Archbishop  of  New  York.  I2mo.,  pp.  108.  New  York: 
Edward  Dunigan  <&  Brother. 

The  letters  containing  this  controversy  excited  considerable  attention  when  first 
published.  They  have  been  collected  by  Biehop  Hughes,  who  has  added  an  explana- 
tory iutroductioo,  displaying  hi«  usual  ability. 

81. — The  Conscript:  a  Tale  of  the  Empire,  From  the  French  of  Alexakdxr  Duma^ 
author  of  •' Monte  Cristo,"  **The  Three  Guardsmen,"  etc.  12ma,  pp.  40a  N«w 
York :  Stringer  <&  Townsend. 

For  a  French  translation,  we  scarcely  ever  have  read  a  more  interesting  Dartative. 
It  is  a  simple  recital  of  the  history  of  two  obscure  families,  whose  woes  grew  out  of 
the  Conscription,  during  the  wars  of  Napoleon  the  Great.  The  character  of  Oonscieoce, 
the  conscript,  is  one  of  deep  interest ;  tliere  is  much  beauty  and  sublimity  portrayed 
in  the  lives  ot  these  French  peasants;  their  history  is  simply  yet  thrillingly  narrated. 
We  find  this  story  free  from  the  moral  tamt  frequently  found  in  French  fiction. 

82. — Peg  Woffington,    By  Cuarlks  Rradx,  author  of  **  Christie  Johnstone."    I2ma, 

Boston  :  Tickuor  &.  Fields. 

An  episode  in  the  life  of  a  celebrated  actress  of  the  times  of  Quin  and  Gibber,  ro- 
markabls  fur  her  social  qualities  and  dramatic  talents.  Interwoven  with  her  history 
is  that  of  many  others  connected  with  her  in  her  theatrical  career.  The  style  of  the 
novel  is  ppirited,  aud  its  power  to  interest  lies  in  the  moral  experience  of  the  charao- 
ters  who  hgure  in  it. 

88. — Foster^s  First  Principles  of  Chemistry.    Illastrated  by  a  series  of  the  moat  re- 
cently discovered  aud  brilliant  experiments  known  to  the  science.    Adapttd  eape- 
daily  for  Classca     12mo.,  pp.  130.    New  York :  Harper  <k  Brothers. 
An  excellent  elementary  work  on  the  science  of  which  it  treats.    £arh  natural  dl* 

vii^ioQ  it)  presented  in  a  strictly  prsctical  foim,  illustrated  by  diagrams  and  exptrijoeote 

within  the  comprehension  of  youth.    It  is  a  work  of  rare  merits 


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JACOB  CHIGKERIN6, 

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pense m  establishing  one  of  the  first  STEA.MMILLS  in  the  country  for  th«ir  manu- 
facture, the  steam  wed  affording  increased  fiicitities  for  the  seasoning  of  stock,  which 
is  done  in  a  most  thorough  manner.  He  is  now  able  to  supply  orders  at  wholesale  or 
retail  Persons  wishing  for  Piano-fortes  of  the  firti  dou^  warranted  to  give  entire 
sathffiftction,  are  inyited  to  call  and  examine  his  instruments,  or  send  their  orders, 
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British  Commercial  Life  Insurance  (Company, 

LONDON  AND  AMERIOA. 

OFFICE  No.  65  WALL  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 

£STABJLISHED  1820. 

Capital  $3,000,000,  with  a  Large  Aocumulatkd  Surplus. 

NtvB  York  i?«/«-c«8.— His  Excellengr  Hamilton  Fiah,  late  Governor  of  the  State  ot 
New  York ;  Anthony  Barclay,  Esou  H-  B.  M.  Consul ;  Stephen  Whitney,  Esq.,  James 
Oallathi,  Eeq.,  Samuel  Wetmore,  Keq.,^  Henry  Grinnell,  Esq.,  Hon.  Judge  Campbell, 
John  Cryder,  Esq,  J.  Phillips  Phenix,  Esq,  John  H.  Hicks.  Esq. 

Medical  JEwcmintfr*.-— John  C.  Oheesman,  M.  D.,  478  Broadway ;  F.  U,  Johnston 
M.  D,  28  East  Fourteenth  Street  Geo.  B1.  Knkvitt, 

General  Agent  for  the  United  States. 

Monarch  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  of  London, 

ESTABUSHED  IN  1835. 
OFFICE  No.  4  BROAD  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 

Bnhstfxbtb   Capital  ani    Surplus    Junir,   $2,000,000, 

SPECIU  FUND,  $150,000, 

Held  by  Sew  Vork  Trustees  to  meet  Losses. 

liOSSES  ADJUSTED  IN  IHE'W  YORK.  AND  PROHIPTIiY  PAID. 

GEORGE  ADLARD, 
Resident  Secretary  and  General  Agent,  No.  4  Broad  St.,  N.  Y. 


FIRE  INSURANCE. 

The  Providence  Washington  Insurance  Co., 

AT  PROVIDENCE,  R.  I. 

Chartered,  1787.    Capital,  $200,000,  all  paid  in  (in  cash)  and  securely  inveated. 

Take  risks  against  Fire  on  application  at  their  oflSce  in  Providence;  and  oo  Mercttan 

dise  and  Buildings  in  the  city  of  New  York,  on  application  at  the  office  of 

ASA  BIOEL.OW,  Jr.,  46  Piue-atrect,  corner  of  William. 

Providence,  B.  L  April  I  1847. SULLIVAN  DORR,  President 

HOME     INSURANCE    COMPANY,    OF    NEW    YORK. 

CASH  CAPITAL  $500,000. 

Buildings,  Merchandise,  and  other  Property,  Insured  against 
Loss  OR  Damage  bt  Fire,  on  Favorable  Terms. 
OFFICE  NO.  4  WALL-8T., 
A,  F.  WILLMARTH,  CHARLES  J.  MARTIN, 

Secretary.  Vice-PreMenU 


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HUNT'S 

MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE. 

EsiablUlied  JTuly,  18909 

BY  FREEMAN  HUxNT,  EDITOR  AND  PROPRIETOR. 

VOLUME  XXXIIL  AUaUST,   1855.  NUMBER  IL 

CONTENTS  OF  NO.   II.,  VOL.  XXXIII.    . 
IKTICLBS. 

FAfll. 

ES  OP  MODERN  COMMERCE:  WITH  SPECIAL 
BR  AND  INPLCJBNCB  OP  THE  TRAPPIO  BB- 
A  AND  THE  ORIENTAL  WORLD.    By  the  Hon. 

145 

109 

180 

!*F.     By  Chaklbs  R.  CAKROL^  Eiq^  Merohaot,  of 

RESOURCES.  By  Charlbs  Seymour,  Eiq.,  of 
SOO 

MERCANTIIS  LAW. 

th  Interest S07 

reofProfltSiaPRilner... 206 

208 

Jrt SM 

COIIERCIIL  GHRONICIB  AND  RBTIKW: 

BBnUOnO  A  niXASClAL  AND  OOmfX&OIAL  KVnKW  OP  THE  mflTKD  STATES,  XTa,  ILLTOTKA- 

TBD  WITH  TABLES,  ETC.,  AS  FOLLOWS : 

CondJUoB  of  the  Money  Markets  at  Home  and  Abroad— Carrency  for  moving  the  Incoming 
Ciop—AntieipatkNM  of  Proeperity— The  Railroad  IntereH— Foreign  Ptlloree— Baake  ef  New 
York  and  Boaton— Clearing  Hoqm  for  New  York  State  Banks-Deportta  of  Gekl  and  Sllrer 
ai  Ito  Hew  York  Aeaay  OiSoe  and  Philadelphia  Mtnt-lmporte  at  New  York  ftar  Jnne,  for 
Six  Months  llrom  Janaary  ]st«  and  for  the  Pinoal  Year  ending  Jane  90— Imports  at  New 
'^  ■  "  'xma  Cu 


Oriaaaa— Revenue  from  Costoma  at  Philadelphia  and  Boston— dUpmeala  of  Prodooe,  and 
the  Shipping  Uteres^eto. 900-910 

V«wTorkOottoB Market •^.^^  910 

TO&.  ZZZHLr-NO.  II.  10 


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146  CONTBNTS   OF   NO.   II.,  VOL.   XZXIII. 

PA«B. 

GOIHERCIAl  STATISTICS. 

BM^ptDg  bnllt  In  «be  United  Statet ISl 

Bbl|M  and  cMiipptnff  uf  the  United  BuUei. <8S 

Lumber  rrade  uf  Unebec  fur  five  yean.~CoQ8aiBpUon  of  Spirits  in  Engtand,  flcotiind,  InJaad  tt4 

Tbe  P«»rk  Trade  or  J854-5 «S 

Tbe  freali  and  s)ait  Meat  Trade  of  France 996 

Oumnercial  Proaperltjr  uf  the  Greeks 99? 

Wme  VaiUiB  of  Ui»  London  DMkSw—HaTigation  al  the  Port  of  Qoebee 9i7 

JODRNAL  OF  INSURANCB. 

Tke  Oavsea  of  FkMi  with  SoggeaUons  for  PrerenUon 998 

Tbe  Cbarter  of  an  Insurance  Uumpaojr  a  Cunimet. 99f 

NAUTICAL  INTfilllfiBXCB. 

Wottoea  to  Marfnert :  Ftashing  Ligbl  at  Trepan!,  Sicily.- laoht  dl  Valcanow—Berotring  liigM  o« 
the  Morro  de  &taa  PaolOr  Brazil.— i;oaBt«>rc»pain  un  the  AUaoilo— AlteraUouof  Light  at  Cadis  S3l 

Light  un  Cape  8an  Antoiik>,  Province  of  Alicante 939 

Change  or  Light  at  Cove  Point,  North  of  PaittXtA  River 939 

STATISTICS  OP  POPDLATIOH,  ke. 

Resells  or  the  Census  or  Great  Britain-No.vtt.   Territorial  Subdivisions 939 

Bsaigration  to  the  United  ;«i«ies 934 

Population  of  Arkansas  in  ltf5U  and  1854.— Ifattre  and  Foreign  Population  of  Southern  States.  935 

STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE,  fce. 

Brief  History  of  Keotuoky  Cattle.    By  BauTUS  J.Clat 93t 

Bait  Indian  and  American  Cutturt.-^Tbe  (s^ea  Island  CoitoDof  Florida. 937 

The  Wine  Dliteaw  at  Opurtis  Purtugal.— The  Fruit  Trade 938 

Fhlladelptila  Cattle  Markek— Cuiuvation  ot  Hops  in  England. 939 

RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 

Cost  of  Passenger  and  Freight  TraasportatloB  by  Railwsy 210 

Ocean  and  lulaiMl  tSleamers  out  or  the  Port  oi  New  Voik-^So.  iii.    ^  The  Metropolis.** 943 

AgrtcuKure  sud  Railrosds 944 

The  Su  Chiir  Mau  aud  Lake  NavlgMtlun 945 

Operation*  of  the  Massachuselts  Kailruads MS 

Trauspuriatiun  of  the  Uuitvd  Htattss  Mail  by  Ocean  Steamers 946 

fUilruttd  and  Dteambuai  Accidents  in  the  iJuited  siltttes 947 

COMMERCIAL   RKGULATIONS. 

An  Act  relilhig  to  the  Carriage  of  Passengers  in  Steamships  and  Other  Vessels 248 

Or  tbeSaleoi  Froductooi  the  United  Elates  in  New  Urieiois 9S8 

Purohste  of  Belilgerent  Ships  by  Neutrals. 9S3 

JOURNAL  OF   BANKING,   CURRENCY,   AND   FINANCE. 

Operations  of  the  San  Francisco  Branch  Mint 9S3 

Of  Bills  of  Excbaitgeand  Promissory  Notes  in  Louisiana 954 

lsGoldi>epref3li*ttugY 9S5 

Where  Silver  oumes  rrem 956 

UowaCaabierCompromiiiMl  with  the  Directors  of  a  Bank 9S7 

JOURNAL  OP  MINING  AND  MANUFACTURES. 

The  Paris  Falaee  of  Industry  for  the  Great  Exhibition 957 

The  Manulaciure  or  iron  In  the  United  Hutes 958 

Ameitcan  nardwafeand  Meohanlcal  dkill 959 

Booihern  Manufkctures.— How  to  l!:xtrttct  Glass  Stopples. 988 

American  Sewing  M»9tiifHS  In  Krance. , 961 

The  Coal  Lauda  of  Gieat  Britain  and  Ohio.>-Mining  at  Georgetown,  California. 981 

MERCANTILE    MISCELLANIES. 

The ''Philadelphia  Merchant.''-^  Bers  Commercial  Oollego'' at  Chicago 963 

The  Lung  UeUU  of  No.  thtru  Cities 981 

<«  He  Is  a  Country  Merchant — tick  HlmP 984 

Short  BoslneM  Visits—iUlers  in  mores 965 

Tbe  Philadelphia  Merchant  on  Mercantile  Blofrapby 986 

THE  BOOK  TRADE. 

ir«Cioct0f88MW  Books  or  aewSdHlow ^ , «»«.•  967-9n 


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MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE 


AHD 


COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 


AUGUST,  1856. 


Art.  I.— THE  PBL1C1PLE8  AND  TENDENCIES  OF  lODERN  COIIERCE: 


WITH    SPECIAL    REFERSNCS    TO    THE    CHARACTER    AND    INFLUENCE    OF    THE 
TRAFFIC  BETWEEN  THE  CHRISTIAN  STATES  AND  THE  ORLENTAL  WORLD.* 

The  life-tirae  of  every  people,  every  race.  Las  its  successive  eras  or  pe- 
riods, each  marked  by  the  predominance  of  some  principle  or  motive  of 
action,  which  gives  them  their  distinctive  features  and  informs  them  with 
those  characteristic  tendencies  and  propensities,  that  constitute  what  is 
called  the  Spirit  of  the  Age.  When  the  actuating  principle  is  an  idea — 
a  ereat  abstract  truth,  which  appeals  directly  to  the  reason  or  the  con- 
science, with  a  force  and  an  authority  that  overawe  the  will,  drown  for 
the  time  even  the  voice  of  interest,  elevates  mortals  above  selfish  nature, 
and  impels  them  with  uncalculating  self-devotion,  to  sacrifice  in  its  defense, 
wealth,  fame,  ease,  home,  life  itself — the  age  is  heroic,  and  man  seems 
not  a  thing  of  time  and  space,  but  a  superhuman  being,  invested  with  at- 
tributes which  savor  not  of  earth,  but  vindicate  his  claim  to  companionship 
with  the  higher  intelligences  who  dwell  in  the  immaterial  heavens. 

Thus,  the  heroic  age  of  Israel  was  the  exodus  from  Egypt,  when  the 
elect  people  chose  rather  the  worship  of  the  one  true  God  in  the  hungry 
deser^  than  the  idolatrous  polytheism  and  the  sensual  abundance  of  the 
valley  of  Nilus;  of  Rome,  the  dark  hour,  when,  after  the  discomfiture 
of  her  legions,  though  the  Punic  coi^queror  was  knocking  hard  at  her 

*  We  mrt  lodnbted  to  the  Hod.  GtoRaB  P.  Makih,  late  American  Minister  al  Oonstantioople,  for 
the  manoacript  copy  or  his  diteourse  dellTcred  before  the  Mercanlile  Library  AssoelaUon  at  Boston, 
NoTember  Ulh,  1854.  It  waa  ktndlj  famiahed  us  for  pablioatton  in  Ibe  MerckanU''  Magtin$^  al 
ov  raqoaat^JBiL  Mmr,  JUg, 


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148  Principles  and  Tendencies  of  Modem  Commerce* 

gates,  yet  such  was  the  confidence  of  her  sons  in  the  destiny  of  the  eter- 
nal city,  that  the  very  ground  on  which  the  Carthaginian  lay  encamped, 
commanded  in  open  market,  as  high  a  price  as  in  the  day  of  her  proudest 
security ;  of  England,  the  rebellion,  when  the  people  discarded  that  old 
political  superstition  of  the  sacred  inviolability  of  the  Crown,  and  good 
men  died  for  the  principle  that  the  liberties  of  the  subject  are  rights,  not 
graces ;  of  our  own  Country,  as  has  been  eloquently  shown  by  one  of 
yourselves,  the  Pilgrim  emigration,  whose  spirit  revived  again,  though 
with  a  larger  admixture  of  selfish  purposes  in  the  period  of  the  Revolution. 
The  heroic  age,  though  commonly  marked  by  enthusiastic  and  energetio 
action,  is  yet  more  truly  characterized  as  an  era  of  contemplataon,  of  lofty 
imamnation,  of  high  intellectual  power,  of  the  unequivocal  predominance 
of  the  spiritual  over  the  sensuous.  It  is  usually  followed  oy  a  period  of 
great  physical  activity,  guided  by  a  portion  of  the  elevated  intelligence 
which  that  nobler  preceding  age  has  developed,  and  it  is  in  general  true, 
that  for  every  generation  remarkable  for  its  material  energy,  the  way  has 
been  prepared  by  an  epoch  of  great  and  general  mental  enort  and  excite- 
ment. War,  therefore,  which  demands,  though  too  often  in  the  worst  of 
causes,  the  exercise  of  high  and  rare  moral  qualities,  rapid  and  widely  di- 
versified intellectual  combination,  the  mental  vision  which  commands  the 
great  and  the  distant,  while  it  scrutinizes  the  trivial  and  the  near,  is  often 
le  precursor  of  an  age  conspicuous  for  peaceful  eflfort,  which  displays  it- 
self in  civil  or  commercial  undertakings  of  a  gigantic  magnitude,  a  com- 
prehensiveness of  purpose,  a  boldness,  a  forecast,  a  dignity,  that  seem  to 
lend  even  to  pecuniary  enterprise,  something  of  the  grandeur  of  heroism. 
Shining,  however,  as  are  the  qualities  which  war  brings  out  and  cherishes, 
and  to  which  a  criminal  prejudice  imparts  a  yet  more  dazzling  luster,  there 
is  no  greater  error  than  to  suppose  that  the  most  exalted  arts  are  the  arts 
of  destruction,  and  that  the  profession  of  arms  furnishes  exclusive  occa- 
sion for  the  exercise  of  the  noblest  attributes  of  heart  or  head,  or  even  of 
that  cheapest  of  virtues,  physical  courage.  The  unobtrusive  pursuits  of 
Commerce,  which  the  bloody  and  barbarous  Christianity  of  the  middle 
ages,  thought  worthy  only  of  the  despised  burgher  and  the  unbelieving 
Jew,  have  had  their  heroes  and  their  conquerors.  The  early  maritime  dis- 
coverers encountered  greater  perils  than  the  com*batants  of  Trafalgar,  and 
our  own  commercial  marine,  braves  every  winter,  horrors  not  less  appall- 
ing than  those  of  the  retreat  from  Moscow.  History,  in  fact,  records  no 
more  striking  examples  of  hardihood,  perseverance,  endurance,  courage, 
all  the  attributes,  in  short,  of  exalted  heroism,  except  the  inspiration  of  a 
lofty  and  generous  motive,  than  are  presented  in  the  narratives  of  those 
old,  half-freebooter,  half-merchant  adventurers,  who  went  forth  with  their 
life  in  their  hand,  in  search  of  new  paths  to  the  rich  Commerce  of  the 
Eastern  World,  plundering  where  they  were  strong  enough  and  trafficking 
where  they  were  not,  like  the  rovers  of  the  Homeric  age  or  the  Vikings  of 
the  North,  nor  have  the  proudest  structures  of  imperii  munificence  or  en- 
lightened national  liberality  in  ancient  or  modem  times,  demanded  a 
greater  amount  of  intelligent  physical  activity  than  many  monuments  of 
associate  commercial  enterprise  in  the  present  day. 

I  suppose,  therefore,  I  may  safely  presume,  that  to  an  audience  descend- 
ed from  our  own  demi-gods,  separated  by  but  a  few  generations  from  oiir 
heroic  age,  inheriting  in  an  eminent  degree  the  material  energy,  which,  as 
I  s&id,  has  its  roots  in  the  more  exalted  virtues  of  that  era,  and  at  the 


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Prineipics  and  Tendencies  of  Modem  Commerce.  149 

tame  time  composed  of  persons,  whose  prosperity  is  mainly  dependent  upon 
a  wide  and  successful  trade,  founded,  built  up,  and  sustained,  by  extraordi- 
nary individual  and  associate  effort,  some  general  speculations  on  the 
fundamental  principles  and  actual  tendencies  of  modem  Commerce,  with 
special  reference  to  the  character  and  influence  of  the  traffic  between  the 
Christian  States  and  the  Oriental  world,  may  prove  not  wholly  without  in- 
terest 

The  ooatempt  with  which  the  felse  pride  of  feudal  Europe  regarded 
commercial  pursuits,  seems  to  have  made  an  exception  in  favor  of  foreign 
Commerce,  partly,  no  doubt,  because  it  was  a  necessary  means  of  furnish- 
ing forth  the  splendor  and  luxury  of  the  nobility  and  the  Church,  but  chiefly 
because  it  was  ennobled  by  the  romance  of  danger  and  the  uncertainty  of 
wild  adventure,  and  a  prejudice,  derived  probably  from  the  same  source, 
still  exalts  the  foreign  merchant  above  the  domestic  trader.  But,  indepen- 
dently of  this  ancient  prepossession,  the  traffic  between  distant  countries 
possesses  a  greater  historical  and  philosophical  interest  than  mere  internal 
Commerce,  because  its  influences  upon  national  character  and  national 
proeperity  are  more  stimulating,  wider,  and  more  diversified.  It  is  true, 
no  doubt,  that  internal  improvements  tend  to  develop  and  multiply  the 
material  resources  of  every  country  where  they  are  undertaken  and  pros- 
ecuted as  a  system,  and  thereby  to  give  domestic  Comnlerce  an  increased 
relative  extent  and  importance ;  and  in  an  empire  embracing  such  vast 
^mces  and  so  great  a  variety  of  climates,  soils,  and  indigenous  products 
as  our  own,  the  intercourse  between  its  remotest  regions  acquires  many  of 
the  features  and  incidents  of  proper  foreign  trade.  Still,  it  is  only  be- 
tween communities  of  diflferent  languages,  laws  and  religions,  that  Com- 
meroe  is  most  important  as  a  moral  agent,  and  I  shall  therefore  speak  of 
it  chiefly  in  its  character  of  an  external  influence. 

Commerce,  in  its  earliest  form  of  barter,  or  simple  exchange  of  com- 
modities in  kind,  is  a  mere  matter  of  mutual  convenience,  excluding 
the  notion  of  mercantile  profit  or  accumulation  6n  either  side  ;  and  it  is 
not  until  handicrafts,  confining  individuals  to  particular  productive  labors, 
are  established,  and  permanent  husbandry  attains  such  a  progress  as  to 
yield  a  regular  disposable  surplus,  that  the  desire  of  gain  becomes  an  ele- 
ment in  trade.  As  soon  as  men  make  traffic  an  occupation,  and  seek  not 
to  acquire  by  a  mutually  beneficial  exchange  articles  designed  for  immedi- 
ate consumption  or  use,  but  to  amass  a  stock  of  means,  convertible  at  plea- 
sure by  a  second  exchange,  into  objects  of  utility,  convenience  or  oma- 
meiii,  the  advantage  is  no  longer  strictly  reciprocal,  the  parties  become, 
technically,  buyer  and  seller,  and  the  relations  between  them  are  rather 
'those  of  conflicting  interest  than  of  mutual  benefit  Regular  traffic  hav- 
ing DOW  commenced,  circulating  mediums,  at  first  usually  possessing  in- 
trinsio  value,  as  being  applicable  to  purposes  of  actual  use  or  personal  dec- 
oration, and  afterwards  becoming  purely  representative  and  conventional, 
are  invented,  and  their  introduction  effects  an  immediate  revolution  in  the 
processes  of  trade,  and  enlarges  the  sphere  to  an  extent  commensurate 
with  the  demand  wad  supply  of  all  the  natural  and  artificial  wants  of  men. 
Money,  of  whatever  form  or  material,  gold,  iron,  shells,  wampum,  leather 
or  paper,  becomes  the  common  measure  of  all  values,  the  universal  means 
of  acquiring  whatever  in  its  nature  is  purchasable,  and  its  accumulation 
is  henceforth  the  aim  of  the  seller  in  all  properly  commercial  transactions. 
Trade  is  no  longer  limited  by  the  personal  wants  of  one  party,  or  the  dis- 


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160  Principles  and  Tendencies  cf  Modem  Commerce. 

posable  surplus  products  of  the  other,  and  money,  first  invented  as  a 
means,  has  now  become  the  object  of  exchange. 

From  the  invention  of  circulating  mediums  to  the  age  of  discovery  ia 
the  fifteenth  century,  European  Commerce  does  not  appear  to  have  under- 
gone any  very  considerable  revolutions,  except  in  the  alternate  rise  and 
all  of  its  principal  centers  of  action,  and  the  fluctuating  value  of  the  ar- 
ticles of  exchange  with  which  it  was  conversant.  The  sphere  over  which 
it  extended,  the  routes  it  pursued,  the  range  of  objects  it  embraced,  were 
all  slowly  varied  and  gradually  enlarged,  and  its  influence  upon  the  civili- 
zjition  of  Europe  was  not  other  in  kind,  or  appreciably  greater  in  degree, 
in  the  fourteenth  century,  than  at  the  commencement  of  the  Christian 
Era. 

Constantinople  is  the  only  great  center  of  ancient  trade,  whose  commer- 
cial importance  continued  undiminished,  until  the  enterprise  and  nautical 
skill  of  Genoa,  Pisa,  Amalfi,  Ancona  and  Venice,  stimulated  and  fostered 
by  the  returns  of  the  transport  and  carrying  trade,  in  the  service  of  the 
Crusaders,  succeeded  in  rendering  those  cities,  for  two  or  three  centuries, 
the  great  depots  and  marts  of  exchange  between  the  commodities  of  Eu- 
rope and  the  East  In  the  meantime,  the  trading  capitals  of  Trebizond, 
Seleucia,  Tyre  and  Sidon,  Joppa,  Palmyra,  Petra  and  Alexandria,  had  ut- 
terly perished  or  greatly  declined  in  commercial  importance;  and  the 
trade  of  them  all  had  centered  upon  Constantinople,  the  only  great  city 
of  the  Levant,  which  had  successfully  resisted  the  invasions  of  the  Nor- 
thern hordes,  the  campaigns  of  the  Persians,  and  the  destroying  progress 
*of  the  Mussulman  conquerors.  The  crusades  opened  the  eyes  of  the  mer- 
chants of  Italy  to  the  practicability  of  a  personal  participation  in  Oriental 
trade,  factories  were  established  at  all  favorable  points  upon  the  Eastern 
coasts  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, the  Genoese  obtained  possession  of  Galata,*  a  suburb  of  Constanti- 
nople, on  the  Northern  side  of  the  Golden  Horn,  and  thence  extended 
regular  routes  of  traflSc,  sustained  and  defended  by  fortified  posts,  by  way 
of  Eafia  in  the  Crimea,  the  Don,  the  Wolga,  the  Caspian,  the  steppes  of 
Tartary  and  the  river  Oxus,  to  Persia  and  Central  India ;  and  by  Sinope, 
Trebizond,  Erzerum  and  the  Euphrates,  to  Bagdad  and  Basrah.  The  Ve- 
netians, meanwhile,  engrossed  the  trade  with  maritime  India,  carrying  on 
their  Commerce  by  way  of  Alexandria  and  Damietta,  the  Nile,  and  the 
Red  Sea.  The  intermediate  route  by  Aleppo  and  the  Euphrates,  appears 
to  have  remained  not  indeed  altogether  unexplored,  but  unoccupied  by 
European  enterprise,  until  the  sixteenth  century,  when  England,  and  some- 
what later,  France,  sought  to  compensate  their  want  of  facilities  for  mari- 
time Commerce  with  those  tropical  regions  of  the  Old  and  New  World, 
which  Spain  and  Portugal  had  monopolized,  by  establishing  factories  on 
the  coast  and  interior  of  Syria,  in  Mesopotamia,  and  on  the  Persian  Grulf. 
Queen  Elizabeth  even  kept  a  regularly  organized  fleet  of  boats  at  Bir,  on 
the  Euphrates,  to  facilitate  the  trade  of  her  subjects  on  that  river ;  and 
at  a  period  not  much  more  recent,  the  French  had  not  less  than  twenty 
commercial  houses  in  Aleppo  alone.  The  competition  with  Spain  and 
Portugal  wafr  a  difficult  one  to  sustain,  and  the  merchants  of  those  coun- 

*  Tbe  name  of  Gulata  is  now  otuAlly  reetiioted  to  the  spaee  ioelnded  within  the  old  OenoMe  wall, 
i^id  the  adjiceut  eaburb  without  the  walls  Is  called  Pera.  This  distinction  was  formerly  not  ob- 
•erred,  thns  Protssart  1. 193,  (reprint  Lord  Bemer*8  translation)  says,  "^and  they  (the  Geouoys)  hmT« 
the  tovne  aad  castid  of  Pere  atodynge  on  the  see  before  Gonstantyne-le-noble.'* 


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Prindptei  and  Tendencies  qf  Modem  Commerce,  161 

tries  liad  always  the  advantage  in  the  continental  marts,  though  the  Brit- 
isli  trade  to  the  Levant,  has  never  ceased  to  be  a  hifi^hiy  important  branch 
of  Commerce*  . 

By  a  series  of  the  most  remarkable  revolutions  in  the  history  of  trade, 
the  rival  channels  of  the  Oriental  traffic  of  the  Genoese  and  the  Venetians 
have  recently  been  revived,  after  an  abandonnaent  for  a  period  of  three 
centuries,  and  the  project  of  re-opening  the  old  route  by  the  Euphrates, 
lately  meditated,  is  not  yet  abandoned.  It  is  not  less  remarkable  that  the 
trade  by  all  three,  as  well  as  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  should  now  be 
almost  exclusively  in  the  hands  of  an  Atlantic  nation,  whose  maritime  im- 
portance dates  from  a  period  subsequent  to  the  decay  of  all  the  gredt 
Mediterranean  capitals. 

Although  the  propagation  of  the  Mohammedan  religion  by  the  sword 
interrupt^  for  a  time  the  regular  course  of  Commerce  in  the  countries  of 
the  East,  yet  its  wide  diffusion  in  the  end  undoubtedly  facilitated  trade. 
Its  spread  brought  under  the  rule  of  two  or  three  sovereignties  numerous 
countries  before  governed  by  different  petty  dynasties,  ruled  by  conflict- 
ing laws,  and  often  at  war  with  each  other.  Wherever  Islamism  pre- 
vailed, the  Arabic  language  and  literature  were  introduced,  and  thus  a 
common  medium  of  intercourse  was  provided  between  merchants  whose 
vernacular  tongues  were  unintelligible  to  each  other.  The  commentators 
upon  the  Koran  interpret  several  passages  of  the  text  as  not  only  author- 
izinff,  but  commending  the  profession  of  trade,  and  as  enjoining  the  pro- 
tection of  merchants  and  their  wares,  under  whatever  circumstances  of 
national  hostility. 

The  caravans  to  Mecca  and  other  sacred  shrines  brought  together  in- 
habitants of  the  remotest  countries,  and  were  always  accompanied  by  large 
numbers  of  dealers,  who  thus  contrived  to  combine  the  advantages  of 
Commerce  with  the  performance  of  the  most  indispensable  of  ceremonial 
religious  duties,  and  a  great  fair  was  annually  holden  on  the  arrival  of 
Ae  pilgrims  at  the  holy  city  of  Mecca.  But  similar  securities  were  ex- 
tended also  to  the  infidel  Frank  trader.  The  merchants  of  Genoa  and 
Venice  visited  freely  all  parts  of  the  Levant  during  the  whole  of  the  long 
struggle  between  the  Turkish  conquerors  and  Eastern  Europe  ;f  and  at 
this  day  all  foreigners  enjoy  in  Turkey  important  privileges  and  immuni- 
ties derived  from  those  originally  accorded  to  merchants  by  Mussulman 
liberality,  and  which  no  Christian  nation  grants  to  strangers. 

The  fifteenth  century  is  specially  memorable  in  the  history  of  trade  as 
the  era  of  events  which  completely  changed  the  relations  of  Christendom 
to  the  rest  of  the  world,  and  gave  to  Commerce  an  importance  and  a  social 
influence  it  had  never  before  possessed.  The  events  to  which  I  refer  are, 
first,  the  series  of  maritime  discoveries,  beginning  with  the  coasting  voy- 

*  And  wfia«M  In  times  pMttbeirebeef*  trade  was  into  Spalne,  Portlnffalli  France,  Flanders, 
Daaskae,  Morwale,  Seotland  and  Ireland  onelie :  now  in  iheso  dales  as  men  not  contented  with  these 
loumics,  they  hare  sonflrht  out  the  east  and  west  Indies,  and  made  now  and  then  susplcioos  Toiages 
not  only  mto  the  Cuiaries  and  new  Spalne  bat  likewise  Into  Catbala,  MoscoTia,Tartarta,  and  the  re- 
gioBS  theteabont—Hollnshead  I.,  374,  (reprint  of  18U7). 

t  For  he  vayd  mnrehanntes  myorht  go  whider  they  lyst,  and  by  (hem  mycht  well  be  knoweo  the 
dbealynge  of  the  turkes  and  taitartes  wyth  ye  portes  and  passsges  of  the  kynges  sondans  and  mto- 
ereantes.  and  specially  they  resorted  to  Quaire,  to  Alexandre,  to  Damas,  to  Antyocbe,  snd  into  the 
great  puissant  eyties  of  the  flarsxins ;  dayly  they  passe  and  reiMsse,  and  daytye  marchanntes  ehrls- 
iened  bath  entreooan  with  the  Sarazlns,  and  exchaange  one  with  another  their  marchaundyse.— 
Frolssart  II.,  C.  9S3. 

Syr,  the  marchanntes  of  Oennes  and  of  other  idea  are  knowen  over  alt  and  oocnpysth  the  trade  of 
mafchaendyse  in  Quayre,  in  Alexoiicrc,  In  Damas,  and  out  in  farre  eonnlreys  nethan,  for  as  ye 
Xjumt  well  marehcondjse  flyeth  orer  sU  the  world.-'Prolsiart  IL, c.  391, 


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152  Prmcig^  <md  Tentkncwi  cf  Modem  Oommtne. 

ages  of  the  Portuguese  nayigatore^andtenniiiatiiig  with  thegeoerftl  ox]>lo- 
ration  of  the  coasts  of  the  East  and  West  Indies ;  and,  secondly,  certsdn 
gradual  changes  in  the  framework  of  European  society. 

Universal  tradition  makes  the  temperate  regions  of  central  Asia  the 
cradle  and  primal  nursery  and  school  of  the  human  family.  From  Asiadc 
shrines  were  first  delivered  the  oracles  of  God.  The  southern  and  eastern 
portions  of  that  vast  continent  have  from  the  earliest  ages  heen  regarded 
as  the  field  of  the  greatest  vegetable  luxuriance,  abundance  and  variety 
— the  soil  whose  plants  distilled  the  choicest  juices  and  the  most  aromatic 
odors.  Here  grew  the  spices  with  which,  before  alcoholic  beverages 
oame  into  use,  the  luxury  of  the  middle  ages  added  pungency  to  wine  and 
hippocras.  From  Asia  came  sacred  spikenard  and  myrrh  and  frankin- 
cense for  the  service  of  the  temple  and  the'  church,  the  perfumes  of  the 
toilet,  the  balms  and  simples  of  the  physician,  the  dyes  that  tinged  the 
"  color  of  Ind,"  the  scarlet  and  the  purple,  the  finest  webs  of  cotton,  of 
wool,  of  Damask  silk,  of  Cashmere,  and  of  gold.  Here,  too,  the  mineral 
treasures  of  the  earth  were  first  elaborated  and  appreciated.  The  skill  of 
the  old  Chalybes,  the  inventors  of  steel,  remained  the  exclusive  heritage 
of  the  Oriental  armorers.  Asiatic  Ophir  and  Golconda  oondnued  the 
most  renowned  mines  of  gold  and  diamonds  and  rubies,  and  it  is  only  at 
a  comparatively  late  period  that  the  mountains  of  northern  Europe  have 
been  found  to  embosom  veins  of  metallic  ores  superior  in  utility  and  value 
to  the  gold  and  the  diamonds  of  tropical  regions ;  later  still,  that  we  have 
learned  how  generous  nature  has  compensated  the  eternal  frosts  of  Siberia, 
the  great  prison-house  of  Russia,  by  the  richest  abundance  of  the  precious 
metals  and  of  gems. 

To  civilized  Europe,  therefore,  the  East  was  the  locality  of  the  most 
venerated  traditions,  the  source  of  her  rarest  and  most  refined  sensual  en- 
joyments, the  store  whence  nature  dispensed  her  most  brilliant  gifU,  her 
most  healing  balsams ;  and  Asiatic  Commerce  supplied  alike  the  gorgeous 
luxury  of  Greece  and  Rome,  the  most  precious  materials  employed  in  the 
ceremonial  observances  of  religion,  and  the  barbaric  splendor  of  the  era  of 
chivalry  and  the  crusades. 

The  inaccessibility  of  the  Oriental  countries,  from  their  distance ;  the 
desert  and  inhospitable  character  of  intervening  regions ;  the  rude  condi- 
tion of  ancient  navigation ;  and  the  want  of  artifici^  roads,  rendered  them 
comparatively  unknown  to  the  European  world.  The  character  and  value 
of  their  productions,  therefore,  could  only  be  estimated  by  the  specimens 
supplied  by  a  slow,  tedious,  and  uncertain  process  of  successive  exchangeS| 
and  which  served  only  to  stimulate,  not  to  satisfy  the  cupidity  and  the 
curiosity  of  the  West 

Popular  opinion,  therefore,  judging  of  the  unseen  by  the  seen,  exagge- 
rated the  abundance  and  fertility  of  remoter  Asia,  and  all  India  was  sup- 
posed to  be  one  great  storehouse  of  nature's  choicest  treasures.  The  gen- 
eral impreBsion  on  this  subject  was  by  no  means  weakened  by  the  scanty 
and  rare  opportunities  which  Europeans  had  of  actual  contact  with  Ori- 
entals. The  few  travelers  who  returned  from  the  East  brought  back  the 
most  extravagant  accounts  of  the  wealth,  power,  and  goi^eous  magnifi- 
cence of  the  Indian  princes.  The  successM  invasion  of  Spain  by  the 
Ambe  soon  after  the  promulgation  of  Islamism,  the  sturdy  resistance  en- 
countered by  the  crusaders  in  Palestine  and  E^ypt,  and  the  final  conquest 
of  Byzantium  by  the  followers  of  Mohammed,  gave  the  Europeans  oi  the 


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Pfmriflu  tmi  IMUnctM  o/Moderm  CbmiMret.  153 

midcUe  Bg»  exalted  notions  of  Mussulman  nrowess ;  while  the  polish,  re- 
finement, and  gallantly  of  the  courtiers  <»  Granada  and  Gordoya  and 
Seville,  who,  bj  the  confession  of  their  natural  enemies,  the  Spanish 
Goths,  were  '*  gentlemen,  albeit  Moors,"*  and  the  learning  of  the  Arabian 
sages,  who  had  translated  Aristotle  and  the  old  geometers  into  their  own 
toofoe,  introduced  the  Arabic  numerals  into  Europe,  and  were  the  fathers 
of  luchemj,  as^logy,  and  magic — all  these  were  well  caloulated  to  inspire 
elevated  conceptions  of  the  central  glories  of  that  fairy  realm,  whose  very 
borders  were  tne  seat  of  such  power  and  splendor  and  wisdom.  Hence, 
at  the  commencement  of  the  era  of  geographical  discovery,  the  great  ob- 
ject aimed  at  by  all  explorers  was  to  find  a  practicable  route  to  that  East- 
em  world,  which  the  heated  imaginations  of  our  ancestors  had  invested 
with  a  fictitious  luster  by  no  means  yet  dispelled  fi*om  the  common  mind 
of  western  Christendom. 

At  this  period,  geographical  science  was  at  a  very  low  ebb.  The 
Asiatic  continent  h^  indeed  been  penetrated  to  a  great  extent  in  almost 
every  direction,  both  by  ancient  European  explorers  and  by  more  recent 
adventurers.  But  as  land  travelers  and  coasting  navigators  do  not  require 
for  the  prosecution  of  their  travel  the  precise  ascertainment  of  their  geo- 
graphical position,  they  were  usually  unprovided  with  the  compass  or  in- 
stniments  for  celestial  observation,  or  even  the  ability  to  use  them.  They 
oould  not,  therefore,  describe  with  certainty  the  courses  they  had  pur- 
sued or  the  distances  they  had  accomplished.  Their  narratives  contributed 
little  to  the  knowledge  of  the  actual  configuration  of  the  earth^s  surface, 
and  the  vaguest  ideas  prevailed  in  regard  to  the  form,  extent,  and  relative 
ntuation  of  the  various  empires  composing  the  continent  of  Asia.^  But 
the  necessities  of  that  more  extended  navigation  which  the  invention  of  the 
mariner's  compass  had  made  practicable,  compelled  voyagers  to  resort  to 
precise  methods  of  determining  course  and  distance,  latitude  and  longi- 
tude, and  the  astronomico-geographical  position  of  all  the  more  important 
maritime  markets  of  the  East  was  soon  known  with  reasonable  exactness. 
These  served  as  points  of  departure  and  reference,  and  Europe  now  began 
to  acquire  a  true  knowledge  of  the  configuration,  magnitude,  and  relative 
position  of  all  the  States  of  interior  Asia.  Up  to  this  period,  and  even  for 
more  than  a  century  later,  all  Mohammedan  countries  were  in  Europe 
comprehended  under  the  general  name  of  Turkey,  and  the  qualification 
"Turkish"  was  very  commonly  applied  to  all  merchandise  imported 
through  the  Levant  By  a  similar  but  opposite  error  the  maritime  prov- 
inces of  the  Turkish  dominions  were  known  in  the  farther  East  by  the 
name  of  the  great  Latin  empire,  which  had  once  extended  its  sway  over 

*  Aiaqiie  MoTM,  hHos  d*lalgo. 

t  The  iDdiM  tpieen  brought  to  Enrope  fWnn  ports  In  the  Delta  of  the  Nile  came,  In  part  at  leail, 
by  the  old  roote  between  Caploa  and  Berenice,  Inateed  of  acrosa  the  Isthmus  of  Sut>z,  and  were 
therefore  auppoeed  to  be  prudu'Sts  of  the  banks  of  that  great  river.  At  the  same  lime  it  was  known 
that  th^  were  of  AslaUo  growth,  and  It  was  concluded  that  the  Nile  originated  in  Asia,  was  idtntUr 
cal  with  the  (ilhon  of  the  second  chapter  of  Genesis,  and  Issued  out  of  the  Terrestrial  Paradise^ 
which  all  tradition  placed  In  the  Interior  of  that  continent. 

**  ATant  que  le  Sum  entre  en  Egvpte,**  ta>s  Joinville,  **  lea  gens  qui  ont  accoutnme  a  ce  faira, 
getent  leurs  roys  deellees  parrol  le  Sum  au  soir ;  et  quant  ce  vient  an  matin  si  treuvent  en  leur  roys 
eel  aTolr  de  poiz  que  Ten  aporle  en  ceste  terre.  c^est  a  savoir  glngirobre,  ruhnrbe,  lignaloecy  et  ca- 
nele,  et  dit  Pen  que  a*  choees  vienneot  de  paradia  terrestre,  que  la  vent  abet  des  arhres  qui  sont  en 
paradia,  anssl  oomme  le  vent  abat  en  la  furvsi  en  cest  pals  le  bula  sec ;  et  ce  qui  chlet  da  bois  sec  on 
flaoi,  Doua  vendent  Ira  marchaiis  en  ce  paiz.** — JolnvUle,  Hlsioire  de  Hi,  Louis,  c  109. 

De  Barroa  finely  says  that  the  reason  why  Europeans  knew  so  Utile  of  the  Interior  of  that  Ethio- 
pian **  garden  whence  flow  so  many  rivers  of  gold,  which  And  their  way  to  the  sea  through  our  con- 
qaests/*  was  that  ^  God  bad  posted  an  angel  with  a  flaming  aword  of  pestilence  **  to  gnard  ita  en* 
tnnoe.-De  Uanroa,  de  Asia,  Deo.  I.,  L.  IlL,  cap.  XII. 


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IBi  PrtrndpUi  mut  5Pgndeneie9  of  Mbd$m  Oomtneree, 

them ;  and  the  Greek  and  Turkish  artillensts  and  engineers  in  the  service 
of  the  Indian  princes  at  the  period  of  the  Portuguese  conqnests,  were  styled 
Rumes  or  Romans.* 

The  name  India  was  even  of  wider  territorial  application.  It  embraced 
all  the  empires  lying  eastward  of  the  conquests  of  the  Moslem  Caliphs  and 
the  Sultans,  including  also  the  coasts  of  America,  because  that  continent 
was  originally  supposed  to  be  an  extension  of  the  eastern  hemisphere. 
These  distinctions  were  indeed  not  always  observed,  and  Turkey,  India, 
and  America  were  often  confounded,  iamiliar  examples  of  which  may  be 
observed  in  the  European  names  of  an  American  fowl  and  an  American 
cereal  grain.  Our  indigenous  maize  is  popularly  called  Indian  wheat  by 
the  French,  Turkish  wheat  by  the  Germans  and  Italians ;  and  while  the 
pride  of  our  domestic  fowls  is  known  in  France  as  the  Indian  cock,  we, 
in  common  with  the  English,  style  him  the  Turkey. 

The  first  great  result  of  the  efforts  at  maritime  discovery  was  a  total 
revolution  in  the  means  by  which  Commerce  was  carried  on,  and  conse- 
quently a  corresponding  change  in  its  processes  and  objects.  The  hope 
of  reaching  by  sea  countries  formerly  accessible  to  Europeans  only  by 
tedious,  costly,  and  perilous  overland  routes,  led  to  improvements  in  ship- 
bnilding  and  the  theory  and  practice  of  navigation,  which  rendered  that 
mode  of  transport  the  speediest,  as  well  as  the  safest  and  most  economical 
means  of  conveyance.!  Maritime  Commerce  cheapens  foreign  commodi- 
ties to  the  consumer,  by  bringing  him  and  the  producer  more  nearly  in 
contact,  and  thereby  avoiding  that  great  commercial  evil,  the  increase  of 
cost  arising  from  a  multitude  of  successive  transfers.  Between  the  tea- 
grower  of  China  and  the  tea-drinker  of  America,  there  are  few  interme- 
diate profits,  and  a  single  shipment  transports  merchandise  from  the  coun- 
try where  it  is  produced,  around  half  the  circumference  of  the  globe,  to 
that  where  it  is  consumed. 

The  sea  freight  of  almost  any  article  of  traffic  is  but  an  inconsiderable 
addition  to  its  original  cost,  and  the  natural  or  artificial  products  of  every 
country  may  be  supplied  to  the  foreigner  at  a  price  not  necessarily  much 
exceeding  that  fairly  d^argeable  to  the  domestic  consumer ;  whereas  by 
land  carriage,  bulky  or  ponderous  objects  can  be  transported  to  only  mod- 
erate distances,  except  at  a  cost  beyond  their  possible  value  at  the  place  of 
delivery. 

With  regard,  therefore,  to  many  articles  of  daily  use,  every  country 
without  navigation  must  dispense  with  them  altogether,  or,  however  un- 

*  08  Mourns  da  India  oomo  oao  eabiam  fazer  df  vfsao  destas  ProTtnefaa  de  Europa,  a  toda  Tivda, 
Grecia,  Baclavuola,  •  lllias  olrcumvizlahas  du  mar  tiediterraoao  ehamam  Rnm,  e  aoa  boment  del- 
laa  Rumij.— De  Barros,  Dec  IV^  Liv.  I V^  cap.  XVI. 

Gente  Arabia,  Persa,  e  Turqaesca,  e  de  nacao  Grega  e  LeTanUaca.  a  que  eflea  chamam  Romea.— 
Ibidem  LW.  V.,  eap.  XVI. 

t  Neitfaer  abould  wa  alone  loae  half  ofNatiire^a  dowrle  withont  the  benefit  of  this  Art.  but  erea 
tbe  Karth  Hselfe  would  be  unknowne  to  the  Earthe,  heie  immured  by  bigh  impaviiable  mountains, 
tbere  Inaeceealble  by  barren  way-less  Deserts;  here  divided  and  rent  in  sunder  with  Tiolent  Rivera, 
tbere  liigirt  wftb  a  strait  riege  ol  Sea;  beere  possessed  with  wild  devouring  beasta*  there  Inhabited 
with  wilder  man-devouring  men  ;  here  covered  with  huge  Worlds  ot  Wof>d«  there  bnricd  in  huger 
gpaelons  Lalcfs;  here  losing  itselfe  in  tbe  mids  ol  itselfe  by  showers  of  Sand,  there  removed  aa 
other  Worlds  oat  of  the  World  in  remot<*r  blsnds ;  here  biding  her  rlohpftt  Mynet  and  Treaaurea  in 
aterill  Wildernesses  which  cannot  he  fed  but  from  those  fertiiu  soils  which  tbere  are  planted,  and  aa 
H  were  removed  hither  by  heipe  of  {Navigation.  Yea  whereas  otherwise  wee  reape  but  the  ft-ulta  of 
one  Lend,  hereby  wee  are  inriebed  with  the  commodities  of  all  Lnnds,  the  whole  Olobe  is  epito- 
mised and  yeclds  an  Abridgement  and  Snmmarle  of  its«lfe  In  each  euuntrie  to  each  Man.  Nor 
■bould  wee  alone  lose  tbe  full  Moytle  of  our  Demesnes,  the  Sea,  and  a  great  part  of  thnt  otbar 
Movtie,  tbe  Lnnd,  but  the  Heavens  alfo  wonid  shew  ns  fewer  Ftam-s ;  nor  should  we  grow  IkmUlar 
with  the  Sunnes  pernmbnlaCion,  to  overtake  hlm«  to  disappoint  him  nf  shadow,  to  rttnoe  beyond 
blm,  to  imitate  bus  dally  jourAey,  and  make  aU  the  World  an  lalaud.— Porcbas  L,  17. 


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JPrime^pkt  mnd  I^denciei  <^Mbdem  Commerte.  155 

fitted  for  their  growth  or  manufiicture,  produce  them  for  itself,  at  whatever 
Bfierifice  of  capital  and  labor.  It  is  in  general  only  by  this  means  that 
raw  material  admits  of  transportation  to  the  points  where,  from  abundance 
of  fael  or  water  power,  cheapness  of  manual  labor,  or  superior  mechanical 
skill,  it  can  be  most  advantageously  elaborated ;  and  it  is  in  recent  times 
that  URwrought  material  has  first  entered  largely  into  Commerce  as  itself 
a  merchandise.  Anciently,  all  natural  products  were  converted  into  forms 
suited  to  human  use  at  or  near  the  locality  of  their  growth,  and  the  dis» 
tant  consumer  could  only  employ  them  in  such  shapes  or  combinations  as 
the  taste  or  skill  of  the  native  artisan  dictated ;  but  at  present  every  civil- 
ized people  can  supply  itself  with  every  crude  material,  to  be  wrought  by 
its  own  mechanics  into  such  shapes  as  best  suit  its  own  convenience.* 
The  aggregate  merchantable  value,  and  the  profits  of  the  transport  of  un- 
manura^tured  products,  are  second  only  to  those  of  the  results  of  mechan- 
ical labor,  and  a  large  proportion  of  the  industry  of  every  manufacturing 
country  is  employed  in  the  conversion  of  material  originally  produced  at 
the  distance  of  thousands  of  leagues,  and  destined  perhaps,  in  its  elabo* 
rated  form,  to  afford  a  second  pr^t  to  the  carrier  by  re-shipment  to  the 
soil  of'  its  growth,  or  to  other  remote  countries.  Navigation,  therefore, 
has  not  only  facilitated  Commerce,  but  it  has  enlarged  its  sphere,  increased 
its  gross  amount  by  extending  it  to  objects  to  which  ease  of  transport 
alone  gives  mercantile  value,  and  it  has  promoted  internal  industry  by 
providing  new  and  diversified  means  of  occupation  for  many  countries  to 
whose  dense  population  mere  agriculture  and  handicraft  could  no  longer 
furnish  adequate  ^nployment 

It  has,  moreover,  given  birth  and  occupation  to  a  new  and  numerous  in- 
dustrial class,  marked  by  moral  traits  as  distinct  and  peculiar  as  their 
habits  and  their  vocation,  men  tied  to  no  soil,  denizens  of  no  clime,  cos- 
mopolite by  profession,  the  messengers  and  carriers  between  nations,  by  a 
noble  triumph  of  human  art  compelling  the  unstable  element  to  yield  a 
home  and  a  livelihood  to  those  who  have  found  no  room  on  the  bosom  of 
the  solid  earth.f 

*  flo  kmg  and  fn  snch  proportion  m  the  raw  material  was  elaborated  only  on  the  soil  of  1f« 
growth,  tbe  variety  of  manufactured  warea  waa  narrow,  the  arta  of  oonvervlon  were  nn  litUediveral- 
fied  aa  those  of  production,  and  the  artisan  continued  from  father  to  aon  to  repeat  the  same  pro- 
en0e8  and  reproduce  the  aame  forms.  But  when,  by  improved  means  of  travel  and  transport  oa 
the  cme  baud,  the  producer  was  brought  into  more  familiar  communication  with  the  consumer,  and 
on  the  other,  the  material  itself  waa  Airnished  In  its  crude  8t«te  tu  the  fi>rei«in  manufacturer,  a 
greatly  increased  variety  of  product  resulted,  partly  from  a  better  knowledge  of  the  original  artisan 
eoncenHng  the  wants  and  tastes  of  his  distant  customer,  and  partly  from  the  employment  of  differ-' 
ent  means  of  converting  the  material  or  its  application  to  different  pnr|>nses  by  the  new  manufko- 
turer.  foreign  trade  is  thus  the  parent  of  vairlety  in  industrial  art,  and  goods  made  for  home  oon- 
aumntion  are  usually  comparatively  simple  and  uni^furm.  Compare  ihe  multiform  pmducts  turned 
out  for  exportation  by  the  looms  of  England,  Prance,  and  Switzerland,  with  the  perpetusl  repetition 
and  plainer  styles  of  the  domestic  goods  worn  by  the  people  of  ihoee  o^mntries.  Many  Biiropean 
wares  are  manufactured  exclusively  ft»r  Oriental  consumption  and  never  met  with  in  the  home  mar- 
ket, and  oo  the  other  hand.  Eastern  workshops  are  employed  In  the  production  of  articlea  which 
Europe  alone  demands.  But  this  is  in  part,  no  duubt,  an  effect  of  that  prejudice  which  leada  va  to 
prefer  fkr-feicht'd  gooda  to  those  of  domestic  origin.  Thua  the  Cashmere  looms  of  France  adopt 
Oriental  patti-ma  for  domestic  sale,  and  French  d^^igns  fbr  exportation  to  the  East. 

t  Tki- moral  infloenoeof  a  mere  carrying  trade  Is,  to  aay  the  least,  very  questionable.  The  freighter 
baa  not  s  sufficient  Interest  in  the  articles  he  uanaports,  to  induce  him  to  exercise  due  fidelity  in  re« 
sard  to  them.  Forwardera  and  transportation  agents  are  everywhere,  deservedly  it  is  to  be  fisaredf 
in  evil  repnie,  and  all  commercial  nations  have  foun'*  it  necrSMry  to  apply  very  strict  rules  of  law 
to  oommun  carriers.  Where  the  law  providea  no  adequate  meana  of  enforcing  the  11  abilities  of 
carriers,  or  where,  as  is  the  chsa  for  example  in  the  State  of  *  *  ,  corrupt  raiiroud  and  canal  cor- 
porations have  become  powerfal  enough  to  control  not  only  public  opinion,  but  the  law-making 
Kwer  Itself,  the  mortd  and  commercial  abuses  in  the  transportation  of  persona  and  property  soon 
come  eniirmons.  t 

Modem  Greece  exhibits  one  of  the  roost  striking  examplea  of  the  dangerous  tendency  of  this  trade 
when  uncontrolled  by  law.  The  wreclcing  of  ships,  for  the  sake  or  defrauding  at  once  shippers  and 
nnderwritera,  became  a  part  of  regular  Qreek  ComnMite,  and  in  1851,  the  French  government,  a^ 


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16$  Principiei  and  Ttndende*  af  Modam  Commifei. 

Bat,  important  as  are  the  economical  results  of  maritime  traffic^  its  in- 
fluences as  a  humanizing  and  civilizing  agent  are  of  yet  higher  intereet. 
To  say  nothing  of  the  power  of  Commerce  in  breaking  down  the  iuFete^ 
rate  prejudices  of  birth  and  education,  in  so^ning  national  enmities,  m 
diffusing  the  comforts,  the  elegancies  and  the  refinements  of  life,  in  promot- 
ing the  progress  of  astronomical,  geographical,  ethnologicid  and  lingiustio 
knowledge,  as  well  as  of  other  liberal  arts,  it  has  other  lees  obvious, 
but  not  less  important  influences  upon  the  well-being  of  social  man. 
Without  navigation,  direct  conmiercial  intercourse  is  in  general  confined 
to  conterminous  states,  and  the  products  of  remoter  regions  are  attainable 
only  by  a  series  of  successive  exchanges,  each  of  which  augments  the 
ultimate  cost  by  the  addition  of  a  profit  beyond  the  cost  of  transport. 
Inasmuch  then  as  every  country  would  traffic  only  with  its  neighbora, 
there  could  be  no  general  interchange  of  merchandise,  no  universslly  rec- 
ognized principles  of  trade ;  and  commercial  transactions  in  each  state 
would  be  conducted  by  diflferent  rules  on  every  frontier.  The  excessive 
inconveniences  of  such  a  system,  or  rather  want  of  system,  led  at  a  very 
early  day  to  the  establishment  of  open  markets,  at  raurticular  seasons,  in 
many  of  the  great  towns  of  Northern  and  Central  Europe,  and  speciid 
privileges  were  secured  to  merchants  attending  them ;  but,  as  each  of  these 
was  subject  to  the  authority  of  its  own  municipal  government,  there  was 
no  uniform  law  of  trade,  and  the  fairs  at  Novogorod,  at  Frankfort,  at  Beau« 
caire  and  at  Sinigaglia,  were  conducted  by  ouite  diflferent  codes  of  ex- 
change, involving  entirely  different  rights  and  liabilities.  But  the  exten- 
sion of  Commerce,  consequent  upon  3ie  invention  of  the  mariner's  com- 
pass and  other  improvements  in  navigation,  soon  introduced  a  revolution 
in  all  commercial  legislation.  It  was  obvious,  that  a  merchant  visiting 
half  a  dozen  maritime  towns  in  a  single  voyage  could  hardly  be  prepared 
to  encounter  the  difficulties  of  mastering  as  many  different  systenos  of 
mercantile  jurisprudence,  and  that  ports  which  sent  forth  traders  to  every 
known  market,  and  invited  traffic  from  every  haven,  would  be  benefited 
by  the  general  recognition  of  uniform  rules  of  trade,  founded  on  mutual 
convenience  and  the  common  experience  of  commercial  men.  The  neces- 
sity of  the  case  soon  gave  the  rules  adopted  by  certain  markets  an  uni- 
versal currency  and  authority.  It  is  however  remarkable,  that  these  laws 
do  not  appear  to  have  originated,  or  at  least  to  have  been  reduced  to  form 
and  system  in  the  greatest  commercial  cities,  or  those  enjoying  the  largest 
and  most  comprehensive  traffic.  The  laws  of  Visby  and  of  Barcelona, 
which,  however,  are  not  to  be  understood  as  originally  the  mere  local  reg- 
ulations of  those  comparatively  inconsiderable  towns,  were  authorities 
widely  recognized  in  the  middle  ages,  but  we  do  not  learn  that  Venice  or 
Genoa  exercised  any  very  decisive  influence  in  molding  the  commercial 
law  of  that  period.  But,  whatever  may  be  the  origin  of  the  modem  Eu- 
ropean commercial  code,  the  necessity  of  the  case  invested  its  precepts,  as 
soon  as  they  assumed  a  technical  form,  with  a  conventional  authority,  as 
sacred  as  that  of  imperial  rescript  or  parliamentary  legislation.  Men 
bowed  not  to  the  decrees  of  King  or  Caesar,  but  to  the  common  reason  of 
civilized  Europe,  the  common  experience  of  international  society.  Com- 
mercial law  is,  in  fact,  the  only  body  of  human  enactments  whose  sanc- 

tar  Uialof.  Graees  bftd  ooafeMed  its  losbnity  to  preT«iit  or  pantsh  Uie  evil,  (an  IntbUttT  ffrowiof 
onl  of  Um  geiMml  depnivUy  of  Uio  people,  wbo  wefe  mottty  latereeled  ia  UUi  trade,)  offldiiilly  ad- 
TlMdUawUitieeUBot  to  tTMtihoir  property  to  Creek  bottooM. 


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Primmjfles  mmd  Tendencies  of  Modsm  Commerce,  15T 

tions  chnm  univSTsal  respect,  the  coimnoii  bond  whicb  links  all  Obmten* 
dora  together.  The  triampfaB  of  commereial  jmrispnidence  are  wider  and 
more  permaaent  than  those  of  the  sword.  The  ocean  is  no  longer  an  im- 
passaUe  barrier,  confining  every  man  to  his  natal  soil,  but  is  the  general 
nigh¥ray  of  nations,  serving  them  all  as  a  common  market-place.  The  ports 
of  iJie  sea  are  the  different  booths  of  a  world-wide  fdr,  where  all  things 
vendible  toe  bought,  sold  and  exchanged,  and  where  buyer  and  seller  meet 
upon  equal  terras,  feel  and  acknowledge  their  common  humanity,  and 
yield  obedience  to  one  kw.* 

Great  as  is,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  the  moral  and  political  influ- 
ence of  foreign  Oonunerce,  it  is  by  no  means,  always  reciprocal,  and  the 
mercantile  intercourse  between  Europe  and  the  East  is  a  remarkable  in- 
stance in  point  The  East  has  from  the  remotest  ages,  possessed  an  indi- 
genous and  independent  cirilization  of  its  own,  and  a  historical  antiquity 
to  which  the  earnest  European  society  laid  no  claim.  The  orientals  trace 
their  parentage  and  their  traditional  wisdom  to  no  foreign  source,  they 
wore  abofriginal,  not  immigrants ;  the  metropolis  of  the  world,  not  a  group 
of  colonies  widely  severed  from  the  parent  hive  ;  they  owed  neither  their 
religion  nor  their  civil  institutions  to  strangers,  and  they  were  regarded, 
by  both  the  Europeans  and  the  Africans,  with  the  reverence  due  to  pa- 
rents, or  at  least  me  elder  brothers,  of  the  human  family.  These  circum- 
stances were  well  calculated  to  foster  in  them  a  pride  and  self-e^ieem^ 
whidi  rendered  them  entirely  proof  against  external  influences,  and  the 
effect  of  European  example  upon  the  cnaracter,  the  habits  and  the  relig- 
ion of  Asia,  has  at  all  times  been  very  trifling.  Asia  has  conformed  to 
European  modes  of  thought  and  belielf^  only  so  far  as  it  has  been  conquered 
and  denationalized,  and  it  has  never  recognized  the  superior  wisdom  of 
Western  intellect  or  the  superior  purity  of  Christian  virtue. 

The  Commerce  between  Europe  and  Asia,  has  always  partaken  much 
leas  of  the  nature  of  an  exchange  of  commodities  than  that  between  other 
countries.  The  oriental  wares,  silks,  spices,  pearls,  gems,  perfumes,  drugs, 
are  in  general  of  very  moderate  weight  and  bulk  in  proportion  to  their 
value  in  remote  markets,  and  they  would  therefore  bear  transportation, 
either  by  land  or  by  water,  to  almost  any  distance.f  With  the  important 
exoeption  of  the  tin  of  England  and  the  amber  of  the  Baltic,  which  last 
article  of  traffic  is,  remarkably  enough,  not  among  those  numerated  in  the 
catalogue  of  the  merchandise  of  Tyre,  in  the  XXVII  chapter  of  Ezekiel, 
the  products  of  Europe  were  too  bulky  to  admit  of  profitable  exportation 

*  And  becaoM  no  one  National  Law  conld  preteribe  in  that  wherein  all  are  interested,  God  htm- 
•elf  is  the  law^giTer,  and  hath  written  by  the  ttile  uf  Nature,  this  Law  in  the  hearu  of  men,  called 
in  regard  of  the  efficient,  the  Law  t^f  JiTatur^,  in  reapect  of  the  object,  the  Imw  •f  JV*cci»ii«,  whereto 
all  Men,  Natlona,  Commonwealiba,  K}  ngdumea  and  King*  are  subject.  And,  aa  he  haih  written 
thta  Equity  In  man^s  heart  by  Nature,  so  hath  he  therefore  encompassed  the  Earth  with  the  Sea^ 
adding  •<*  many  inlets,  bays,  haTens  and  other  natural  Indaoomenta  and  opportonlties  to  Inrlte 
mm  to  this  mutuall  Commerce.  Therefore  hath  he  also  diversified  the  wiudes.  which  in  their 
acting  quarrels  conspire  to  hurnalne  trafflcke.  Therefore  hath  he  divided  the  Earth  with  so  many 
Rivere,  and  made  the  8hoares  eonfipicuuus  by  Capes  and  Promontories;  yea,  hath  admitted  the 
Suone  and  Siarr^s  in  their  direction  and  asustanoe  vnlo  this  Kenerall  conncell,  whereia  Nature 
wiihia  Ts  ;*nd  without  vs  by  OTerlastlng  canons  bath  decreed  Cominuuitto  of  Trade  the  World  thorow. 
— Forohaal^S. 

t The  lahmaelltee  carried  ^  splcefy  and  balm  and  myrrh,**  on  camels  from  Gilead  down  to  Egypt, 
tblrty-flre  hundred  years  since.  Chineseperlumebuttlesof  nearly  as  remote  a  period,  and  even 
models  of  the  pineapple  have  been  found  iu  the  tombs  of  thai  country.  80  in  the  barrows  In  the 
valley  of  the  Ohio,  pearls  Irom  the  <iulf  of  Mexico,  and  obsidian  from  the  volcanic  regions  of  Cen* 
Iral  America,  are  not  nnfrequendy  dtoeovered.  The  OuOe  coin  which  occur  fn  the  funeral  mounds 
of  Scandinavia,  do  not  establish  the  existence  of  commereial  relations  between  ibe  NortMhen  and 
Um  Arabs,  but  ibey  were  probably  aoaetlmea  brought  home  by  the  VasHag  Jar,  who  aenred  In  the 
Imperial  guard  at  Oonatanmiopis,  and  more  frequenily  formed  a  pari  of  the  booty  obtained  by  tbo 
TUunga  la  Ukeir  ondaea  agaloit  tba  BlamaBB  of  ttarklandac  Afrieaa  MAon. 


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158  Prineqiiet  ixnd  Ttndenmei  qf  Modern  €omm9n$. 

to  very  remote  re^ons,  espeeiallj  by  land  transport  Hie  EnglUi  and 
Flemish  broadcloths  and  kerseys,  (which  latter  term  designated  a  very 
different  tissue  from  the  cloth  at  present  known  by  that  name,)  and  other 
stuffs  woven  from  the  wool  of  those  fine  sheep,  whoee  transportation  into 
Spain,  so  much  improved  the  breed  in  that  country,  appear  to  have  been 
the  most  important  articles  of  European  manufacture  shipped  to  the  Le- 
vant, and  as  the  difference  was  paid  in  the  precious  metals,  th^re  were,  in 
the  sixteenth  centurv,  the  same  complaints  of  the  disadvantages  of  an  un- 
favorable balance  ot  trade,  and  the  same  arguments  against  laws  ibr  the 
protection  of  the  interests  of  navigation,  were  drawn  from  the  increaeed 
price  of  foreign  wares,  that  we  so  often  hear  at  the  present  day.* 

Doubtless  the  most  remarkable  and  important  event  in  the  history  of 
Commerce,  perhaps  even  in  the  civil  history  of  the  world,  is  the  discovery 
of  the  American  continent  The  discovery  of  America,  whether  estimatr 
ed  by  the  grandeur  of  the  conception,  the  boldness  of  the  undertaking, 
the  heroic  constancy  and  courage  of  its  execution,  or  the  magnitude  and 
splendor  of  its  results,  is  doubtless  the  highest  of  human  atmiev^nenta, 
and  the  name  of  Columbus  stands  at  the  head  of  the  list  of  those  whose 
life  and  actions  have  exerted  a  wide  and  lasting  influence  in  the  affairs  of 
men.  Though,  as  is  affirmed  by  some,  of  the  discovery  of  the  planet 
Neptune,  this  great  event  is  in  a  sense  a  lucky  accident,  inasmuch  as  its 
autnor  sought  not  what  he  found  and  found  not  what  he  sought;  yet,  it 
has  not  been  the  fate  of  Columbus  resemble  to  Leverrier  in  suffering  a  dim- 
inution of  his  fame  by  the  attempt  to  demonstrate,  that  the  theory  whidi 
led  to  his  illustrious  discovery  was  erroneous,  and  his  success  but  the  ao- 
,  cidental  realization  of  an  incongruous  and  unsubstantial  dream«  The  er- 
ror of  Columbus  was  but  in  a  name.  The  terrestrial  counterpoise  of  Eu- 
rope and  Africa  did  really  exist  where  his  calculations  placed  it,  and 
hie  only  mistake  was  in  exaggerating  the  extent  of  Asia  eastward,  and  in 
expecting  to  find  Cathay  and  Taprobane  where  nature  had  spread  a  con- 
tinent unknown  to  the  geography  of  the  ancient  world.  But,  though  Co- 
lumbus found  not  the  shores  of  Eastern  Asia,  and  though  he  brought  back 
neither  pearls,  nor  diamonds,  nor  spices,  nor  silken  stufis,  nor  cloth  of 
gold,  the  great  supposed  objects  of  oriental  commerce ;  yet,  he  had  dis- 
covered and  bestowed  upon  the  Caucasian  race,  what  to  civilized  Europe, 
was  a  far  greater  treasure  than  the  rich  merchandises  of  the  East,  or  even 
the  veins  of  gold  and  diamonds,  which  yet  lay  hidden  in  the  bosom  of  the 
continent  his  genius  and  courage  had  unveiled.  He  had  revealed  an  asy- 
lum wide  enough  to  shelter  and  abundant  enough  to  feed,  the  surplus  mil- 
lions that  overpopulated  Europe  should  continue  for  a  thousand  years  to 
send  forth  from  her  crowded  cities  and  her  exhausted  soil ;  he  had  opened 
a  market,  the  supply  of  which  would,  for  centuries,  tast  the  energies  of  her 
industry,  and  stimulate  the  product  of  her  workshops ;  he  had  provided  a 
field  for  the  growth  of  raw  material,  whose  transport  should  employ  un- 
numbered navies,  and  whose  elaboration  should  give  birth  to  a  degree  of 
productive  activity,  a  development  of  mechaniwil  power,  a  value  to  the 
practical  applications  of  science,  of  which  the  world  had  seen  no  previous 
example. 

*^  Id  timet  patt  when  tbealrmiKre  boUomt  were  suftered  to  ooroe  In,**  tayt  Hollnsbed,  *^«  had 
sugar  tor  luar  pruco  the  p«>aiid,  ibnt  now  at  the  writinff  of  Ibis  treatlae,  ta  wril  wortti  halTa  orowne  : 
raiaUM  or  eortnia  hfr  n  penle,  ttantnow  arebuldeD  at  six  pence,  ami  aometlro«a  at  eight  pence  ana 
ten  pence  the  p<miid:  nuimii(B  at  two-pence  half  |ienle  lb«  ounce,  cinger  at  a  penle  an  ounce,  dn^ 
■ton  at  four  p«nce  and  elurea  at  two  pence,*  *  Itc,  4tc^— Uolinahead  (reprint)  !«,  874. 


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Pritte^plet  mtd  Tmieiwie$  (f  Modern  C(mmirt9.  1§9 

Although  the  mineral  wealth  of  America  was  of  immenae  vahie  to  the 
growing  Commerce  of  the  world,  as  furnishing  the  circulating  medium,  a 
great  increase  of  which  was  now  demanded,  yet  the  agricultural  capacities 
of  its  soil  have  proved  of  infinitely  greater  importance  to  navigation  than 
the  eold  of  Peru  or  the  diamonds  of  Brazil.  It  is  a  circumstance  well 
worthy  of  note  in  this  connection,  that  many  of  the  agricultural  products 
of  America  which  furnish  the  most  abundant  employment  for  shipping, 
are  not  of  indigenous  growth,  and  ^at,  in  consequence  of  the  greater 
&cility  of  producing  some  of  these  articles  in  the  American  States  and 
colonies,  or  of  the  greater  proximity  of  those  territories  to  the  workshops 
of  Europe,  the  introduction  of  these  plants  into  American  husbandry  has 
oonmletely  revolutionized  the  course  of  trade  in  them,  and  the  £i»t,  so 
hr  m>m  monopolizing  those  branches  of  Commerce,  has  almost  ceased  to 
diare  in  their  profits.  The  cotton  of  America  has  no  rival  in  the  Medi- 
terranean markets  but  the  slender  supply  which  Egypt  can  export ;  since 
the  time  of  Mehemet  Ali,  Turkey  no  longer  receives  her  coflee  from  the 
Moslem  states  upon  the  Red  Sea,  but  from  the  islands  of  the  New  World, 
and  the  sugar  consumed  in  the  Levant  is  principally  of  Amerii^an  produc- 
tion. In  fact,  the  only  indigenous  exclusively  American  vegetable,  which 
furnishes  r^^ular  and  constant  employment  for  navigation,  is  tobacco,  and 
as  this  plant  is  capable  of  a  much  extended  cultivation  in  the  old  world, 
its  future  importance  as  an  article  of  export  is  likely  rather  to  diminish 
than  to  increase. 

It  is  remarkable  too  that  the  great  staples  of  modem  traffic,  silk,  rice, 
cotton,  tobacco,  sugar,  tea,  and  coffee,  are  ali  recently  introduced  into 
European  Commerce,  and,  with  the  exception  of  tobacco,  which  is  exclu- 
sively American,  and  cotton,  which  is  common  to  both  Asia  and  America, 
are  all  of  oriental  origin.  Although  some  of  these  articles  were  known  to 
the  Ancients,  not  one  of  them,  except  perhaps  fine  cotton  stuffs,  was  an 
object  of  regular  Commerce  between  the  Romans  and  Asiatics,  and  the 
important  commodities  of  tea  and  coffee  were  both  unknown  even  in 
Western  Asia  and  the  Levant,  until  long  afler  the  discovery  of  America. 

But  the  economical  influences  of  the  discovery  of  America  are  of  greatly 
inferior  importance  to  its  moral  and  political  results.  Here  civilized  man 
was  for  the  first  time  brought  into  contact  with  unsubdued  nature  upon  a 
lai^  scale.  Society  was  instituted  under  new  conditions.  Government 
has  everywhere  upon  this  continent  been  to  a  great  extent,  in  fact,  what 
European  speculators  have  made  it  in  theory  everywhere,  a  matter  of  vol- 
untary and  formal  compact  Men  have  lived,  under  whatever  strictness  of 
colonial  legislation,  substantially  in  a  condition  of  greater  freedom,  sympa- 
thized more  largely  in  the  influences  of  external  nature,  felt  themselves 
less  bound  by  arbitrary  and  prescriptive  custom,  and  regarded  all  civil 
institutions  as  essentially  more  conventional  and  experimental. 

Human  life  has  with  us,  therefore,  if  not  a  nobler  and  more  generous, 
yet  a  larger,  more  luxuriant,  and  less  artificial  form,  is  free  to  yield  to 
more  diversified  impulses,  embraces  a  wider  range  of  objects,  aims,  and 
purposes,  than  in  the  rigid  and  unbending  communities  of  Europe.  The 
^ect  of  ali  this  has  been,  that,  in  spite  of  that  innate  propensity  of  all 
men,  all  nations,  to  conform  to  the  opinions  and  adopt  tne  institutions  of 
their  ancestors,  the  characteristic  features  of  our  North  Americ4in  society 
are  of  original  and  spontaneously  developed  form,  and  we  are  what  we 
are,  not  tlm>ugh  a  spirit  of  imitation,  but  by  natural  and  organic  growth. 


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160  Prindpim  0mA  Tenimoiei  qfModmn  OommertB. 

Awape  of  thia,  European  etatesmea  and  philoaopfaen  kave  waidied  onr 
development  and  progress,  not  indeed  without  doubt  and  apprehenaon, 
but  with  ever  increasing  interest  and  sympathj,  and  it  may  he  safely 
afiirmed,  that  notwithstanding  the  fixed  and  unyielding  nature  of  the  in- 
stitutions  of  Europe,  the  example  of  America,  has,  for  half  a  centuiy  at 
least,  exercised  a  more  powerful  infiuence  on  the  public  policy  and  tlie 
legislation,  if  not  on  the  social  life,  of  that  continent,  than  the  genius  of 
European  society  has  exerted  over  us. 

The  action  of  Europe  upon  America  is,  at  present,  a  social,  I  might 
almost  say  a  purely  civic,  rather  than  a  moral  or  political  influence.  It  is 
oonfined  to  the  niodes  and  outward  forms  of  social  life,  to  the  laws  id 
artistic  and  literary  criticism,  to  the  esthetical  and  passive,  rather  than  to 
the  active  faculties  of  man,  and  scarcely  extends  at  all  to  our  legislation, 
to  the  relations  between  our  government  and  people,  or  to  our  views  of 
the  true  principles  of  international  law.     Its  operation  is  restricted  to  Uiat 

Eortion  of  our  population  whose  tastes,  habits,  sympathies,  and  modes  of 
fe,  are  most  analogous  to  those  of  the  aristocratic  clacees  of  European 
society,  and  its  influence  is  almost  null  upon  the  masses  which  constitute 
three-fourths  of  the  American  people. 

It  is  only  when  the  European  France,  alternately  republican  and  imjpe- 
rial,  revolutionary  and  conservative,  a  disturbing  and  a  sedative  force,  haa 
at  all  times  had  admirers  among  us,  and  the  continental  and  domestic 
policy  of  England  has  never  wanted  American  eulogists.  Our  popular 
participation  in  European  politics  is  not  remarkable  for  consistency,  and 
our  sympathies  are  not  unfrequently  enlisted  in  &vor  of  governments 
whose  principles,  whose  aims,  and  whose  policy,  are  most  irreconcilably 
hostile  to  our  own.  Thus  in  1848  and  1849  the  policy  of  the  Russian 
Czar  was  reffarded  as  the  barbarian  element  in  the  European  system,  and 
Englttid  and  France  were  applauded  for  fonning  an  alliance  to  support 
Turkey  against  the  demand  of  Russia  and  Austria  for  the  surrender  of 
political  refugees;  at  present,  the  autocrat  is  thought  to  be  not  only  t^e 
great  reformer  of  Europe,  but  even  a  fond  admirer  of  our  republican  insti- 
tutions, and  England  and  France  are  conspiring  to  check  the  progress  of 
political  liberty,  in  resisting  his  philanthropic  eflbrts  to  extend  the  bless- 
ings of  Muscovite  civilization  and  Greek  Christianity  not  only  over  the 
Turkish  empire,  but  the  whole  continent  of  Europe. 

But  all  these  are  partial  and  transitory  influences,  neither  leading  nor 
diverting,  retarding  nor  accelerating,  that  onward  march,  which  is  bearing 
us  with  startling  rapidity  to  an  unknown  goal  of  unprecedented  great- 
ness, or  of  unparalleled  calamity.  On  the  other  hand,  the  influence  oi 
America  on  every  European  interest,  already  great,  is  rapidly  widening 
and  strengthening.  However  opposed  we  may  be  to  political  propagan- 
dism,  however  strongly  committed  to  governmental  non-intervention,  we 
cannot  control,  nor  can  united  Europe  resist,  the  spontaneous  influence  of 
institutions,  whose  principles,  when  left  to  work  out  their  legitimate  re- 
sults, are  not  diflusible  merely,  but,  so  to  speak,  essentially  conta^ous. 
The  action  of  America  upon  Europe  is  not  a  superficial  influence  limited 
to  a  particular  stratum  of  society,  but  it  is  a  power  which  agitates  the 
foundations,  a  leaven  which  throws  the  entire  mass  into  fermentation,  attd 
we  are  accordingly  regarded  vnth  apprehension  and  ill-will  by  all  that 
clinffs  to  the  principles  of  civil  and  religious  despotism,  with  reverence 
and  nope  by  all  that  longs  for  anandpation  from  the  diacklea  of  spiritnal 
and  poiiticiu  tyranny. 


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Principles  and  Tendeneiei  of  Modem  Commerce.  161 

Nor  is  this  American  influence  by  any  means  confined  to  Europe. 
Through  Liberia,  we  are  acting  on  Africa.  Through  the  wide  ramifica- 
tions of  our  Bible  and  Missionary  and  other  charitable  associations,  we 
are,  in  all  the  oriental  realms,  protesting,  in  behalf  of  God  and  humanity, 
against  idolatry  and  superstition  and  tyranny  and  oppression,  and  when 
the  full  light  of  Christian  liberty,  which  has  already  so  auspiciously  dawn- 
ed upon  ^e  Ottoman  empire,  shall  shine  upon  all  the  Moslem  world,  it 
will  be  found  that  American  piety  and  philanthropy  have  been  the  fore- 
most agents  in  the  diffusion  of  this  greatest  of  blessings. 

But  we  are  now  brought  into  contact  with  extremest  Asia  by  a  different 
route,  and  are  entering  upon  a  new  class  of  oriental  relations.  San  Fran- 
cisco is  nearer  to  Yeddo  than  it  is,  by  any  route  at  present  practicable  for 
Commerce,  to  Boston,  and  Honff  Kong  is  but  a  few  days  oeyond.  The 
fame  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  California  has  excited  the  cupidity  of  China, 
and  the  Celestials  who  are  flocking  *to  our  Western  coast,  offering  us  at 
our  own  doors  the  opportunity  of  liberalizing  thfeir  minds  and  Christian- 
iDJig  their  spirits,  cannot  fail  to  carry  back  with  them  "some  leaven  of 
political  and  religious  truth,  more  precious  than  the  gold  which  is  the 
primary  object  of  their  search. 

Divided  as  the  Western  coasts  of  America  are  from  the  Eastern,  by 
broad  ranges  of  uninhabitable  mountain  and  desert,  which,  though  pre- 
senting many  practicable  passes,  must  ever  oppose  an  insuperable  obstacle 
to  continuity  of  settlement,  our  transmontane  possessions  belong  rather 
to  the  Pacific  or  Oriental  than  to  the  Atlantic  or  Occidental  system. 
Our  Western  coast  and  Pacific  Asia  are  not  the  counterparts  but  the 
complements  of  each  other,  and  there  exists  a  similar  interdependence  be- 
tween Eastern  America  and  Atlantic  Europe. 

America,  as  a  whole,  being  thus  shared  by  both,  is  destined  to  be  prac- 
tically, what  it  is  by  nature  geographically,  the  connecting  link  between 
the  great  oceanic  basins— »a  middle  term  between  the  East  and  the  West 
The  American  routes  from  Europe  to  China  threaten  a  formidable  compe- 
tition with  those  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  the  Red  Sea,  and  the 
tide  of  our  own  intercourse  with  Eastern  Asia  will  be  swoln  by  great  ao- 
cessions  from  Transatlantic  sourfees.  Our  sphere  of  influentee  for  good  or 
evil  will  thus  be  commensurate  with  the  terraqueous  globe,  and  Commerce 
will  have  conferred  upon  us  a  moral  power  in  intellectual  sway,  mightier, 
wider,  more  durable,  more  beneficent,  than  fleets  or  armies  have  ever 
achieved. 

Nor  will  the  extent  or  the  character  of  this  influence  be  affected  by  a 
contingency  which  seems  neither  improbable,  undesirable,  nor  remote — 
the  secession,  namely,  of  our  Pacific  territory  from  our  confederacy,  and 
its  erection  into  an  independent  State.  The  mstitutions  of  the  new  politi- 
cal society  will  be  based  on  the  principles  of  religious  liberty  and  political 
equality ;  its  forms  will  be  democratic,  and  its  external  action,  it  may  be 
hoped,  forever  harmonious  with  our  own. 

Were  a  regular  steam  communication  opened  between  San  Francisco 
and  Jeddo,  Japan  would  be  already,  in  time,  scarcely  further  from  England 
than  London  and  Liverpool  were  from  New  York  thirty  years  since,  before 
the  establishment  of  the  monthly  packet  line  of  fast-sailing  ships  between 
those  ports,  and  it  is  now  scarcely  twenty  days  from  Boston  to  Constanti- 
nople. 

Revolutions — apolitical,  social,  religious,  commercial — are  already  every- 

VOL.  xxzin. — ^HO,  u,  11 


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162  PrincipUi  and  Tmdmcies  qf  Modern  C(mun^ 

where  m  progress  throughout  the  mighty  East,  and  rapidly  acquiring  a 
momentum  which  must  infallibly  sweep  away  many  of  those  primeval 
institutions  to  which  the  Orientals  have  clung  with  such  unyielding 
tenacity  I 

The  prejudices,  a  mightier  barrier  than  the  Chinese  wall,  which  so  long 
closed  the  Eastern  world  afi^ainst  European  action,  have  been  in  some 
measure  dispelled.  The  ancient  vU  inertice  of  Asia,  the  passive  resistance 
she  has  forever  opposed  to  all  external  influences,  has  at  length  been  over- 
come, and  all  the  vast  continent,  from  ^e  Thracian  Bosphorus  to  the 
Straits  of  Bebring,  is  sharing  in  the  movement  of  that  swift  current,  which 
is  bearing  humanity  onward  with  ever-accelerating  velocity.  Asia  is  now 
an  open  Held,  wide  enough  to  tax  the  utmost  energies  of  the  philanthrop- 
ist, the  profoundest  sagacity  of  the  statesman,  the  most  active  enterprise 
of  the  merchant  When,  therefore,  we  consider  the  wide  territorial  sphere 
of  the  changes  to  which  I  have  alluded,  the  countless  millions  of  human 
beings  that  are  the  actore  in  the  shifting  scenes  of  this  great  drama,  we 
cannot  doubt  that  Asia  is  to  be  the  theater  of  events  as  far  transcending 
in  importance  the  occurrences  which  make  up  the  history  of  Eiu*ope,  as 
the  population  of  the  East  is  more  numerous,  its  territory  more  vast,  than 
the  nations  and  the  empires  of  the  West 

I  have  alluded  to  the  fact  that  eras  of  great  intellectual  excitement  are 
usually  followed  by  periods  of  corresponding  physical  activity.  The  his- 
tory of  Commerce  furnishes  numberless  illustrations  of  the  truth  of  this 
remark,  and  it  will  be  found  that  almost  every  great  enlargement  of  trade 
has  been  immediately  preceded  by  war,  revolution,  or  some  other  great 
event  of  absorbing  interest,  which  has  created  an  unusual  movement  in 
the  minds  of  men.  What,  then,  will  be  the  effect  of  the  general  agitation 
which  is  now  shaking  the  Mohammedan  and  the  pagan  world  ? 

The  empires  of  China  and  Japan,  countries  as  antipodal  to  Europe  in 
their  institutions  as  in  geography,  are  the  sole  examples  of  nations  which 
have  grown  great  in  numbers,  power,  and  civilization,  without  a  consider- 
able foreign  Commerce,  and  they  have  always  reluctantly  permitted  a  trade 
from  which  they  were  unwilling  to  admit  that  they  derived  any  advan- 
tage. But  the  final  argument  of  kings  has  at  length  proved  persuasive 
enough  to  induce  them  to  change  a  system  which  appears  to  have  existed 
almost  before  European  Commerce  can  be  properly  said  to  have  had  its 
beginning.  Their  ports  are  partially  opened,  and  the  period  is  probably 
not  for  distant  when  they  will  be  compelled  to  adopt,  without  restriction, 
the  general  conunercial  system  of  Christendom.  It  is  impossible  to  esti- 
mate or  foresee  the  influence  of  such  an  event  upon  the  proNiuctive  activity 
and  trade  of  America  and  Europe.  It  will  open  to  us  a  new  market  as 
extensive  as  the  present  entire  commercial  world ;  and  though  neither 
China  nor  Japan  are  supposed  to  be  rich  in  the  precious  metals,  yet  there 
can  be  little  doubt  that  they  will  supply  abundant  and  advantageous  means 
of  exchange.  The  most  important  uenefits  will  accrue  to  our  own  country 
from  this  great  extension  of  trade,  because,  as  I  have  already  said,  our 
position  wiU  enable  us  to  supply  the  demand  it  will  create  with  greater 
facility  than  any  other  nation,  even  though  the  great  scheme  of  connect- 
ing our  own  Atlantic. and  Pacific  ports  by  a  railway,  be  not  realized. 

An  important  efiect  of  commercial  revolutions  which  I  have  not  hitherto 
noticed,  is  their  tendency  to  change  the  centers  of  wealth  and  population, 
according  to  the  fluctuating  convenience  of  access  and  transport ;  and  this 


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tendency  is  IHcelj  to  become  more  active  as  internal  and  mechanical  im- 
provements provide  new  routes  and  new  modes  of  conveyance.  It  has 
seldom  occurred  that  any  great  trading  town  has  retained  its  commercial 
importance  for  any  very  considerable  length  of  time.  The  revival  of  the 
ancient  routes  by  the  Euxine,  now  the  principal  channel  of  the  British 
trade  with  Persia,  and  by  the  Red  Sea,  so  indispensable  as  a  means  of  com- 
munication with  British  India,  has  given  renewed  consequence  to  several 
of  the  decayed  marts  of  the  Levant,  and  if  the  projected  railroad  from 
Belgrade,  on  the  Austrian  frontier,  to  Constantinople,  shall  be  constructed, 
the  modem  Stamboul  may  surpass  the  ancient  Byzantium  in  commercial 
importance. 

Still,  few  or  none  of  the  great  trading  towns  of  the  Roman  empire,  few 
even  of  those  of  the  middle  ages,  at  present  enjoy  an  extensive  traffic* 
With  respect  to  the  ancient  marts,  we  hardly  know  enough  of  the  course 
of  their  trade  to  determine  upon  what  prmciple  they  were  selected  as 
commercial  centers,  or  what  change  of  circumstances  has  reduced  them 
from  wealth  and  populousness  to  desolation.  At  the  present  day,  when 
navigation  plays  an  almost  exclusive  part  in  international  transport,  the 
fact  that  few  of  the  ancient  commercial  capitals  were  maritime,  never  fails 
to  dtirike  us  with  some  surprise ;  but  when  transportation  was  mainly  by 
land,  an  interior  and  central  position  was  better  suited  for  a  comprehen- 
sive trade,  and  was  at  the  same  time  more  secure  against  piratical  incursion 
and  foreign  invasion. 

We  are  able  to  trace  both  the  rise  and  the  decay  of  most  modern  trad- 
ing towns,  and  we  find  that  with  few  exceptions,  the  degree  of  facility  of 
access  by  sea,  and  the  capaciousness  and  security  of  harbor,  are  circum- 
stances hardly  less  important  to  their  prosperity,  than  the  convenience  of 
communication  with  the  interior.  The  decay  of  Venice  is  perhaps  the 
most  remarkable  instance  of  utter  commercial  ruin  which  has  befallen  any 
European  city  since  the  discovery  of  the  continent  of  America  and  the 
passage  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  position  of  that  city  at  the 
nead  of  the  Adriatic,  though  at  some  distance  from  the  junction  of  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  Atlantic,  and  therefore  more  remote  from  the  Indies 
by  sea  than  Portugal  or  Spain,  was  yet  a  much  more  advantageous  one 
for  the  distribution  and  conveyance  of  merchandise  into  the  interior  of 
Europe  than  any  of  the  Peninsular  ports.  Genoa,  too,  possessed  the  same 
facilities  in  even  a  higher  degree.  There  is,  then,  no  obvious  local  reason 
why  these  republics  might  not  have  competed  successfully  with  Lisbon  and 
Cadiz  in  the  maritime  traffic  with  the  Bast ;  but  they  seem  neither  to  have 
rivaled,  nor  energetically  to  have  resisted  the  process  of  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  Transatlantic  Commerce,  and  to  have  resigned,  almost  without 
a  struggle,  the  rich  prize  of  Oriental  trade  which  they  had  so  long  monop- 
olized. Venice,  indeed,  at  this  period  was  compelled  to  exert  her  utmost 
power  in  resisting  the  encroachments  of  the  Mohammedans  on  )ier  posses- 
sions in  the  Levant,  and  a  jealousy  of  her  commercial  greatness  and  mari- 
time strength  was  perhaps  the  most  influential  circumstance  in  deterring 
the  powers  of  Western  Europe  from  coming  to  her  aid  in  her  struggles 
against  the  Turks,  the  common  and  formidable  enemy  of  them  all. 

The  true  cause  of  the  decay  of  Venice,  and  the  diminished  importance 
of  Genoa,  is  to  be  found  not  in  the  opening  of  the  passage  around  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  but  in  the  change  in  the  geographical  center  of  the 
known  world,  by  the  discovery  of  a  new  continent  on  the  western  side  of 


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164  Principles  and  Tendencies  (^Modern  Commerce. 

the  Atlantic,  fumisbing  abundant  material  for  Commerce,  and  supplying 
most  of  the  productions  of  the  torrid  zone.  So  long  as  but  one  sea,  the 
Mediterranean,  was  navigated,  Genoa  and  Venice  might  well  be  styled 
mercantile  centers ;  but  when  the  Atlantic  basin  was  opened,  the  Com- 
merce of  the  world  was  transferred  to  its  shores,  and  mariners  familiar 
with  those  coasts  and  already  trained  to  ocean  navigation,  soon  appropri- 
ated to  themselves  its  exclusive  advantages. 

The  restoration  of  the  ancient  route  to  India  by  the  Red  Sea,  the  re- 
vival of  the  trade  with  Persia  by  way  of  the  Euxme,  and  the  immense 
Commerce  in  breadstuflfs  carried  on  between  the  Danubian  provinces  and 
Western  Europe,  have  conferred  upon  Trieste,  the  favored  rival  and  suc- 
cessor of  Venice,  a  considerable  share  of  the  importance  which  once  be- 
longed to  that  great  emporium.  But  the  position  of  London  and  Liverpool, 
as  the  central  havens  of  what  may  be  called  the  terrestrial  hemispnere, 
have  secured  to  the  British  commercial  capitals  a  pre-eminence  which  they 
are  likely  to  enjoy,  until  it  shall  be  wrested  from  them  by  the  superior  ad- 
vantages of  our  own  great  maritime  towns,  as  points  of  transit  and  exchange 
in  the  extended  intercourse  which,  as  I  have  attempted  to  show,  must  at 
no  distant  day  exist  between  the  coasts  of  Atlantic  Europe  and  those  of 
China  and  Japan. 

,  The  use  of  steam  in  expediting  transport  and  communication  by  land  and 
water,  is  effecting  revolutions  in  Commerce,  inferior  only  to  those  which 
resulted  from  the  first  substitution  of  water  for  land  carriage.  The  en- 
larged facilities  of  internal  transport  created  by  the  employment  of  this 
agent,  not  only  promote  domestic  traffic,  but  they  increase  foreign  trade, 
bv  establishing  more  or  less  direct  relations  between  the  interior  and  for- 
eign countries.  Whatever  makes  the  sea-coast  more  readily  accessible  to 
an  inland  population,  influences  foreign  intercouse  somewhat  in  the  same 
way  as  an  actual  extension  of  the  sea-coast  itself,  or  an  increase  of  the 
population  and  exportable  material  upon  it.  Such  increased  facilities  also 
enlarge  the  sphere  of  foreign  trade,  by  bringing  within  its  reach  objects 
of  merchandise  otherwise  beyond  it,  both  because  they  cheapen  the  cost 
of  transport  from  the  interior,  and,  by  shortening  the  time  of  carriage, 
enable  the  producer,  both  to  avail  himself  advantageously  of  the  fluctua- 
tions of  the  market,  and  to  dispose  of  perishable  commodities,  which 
^uld  not  be  preserved  long  enough  to  reach,  by  other  means  of  convey- 
ance, their  destined  place  of  consumption. 

In  all  modem  commercial  transactions,  time  is  an  element  which  has 
assumed  an  entirely  new  importance.  The  whole  civilized  world  is  in  a 
flux  state.  Nothing  is  stationary,  and  all  things  are  required  to  keep  pac« 
with  the  general  rate  of  progress.  Unless,  therefore,  articles  can  be  de- 
livered within  a  very  short  period  from  the  date  of  the  order,  the  occasion 
for  them  is  past,  and  they  have  no  longer  mercantile  value.  Steam  ena- 
bles the  producer  and  the  merchant  to  satisfy  the  urgent  but  fleeting  de- 
mand which  this  state  of  thin^  produces,  and  at  the  same  time  to  ob- 
serve those  other  great  and  indispensable  conditions  of  c6mmercial  success, 
punctuality,  exactness  and  order  of  business.  The  introduction  of  steam 
into  ocean  navigation  is  so  recent,  that  we  are  not  yet  able  to  appreciate 
its  ultimate  results,  but  the  final  triumph  of  this  or  some  other  mechani- 
cal mode  of  propulsion  over  the  slowness  and  irregularity  of  navigation 
by  sails,  is  as  certain  as  it  is  demonstrable,  that  water  and  steam  are  bet- 
ter mechanical  agents  than  wind. 


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Principles  and  Tendencies  of  Modem  Commerce,  165 

International  Commerce  is  also  likely  to  be  very  greatly  affected  by 
changes  in  the  commercial  and  financial  legislation  of  Christendom.  In 
spite  of  local  circumstances,  which  make  it  the  interest  of  this  or  that  coun- 
try to  impose  general  or  special  burdens  upon  foreign  trade,  there  can  be 
no  doubt,  that  the  tendency  of  public  opinion  upon  the  whole,  both  in 
this  country  and  in  Europe,  is  favorable  to  the  removal  of  commercial  re- 
strictions, and  the  only  difference  among  political  economists  on  this  ques- 
tion is,  whether  the  legal  regulations  affecting  Commerce  should  be  strict- 
ly confined  to  considerations  of  revenue,  or  whether  duties  mav  be  prop- 
erly imposed  with  reference  to  other  objects.  There  is  no  subject  in  the 
whole  range  of  political  economy,  which  presents  problems  more  difficult 
of  solution  than  this,  and  there  is  perhaps  no  one,  where  the  calculations 
of  theory  have  been  so  often  disappointed  in  practice.  In  fact,  experience 
has  as  yet  taught  but  one  rule  on  this  subject,  which  is,  that  all  great  and 
sudden  changes,  however  specious  the  arguments  by  which  they  may  be 
supported,  are  hazardous,  and,  that  in  affairs  involving  such  vast  and  com- 
plex interests,  any  lawful  course  of  existing  policy  is  sufficiently  defended, 
whenever  its  actual  working  is  proved  to  be  m  the  main  beneficial. 

It  is  remarkable  that  Turkey  was  one  of  the  earliest  States  to  set  an 
example  of  liberality  in  commercial  and  international  jurisprudence.  The 
right  of  wreckage,  and  the  droit  d^aubaine,  which  so  long  continued  to 
disgrace  the  law  of  Western  Europe  were  relinquished  by  Turkey  in  her 
first  compacts  with  Christian  Powers,  and,  as  has  been  already  remarked, 
she  has  tor  three  centuries  accorded  to  all  foreigners  visiting  her  territo- 
ries, privileges  and  immunities  denied  them  at  mh  day  by  ev^ry  nation  of 
the  Christian  World. 

The  concessions  thus  made  by  the  Porte,  have  indeed  proved  highly 
detrimental  to  the  industrial  interests,  as  well  as  to  the  peace  and  secur^y 
of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  but  no  Christian  government  has  ever  shown  the 
slightest  inclination  to  listen  to  the  claims  of  justice,  and  surrender  privi- 
leges comparatively  insignificant  when  granted,  but  which  have  now  ffrown 
into  enormous  abuses.  Without  dwelling  on  the  exemption  of  foreigners 
from  the  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction  of  the  native  tribunals,  which  is 
in  itself  an  abandonment  of  one  of  the  most  important  of  governmental  pre- 
rogatives, and  which  has  been  the  source  of  innumerable  evils,  not  only  to 
Turkey,  but  to  the  very  interests  it  was  originally  intended  to  subserve,  I 
may  refer  to  those  treaty  stipulations,  by  which  Turkey  has  bound  herself 
to  levy  but  a  nominal  duty  on  the  value  of  goods  imported  from  Frank 
ports.  The  import  duty  being  thus  reduced  to  an  amount  hardly  suffici- 
ent to  pav  the  expenses  of  collection,  the  necessities  of  the  revenue  have 
compelled  the  Porte,  not  only  to  resort  to  burdensome  and  annoying  in- 
ternal taxes,  but  to  impose  export  duties  amounting  together  to  twelve 
per  cent  ad  valorem  on  the  exportation  of  Turkish  products.  The  effect 
of  this,  as  might  have  been  easily  foreseen,  has  been  to  flood  the  countr}' 
with  European  goods,  and  to  discourage  and  depress  every  branch  of 
industry,  by  exposing  it  to  a  competition  it  could  not  sustain,  and  loading 
it  with  a  burden,  under  which  it  could  not  fail  to  succumb. 

An  odious  feature  of  many  commercial  systems  from  which  we  are  hap- 
pily exempt,  is  the  existence  of  monopolies,  or  exclusive  rights  of  selling 
particular  wares,  vested  in  the  crown  or  in  private  individuals  by  royal 
^rant  The  number  and  importance  of  these  monopolies  is  one  of  the 
best  tests  of  the  extent  to  which  a  country  is  misgoverned ;  and  when  we 
find  rulers,  not  only  appropriating  to  themselves  the  profits  of  the  trade 


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166  PrincipleM  and  Tendencies  </  Madem  Commerce. 

in  that  prime  necessity  salt,  but  keeping  the  only  shops  for  the  sale  of  to- 
bacco, playing  cards  and  lottery  tickets,  we  may  be  sure  that  government- 
al abuses  nave  nearly  reached  their  acme. 

The  same  spirit  which  resists  restrictions  upon  international  Commerce, 
is  gradually  compelling  the  relinquishment  or  revocation  of  those  exclu- 
sive prerogatives  and  privileges,  and  the  policy  which  induced  the  Dutch 
to  burn  the  surplus  spices  of  every  fertile  year  in  their  East  Indian  pos- 
sessions, lest  a  more  abundant  supply  should  occasion  a  permanent  reduc- 
tion of  price,  would  now  find  few  advocates  in  the  most  illiberal  of  Chris- 
tian governments.* 

Next  to  the  establishment  of  a  wholesome  and  generally  recognized 
system  of  mercantile  law,  and  the  abolition  of  unnecessary  restrictions  and 
exclusive  privileges,  the  most  beneficial  and  important  revolution  in  Com- 
merce, has  been  the  adoption  of  the  principle,  as  a  law  of  trade,  that  the 
best  and  surest  profits  are  to  be  derived,  not  from  high  selling  prices,  but 
from  extensive  sales  at  a  moderate  advance.  The  recognition  of  this  prin- 
ciple tends  to  bring  Commerce  back  again,  so  far  as  its  results  are  con- 
cerned, to  its  original  and  only  legitimate  aim,  the  mutual  advantage  of 
both  buyer  and  seller,  and  it  gives  to  trade  a  moral  elevation,  which  could 
hardly  be  said  to  belong  to  it,  so  long  as  it  sought  the  largest  returns  from 
the  fewest  sales.  It  is,  moreover,  a  principle  of  high  value  in  another  as- 
pect, whi(;h  has  been  too  often  overlooked.  It  stimulates  and  encourages 
productive  industry,  and  thereby  provides  employment  for  a  larger  class, 
and  at  the  same  time  furnishes,  at  the  same  aggregate  cost  to  each  indi- 
vidual, a  much  greater  proportion  of  the  necessaries,  the  comforts  and  the 
elegances  of  life. 

I  referred  in  the  outset,  to  certain  changes  in  the  organization  of  Eu- 
ropean society,  which  have  been  scarcely  less  effective  in  awakening  and 
encouraging  a  commercial  spirit,  than  the  other  causes  to  which  I  have  al- 
luded. Of  these,  perhaps,  the  most  important  are,  the  diminished  power 
and  resources  of  the  Church,  and  the  overthow  of  the  feudal  system,  the 
influence  of  both  which  was  hostile  to  the  prosperity  of  Conmierce,  by 
furnishing  what  was  once  thought  more  reputable  employment  for  the  in- 
telligence and  enterprise,  and  holding  out  more  brilliant  prizes  to  the  am- 
bition, of  younger  branches  of  the  higher  classes.  Since  these  changes, 
rank,  whether  civil  or  ecclesiastical,  has  become  of  less  value ;  and  wealth 
is  the  indispensable  and  only  means  of  commanding  the  advantages  and 
enjoying  the  social  position,  which  mere  titular  nobility  no  longer  confers. 
Moreover,  the  era  of  discovery  was  contemporaneous  with  these  social 
revolutions,  and  as  all  the  old  expeditions  to  new-found  lands  partook 
more  or  less  of  a  military  character,  and  were  armed  for  conquest  as  well 
as  for  trade,  their  martial  organization  ennobled  them  in  the  eyes  of  an 
adventurous  age,  and  a  voyage  to  the  Indies  became  an  object  of  as  hon- 
orable ambition  as  a  crusade  to  the  Holy  Land. 

Commerce  thus  acquired  somewhat  of  the  dignity  of  chivalry,  and  the 
crowns  of  Europe,  wnose  coffers  were  suddenly  filled  by  the  increased 
revenue  arising  from  larger  importations,  favored  and  encouraged  mercan- 
tile pursuits  at  the  cost  of  almost  every  other  branch  of  industry.    The 

*  H  ti  atid  tbaft  some  of  tbe  f«r  oompanles  are  guilty  of  Uie  fbUy  md  wlckcdiMsa  of  •noiMirav- 
inff  Uie  Indians  to  briDir  in  great  nnnioerB  of  tbe  American  ermine,  and  then  of  de»lroyUM{  tbe 
fkine,  teat  the  aale  of  a  Ukt  not  fn  Aublonable  demand,  at  aaeb  prices  at  tt  would  now  bring,  ahoold 
operate  imliaTorably  on  tlh»  market  for  oosUier  peltries. 


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Principles  and  Tendencies  of  Modem  Commerce,  16? 

immensely  multiplied  points  of  contact  between  governments  and  people 
in  modem  times,  requiring  the  employment  of  a  much  larger  official 
corps  in  the  public  pay,  the  maintenance  of  standing  armies  and  perma- 
nent navies,  the  prosecution  of  works  of  internal  improvement — all  these 
swell  the  expenditures  of  governments,  and  compel  them  to  foster  com- 
mercial enterprise  and  promote  the  interests  of  trade,  as  the  readiest  and 
mogt  economical  means  of  supplying  the  national  exchequer  with  the  vast 
revenues  which  the  public  exigencies  of  the  age  demand. 

The  effect  of  these  concurrent  causes  has  been  to  give  to  Commerce  an 
overshadowing  importance  in  every  scheme  of  public  economy ;  produc- 
tive industry  itself  is  but  the  handmaid,  not  the  parent  of  tracle,  and  the 
present  century  may  well  be  characterized  as  the  commercial  age. 

The  moral  effect  of  this  wide  extension  and  pervading  influence  of  Com- 
merce has  been  much  questioned,  and  it  is  contended  that  its  tendency  is 
to  make  men  estimate  all  things  by  their  marketable  value,  and  consider 
every  act  and  every  object  alike  as  a  subject  of  bargain  and  sale.  Doubt- 
less, there  is  some  danger  that  in  the  multitude  of  new  occasions  and  new 
nses  for  pecuniary  wealth,  its  necessity  and  its  value  may  lead  men  to 
overlook  the  end  m  their  zeal  to  acquire  the  control  of  the  means.  Accu- 
mulation begun  for  lawful  and  laudable  purposes  sometimes  terminates  in 
the  love  of  money  for  its  own  sake,  irrespective  of  its  uses.  But  these 
tendencies  find  compensations  and  correctives  in  circumstances  insepara- 
bly connected  with  the  extension  of  Commerce,  one  of  which  is  perhaps 
worth  a  more  special  notice.  The  amount  of  mercantile  exchanges  is  so 
great  that  the  metallic  currency  of  the  world  is  utterly  inadequate  to  their 
transaction,  and  both  barter  in  kind,  and  even  extensive  transfer  of  actual 
coin,  are  wholly  unsuited  to  the  purposes  of  general  traffic.  Human  in- 
genuity has  contrived  to  supply  the  defect  of  a  substantial  circulating  me- 
dium, by  an  artificial  and  representative  currency  without  intrinsic  value. 
It  is  upon  the  faith  of  this  conventional  currency  that  most  of  the  pecu- 
niary affairs  of  the  commercial  world  are  transacted,  and  such  is  its  con- 
venience that  coin  is  often  an  incumbrance,  as  compared  with  its  more 
portable  and  manageable  substitute. 

Although  it  might  seem  beforehand,  that  one  form  of  money  was  as 
well  calciuated  to  excite  and  gratiiy  inordinate  cupidity  as  another,  yet  it 
is  a  law  of  our  nature  to  cling  with  the  strongest  attachment  to  those 
things  to  which  we  ascribe  the  greatest  inherent  worth.  Every  American 
and  English  traveler  will  remember  how  difficult  it  was  for  him  to  attach 
any  value  to  the  base  alloy  in  which  the  smaller  coins  of  the  German 
States  are  struck,  or  to  the  rudely  executed  government  notes  which  com- 
pose the  general  circulating  medium  of  Constantinople ;  and  absurd  as  it 
may  seem  to  be  that  men  should  love  gold,  and  regard  its  equivalent  substi- 
tute with  comparative  indifference,  yet  experience  has  abundantly  shown  that 
even  if  the  desire  of  gain  is  not  lessened,  sordid  hoarding  avarice,  nevertheless, 
is  much  more  rare  since  the  general  introduction  of  paper  currency,  than 
when  gold  and  silver  coin  constituted  almost  the  sole  circulating  medium. 
No  man  hides  bank  bills,  as  misers  used  to  bury  their  gold,  and  the 
possessor  of  this  conventional,  unsubstantial  currency,  finding  in  it  no  in- 
trinsic worth,  is  forced  to  exchange  it  for  something  of  positive  utility — ^to 
invest  it,  in  short,  and  thus  to  value  it  according  to  its  uses,  and  not  for 
itselt 

There  are,  indeed,  certain  branches  c^  trade  which  are  unquestionably 


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168  Principles  and  Tendencies  of  Modem  Commerce. 

of  highly  demoralizing  tendency.  It  may  be  laid  down  as  a  general  rale, 
that  trading  in  objects  of  fluctuating  or  very  uncertain  value,  in  articles 
whose  due  price  can  be  determined  neither  by  reference  to  the  cost  of 
production,  nor  to  the  actual  uses  to  which  they  are  applicable,  is  unfavor- 
able to  the  observance  of  commercial  morality.  Hence,  we  And  that  deal- 
ers in  horses,  in  medals,  in  old  pictures,  in  antiquities,  in  articles  of  rarity 
and  curiosity  generally,  where  the  temptation  to  exorbitance  of  demand  or 
misrepresentation  of  quality  has  no  checks  but  the  limited  means  of  the 
purchaser  or  the  degree  of  his  connoisseurship,  are  usually  extremely 
prone  to  imposition,  &)th  as  regards  the  price  and  the  character  of  their 
merchandise.  On  the  other  hand,  merchants  who  trade  in  goods  compara- 
tively stable  in  market  price,  and  possessing  a  value  proportioned  to  their 
known  uses  in  the  concerns  of  every-day  life,  much  less  frequently  incur 
the  imputation  of  defrauding  their  customers  in  respect  to  quality  or 
price. 

It  is,  doubtless,  in  no  small  degree  to  speculation  in  stocks  and  other 
securities,  whose  future  value  does  not  admit  of  calculation  by  any  known 
criterion  of  estimation,  in  lands  for  which  there  is  no  present  demand, 
and  in  other  articles  of  utterly  uncertain  or  remotely  prospective  value,  in 
which,  in  our  haste  to  be  rich,  we  have  so  generally  engaged,  that  we  are 
to  ascribe  the  fearfiil  and  all-pervading  pecuniary  demoralization  which, 
in  commercial  towns,  has  made  every  man  afraid  of  his  neighbor,  and  has 
converted  many  mercantile  communities  into  hordes  of  plunderers  as  un- 
scrupulous and  as  indiscriminate  in  their  pillage  as  the  most  lawless  wan- 
derers of  the  desert.  Whether  legislation  can  remedy  this  enormous  and 
most  dangerous  and  most  disgracrful  evil,  is  a  question  of  very  grave  con- 
sideration ;  but  as  public  opinion  has  proved  utterly  powerless  in  checking 
its  progress,  it  is  quite  time  that  the  authorities  of  the  land  attempt  to  ar- 
rest its  further  advance,  by  even  the  sacrifice  of  those  associate  franchises, 
the  negotiability  of  whose  securities  has  aflforded  such  facilities  for  legally 
irresponsibly  mismanagement  and  monstrous  pecuniary  wrong.  The  de- 
sire of  gain,  with  a  view  to  employ  it  for  good  and  lawful  purposes,  is  not 
an  illaudable  passion ;  and  the  love  of  money  is  criminal  or  commendable, 
according  to  the  aims  to  which  it  is  designed  to  be  subservient  In  our 
time  and  country,  money  has  uses  so  numerous  and  so  valuable,  that  a 
more  than  ordinary  solicitude  for  its  possession  may  well  be  justified.  In 
a  utilitarian  age,  it  is  the  readiest  means  of  acquiring  all  the  good  things 
of  material  life — an  indispensable  condition  of  tne  enjojrment  of  the  best 
facilities  for  high  intellectual  culture ;  in  our  era,  pre-eminentl v  distin- 
guished for  the  number  and  extent  of  its  charitable  benefactions,  it  ia  the 
most  potent  instrument  of  Christian  benevolence.  The  wealth  accruing 
from  a  prosperous  trade  is  the  source  of  our  noblest  and  most  liberal  en- 
terprises, and  our  most  opulent  commercial  towns  have  long  been  remark- 
able for  the  munificence  of  their  public  endowments.  Experience,  there- 
fore, has  shown  that  the  pursuit  of  legitimate  Commerce  is  as  unlikely  to 
engender  sordid  and  self-seeking  habits  and  purposes  as  any  other  gainful 
calling,  and  it  is  the  well  merited  boast  of  the  age  of  Commerce,  that  it  is 
also  emphatically  the  era  of  liberal  knowledge,  and  of  systematic,  enlarged, 
and  enlightened  charity. 


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Ice:  and  the  lee  Trade.  1«0 


irt.  n.— ICE:  AND  THE  ICE  TRADE. 

In  New  England  and  »onie  other  parts  of  this  country,  there  are  har- 
vests gathered  in  the  winter  as  well  as  in  the  summer ;  at  the  last  the 
fields  wave  with  a  golden  harvest,  at  the  first  there  are  vast  fields  of  a 
solid,  transparent,  brittle,  nearly  white  substance,  which  we  call  ice.  The 
summer  harvest  is  ripened  by  the  influence  of  heat,  attended  by  timely 
rains.  The  winter  harvest  is  matured  by  the  cold,  and  the  more  distant 
the  sun  the  better  it  is  for  the  crop.  No  fEirmer  observes  the  prospect  for 
his  cro^  more  closely  than  he  who  is  looking  for  fields  of  ice  to  be  gath- 
ered. He  is  a  great  Wend  to  cold  and  clear  days  in  December  and  at  the 
beginning  of  January,  just  the  opposite  of  weather  sought  by  the  poor 
man ;  and  perchance  by  the  farmer  who  has  already  gathered  in  his  har- 
vest of  the  fruits  of  the  earth. 

Formerly  nothing  was  made  of  the  ice  crop  in  this  country.  The  gold  in 
these  hidden  mines  upon  our  lakes  was  the  same,  but  for  centuries  it  was 
undiscovered  wealth,  like  that  of  California.  The  boys,  indeed,  watched 
the  formation  of  the  ice,  and  were  well  pleased  if  they  could  have  a  little 
indifferent  skating  by  Thanksgiving,  with  the  hope  of  a  capital  article  by 
Christmas  or  New  Year's.  Another  use  of  ice  m  the  early  days  of  our 
history,  was  to  afford  bridges  over  rivers  and  lakes  for  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  year.  These  bridges  of  nature  were  thought  much  of  by  our 
fathers.  It  cost  nothing  to  build  or  to  repair  them.  The  only  trouble 
with  these  free  bridges  was,  that  sometimes  they  contained  fatal  holes,  in- 
to which  unwary  passengers  not  unfrequently  made  a  fatal  plunge ;  and 
then  those  persons  who  were  disposed  to  pass  over  them  until  late  in  the 
spring,  often  found  that  thye  was  such  a  thing  as  riding  a  free  bridge  to 
their  death.  As  for  the  domestic  use  of  the.  excellent  ice  which  several  of 
our  northern  States  always  afforded,  in  such  vast  quantities  as  to  have 
supplied  the  wants  of  the  world,  it  was  not  thought  of.  And  the  idea  of 
exporting  to  those  countries  and  islands  where  nature  never  formed  it,  was 
not  the  subject  for  an  idle  dream.    All  this  is  quite  a  modem  invention. 

Ice  is  a^od  old  Saxon  word.  Its  very  form  and  sound  indicate  as 
much.  We  are  sure,  then,  that  our  Saxon  ancestors  knew  what  cold 
weather  was,  and  had  some  experience  with  ice,  even  though  they  did  not 
know  much  of  it  as  a  luxury  or  necessary  of  life.  Ice  is  formed  of  some 
fluid,  particularly  of  water,  by  means  of  cold.  Let  our  winters  become 
very  open  and  warm,  and  our  ice  farmers  and  merchants  would  find  that 
their  occupation  was  gone.  But  the  cultivators  of  fields  of  ice  are  as  sure 
of  a  harvest,  as  those  who  till  the  soil ;  for  He  who  has  said  Summer  shall 
not  cease,  has  destined  Winter  to  be  as  sure  in  its  annual  return.  And 
when  the  Lord  answered  Job  with  such  questions  as  these :  "  Hast  thou 
entered  into  the  treasures  of  the  snow,  or  hast  thou  seen  the  treasures  of 
the  hail  ?  Out  of  whose  womb  came  the  ice  ?  and  the  hoar  frost  of  heaven, 
who  hath  gendered  it  ?"  we  are  led  to  expect  that  cold  and  winter,  snow 
and  ice  are  perpetual  institutions. 

"Ice,"  in  the  language  of  a  scientific  writer,  "is  only  a  re-establishment 
of  the  parts  of  water  in  their  naturalv9tate."  The  mere  absence  of  fire  is 
supposed  to  account  for  this  re-establishment.  Gallileo  was  the  first  that 
observed  that  ice  is  lighter  than  the  water  of  which  it  is  composed ;  hence 
the  floating  of  ice  upon  the  water.    This  rarefaction  of  ice  is  owing  to  the 


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170  lee :  and  the  Ice  Trade. 

air-bubbles  produced  in  water  pj  freezing.  These  bubbles,  during  their 
production,  acquire  a  great  expansive  power,  so  that  the  containing  vessels 
are  burst  Ice  usually  forms  on  the  surfiace  of  the  water ;  but  this,  like 
the  crystalization,  may  be  varied  by  an  alteration  of  circumstances.  It 
is  an  important  law  of  nature  that  ice  forms  much  less  rapidly  below  the 
surface  than  on  the  surface.  If  the  freezing  was  equally  below  as  above, 
our  ponds  and  lakes  and  rivers  would  become  solid  masses  of  ice  during 
our  long  winters,  which  the  summer  heat  could  not  melt  away.  And  thus 
there  would  shortly  be  almost  a  perpetual  reign  of  winter's  cold.  Ice  is 
formed  in  layers,  resembling  what  we  see  when  a  tree  is  cut  down,  deno- 
ting the  gradual  growth  of  the  tree.  In  ice  fifteen  inches  thick,  there  will 
be  found  twenty-one  layers,  and  so  on,  in  that  proportion. 

It  is  a  noticeable  fact,  that  in  those  latitudes  wnere  the  warmth  of  the 
climate  renders  ice  not  only  a  desirable  but  a  necessary  article,  it  was  not 
afforded  to  the  inhabitants  except  by  artificial  processes,  until  the  recent 
custom  of  shipping  it  from  the  colder  regions.  Fortunately,  in  warm  cli- 
mates, there  have,  for  many  centuries,  been  well-known  processes  whereby 
ice  could  be  procured  by  means  of  glauber-salt,  and  by  ether ;  the  last 
being  much  the  best.  With  a  small  quantity  of  ether,  a  much  larger 
quantity  of  water  can  always  be  frozen,  and  the  apparatus  required  is  very 
simple.  So  that  the  inhabitants  of  warm  climates  have  always  been  able 
to  enjoy  the  luxury  of  ice-cream  from  ice  of  their  own  manufacture,  and 
at  a  trifling  expense,  provided  they  had  the  necessary  information. 

Ice  was  used  for  domestic  consumption  in  this  country  previous  to  this 
century.  We  read  that  as  early  as  1792  there  were  several  ice-houses, 
owned  mostly  by  farmers  in  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.  They  probably 
existed  in  other  sections  of  this  country.  The  principal  uses  of  ice  were 
well  known  at  that  period.  k 

The  idea  of  exportinff  ice  to  low  latitudes  was  first  developed  by  Fred- 
erick Tudor,  Esq.,  of  Boston,  in  August,  1805.  During  the  following 
February  he  shipped  the  first  cargo  of  ice  that  was  ever  exported  from 
this  country,  and  probably  from  any  other,  in  a  brig  belonging  to  himself, 
from  Boston  to  Martinique.  It  has  been  stated  that  he  could  find  no  ves- 
sel ready  to  take  the  ice ;  hence,  he  was  obliged  to  furnish  one  himself 
The  vessel  was  loaded  at  Gray's  Wharf,  Charlestown.  The  ice  was  cut 
with  axes  and  saws  in  Saugas,  which  then  formed  a  portion  of  Lynn.  It 
was  carted  to  the  wharf  in  wagons.  How  slow  and  fatiguing  the  process, 
compared  to  what  it  is  at  the  present  day,  where  steam  does  so  much  of 
the  work.  Grav's  Wharf  has  continued  from  that  day  to  this  to  be  the 
center  of  the  wharves  from  whence  ice  is  shipped  at  Boston. 

Although  Mr.  Tudor  went  out  with  the  first  ice  that  he  dispatched  to 
the  West  Indies,  the  voyage  was  attended  with  great  losses.  These  hap- 
pened in  consequence  of  the  want  of  ice-houses,  and  the  expense  of  fitting 
out  two  agents  to  the  different  islands,  to  announce  the  project,  and  to  se- 
cure some  advantages.  But  a  greater  loss  arose  from  the  dismasting  of 
the  brig  in  the  vicmity  of  Martinique.  The  embargo  and  war  intervened 
to  suspend  the  business,  but  it  was  renewed  on  the  return  of  peace.  As 
late  as  1823,  continued  disasters  attended  the  business,  which  largely  af- 
fected the  finances  and  health  of  Mr.  Tudor.  After  an  illness  of  two 
years,  he  was  enabled  to  proceed  and  to  extend  the  business  to  several  of 
the  Southern  States,  and  to  other  of  the  West  Indies.  In  1834,  his  ships 
carried  the  frozen  element  to  the  East  Indies  and  to  Braadl,  an  important 


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Ic$ :  and  the  Ic9  Trade.  171 

eveot  in  itadf,  since  no  other  veaiel  had  ever  ykited  those  distant  partd  of 
th^  world  on  a  similar  errand,  and  beeanse  they  have  proved  good  markets 
from  that  day  to  this. 

It  is  now  half  a  century  since  the  founder  of  this  trade  commenced  it. 
He  is  still  actively  and  largely  engaged  in  the  business,  and  notwithstand- 
ing early  losses,  by  pursuing  the  same  business  for  a  long  period  of  years, 
he  has  found  an  ample  reward.  Since  Mr.  Tudor  engaged  in  the  business, 
he  has  been  joined  in  the  same  by  N.  J.  Wyeth,  of  Cambridge,  who  has 
long  been  engaged  in,  and  who  well  understands  it  Other  companies  en- 
gaged in  it  are  those  of  Ga^e,  Hittin^r  <fe  Co.,  Russell,  Harrington  k  Co., 
and  others  in  Boston  and  vicinity,  who  make  Fresh,  Spy,  Newham,  and 
several  other  ponds,  the  scenes  of  their  operations. 

The  great  increase  of  the  Boston  ice  trade  has  been  since  1832.  In 
that  year  the  whole  amount  shipped  was  but  4,352  tons,  which  was  cut  at 
Fresh  Pond  by  Mr.  Tudor.  In  the  year  1864  the  amount  exported  from 
Boston  was  156,540  tons.  In  the  preceding  year  there  were  but  100,000 
tons  shipped.  In  1845  there  were  but  48,422  tons  exported.  The  rail- 
roads receive  some  $90,000  for  transporting  ice,  and  those  who  bear  it 
over  the  sea  from  1400,000  to  $500,000. 

Boston^  finds  the  best  market  for  ice  in  the  ports  of  our  southern  cities. 
Of  all  that  was  exported  last  year  about  110,000  tons  were  sold  in  those 
cities.  The  next  best  market  was  the  East  Indies,  where  14,284  tons  were 
sold.  Other  moderately  good  markets  were  Havana,  Rio  Janeiro,  Oallao, 
Demerarm,  St  Thomas,  and  Peru.  Of  the  whole  of  last  year's  exports, 
only  896  tons  were  sent  to  Great  Britain,  and  that  was  landed  at  Li^r- 
pool.  Years  ago  we  were  accustomed  to  hear  how  delighted  the  queen  of 
England  was  with  our  Newham  Lake  ice.  The  mother-land  now  ships  a^|^||^^ 
portion  of  its  ice  from  Norway,  which  is  believed  to  be  the  only  nation 
that  exports  ice,  save  the  United  States. 

In  the  vicinity  o^  New  York  only  about  20,000  tons  are  annually  har- 
vested for  exportation — the  home  market  requiring  neariy  the  entire  crop. 
At  Rockland  Lake  120,000  tons  are  annually  secured ;  at  Highland  Lake, 
«0,000;  at  New  Rochelle,  10,000;  at  Athens  on  the  Hudson,  15,000;  at 
Rhinebeck,  18,000;  at  Kingston  Creek  and  vicinity,  60,000;  at  Catskill, 
20,000 ;  near  Baarytown,  12,000 ;  making  a  totel  of  285,000  tons,  or  not 
fiu*  from  the  amount  gathered  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston. 

The  above  amoimts  are  stored  by  companies  as  below: — 113,000  tons 
by  J.  D.  Ascough  k  Co.,  known  as  the  Knickerbocker  Ice  Company ; 
67,000  by  A.  Barmore  &  Co. ;  60,000  tons  by  C.  R.  Wortendyke  <k  Co. ; 
46,000  tons  by  Winch,  Huyler  &  Co. ;  and  20,000  tons  by  Tumbull,  Ack- 
erson  &  Co. 

The  principal  towns  on  the  Hudson  lay  up  for  home  consumption  about 
as  follows :— Newburg,  4,000  tons ;  Poughkeepsie,  6,000 ;  Hudson,  4,000 ; 
Albany,  20,000;  Troy,  10,000  tons.  Such  is  a  general  estimate  ftimished 
by  a  friend  in  New  York,  who  is  actively  engaged  in  the  business.  It  is 
believed  to  be  essentially  correct 

In  Central  and  Western  New  York  the  use  of  ice  is  quite  extensive, 
and  the  numerous  lakes  in  those  sections  afford  a  plenty  of  an  excellent 
quality.  The  following  extract  of  a  letter  dated  Syracuse,  New  York,  Jan- 
nary  16,  1855,  will  be  read  with  interest,  as  showing  the  rise  and  progress 
of  the  ice  business  in  that  city.  It  is  frx>m  the  pen  of  Joseph  Savage,  Esq. 
He  says : — 


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172  Ice :  and  the  lee  Trade. 

"I  b^^  to  make  a  regtilar  bneiness  of  selling  ice  in  1844  or  1846.  Previ- 
ons  to  this  I  had  been  in  the  habit  of  selling  ice  to  the  keeper  of  a  saloon  or 
soda  fountain.  I  put  up  about  twenty  cords  annually,  he  pajdng  the  cost  of 
filling  the  house,  and  I  reserved  to  myself  what  ice  I  wished  to  use  in  my  own 
family.  This  was  thought  to  be  a  good  bargain  for  us  both.  I  began  to  supply 
families  in  1844.  The  next  year  I  supplied  fiftv  families.  In  1846, 1  filled  an 
out-building  with  ice,  and  increased  the  business  by  the  addition  of  the  butcher's 
trade.  Numbers,  however,  both  of  butchers  and  private  families,  had  houses  of 
their  own  ice,  and  this  continued  until  the  trade  became  systematized.  There 
are  now  very  few  instances  of  individuals  putting  up  their  own  ice.  This  is 
now  the  practice  of  only  two  of  our  principal  hotels,  and  they  do  this  more  for 
convenience  than  profit. 

"  The  number  of  families  who  now  take  ice  regularly  is,  I  think,  from  600  to 
600,  besides  saloons,  hotels,  butchers,  etc.  This  business  is  shared  by  myself 
and  another  about  equally.  The  amount  put  up  last  winter  for  this  place  was 
about  6,000  tons.  Of  this  quantity,  I  estimate  that  from  one-fourth  to  one-third 
is  either  dissolved  or  in  some  way  lost 

'*  We  get  our  ice  from  the  Onondaga  Lake,  a  sheet  of  water  from  four  to  five 
miles  long,  by  from  one-half  a  mile  to  two  miles  broad.  Owing  to  the  marshy 
character  of  the  land  around  the  lake,  no  houses  are  built  on  its  margin  as  at 
Fresh  Pond  and  Rockland  Lake;  consequently  all  our  ice  is  drawn  from  the 
lake  in  the  winter  while  the  ground  is  frozen,  a  distance  of  one-and-a-half  to 
two-and-a-half  miles,  at  a  cost  of  some  fifty  or  seventy-five  cents  a  ton,  when  it 
is  stowed  away  in  the  ice-house.  I 

**  Ice  sells  in  this  city  at  from  12  60  to  13  per  ton  to  butchers  and  hotel-beep- 
ers, who  usually  take  abont  that  quantity  at  once,  and  is  in  £ict  our  whciesak 
trade.  In  small  quantities  of  from  fifty  to  two  hundred  pounds,  we  sell  fbr 
more,  or  at  about  an  average  price  of  twenty  cents  per  hundred.  This,  I  think, 
is  about  the  price  of  ice  in  Central  and  Western  New  York. 

'*  The  mode  of  cutting  ice  here  is  precisely  the  same  as  at  Cambridge  or  Rock- 
*  land.  Our  houses  for  storing  are  built  in  the  same  manner,  and  all  above  ground, 
only  of  less  capacity.  Our  towns  being  all  inland,  with  the  exception  of  Bufiyo, 
are  necessarily  limited  as  regards  the  use  of  ice,  to  the  quantity  wanted  to  sup- 
ply its  own  inhabitants,  .so  that  compared  with  Boston  and  New  York,  it  is  now 
and  always  must  be  small,  as  we  can  have  no  export  trade.  It  is,  however, 
steadily  increasing  in  importance  and  amount,  and  is  a  remunerating  business  at 
the  above  prices,  when  competition  is  not  too  active,  as  is  often  Uie  case  vdth 
the  ice  business.*' 

There  is  much  ice  cut  to  supply  the  markets  of  Cincinnati  and  Chicago. 
To  supply  the  first  city  they  used  to  resort  to  the  ice  to  be  found  in  Sie 
vicinity,  but  now  it  is  cut  and  brought  from  the  great  lakes,  or  from  wa- 
ters connected  with  them.  In  Peru,  IHinoia,  a  large  quantity  of  ice  is  cirt, 
which  finds  a  market  in  the  towns  on  the  Lower  Mississippi  River.  It  is 
taken  down  the  river  in  fiat-boata,  and  it  is  a  curious  fact  that  theee  boats 
are  left  in  the  autumn  in  the  Illinois  River  to  freeze  up.  When  the  ice  ia 
of  sufficient  thickness  in  the  river  it  is  cut  and  placed  in  the  boats,  that 
properly  protected  afiford  the  only  ice-houses  needed.  In  the  sprinar,  when 
the  ice  breaks  up  in  the  river,  the  boats,  freighted  with  the  frozen  element, 
are  ready  to  float  to  the  markets  of  the  far  South. 

The  cities  of  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  Washington,  in  favorable 
seasons,  secure  in  their  own  neighborhood  a  large  portion  of  the  ice  used 
by  their  inhabitants.  They  depend  upon  cold  weather  in  the  early  part 
of  the  winter  to  make  their  ice,  and  if  Uiey  do  not  secure  an  ice  harvest 
then,  they  do  not  at  all.  In  the  best  seasons  they  look  to  Boston  for  their 
best  and  thickest  ice,  such  as  is  used  in  the  firstrclass  hotels ;  and  in  un- 
favorable seasons,  (say  one-third  of  the  whole,)  the  greatest  portion  of 
their  supply  of  ice  is  mmished  from  more  northern  lakes. 


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Ice:  and  the  Ice  Tradi.  173 

Charleston,  Mobile,  and  New  Orleans  are  fine  markets  for  Boston  ice, 
particularly  the  latter  citj,  where  there  is  at  least  t200,000  invested  in 
ice-houses,  wharves,  etc  Some  of  the  most  substantial  brick  buildings  in 
the  cities  of  New  Orleans  and  Mobile  are  houses  that  are  annually  filled 
with  Boston  ice. 

The  leading  house  in  Boston  that  is  engaged  in  the  exporting  of  ice  is 
that  of  Gage,  Hittenger  &  Co.,  which  exported  last  year  exactly  91,540 
tons.  The  remainder  for  the  year,  65,000  tons,  was  exported  by  Frederick 
Tudor,  Daniel  Draper  &  Son,  Russell,  Harrington  &  Co^  and  by  the  New 
England  Ice  Company.  The  number  of  vessels  engaged  in  these  shipments 
was  620.*  The  exports  of  ice  from  Boston  furnish  the  largest  amount  of 
tonni^e  of  any  other  item.  The  commercial  marine  of  the  United  States 
has  been  materially  increased  by  the  operations  of  the  ice  trade.  A  large 
portion  of  the  vessels  formerly  engaged  in  the  freighting  trade  from  Bos- 
ton sailed  in  ballast,  depending  for  remuneration  on  frei^t  of  cotton,  rice, 
tobacco,  sugar,  etc,  to  be  obtained  in  more  southern  latitudes,  often  com- 
peting with  the  vessels  of  other  natioiyi  which  could  earn  a  freight  out 
and  home.  Now  a  small  outward  freight  from  Boston  can  usually  be  ob- 
tained for  the  transportation  of  ice  to  uiose  places  where  freighting  vessels 
ordinarily  obtain  cargoes. 

The  domestic  consumption  of  ice  in  Boston  and  vicinity  in  1854  was 
about  60,000  tons.  In  1847  it  was  but  27,000  tons.  Messrs.  Thurston  & 
Stockton,  successors  to  Gage,  Hittenger  &  Co.,  in  the  retail  trade  sell 
largely  each  season.  Their  prices  as  by  their  own  card  were,  last  year,  as 
follows : — A  family  gave  #5  for  nine  pounds  a  day  from  May  1  to  October 
1.  If  it  took  fifteen  pounds  a  day,  the  price  for  the  season  was  $8 ;  if 
twenty-four  pounds,  $12.  Butchers,  grocers,  and  fishermen,  taking  one 
hundred  pounds  daily,  paid  seventeen  cents  a  hundred.  To  hotels,  con- 
fectioners, and  others  that  consume  five  hundred  daily,  it  was  afibrded  at 
83  per  ton. 

Where  Boston  ice  is  sold  in  large  quantities  to  be  shipped,  the  average 
price  is  $2  a  ton.  In  years  when  there  is  a  great  scarcity  it  may  bring; 
$6.    Like  everything  else,  the  price  is  regulated  by  the  plenty  or  scarcity. 

The  ice-houses  at  Fresh  Pond  in  1847  were  capable  of  containing 
86,732  tons,  or  more  than  half  the  ice  that  was  gathered  in  Massachusetts 
at  that  time.  In  that  year  the  accommodation  at  seven  oilier  ponds  in 
the  vicinity  of  Boston  was  equal  to  the  storage  of  54,600  tons.  These 
ice-houses  have  been  so  increased  that  in  1854  their  storage  capacity  was 
300,000  tons. 

From  what  has  been  said,  it  is  clear  that  the  ice  trade  is  no  mean  one. 
Though  it  has  advanced  quietly,  and  has  as  yet  scarcely  made  any  figure 
in  the  literature  of  Conmierce,  it  is  destined  to  be  a  very  large  business  in 
this  country.  Already,  from  all  that  we  can  learn,  there  is  invested  in 
this  branch  of  business  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States  not  less  than  from 
$6,000,000  to  $7,000,000.  And  in  ten  years,  judging  from  the  past,  it 
may  be  twice  as  great  as  at  the  present  time.  The  number  of  men  em- 
ployed more  or  less  of  the  winter  in  the  business  in  Boston  and  vicinity  is 
estimated  at  from  2,000  to  3,000 ;  and  in  the  whole  country  there  are 
supposed  to  be  8,000  to  10,000  employed. 

All  this  is  a  clear  gain  to  the  productive  industry  of  the  country.  Many 
men  are  thus  employed  at  a  season  of  the  year  when  employment  is  the 

*  Boitoii  Alnuuue  for  18S5,  aad  Timotby  T.  Sawyer,  Esq.,  Uie  Mayor  of  Chartoatown. 


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174  !<»:  and  the  lee  Trade. 

scarcest,  and  at  fair  prices  of  about  $80  a  month  each,  or  $1  25  a  day. 
Nor  is  this  all.  The  value  of  all  real  estate  has  been  much  enhanced  ift 
the  neighborhood  of  all  fresh  bodies  of  water  where  ice  is  secured,  and 
new  business  advantages  are  constantly  obtained. 

The  mode  of  gathering  a  harvest  of  ice  is  likely  to  be  one  of  the  most 
interesting  topics  to  the  reader.  As  has  been  intimated,  the  ice  is  mostly 
made  in  December  and  January.  About  the  middle  of  the  last-named 
month  any  good  farmer  of  ice  can  estimate  the  value  of  the  crop,  and  at 
that  time,  or  before,  he  is  on  the  alert  with  his  army  of  men  to  **  lay  up,^ 
in  the  language  of  ice  men,  the  winter's  harvest  There  is  this  advantage 
in  reference  to  this  crop,  that  while  there  is  no  sowing  of  seed  there  is  toe 
reaping  of  a  harvest  The  ice  farmer  knows  nothing  of  plowing  the 
ffround— of  harrowing  the  same— of  clearing  his  crop  of  the  weeds.  It 
IS  left  for  him  simply  to  anticipate  a  harvest,  which  is  ripened  by  super- 
human processes.  He  does,  indeed,  sometimes  aim  to  assist  nature  by 
passing  over  a  pond  that  is  frozen  to  break  holes  through  the  ice,  that  the 
water  may  overflow  the  surface  of  the  ice,  that  thus  the  precious  substance 
may  form  the  faster  at  the  bottom ;  often,  too,  snow  is  removed  from  the 
surface  of  a  pond,  since  it  is  a  garment  imfriendly  to  the  formation  of  ice. 
Aside  from  these  aids,  he  who  gathers  this  most  frigid  crop  has  little  to  do 
but  to  witness  the  elements  of  nature  as  they  act  in  concert  to  mature  it, 
until  it  be  time  to  strike  the  first  blow  in  gathering  the  silvery  blocks. 

When  the  ice  is  of  sufficient  thickness  to  cut,  from  nine  to  twenty  inches, 
according  as  it  is  to  be  used  at  home  or  exported,  the  owner  causes  the 
field  of  ice  to  be  cleared  of  snow  (if  there  be  any)  with  wooden  scrapers, 
drawn  by  a  single  horse  each — the  snow  being  piled  up  on  the  several  ice 
boundaries.  Next  another  scraper  is  used  to  carry  off  the  snow-ice,  as  it 
is  termed,  which  is  not  fit  for  market  This  scraper  is  made  of  iron,  with 
a  sharp  cutting  instnmient  attached  to  the  bottom  of  cast-steel.  This  ma- 
chine IS  also  drawn  by  a  horse.  A  man  rides  upon  the  scraper,  and  thus 
several  inches  of  snow-ice  is  cut  from  the  surface,  which  is  removed  into 
the  water,  from  the  surface  of  which  the  ice  has  already  been  taken. 

The  next  process  is  to  mark  off  a  field  of  ice  into  squares  of  about  five 
feet  each,  by  a  sharp  instrument,  drawn  by  a  horse.  To  it  handles  are  at- 
tached, and  a  man  holds  and  guides  it  as  he  would  a  plow.  With  this  in- 
strument he  marks  and  cross-marks.  Next  follow  in  the  very  tracks  thus 
marked  out  what  are  called  **  cutters,"*  also  drawn  by  horses ;  and  thus 
the  ice  of  acres  of  the  pond  is  cut  up  into  square  pieces,  and  nothing  re- 
mains but  to  saw  it  slightly  with  hand-saws  before  it  is  ready  to  be  floated 
off  through  artificial  canals,  cut  through  the  ice  for  the  purpose,  to  the 
shore  of  the  pond.  The  floating  is  brought  to  pass  by  a  large  number  of 
men.  From  the  shore  the  ice  is  taken  by  horse-power  on  sleds  or  carts  to 
a  neighboring  ice-house,  or,  what  is  better,  it  is  immediately  taken  piece 
by  piece  up  an  inclined  plane  by  steam-power,  to  a  sufficient  elevation,  and 
thence  it  is  directed  down  a  more  moderate  inclined  plane  by  hand  to  the 
doors  of  ice-buildings,  into  which  it  is  lowered  by  steam,  and  packed  away 
by  the  requisite  number  of  men.  This  steam  process  is  quite  wonderful, 
and  is  carried  on  in  suitable  weather  by  day  and  by  night  All  this  must 
be  seen  to  be  truly  enjoyed  and  thoroughly  understood. 

*  It  is  ettlmated  tbat  ibis  tnatriLinent  hst  ledoced  Um  ocwt  of  euUing  the  lee  in  Uie  neigliborlMod 
ef  Boston  %15^1M  per  annom. 


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lee :  and  ike  Ice  Trade,  1Y6 

Most  of  the  ice-houses  that  we  have  seen  are  built  of  wood.  Some- 
times they  are  found  of  brick.  They  are  very  high  and  broad,  and  ate 
usually  from  100  to  200  feet  in  length.  Fresh  Pond,  Cambridge,  Mass., 
has  its  shores  almost  covered  with  some  fifty  of  these  ice-houses.  They 
present  a  singular  appearance,  neither  looking  like  bams  nor  houses ;  and 
one  unacquamted  with  the  ice  business  would  be  almost, certain  to  ask,  on 
seeing  them  for  the  first  time,  "  What  are  they  ?"  The  construction  of 
these  houses,  in  which  ice  is  to  be  stored  until  sold,  must  be  regulated  by 
the  climate — the  amount  to  be  stored — the  material  nearest  at  hand — and 
the  relation  of  the  waters  to  the  shores — the  object  being  to  have  a  cool 
spot,  where  the  influence  of  the  sun  and  a  warm  atmosphere  shall  be  least 
Added  to  this,  the  mass  of  ice  must  be  preserved  as  much  as  possible  from 
wasting,  by  being  surrounded  by  saw-dust,  tan,  shavings^  rice-hulls,  char- 
coal, leaves,  all  of  which  must  be  used  in  the  ice-house,  or  aboard  ship, 
according  to  circumstances. 

The  question  may  arise  in  the  reader's  mind,  "  How  do  companies  fix 
their  boundaries,  where  several  cut  ice  upon  the  same  pond  ?"  This  ques- 
tion, so  far  as  Fresh  Pond  is  concerned,  may  be  answered  as  follows ; — In 
the  year  1839,  from  the  great  quantity  of  ice  that  was  secured  there,  a 
diflSculty  arose  as  to  boundaries,  which  was  referred  to  three  commissioners, 
namely,  Messrs.  Simon  Greenleaf,  Levi  Farwell,  and  S.  M.  Felton.  They 
decided  that  each  owner  should  hold  and  occupy  the  same  proportion  of 
the  contiguous  surface  of  the  pond  as  the  length  of  his  shore-line  was  to 
its  whole  border.  This  rule  might  apply  generally  where  there  arises  any 
dispute  about  boundaries. 

Ice  was  formerly  regarded  as  a  luxury,  only  to  be  enjoyed  by  the  wealthy, 
or  by  those  well-to-do  in  the  world.  But  within  a  few  years  it  has  been 
regarded,  not  merely  as  a  luxury,  but  as  a  necessary  of  life,  and  desirable 
to  be  secured  during  the  warm  months  by  every  family.  It  is  useful  to 
preserve  fresh  meat  and' fish.  Every  one  knows  how  important  is  its  ap- 
plica^tion  to  preserve  butter  hard  and  nice  in  the  summer.  It  is  useful, 
too,  as  a  general  cooler  of  most  articles  of  food  and  drink.  Take  a  large 
city  that  uses  aqueduct  water,  how  could  the  inhabitants  use  it  for  their 
daily  beverage,  unless  it  were  cooled,  for  six  or  eight  months  of  the  year  ? 
If  they  could  subsist  without  ice,  so  they  could  without  fresh  meat,  and 
without  fruit.  But  a  people  highly  civilized  must  more  than  subsist — they 
must  live — they  must  live  comfortably — they  must  have  the  necessaries 
and  some  of  the  luxuries  that  a  gracious  Providence  has  cast  into  their 
)>ath.  Fruits  of  the  most  delicate  kinds  and  flowers  are  preserved  fresh 
and  blooming  by  the  use  of  ice.  Ice^  too,  has  its  medical  uses.  It  is  a 
tonic,  and  almost  the  only  one,  which,  in  its  reaction,  produces  no  injury. 
It  is  stated  that  in  India  the  first  prescription  of  the  physician  to  his  pa- 
tient is  usually  ice,  and  it  is  sometimes  the  only  one. 

Ice  is  important,  even,  in  promoting  good  morals.  How  often  do  men 
in  health  drink  ardent  spirits  as  a  beverage  because  they  cannot  procure 
good  or  only  tepid  water  that  ice  would  render  palatable  ?  Temperance  so- 
cietie6  have  alluded,  in  their  published  documents,  to  the  importance  of  ice 
in  warm  climates,  and  in  warm  weather  in  temperate  climates,  as  a  promoter 
of  the  use  of  the  healthful  beverage  of  cold  water,  and  thus  of  the  cause 
of  temperance.  It  is  idle  to  expect  that  water  will  be  the  general  drink  of 
the  people,  unless  it  be  cold ;  and  it  is  equally  idle  to  suppose  that  a  large 
number  of  earth's  inhabitants  can  secure  cold  water  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year,  except  by  the  addition  of  the  universal  cooler  under  consideration. 


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1T6  lee :  and  the  lee  Trade. 

Ice  is  coming  to  be  almost  UDiversallj  used  by  the  inhabitants  of  our 
ciUes  and  large  towns.  It  is  used  in  hotels  and  many  families  through  the 
year.  It  is  found  useful  in  the  manu^EUitare  of  oil.  Fishermen  and  batch- 
ers are  excellent  customers  of  the  ice  merchant  If  Faneuil  Hall  Market, 
or  the  other  markets  of  Boston  and  other  American  cities,  should  be  yisited 
at  ten  oVlock  of  any  summer  morning,  no  fresh  provisions  would  be  seen, 
and  yet  every  varie^  is  to  be  found  in  hundreds  of  ice-chests  in  which  they 
are  stored.  Packet  ships  no  longer  find  it  necessair  to  have  on  board  live 
fowls  and  pics,  very  much  to  their  inconvenience,  for  it  is  easy  to  have  on 
board  a  small  ice-house,  in  which  the  fresh  provisions  necessary  for  the  voy- 
age may  be  packed  and  preserved.  The  various  fruits  of  our  orchards  are 
to  be  found  fresh  in  the  spring  in  India,  Brazil,  and  the  West  Indies,  and 
in  as  fine  a  condition  as  in  Boston  or  New  York — and  all  through  the  use 
of  ice.* 

The  questi6n  of  the  use  of  ice  by  farmers  is  an  interesting  one.  A  very 
few  intelligent  farmers  stored  ice  for  their  own  use,  as  has  ^n  mentioned, 
more  than  half  a  centurv  ago.  When  the  late  Daniel  Webster  removed 
from  Boston  to  Marshfield,  more  than  twenty  years  since,  for  the  purpose  of 
cultivating  a  farm  as  a  pastime  Irom  more  severe  mental  pursuits,  he  felt 
the  need,  as  a  farmer,  of  having  his  private  ice-house,  which  he  immediately 
built  Every  winter  he  filled  that  house  with  ice  from  a  pond  near  his  resi- 
dence, or  else  from  one  more  remote  in  Duxbury.  His  house  cost  him  about 
$100,  and  he  filled  it  at  an  annual  expense  of  $25.  Thus  he  could  pre- 
serve fresh  meat  and  fish  in  the  summer,  and  prevent  his  butter  from  run- 
ning  away,\ 

Several  other  farmers  of  Plymouth  County  now  have  their  private  ice- 
houses. The  same  is  true  of  many  more  of  Massachusetts  and  other  sec- 
tions of  the  country.  The  farmer  with  his  ice-house  has  a  decided  advan- 
tage over  his  neighbor-farmer  without  one.  If  his  water  is  too  warm  for 
table  use,  he  can  cool  it  If,  for  any  reason,  temporary  or  permanent,  it  has 
a  disagreeable  taste,  he  may  modify  it,  or  he  may  manu&cture  a  different 
kind.  If  he  takes  a  foncy  to  have  a  little  ice-cream  of  a  sultiy  day,  he  has 
the  materials  at  hand.  And,  indeed,  the  farmer  may  be  called  to  use  ice  in 
about  all  the  modes  to  which  it  is  ever  used.  We  can  hardly  see  how  that 
a  large  and  independent  farmer  should  consent  to  be  without  his  own  ice- 
house. Small  farmers  may  not  wish  to  be  at  such  an  expense  for  what  lit- 
tle they  would  use  ;  but  that  little  they  need  as  much  as  the  large  farmer  a 
larger  quantity.  And  this  they  may  procure  from  the  ice-cart,  as  they  dp 
fresh  meat  and  fish  from  those  who  carry  it  around  to  sell ;  or  a  small  neigh- 
borhood of  farmers  may  unite  in  building  an  ice-house  for  the  common 
good,  and  store  and  use  the  ice  in  the  same  manner. 

Sometimes  quite  a  large  farmer  will  live  in  sight  of  a  fine  pond,  and  suf- 
fer for  the  ice  that  he  might  have  gathered  from  it  in  his  winter  leisure. 
This  ought  not  to  be.  More  than  two-fifths  of  the  adult  males  of  this 
country  are  devoted  to  agriculture,  and  the  larger  proportion  of  them  culti- 
vate farms  in  a  climate  cold  enough  to  afibrd  a  winter  s  harvest  And  why 
should  they  not  share  in  that  harvest  that  the  bounUful  Benefiictor  has  n 
pened  at  their  doors.  Why  should  not  they  generally  rouse  up  and  fumbh 
themselves  and  their  families  with  this  great  luxury  and  necessary  of  good 
living  f 

*  These  fteto  and  others  haye  beeo  placed  before  the  writer  hj  Frederick  Tndor,  Baq^of  Boston. 
\  Letter  of  C.  Porter  Wright,  of  Marshfield,  late  principal  former  of  the  Bon.  Daniel  Webster. 


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It€:  and  the  lee  Trade,  111 

Private  lee-boiiseB  are  oonstmcted  diflbrently  by  difierent  individaals. 
Formerly,  they  were  rather  oeUars  than  house*  above  ground.  But  the 
more  approved  mode  of  building  now  is  to  erect  them  pretty  much  above 
ground  on  some  cool  spot,  where,  if  the  land  is  of  a  porous  nature,  it  is  all 
the  better,  since  it  will  obviate  the  necessity  of  making  a  drain  beneath  the 
xnaas  of  ice.  It  is  usually  recommended  that  the  entrance  shonld  be  from 
the  north,  and  that  the  larger  the  quantity  of  ice  {ceteris  paribus)  the  less 
of  it  will  be  melted  and  wasted.  As  to  the  protection  to  be  afforded  to  the 
iee  from  the  effects  of  the  sun  and  atmosphere,  they  are  to  be  the  same,  in 
general,  that  is  afforded  in  the  large  ice-houses  in  which  ice  is  stored  for  ex- 
portation. 

The  per  cent  of  ice  that  wastes  depends  wholly  on  circumstances.  Ship- 
ping houses  should  deliver  60  per  cent,  and  more  if  delivered  early  in  the 
season.  Of  ice  shipped  for  India,  if,  after  a  voyage  of  sixteen  thousand 
miles,  in  which  the  equator  is  crossed  twice  in  a  passage  occupying  four  or 
five  months,  one-half  of  the  original  cargo  of  ice  is  delivered,  it  is  consid- 
ered a  successful  deliv^y. 

Fortuaes  have  been  made  in  the  ice  business,  and  others^  have  been  lost. 
It  18  a  department  of  human  effort  that  requires  the  strictest  attention  and 
the  most  judicious  management.  Formerly,  the  trade,  though  not  sufiRering 
from  competition,  was  so  new  as  not  to  be  well  understood  ;  now  the  dealer 
is  liable  to  sufiler  by  the  active  competition  that  he  meets  on  all  sides.  Still, 
as  the  use  of  ice  is  constantly  increasing  both  at  home  and  abroad,  and  as 
the  crop  is  often  a  total  or  partial  failure,  he  who  thoroughly  understands 
the  business  will  6nd  it  about  as  safe  and  remunerative  as  any  other. 

It  IB  a  noticeable  &ct  that  ice  is  not  naturally  formed  in  climates  where  it 
it  most  needed,  as  in  India,  and  in  the  equatorial  regions  of  the  earth.  The 
onrefiecting  person  might,  from  this  circumstance,  be  inclined  to  question 
the  goodness  of  Him  who  is  said  to  be  ^  good  to  all,  and  whose  tender  mer- 
cies are  over  all  his  works.*'  But  the  Maker  of  all  yearly  matures  ice 
enoi^h  for  all  his  creatures,  in  all  parts  of  the  earth,  and  it  only  requires 
the  swift  ships  of  Commerce,  that  He  seems  to  have  foreseen  and  ordained, 
to  famish  all  earth's  inhabitants  with  this  necessary  of  life.  And  here  we 
see  one  of  the  important  uses  of  trade  and  Commerce,  without  which  many 
of  the  good  gifts  of  Providence  could  only  be  enjoyed  by  a  few.  Indeed,  it 
is  hardly  more  a  duty  to  till  the  earth  than  to  furnish  those  its  surplus  fruits 
who  have  no  ground  to  cultivate  ;  and  we  cannot  but  most  forcibly  feel  the 
goodness  of  the  bounteous  Lord  of  all,  without  contemplating  Commerce 
as  a  part  of  Hie  plan  by  which  His  gifts  were  to  be  universally  enjoyed. 

In  this  connection  how  vast  is  the  harvest  of  ice  that  perishes  yearly. 
Hundreds  of  lakes  and  rivers  in  the  whole  northern  section  of  our  country 
present  their  annual  beds  of  as  pure  ice  as  was  ever  cut,  and  yet  no  maa 
has  attempted  to  gather  in  the  silver  harvest.  How  much  it  is  to  be  re- 
gretted that  millions  in  all  parts  of  our  earth,  and  we  had  almost  said  in 
this  country,  pine  during  long  months  of  each  year  for  this  cooler  and  tonic 
The  time  is  coming  when  it  will  be  otherwise — when  the  farmer  will  have 
ice  in  his  cellar  about  as  commonlj  as  potatoes,  and  when  no  good  provider 
of  a  family  will  forget  his  ice. 

One  of  the  most  attractive  drives  in  good  sleighing  from  Boston  and 
neighborhood  is  to  Fresh  Fond,  to  witness  the  processes  of  securing  a  pre- 
dous  harvest.  The  pond  is  pleasantly  nestled  among  hills  of  a  moderate 
height.     Of  a  pleasant  afternoon  of  a  winter's  day,  hundreds  of  sleighs 

TOL.  xzxiu. — NO.  n.  12 


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178  lee:  and  the  lee  Tmde. 

may  be  foitnd  there  filled  with  well-dressed  persons  of  both  sexes,  fall  of 
life,  and  on  the  qui  vive  to  witness  the  wonderful  operations  before  them. 
If  they  are  paying  their  first  winter  visit,  the  sights  before  them  are  strange 
indeed — the  silvery  pond  glaring  under  the  oblique  rays  of  the  sun — the 
dark  blue  waters  from  which  the  ice  has  already  been  removed — the  cari- 
ous and  huge  buildings  that  fringe  its  shores — the  hundreds  of  laborers 
with  scores  of  horses  that  almost  darken  the  pond,  each  aiming  at  useful- 
ness according  to  their  several  ability — the  curious  mode  of  removing  the 
snow  and  snow-ice— of  working  and  cutting  the  marketable  solid — the 
floating  it  through  narrow  artificial  canals — and,  above  all,  the  storing  it  by 
the  wonderful  power  of'  steam — all  these  things  quite  fill  the  crowds  of 
spectators  with  admiration,  and  they  feel  paid  if  tbey  have  performed  a  jour- 
ney of  thirty  miles  merely  to  witness  them.  By  steam  it  is  quite  common  to 
cut  and  house  two  tons  a  minute,  and  this  is  only  a  moderate  rate ;  and 
when  a  full  force  is  at  work  together,  six  hundred  tons  are  often  stored  in  a 
single  hour,  and  where  there  are  several  parties  on  a  single  pond,  each  lay- 
ing up  ice  at  this  rate,  the  scene  cannot  but  be  exciting. 

The  only  State  in  our  vast  country  that  imports  any  ice  from  any  odier 
country  is  the  golden  one  on  our  Pacific  shore,  the  youngest  daughter  in 
the  family,  but  by  no  means  the  least  promising.  California  has  had  a  por- 
tion of  its  ice  from  Boston,  but  a  still  larger  portion  is  obtained  from  the 
Sitka  Isles,  lying  oflf  the  Pacific  coast  of  Russian  America.  This  is  carried 
in  vessels  to  San  Francisco.  We  read  of  no  ice  being  cut  in  Oali&>mia 
proper. 

The  use  of  ice  is  as  old  as  the  age  of  Homer.  The  ancient  Romans 
cooled  those  Tiberian  and  other  wines  that  the  poet  Horace  so  graphically 
describes  with  frozen  water.  Indeed,  the  wealthy  classes  in  every  age  have 
both  known  and  tested  its  virtues.  The  common  use  of  it  was  left  for  our 
day,  and '  more  particularly  for  the  use  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  favored 
land  ;  and  it  is  not  at  all  improbable  that  the  use  of  an  article,  at  once  so 
grateful  and  healthful,  will  become  as  universal,  at  some  future  day,  as  the 
use  of  salt  and  butter. 

The  prospect  for  a  harvest  of  ice  in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston  the  pres- 
ent year  is,  at  the  time  we  write,  very  good.  The  great  rain  and  snow 
storms  of  the  past  two  days  (January  19  and  20)  may  injure  the  crop  a 
trifle.  We  are  sure  there  will  be  extra  expense  in  clearing  the  various  ponds 
of  snow.  Perhaps  a  fourth  of  the  ice  has  already  been  secured.  Februaey 
is  the  month  most  relied  on  in  this  latitude  for  the  bulk  of  the  annual  yield. 
From  Philadelphia  we  have  accounts  that  the  ice  fiirmers  have  already 
housed  an  average  harvest. 

It  used  to  be  tauntingly  said  (we  know  not  by  whom)  that  "  New  Eng- 
land produces  nothing  but  granite  and  ice."  We  have  "  broken  the  ice " 
upon  this  last  production,  and  if  the  reader  has  had  the  patience  to  follow 
our  rather  discursive  pen,  he  has  found  that  whatever  the  importance  to  be 
attached  to  the  ice  trade,  present  and  prospective.  New  England  is  the  fisither 
of  it    As  for  the  granite  story,  a  larger  one  might  be  told. 

We  cannot  close  this  paper  better  vhan  in  the  language  of  Hon.  Edward 
Everett,*  who,  in  paying  a  worthy  tribute  a  few  years  ago  to  the  gentleman 
who  first  engaged  in  the  ice  trade  on  a  large  scale,  has,  by  his  beautiful 
words,  given  warmth  to  a  very  cold  subject : — 

*  As  reviaed  and  printed  in  Uie  *<  Hundred  Boston  Orstors." 


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lee:  and  the  Ice  Trcde.  179 

**  The  ^old  expended  by  this  gentleman  at  Nahant,  (Mr.  Frederick  Tudor,) 
whether  it  is  little  or  mach,  was  originaUy  derived,  not  from  California,  bat  from 
the  ice  of  our  own  Fresh  Pond.  It  is  all  Middlesex  gold,  every  penny  of  it. 
The  sparkling  surface  of  our  beautiful  ponds,  restored  by  the  kindly  hand  of 
nature  as  often  as  it  is  removed,  has  yielded,  and  «pill  continue  to  yield,  ages 
after  the  wet  diggings  and  the  dry  diggings  of  the  Sacramento  and  the  Feather 
Rivers  are  exhausted,  a  perpetual  reward  to  the  industry  bestowed  upon  them. 
The  sallow  genius  of  the  mine  creates  but  once ;  when  rifled  by  man  the  glitter- 
ing prize  is  gone  forever.  Not  so  with  our  pure  crystal  lakes.  Them  witb  each 
returning  winter,  the  austere  but  healthful  Spirit  of  the  North, 

* with  mace  petrifle,  cold  and  dry,  * 

As  with  a  trident  smites,  and  fixes  firm 
As  Deloe  floating  onoe.' 

"  This  is  a  branch  of  Middlesex  industry  that  we  have  a  right  to  be  proud  of. 
I  do  not  think  we  have  yet  done  justice  to  it;  and  I  look  upon  Mr.  Tudor,  the 
first  person  who  took  up  this  business  on  a  large  scale,  as  a  great  public  bene- 
fiietor.  He  has  carried  comfort,  in  its  most  inoffensive  and  salutary  form,  not 
only  to  the  dairies  and  tables  of  our  own  community,  but  to  those  of  other  re- 
gions, throughout  the  tropics,  to  the  farthest  East  If  merit  and  benefits  con- 
ferred gave  power,  it  might  be  said  of  him,  with  more  truth  than  of  any  prince 
or  ruler  living, 

* Snper  et  Gartmantaa  et  Indoe 

Proferet  Imperimn.' 

^'  When  I  had  the  honor  to  represent  the  country  at  London,  I  was  a  little 
struck  one  day,  at  the  royal  drawing-room,  to  see  the  President  of  the  Board  of 
Control  (the  board  charged  with  the  supervision  of  the  government  of  India) 
approaching  me  with  a  stranger,  at  that  time  much  talked  of  in  London — the 
Babu  Dwarkananth  Tagore.  This  person,  who  is  now  living,  was  a  Hindoo  of 
great  wealth,  liberality,  and  intelligence.  He  was  dressed  with  Oriental  ma£f- 
nificence— he  had  on  his  head,  by  way  of  turban,  a  rich  Cashmere  shawl,  heT(f 
together  by  a  large  diamond  broach;  another  Cashmere  around  his  body;  his 
countenance  and  manners  were  those  of  a  highly  intelligent  and  remarkable 
person,  as  be  was.  After  the  ceremony  of  introduction  was  over,  he  said  he 
wished  to  make  his  acknowledgements  to  me,  as  the  American  minister,  for  the 
benefits  which  my  countrymen  had  conferred  on  his  countrymen.  I  did  not  at 
first  know  what  he  referred  to ;  I  thought  he  might  have  in  view  the  mission 
schools,  knowing,  as  I  did,  that  he  himself  had  done  a  great  deal  for  education. 
He  immediately  said  that  he  referred  t<9  the  cargoes  of  ice  sent  from  America  to 
India,  conducing  not  only  to  comfort,  but  health ;  adding  that  numerous  lives 
were  saved  every  year  by  applying  lumps  of  American  ice  to  the  head  of  the  pa- 
tient in  cases  of  high  fever.  He  asked  me  if  I  knew  from  what  part  of  America 
it  came.  It  gave  me  great  pleasure  to  tell  him  that  I  lived,  when  at  home,  within 
a  short  distance  of  the  spot  from  which  it  was  brought  It  was  a  most  agree- 
able circumstance  to  hear,  in  this  authentic  way,  that  the  sagacity  and  enterprise 
of  my  friend  and  neighbor  had  converted  the  pure  waters  of  our  lakes  into  the 
means,  not  only  of  promoting  health,  but  saving  life,  at  the  antipodes.  I  must 
say  I  almost  envied  Mr.  Tudor  the  honest  satisfaction  which  he  could  not  but 
feel,  in  reflecting  that  he  liad  been  able  to  stretch  out  an  arm  of  benevolence 
firom  the  other  side  of  the  globe,  by  which  he  was  every  year  raising  up  his  fel- 
low-men from  the  verge  of  the  grave.  How  few  of  all  the  foreigners  who  have 
entered  India,  from  the  time  of  Sesostris  or  Alexander  the  Great  to  the  present 
time,  can  say  as  much !  Others,  at  best,  have  gone  to  govern,  too  often  to  plun- 
der and  to  slay — our  countryman  has  gone  there,  not  to  destroy  life,  but  to  save 
it^-to  benefit  them  while  he  reaps  a  welKeamed  harvest  himself.** 


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180  WwHihuty't  Writing. 


Irt.  in.— WOOraCBI'S  WRITIllGg. 

The  book,  the  name  of  which  heads  our  article,  contains  a  collection  of 
the  speeches,  addresses,  and  decisions  of  the  late  Hon.  Levi  Woodbuiy,  of 
New  Hampshire. 

The  long  political  career  of  Mr.  W.  in  die  Senate  and  the  Cabinet  was 
80  connected  with  the  commercial  and  financial  le^slation  of  the  goyem- 
menl,  that  the  record  of  the  twenty  years  of  his  life  spent  in  those  posi- 
tions, embodies  within  it  a  history  of  Commerce  and  finance. 

With  his  connection  with  political  parties  we  have  no  business ;  it  per- 
tains to  other  journals  than  a  Merchants^  Magazine,  So  far  as  his  statea- 
manship  related  to  the  mercantile  interests  of  the  country,  it  concerns  this 
journal,  and  we  propose  briefly  to  review  it. 

The  era  during  which  he  filled  a  prominent  position  in  public  life  was 
marked  by  the  active  discussion  of  the  tariff  and  the  currency.  Now 
that  opinion  has  become  settled  and  confirmed  by  experience,  it  is  difficult 
to  realize  the  stormy  conflict  through  which  the  regulation  of  these  ques- 
tions was  effected. 

New  ideas  of  the  theories  of  wealth,  Commerce,  and  finance,  were 
struggling  for  expression.  The  divorce  of  private  pursuits  from  State  in- 
terference was  loudly  called  for ;  independent  action  for  individuals  and 
for  government ;  freedom  for  their  intellect  and  enterprise  in  commercial 
pursuits,  ^  broad  as  their  personal  liberty,  found  advocates  who  pressed 
for  a  practical  result. 

Hardly  fifty  years  have  passed  since  Commcrco  and  finance  began  to 
assume  shape  as  a  science.  Great  corporations,  exclusive  privileges,  re- 
strictive legislation,  monopolies  and  arbitrary  impositions,  for  centuries 
had  ruled  the  course  of  conunercial  progress  in  Europe,  retarding  tlie 
development  of  the  extended  relations  and  firee  intercourse  of  nations 
which  are  the  solid  basis  of  civilization  and  wealth.  The  mind  relieved 
firom  oppression  by  new  liberty  in  government,  sought  to  explore  these 
regions  m  political  economy  and  inspire  there  fresh  vigor  and  prosperity. 

Energy  is  a  characteristic  of  our  countrymen ;  and  the  believers  in  both 
the  old  and  new  systems  met  on  the  arena  of  debate  with  their  ideas  en- 
larged and  developed  beyond  the  narrow  thought  of  those  who  had  lived 
under  the  stifling  restrictions  of  European  policy. 

It  was  a  wondrous  contest,  led  by  giants  of  debate.  The  issue  whidi 
was  to  decide  the  destinies  of  this  continent,  either  for  free  trade  and  a 
specie  basis  of  currency,  or  to  prohibitory  tariflfs  and  a  paper-based  credit 
system,  governed  by  mammoth  corporations,  hung  suspended  for  twenty 
years. 

The  leaders  of  the  defeated  party  have  filled  the  public  ear  with  their 
renown,  and  their  praise  has  been  sounded  even  by  their  opponents.  Why 
should  the  successtiil  be  debarred  from  like  evidences  of  appreciation  of 
their  work  f  There  is  no  place  in  American  politics  where  the  victors  of 
senatorial  contests  can  repose  on  their  hard-won  laurels  and  enjoy  fame 
and  gratitude  for  their  labors.  Life  to  them  is  a  continuous  campaign, 
and  only  when  the  earth  has  closed  over  their  bones  can  come  those  un- 
biased expressions  of  approbation  and  esteem  that  are  coupl^  witli  the 
idea  of  a  happy  rest 

Mr.  Woodbury  entered  into  political  life  during  the  war  of  1812,  as  a 


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WaodburyU  WritingB.  181 

Democrat,  and  came  into  national  politics,  after  having  filled  many  im- 
portant  positions  in  his  native  State— including  that  of  Governor — hj  be- 
mg  elected  to  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  m  1824.  His  abilities  had 
been  developed  by  experience,  and  he  took  rank  in  the  Senate  commen- 
sarate  with  the  high  expectations  of  his  friends.  The  tariff  question  was 
the  most  important  of  the  time,  and  he  ranged  himself  at  once  on  the  side 
id  those  who  opposed  the  protective  system.  Living  in  the  commercial 
town  of  Portsmouth,  the  interests  of  navigation  and  Commerce  were  fami- 
liar to  him.  His  mind  was  not  speculative  or  theorizing ;  it  sought  prac- 
tical results,  and  made  experience  the  basis  of  calculation.  A  sincere  be- 
liever in  the  improvement  of  the  human  race,  he  was  not  conservative  by 
prejudice  or  instinct,  and  yet  so  careful  and  laborious  were  his  investiga- 
tions, that  his  results  were  remarkably  reliable,  stamping  him  as  that 
**  rara  avis,"  a  prudent  and  careful  reformer. 

Although  the  United  States  had  commenced  its  career  as  a  Aree  trade 
power,  the  long  discontinuance  of  its  foreign  Ck>mmerce,  through  the 
embargo  and  the  war  of  1812,  had  produced  a  great  increase  of  domestic 
manufactures,  as  well  as  a  change  in  the  rates  of  its  tariff  from  the  low 
revenue  point  to  the  highest  consistent  with  the  income  desired  to  meet 
the  expenses  of  government  and  the  war  debt  What  had  been  the  inci- 
dent of  war  a  combination  of  special  interests,  manufacturers,  miners, 
some  branches  of  agriculture,  and  a  portion  of  capitalists,  now  desired  to 
convert  into  a  system  of  tariffs  that  would  by  prohibitory  protections  se- 
cure to  them  an  exclusive  control  of  the  home  markets  for  their  existing 
and  future  investments. 

Commerce  and  navigation,  crushed  by  long  years  of  suffering,  opposed 
but  a  feeble  resistance ;  the  capital  employed  in  the  foreign  trade  had  been 
considerably  diverted  into  these  new  occupations,  and  the  body  of  mer- 
chants owed  a  divided  allegiance ;  the  natural  ally  of  the  agricultural  in- 
terests, the  carrying  trade,  gave  it  an  uncertain  support.  The  idea  of 
forcing  a  premature  development  of  manufactures  by  a  hot-bed  system  of 
|m>tection  gained  ground;  States  changed  their  positions;  speculative 
views  attracted  enthusiastic  business  people ;  and  legislation  was  lending 
efficient  aid  to  force  an  unnatural  system  on  the  country. 

Mr.  Woodbury's  investigations  into  political  economy  made  him  dis- 
trust the  adequacy  of  this  mode  to  produce  a  legitimate  object,  the  £ur 
proportion  of  manufacturing  population,  compared  with  other  classes  of 
the  community.  Not  content  with  a  mere  theoretical  position  in  favor  of 
free  trade,  Mr.  Woodbury  watched  the  bearing  of  the  details  of  the  pro- 
tection measures  on  his  constituents.  Their  agricultural  and  fishing  inter- 
ests were  iniuriously  affected  by  the  proposed  measures.  He  brought  for- 
ward a  motion  for  the  partial  repeal  of  the  duties  on  salt,  and  in  a  speech, 
(vol.  1,  p.  15,)  exhibited  an  array  of  facts  and  statistics  which  were  so 
convincing,  that  although  the  protectionists  had  a  decided  majority  in 
both  houses,  yet  the  reduction  of  two-thirds  of  the  duty  was  achieved.  In 
the  struffffles  on  these  questions,  Mr.  Woodbury  found  his  position  closely 
allied  wimi  that  of  those  renowned  leaders  of  the  republican  party — Cal- 
houn, Hayne,  and  McDuffie,  on  the  questions  of  commercial  policy.  The 
confidence  then  created  between  Mr.  Calhoun  and  himself  outlived  their 
separatioi^on  the  nullification  measures. 

In  that  union  of  statesmen  who  clustered  around  Gen.  Jackson,  elevating 
him  to  the  Presidency,  and  forming  the  nucleus  of  the  Democratic  party. 


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182  Woodbuty^s  Writings. 

were  found  other  men — as  Benton,  Van  Buren,  Ingham,  Dickinson,  Wright, 
and  Buchanan — who  inclined  towards  the  protective  theor}'-,  yet  were 
willing  to  circumscribe,  within  more  or  less  moderate  limits,  the  extent  of 
its  imposition.  The  contest  on  this  subject  was  not  extinct  when  Mr.  W. 
left  the  Senate.  An  indignant  minority  was  meditating  the  utmost  re- 
sources of  constitutional  resistance  to  a  tariff  which  burdened  its  constitu- 
ents and  outraged  its  ideas  of  constitutional  equality.  The  argument,  on 
the  ^^ew  of  its  feasibility  in  relation  to  national  wealth,  was  giving  place 
to  a  mixed  discussion  on  the  respective  rights  and  powers  of  the  State  sov- 
ereignties and  the  general  government.  The  doctrines  of  nullification, 
which  had  lain  dormant  since  the  collisions  on  the  sedition  law  in  '98, 
were  revived  with  a  sectional  array  of  support  which  threatened  our  do- 
mestic peace ;  and  angry  discussion  was  only  allayed  by  the  passage  of 
the  compromise  measures  introduced  by  Mr:  Clay  at  the  last  critical  mo- 
ment 

Mr.  Woodbury  did  not  participate  in  these  last  debates,  having  passed 
from  the  Senate  to  the  Cabinet  of  Gen.  Jackson  as  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 
In  this  position,  although  apparently  out  of  its  sphere,  he  found  occasion 
to  gratify  his  earnest  desire  to  promote  and  extend  the  commercial  rela- 
tions of  the  country.  Piratical  Rajahs  were  sternly  punished ;  men  of 
war  were  sent  to  distant  fields  of  commercial  enterprise  to  give  practical 
evidence  of  our  naval  power  and  disposition  to  punish  aggression  on  our 
Commerce.  He  laid  the  foundations  of  new  relations  in  the  East  Indies, 
by  organizing  a  squadron  to  cruise  in  those  seas  and  exhibit  to  those  bar- 
barian powers  our  strength.  A  series  of  commercial  treaties  with  Muscat 
and  Siam  were  made  under  his  auspices,  the  commencement  of  the  policy 
since  so  happily  completed  by  the  treaties  with  China  and  Japan.  Our 
Commerce  in  that  region,  before  then  greatly  exposed  to  predatory  attacks 
and  arbitrary  local  impositions,  derived  from  his  policy  a  security  before 
unknown,  the  parent  of  its  present  noble  development. 

From  the  Navy  he  passed  to  the  Treasury  Department,  succeeding  Mr. 
Taney,  whose  confirmation  had  been  refused  by  the  Senate.  The  deposits 
of  the  government  had  just  been  removed  from  the  Bank  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  financial  crisis  was  commencing.  On  Mr.  W.  devolved  the 
organizing  of  the  new  system  for  keeping  the  public  moneys  in  the  De- 
posit or  Pet  Banks,  as  they  were  called.  At  no  time  in  the  history  of 
our  country  were  the  duties  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  so  numerous 
as  then.  A  new  department  has  since  been  created,  and  new  bureaus, 
which  relieve  the  head  of  the  treasury  from  many  onerous  labors  then  per- 
sonally devolving  on  him. 

The  industry  of  Mr.  Woodbury's  mind  found  a  wide  field  of  employ- 
ment during  the  eight  years  that  he  was  the  head  of  this  department 
His  official  labors  occupied  him  from  twelve  to  fourteen  hours  a  day ;  and 
the  volumes  of  his  reports  on  the  subjects  within  his  department  would 
of  themselves  form  a  very  considerable  libraiy.  Had  not  his  constitution 
been  as  robust  as  his  mind,  he  never  could  have  survived  the  labors  he 
performed. 

In  the  volumes  before  us  no  references  are  made  to  his  reports  when  in 
iSie  treasury,  except  by  the  republication  of  his  report  on  the  cotton  crop 
of  the  United  States,  its  growth,  manufacture,  <S?c.;  one  on  thev losses  by 
banks  and  bank  paper ;  and  one  on  the  safe  keeping  of  the  public  money. 
Were  no  other  instance  in  existence  of  the  labors  of  Mr.  W.  than  the  cot- 


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Wwdlnm/'g  Writit^s.  183 

ton  report^  it  would  be  suffieient  for  a  reputation.  The  task  of  coHectiog 
and  organizing  the  scattered  information  on  the  subject  was  performed 
with  industry,  and  its  condensation  and  tabulation  make  it  a  model  re- 
port, invaluable  to  all  who  are  interested  in  any  branch  of  the  cotton 
trade. 

When  Mr.  Woodbury  took  the  Treasury  Department,  he  assumed  a 
front  position  in  the  party  which  opposed  the  Bank  of  the  United  States. 
The  bitter  partisanship  that  already  existed  was  increased  by  the  violent 
efforts  of  the  bank  to  retain  its  position  as  controller  of  the  currency  and 
depository  of  the  public  funds.  By  an  active  and  unnecessary  contraction 
of  circulation,  she  had  brought  a  pressure  on  the  classes  engaged  in  Com- 
merce and  finance.  A  sharp  correspondence  between  Mr.  Biddle  and  him- 
self on  the  legality  and  security  of  a  system  of  drafts  put  out  by  the 
branches  as  currency,  instead  of  the  notes  of  the  mother  bank,  showed 
Hiat  he  was  the  evident  and  first  object  of  attack. 

Should  a  crisis  in  the  finances  of  the  country  take  place,  the  failure  of 
credit  and  the  suspension  of  specie  payments  by  the  government,  would  be 
followed  by  the  accession  of  the  opposition  to  power,  and  the  restoration 
of  the  bank  as  fiscal  agent  of  the  government.  To  this  end  were  directed 
the  attacks  of  the  strongest  opposition  that  ever  assailed  an  administra- 
tion. Calhoun,  Clay,  and  Webster,  each  led  a  division,  assailing  from 
different  points.  The  bank  had  charge  of  the  commissariat.  Never  was 
a  treasury  department  so  assailed  ;  yet  its  resistance  astonished  the  assail- 
ants. Neither  the  heavy  artillery  of  the  leaders,  nor  the  clang  of  partisan 
presses,  produced  the  anticipated  results.  Steady,  cool,  and  wary,  the  Sec- 
retary held  his  ground,  and  kept  his  temper.  Timid  politicians  fled  from 
the  battle,  seeking  positions  that  seemed  safe  from  its  fury,  and  many 
waverers  joined  the  enemy. 

At  first,  confidence  was  not  widely  spread,  but  never  had  secretary  bet- 
ter supporter  than  the  hero  of  New  Orleans.  Both  gathered  strength  in 
the  fight ;  and  as  the  administration  held  its  steadfast  way  month  after 
month,  public  confidence  was  reinspired.  The  whole  influence  of  the 
Bank  of  the  United  States  had  opposed,  from  a  well-grounded  apprehen- 
sion of  his  distrust,  the  re-election  of  Gen.  Jackson.  The  removal  of  the 
deposits  from  the  bank,  which  followed  a  year  or  so  after  that  re-election, 
may  be  deemed  a  partisan,  as  well  as  a  reforming  act,  fraught  with  im- 
portant consequences. 

The  revenues  of  the  country  were  deposited  in  twelve  or  thirteen  banks, 
commonly  known  as  the  Pet  Banks.  Under  the  old  system,  the  Bank  of 
the  United  States  had  discounted  on  them,  as  if  they  were  general  de- 
posits and  a  basis  of  the  credit  ^stem  of  the  country.  The  new  deposit 
banks  preserved  this  feature,  so  that  the  circulation  and  credit  system  of 
the  country  were  unaffected  by  the  change.  The  efforts  of  the  bank  for 
a  suspension  thus  beinff  checked,  a  rivalry  grew  up  in  accommodating  the 
public  with  loans.  Ouier  State  banks  pressed  also  to  be  made  deposito- 
ries of  public  funds,  that  they  too  might  eitend  both  their  circulation  and 
discounts. 

While  the  number  of  deposit  banks  was  small,  the  large  deposits  of  the 
government  enabled  the  secretary  to  restrain  their  expansions,  and  at  the 
same  tipie  protect  them  against  sudden  or  unforeseen  emergencies.  His 
controlover  their  movements  was  sufficient  for  all  the  purposes  of  safety. 
Of  course,  the  possession  of  such  large  deposits  and  the  movement  of  ex- 


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184  Woodhunty's  WtUmgn. 

changes  consequent,  were  desirable  objects  to  all  banks,  and  an  overwhelnir 
ing  rush  of  other  banks  was  made  to  secure  a  share.  The  secretary  had 
no  necessity  for  more  fiscal  agents,  and  was  satisfied  of  the  impolicy  of  in- 
creasing their  number. 

On  his  refusal,  Congress  was  appealed  to ;  again  he  remonstrated  in 
most  decided  terms,  and  explained  the  embarrasraaents  the  proposed 
change  would  cause  to  the  department,  and  the  dangers  to  the  safe  keep- 
ing of  the  public  moneys.  The  prize  was  too  tempting ;  an  act  was  passed 
by  a  great  majority  of  both  houses  of  Congress  which  forbade  any  bank 
becoming  the  recipient  of  more  government  deposits  than  three-fourths  of 
its  capital  stock.  This  measure  necessarily  added  thirty  or  forty  more  de- 
posit banks,  and  compelled  the  distribution  of  the  revenue  to  points  dis- 
tant from  the  commercial  centers  where  it  was  collected,  and  where  it 
could  be  most  conveniently  kept  to  pay  the  public  creditors.  The  practi- 
cal control  of  the  department  over  its  funds  was  nauch  diminished. 

It  was  at  this  time  that  Mr.  Woodbury  announced  that  the  war  debt 
of  181 2,  ^d  all  the  other  funded  debt  of  tJie  United  States,  had  been  paid 
off,  or  funds  were  on  deposit  awaiting  the  call  of  creditors  to  finally  ex- 
tinguish that  greatest  of  evils,  a  national  debt,  and  that  nineteen  millions 
of  surplus  revenue  remained  in  the  treasury  after  this  extinguishment.  In 
the  modem  history  of  nations  these  facts  were  unparalleled,  and  gave 
great  eclat  to  his  administration.  Mr.  Woodbury  recommended  the  in- 
vestment of  the  surplus  as  a  fund  on  which  to  rely  when  the  final  reduc- 
tions under  the  compromise  should  temporarily  diminish  the  revenue. 
His  advice  was  unheeded,  and  the  course  we  have  first  mentioned  was 
adopted. 

Immense  inflation  of  currency  and  wide-spread  speculation  followed.  In 
vain  was  disaster  prophesied ;  a  mania  infected  financial  circles ;  yet  the 
prudence  and  watchfulness  of  the  secretary  might  have  been  successful  in 
averting  evil,  but  for  a  further  element  that  entered.  A  surplus  of  upwards 
of  twenty-five  millions  of  dollars  beyond  the  reouirements  of  the  govern- 
ment lay  on  deposit  in  the  banks.  An  act  of  Congress  directed  this  to 
be  vnthdrawn  from  them  and  deposited  with  the  several  States  of  the 
Union.  It  was  a  distribution  bill.  The  secretary  remonstrated  against 
the  danger  that  making  such  large  transfers  would  bring  upon  the  credit 
and  circulation  of  the  country,  to  which  this  already  served  as  a  partial 
basis.  The  necessary  consequences  came.  In  order  to  meet  the  transfer 
drafts,  banks  had  to  contract  their  loans ;  severe  revulsions  followed,  and 
before  the  forced  process  was  completed,  credit  was  destroyed,  and  speoie 
payments  suspended  by  the  banks  throughout  the  Union*  The  funds  of 
the  government  were  involved ;  the  further  aid  of  the  deposit  banks  in 
managing  the  revenue  lost ;  and  the  Treasury  Department  was  thrown  on 
its  own  resources,  unaided  by  legislation. 

The  opposition,  which  for  years  had  carried  on  a  fruitless  war,  rallied 
at  once,  and  substantially  aided  by  the  now  delinquent  State  baoiks,  at- 
tempted to  force  the  treasury  to  a  like  suspension  of  specie  payments. 
The  secretary  was  resolved  that  the  public  honor  should  be  preserved,  and 
gold  and  silver  paid  to  all  creditors  who  demanded  them,  and  bore  the 
brunt  of  these  attacks  with  the  same  solidity  of  resistance  and  imtiring 
caution  and  industry  which  had  served  him  so  well  before.  The  ordinary 
resources  of  government  vanished ;  its  funds  locked  up  in  non-specie  pay- 
ing banks;  Commerce  prostrated,  and  land  sales  su^nded;  revenues 


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Woodhtm/'s  Writings.  186 

were  difficult  to  obtain,  while  ezp^Mlitures  were  already  fixed  by  law,  and 
eould  be  only  slightly  curtailed. 

The  secretary  created  resources,  developed  plans,  found  means  before 
unknown ;  and,  in  despite  of  the  violent  efforts  of  political  enemies  and 
the  absolute  crash  of  business,  from  the  beginning  to  the  end,  no  creditor 
of  tlie  government  was  ever  refused  the  payment  of  his  demand  in  gold 
and  silver.  Opponents  were  confounded,  alarmists  set  at  naught,  and  the 
honor  of  the  treasury  preserved  in  untarnished  luster  amid  the  general 
vortex  of  suspenuon  and  repudiation. 

One  instance  of  the  cleverness  of  the  secretary  may  be  interesting.  In 
transacting  the  business  of  the  government,  the  requisition  upon  the  treas- 
ury and  the  warrant  of  the  secretary  on  the  treasurer  for  the  sum  named 
IB  the  requisition,  had  been  made  upon  one  sheet,  and  were  both  filed  in 
the  office  of  the  treasurer  as  vouchers,  when  he  issued  his  warrant  on  the 
banks  for  the  money  thus  called  for.  Now,  the  money  was  kept  by  the 
treasurer  himself  and  the  collectors  and  receivers  of  the  United  States.  It 
was  difficult  to  procure  specie  to  pay  duties  at  the  custom-house,  and  the 
opposition  expected  that  this  circumstance  would  force  the  government  to 
suspend  specie  payments  and  adopt  the  use  of  the  paper  currency  of  the 
banks.  Mr.  Biddle  predicted  it ;  the  great  lawyers  of  the  opposition  be- 
lieved it,  and  confidently  awaited  the  announcement  of  the  suspension 
of  the  department  as  the  crowning  glory  of  their  long  and  vigorous  oppo- 
sition. / 

The  secretary  took  his  shears,  and  with  one  clip,  separated  the  requisi- 
tion from  the  warrant  The  requisition  went  on  the  files,  and  the  credit- 
or took  the  warrant  and  presented  it  at  his  pleasure  to  the  treasurer  for 
redemption.  By  an  order  of  the  secretary,  the  warrant  was  made  re- 
ceivable for  all  public  dues  at  Custom  Houses  or  Land  Offices.  It  had, 
therefore,  the  value  of  specie,  or  six  to  ten  per  cent  premium  over  cur- 
rency, and  at  once  became  in  great  demand  with  the  business  community 
for  the  purposes  of  exchange ;  and  for  paying  debts  to  the  United  States, 
it  took  the  value  of  spede.  This  had  not  been  foreseen.  One  clip  of  the 
shears  had  cleared  the  Treasury  Department  from  the  toils  spread  around 
it  by  the  able  and  distinguished  leaders  of  the  opposition.  It  towered,  in 
oonseious  strength,  unhurt  amid  the  wreck.  It  was  more  than  talent,  to 
produce  success  with  such  simple  means. 

Besides  the  multitudinous  labors  of  daily  ingenuity  and  temporary  ex- 
pedients, the  department  was  compelled  to  devise  a  permanent  system  to 
r^lace  the  wreck  of  their  bank  agents.  The  specie  circular  and  other 
acts,  had  given  fore-shadowings  of  the  tendency  of  the  secretary's  mind ; 
and,  at  the  extra  Session,  was  announced  a  matured  sub-treasury  scheme, 
which,  by  divorcing  the  government  from  the  banks,  should  render  the 
commercial  classestind  the  Treasury  4epartment  independent  of  each  other. 
The  work  of  ref<»in  and  reorganization  was  at  last  in  a  tangible  shape. 
False  and  hollow  systems  of  credit,  paper  currency,  and  bank  regulators, 
were  approaching  their  end<  A  constitutional,  practical  and  safe  system 
for  keeping  public  moneys,  which  should  in  itself  be  the  governor  of  the 
fluctuations  of  the  currency,  able  to  check  expansions  and  relieve  contrac- 
tions^ without  departing  from  law,  or  exposing  the  money  of  the  people  to 
the  dangers  of  private  speculators,  was  offered  for  public  approval. 

In  our  necessarily  narrow  limits,  it  is  impossible  to  trace  the  history  of 
these  financial  events.     During  the  four  years  of  Mr.  Van  Buren's  admin- 


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186  Woodbury' $  Writings. 

istratioD,  it  was  the  key  of  party  orffanizatioB.  Thonsands  of  pampUets 
and  myriads  of  ^eches,  expressed  Uie  views  of  its  friends  and  opponents. 
Financiers,  merchants,  capitalists,  brought  their  ideas  prominently  forward. 
The  whole  debtor  and  creditor  classes  of  the  community  felt  themselves 
personally  interested  ;  and  the  public  and  private  talent  and  experience  of 
the  Union  were  arrayed  in  the  discussion  of  the  subject  The  Treasury 
Department  formed  at  once  the  citadel  of  the  new  ideas,  and  an  armory 
whence  their  supporters  drew  the  statistical  weapons  of  defense  and  as- 
sault. The  whole  banking  and  credit  system  underwent  a  searching  inves- 
tigation, which  resulted  in  the  thorough  remodeling  of  the  loose  theory 
of  currency  and  credit  before  relied  on. 

The  life  of  Mr.  Woodbury,  while  in  the  Treasury  Department,  was  spent 
in  a  continual  storm.  He  entered  at  the  commencement  of  the  financial 
war,  and  he  saw  the  divorce  of  government  from  banks  absolutely  accom- 
plished, and  the  ereat  foundations  of  a  regeneration  of  the  credit  and  cur- 
rency systems  laid  and  carried  up  to  a  demonstration  of  their  feasibility. 
Mr.  Van  Buren's  administration  was  overwhelmed  in  1 840,  and  the  secre- 
tary retired  from  his  post,  after  having  for  eight  years,  maintained  the 
honor  of  the  department  and  the  integrity  of  the  laws,  through  the  se- 
verest trials.  He  had  carried  the  sub-treasury  scheme  into  practice,  and 
demonstrated  not  only  its  practicability  but  its  vast  superiority  over  all 
previous  modes  of  conducting  the  finances.  With  the  Democratic  party 
he  retired  from  office,  abiding  the  coming  of  that  sober  second  thought  of 
the  people  to  which  the  President  had  appealed. 

Having  been  elected  to  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  he  took  his 
seat  in  that  body,  on  the  incoming  of  the  next  administration.  Mr.  Clay, 
in  the  plenitude  of  success,  and  with  the  energy  of  his  powerful  nature, 
had  resolved  on  a  system  of  reactionary  measures,  which  should  carry 
back  the  legislation  of  the  country  to  the  point  where  it  stood  when  Gen. 
Jackson's  administration  began.  The  results  of  1840  he  looked  on  as  the 
verdict  of  the  people,  and  proposed,  in  his  own  strong  language,  "  to  ex- 
ecute the  sentence  of  the  law"  on  the  defeated  Democracy  and  their  lead- 
ers.   One  of  the  Cabinet  stood  defiant  in  the  Senate  Chamber. 

The  reports  ofMr.  Woodbury  while  in  the  treasury,  were  criticized  from 
Maine  to  Georgia,  as  crude  and  prolix.  The  statistics  and  dry  reasoning 
of  banking  questions,  are  not  favorable  themes  for  rhetoric,  and  the  necea- 
sa^  and  frequent  recurring  qualifications  of  language  where  practical  ac- 
curacy is  sought,  forbid  much  condensation.  The  reports  of  the  treasury 
were  chiefiy  remarkable  for  the  immense  amount  of  accurate  information 
conveyed  in  them,  and  the  clear  perceptions  of  a  prudent  and  safe  policy 
for  managing  the  fiscal  afifairs  of  the  government.  In  general  they  were 
answers  to  calls  for  information  and  not  designed  as  opinions  or  essays. 
The  ten  years  spent  in  the  Cabinet  had  obscured  the  memory  of  the  ora- 
torical powers  of  Mr.  W.  Great  as  he  was  admitted  to  ^  on  details,  his  ca- 
pacity for  generalization  was  forgotten,  until  his  first  speech  forcibly  re- 
called it 

The  report  of  the  new  secretary,  Mr.  Ewing,  involving  the  data  and  au- 
thority for  the  action  of  his  party,  was  at  once  attacked  by  Mr.  Wood- 
burv,  who  exposed  its  errors  and  fallacies  with  great  clearness,  siistainiag 
at  the  same  tsme  the  financial  policy  of  Mr.  Van  BureiTs  admuiistratioiu 
The  absolute  mastery  that  Mr.  Woodbury  possessed  over  the  details  of  the 
policy  and  action  of  the  past  administration,  and  the  stores  of  infbima- 


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Woodbury's  Writing.  '  187 

tion  which  hie  invettigatioiis  on  fiBanoial  subjects  had  accnmulatecl,  gave 
him  great  facility  in  the  discussion.  He  brought  up  powerful  arrays  of 
fkGtB  and  arguments  that  lost  nothing  of  their  force  by  the  ityle  in  which 
they  were  presented.  While  in  the  treasury,  he  could  only  defend  himself 
with  the  scant  means  of  reaching  public  opinion  that  the  machinery  of  a 
free  government  permits  to  administrative  officers.  Now  he  was  in  the 
open  arena,  amid  the  assailants  of  his  policy.  The  first  speech  convinced 
them  that  instead  of  pressing  forward  to  their  new  measures,  the  ground 
they  already  occupied  was  insecure.  Mr.  Van  Buren  was  never  so  well 
defended  as  during  this  extra  Session.  The  strong  points  of  his  financial 
policy  rose  above  the  dust  and  fog  of  misrepresentation.  The  Democratic  Sen- 
ators were  not  numerous,  but  among  them  were  Calhoun,  Benton,  Lrcwis, 
Wright  and  Buchanan,  all  statesman  of  distinguished  ability.  The  de- 
^se  of  the  past  was  particularly  Mr.  Woodbury's  sphere,  and  many  as- 
cribed to  the  clear  and  vigorous  performance  of  that  obligation,  the  high- 
eat  influence  in  determining  the  reaction  of  opinion  on  the  merits  of  that 
policy. 

Mr.  Clay's  measures  (the  Bankrupt  Law,  Land  Distribution,  and  Tariff") 
bad  a  central  point,  to  which  they  served  as  buttresses,  the  rechartering  of 
the  Bank  of  the  United  States.  This  combination  was  broken  by  the  re- 
peated vetoes  of  the  bank  bills  by  President  Tyler.  We  shall  not  follow 
the  debates  on  these  measures ;  they  throw  some  new  light  on  the  curren- 
cy question,  but  do  not  affect  the  history  of  progress.  The  United  States 
Bank  could  not  survive  its  usefulness,  and  a  distinguished  friend  wrote  its 
epitaph,  when  he  characterized  it  as  "  an  obsolete  idea." 

The  compromise  of  1832  guarantied  permanent  restraint  on  the  sys- 
tem of  laying  a  tariff"  for  protection,  fixing  twenty  per  cent  as  the  highest 
point  of  taxation.  A  large  free  list  had  grown  up  during  the  preceding 
ten  years.  Mr.  Woodbury,  near  the  close  of  his  term  as  ^retary  of  the 
Treasury,  made  a  report  on  this  subject ;  questioning  first,  whether  further 
increase  of  revenue  was  necessary  for  the  ^conomicaJ  support  of  the  gov- 
ernment, he  suggested  placing  on  twenty-eight  of  the  thirty-nine  millions 
of  the  free  list,  a  tariff"  of  ten  or  fifteen  per  cent,  carrying  absolute  luxuries 
to  the  twenty  per  cent  class  and  reducing  the  rate  on  some  articles  of 
general  necessity.  He  admitted  the  right  of  discriminating  below  this 
revenue  point  in  favor  of  competing  American  articles.  To  this  he  added 
the  suggestion  of  reducing  and  remodeling  the  system  of  drawbacks  and 
of  introducing  the  Warehouse  system  extensively  in  connection  with  cash 
duties.  These  changes  would  at  once  add  five  millions  to  the  revenue, 
without  disturbing  the  general  features  of  the  Compromise  Bill,  while  the 
recovery  of  Commerce  from  its  depression,  would  soon  increase  the  im- 
ports. Mr.  Clay's  theory  was  to  distribute  the  income  from  the  public 
lands  to  the  States,  thus  diminishing  the  revenue  of  the  United  States  be- 
tween two  and  three  millions  yearly.  This,  and  an  enlarged  expenditure, 
would  create  such  a  deficiency  in  the  treasury,  as  to  compel  the  limit  of 
twenty  per  cent  fixed  in  the  Compromise,  to  be  overrun  in  order  to  obtain 
sufficient  revenue ;  when,  under  itke  professions  of  indirect  protection  and 
home  valuation,  his  favorite  protection  could  be  realized.  The  discussion 
of  the  theory  of  taxation  was  revived.  The  protectionists  seeking  to  car- 
ry out  these  views,  while  the  friends  of  free  trade  rallied  to  protect  the  com- 
promises of  the  act  of  1832  from  destruction.  The  **  little  tariflf"  was  the 
pj^ecursor.    The  tariff  of  1842  was  a  blow  at  free-trade  and  threatened 


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188  *  Wo<Mmy'M  WriUngM. 

the  profltraUon  of  our  foreign  Commerce.  Supported  by  the  dominant 
party,  it  had  a  miyority  in  Congress.  Its  opponents  exhausted  in  vain 
their  resources,  an  appeal  to  the  people  only  was  left  The  time  had  come 
wlien  the  free-traders  must  convince  the  people  of  the  correctness  of  their 
views  or  see  our  Commerce  sink,  perhaps  forever,  beneatli  a  restrictive 
policy. 

The  exertions  of  Mr.  Woodbury  were  not  con6ned  to  the  Senate ;  in  the 
lecture  rooms  of  Lyceums  and  Societies,  before  the  primary  assemblages  of 
the  people,  and  in  the  pages  of  this  Magazine,  to  which  he  was  a  welcome 
contributor,  he  sought  to  impress  the  advantages  of  a  liberal  commercial 
policy.  His  dislike  of  mere  abstract  theory  was  prominently  exhibited ;  he 
dealt  not  in  ex  cathedra  cpinions,  and,  when  investigating  a  subject,  todc 
nothing  for  granted,  not  even  a  principle.  His  artfrnments  were  conse- 
qucDtly  supported  by  illustrative  citations,  which  his  industry  had  accumu- 
lated to  an  extraordinary  extent.  The  long  training  of  his  mental  powers 
to  investigation,  enabled  him  to  digest  and  condense  within  the  narrow  com- 
pass of  a  speech  masses  of  observations,  and,  he  took  much  pleasure  in 
proving  the  soundness  of  his  positions,  while  he  was  exhibiting  the  conclu- 
sions thence  deduced.  Three  of  his  speeches  on  this  tariff  are  given  in  the 
volumes  which  lucidly  expose  the  workings  of  the  various  protective  acts  in 
their  bearings  on  the  Treasury  and  on  the  people.  Holding  that,  neither 
in  its  absolute  or  modified  state,  should  a  protective  system  be  so  arranged 
as  to  throw  the  burdens  of  taxation  on  the  necessaries  or  the  luxuries  of 
the  poor,  he  moved,  in  the  debate  of  1842,  to  place  tea  and  cofiSse  on  the 
free  list  As  one  of  the  minoritv  of  the  committee  that  had  reported  the 
\a\\  of  1842,  the  duty  of  attack  lay  oa  him,  which  he  &ithfuliy  performed. 
The  tariff  of  1842  was  not  allowed  to  sleep  in  quiet  after  its  passage,  Mr« 
McDuffie's  bill  in  1844  for  its  repeal  bringing  on  a  renewed  debate.  Mr. 
W.'s  appeal  on  behalf  of  the  interests  of  our  foreign  Commerce  and  naviga- 
tion, involved  a  thorough  examination  of  the  pandyzinff  influence  of  the  re- 
strictive  system.  The  disastrous  effects  of  tiie  tariff  of  1842  on  the  ship- 
building interests  were  exposecl.  The  unincorporated  ship-builders,  with 
their  wealth  uncombined,  had  been  unable  to  exert  that  influence  on  their 
representatives,  which  the  superior  activity  and  concentrated  organizationa 
of  manufacturing  capitalists  had  enabled  them  to  wield  for  many  years. 
Ship-building  and  navigaUon  have  been  the  natural  occupations  of  the 
Eastern  States  whenever  the  *'  let  alone ''  policy  has  permitted  their  devel- 
opment, which  the  results  of  the  protective  policy  had  greatly  retarded. 
Improved  communications  with  the  ocean  were  favoring  a  growing  agricul- 
tural community,  in  bringing  their  products  within  reach  of  the  markets  of 
the  world.  The  importance  to  them  of  a  change  in  the  policy  which  de- 
pressed Commerce  to  benefit  certain  protected  interests,  was  abundantly 
evident 

Mr.  Woodbury  strongly  urged  the  necessity  of  relieving  ship-building 
and  Commerce,  in  order  to  advance  the  interests  of  agriculture,  by  securing 
to  them  cheaper  freights  to  the  markets  of  the  world.  The  mutual  de- 
pendence between  these  pursuits  was  illustrated  by  statesmanlike  exposi- 
tions. These  views  met  the  concurrence  of  the  free  traders  of  the  West  and 
South,  and  the  revival  of  the  old  alliance  of  interests  became  daily  apparent: 

The  democratic  triumph  in  1844,  closed  the  reactionary  struggle  of  Mr. 
Clay.  The  people  had  pronounced  in  favor  of  a  liberal  tariff  ^tem,  and 
the  free  traders  were  in  the  ascendancy.    Here  we  must  close  our  review  of 


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W^odhwry^s  Writing.  189 

the  connexion  of  Mr.  Woodbuny  with  the  caose  of  commercial  and  finan- 
cial freedom.  Twenty  years  of  exertion  in  their  behalf,  closed  with  the  ac- 
cesftion  of  Mr.  Polk  to  the  Presidency,  in  1845* 

The  intense  struggle  on  these  subjects  was  over.  A  chapter  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  Union  only  awaited  the  entering  up  of  the  popular  decrees  in 
1846,  by  the  reinstatement  of  the  Sub-Treasury,  and  the  reduction  of  the 
tariff,  to  complete  a  record  of  the  fierce  struggle  between  progress,  commer- 
dal  liberty,  independence  of  government  and  people  in  fiscal  affairs,  on  the 
one  hand,  and  the  consolidating  tendencies  of  conservatism,  special  legbla- 
tioD,  and  the  subserviency  of  bank  capital  to  political  power,  on  the  other. 
With  the  result,  a  new  life  was  breathed  into  Commerce.  Navigatioii 
flourished ;  and  the  rapid  development  of  our  resources  under  the  increase 
of  intercourse  with  foreign  States,  has  given  to  our  merchants  an  unsurpass- 
ed rank  among  the  civilizers  of  the  world,  and  made  the  trade  and  naviga- 
tion of  this  young  republic,  second  to  those  of  no  other  power  of  the  earth. 
The  development  of  these  liberating  tendencies  goes  onward.  Reciprocity, 
a  thoroughly  American  idea,  suggested  by  Jefferson,  is  wooing  the  afiections 
of  slow  and  hesitating  neighbors,  increasing  the  sphere  of  our  usefulness  and 
industry,  while  it  promises  to  be  soon  established  as  a  great  free  trade  league, 
that  shall  include  this  continent  in  its  fraternal  embrace. 

Mr.  Woodbury  was  not  the  organ  of  the  commercial  interests  of  his  day. 
His  consistent  political  attachment  to  a  party  to  which  the  great  body  of 
merchants  were  usually  hostile,  prevented  any  such  assumption.  As  a 
statesman  he  gave  liberal  legislation  on  commercial  questions,  a  consistent 
advocacy,  even  when  it  was  tar  in  advance  of  existing  ideas.  In  looking 
back  on  his  career,  it  is  remarkable  how  close  was  his  perception,  and  how 
steadily  he  strove  to  bring  the  public  mind  to  the  admission  of  views  now 
deemed  absolutely  demonstrated.  Of  all  who  surrounded  him,  how  few 
have  been  so  profoundly  penetrated  with  that  wisdom  of  progress,  which 
made  him  that  which  we  described  in  the  beginning,  ^  a  prudent  reformer.^ 
Of  how  few  can  it  be  recorded  that  all  their  favorite  measures  were  crowned 
witli  success. 

We  have  nothing  to  do  with  party  politics,  hence  Mr.  W.'s  career  is  not 
of  our  sphere,  except  where  his  labors  have  been  on  the  subjects  to  which 
the  Merchant  Magazine  is  devoted.  As  an  orator,  he  bad  won  solid  fame. 
He  was  clear,  logical,  and  often  eloquent ;  his  manner  easy«  graceful  and 
energetic ;  his  language  fluent  and  his  voice  full  and  agreeable.  He  was 
always  emphatically  what  is  known  as  a  good  speaker ;  but  the  wonderful 
stores  of  facts,  figures  and  authorities,  and  the  extensive  acquaintance  with 
every  portion  of  public  business  that  he  possessed,  made  him  a  formidable 
q>ponent  in  debate.  A  uniform  sense  of  courtesy  marked  him  as  an  ora- 
tor, adding  fresh  dignity  to  the  grave  and  composed  habits  of  a  life  that  rose 
above  low  ambitions  and  petty  passions. 

Mr.  Woodbury  was  appointed  to  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States,  as  Associate  Justice,  and  resigning  hi3  seat  in  the  Senate, 
took  no  further  part  in  political  life.  His  decisions  on  commercial  and  ad- 
miralty questions,  were  very  popular  with  the  merchants'  as  a  class,  and 
earned  for  him  the  reputation  of  being  a  sound  and  liberal  commercial  law- 
yer, who  appreciated  the' character  of  mercantile  transactions,  with  a  readi- 
ness rarely  found  in  one  whose  professional  career  had  been  mostly  in 
country  practice.  The  volumes  before  us  contain  a  number  of  his  decisions 
on  constitutional  law,  which  fully  sustain  the  high  estimate  put  upon  his 


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190  Woodbury'9  Wrkinsff. 

aUlities,  and  witness  the  grasp  of  thought  and  patient  investigation  he 
brought  to  bear  on  all  questions  before  him. 

Mr.  Woodbury's  name  had  been  prominent  in  the  democratic  party  in 
1848,  for  the  nomination  by  its  convention,  as  a  candidate  for  the  Presi- 
dency. It  was  still  prominent  in  connection  with  the  nomination  of  1 852, 
and  his  friends  had  sanguine  expectations  of  success ;  but  events  are  not  in 
mortal  control.  Death  suddenly  claimed  his  prey,  and  Mr.  Woodbury  died 
amid  his  elms  at  Portsmouth,  in  September,  1851.  The  history  of  his  life 
is  yet  to  be  written.  The  ashes  of  time  have  not  gathered  around  the  em- 
bers of  political  strife  sufficiently  to  justify  the  work  being  composed  with 
a  spirit  of  impartial  criticism  which  gives  to  history  its  highest  value.  The 
life  of  Mr.  Woodbury  was  marked  by  a  rigid  sen»e  of  justice,  an  inflexible 
determination,  and  a  capacity  for  severe,  continuous  mental  labor,  very  rarely 
found.  In  his  personal  relations  he  was  a  good  neighbor,  steadfast  friend, 
and  kind  head  of  a  family.  As  an  opponent,  as  we  have  already  said,  never 
vindictive,  and  too  magnanimous  to  descend  to  personal  abuse  or  petty  re- 
taliations. His  laborious  habits  gave  him  time  for  every  thing,  and  his 
tastes  led  him  to  the  pursuits  of  science,  in  many  branches  of  which  he  was 
very  well  informed.  As  a  member  of  numerous  scientific  societies,  he  con- 
tributed his  aid  to  their  advancement,  and  in  organizing  the  reform  of  the 
weights  and  measures,  and  the  coast  survey,  when  at  the  head  of  the  Navy 
and  Treasury  Departments,  he  gave  most  valuable  aid  to  the  efficiency  with 
which  they  were  executed.  The  influences  of  the  spirit  of  the  age  were 
strong  upon  him,  and,  in  all  his  writings  and  speeches,  a  deep  conviction  of 
the  bene^cial  tendencies  of  modern  civilization,  and  an  ardent  faith  in  the 
capacity  of  man  to  work  out  the  great  problems  of  life,  and  to  accomplish 
invigorating  steps  of  progress  in  all  the  aflairs  of  government,  industry  and 
social  relations,  is  everywhere  manifest.  Inactivity,  and  that  conservatism, 
which  opposes  improvement  because  it  is  change,  had  no  part  in  his  active 
mind.  The  labors  of  his  life  were  to  place  progress  upon  wide  and  strong 
foundations,  to  remove  oppressions  and  promote  free  inquiry  and  sound  re- 
forms. The  volumes  before  us  were  in  press  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and 
were  published  a  few  months  afterwards,  slightly  modified.  One  volume 
contains  selected  speeches,  the  other  literary  and  judicial  productions.  The 
lectures,  especially,  breathe  an  eloquence,  a  philosophic  spirit,  and  an  almost 
poetic  sympathy  over  their  pracdoal  subjects,  whidi  seems  extraordinary  in 
the  iron  statesman  and  financier. 

The  bulk  of  Mr.  Woodbury's  writings  while  in  public  life,  are  only  to  be 
found  in  the  State  papers  of  Congress,  and  the  journals  of  their  debates,  and 
in  the  judicial  reports  while  he  was  on  the  bench.  These  volumes  contain 
simply  a  selection,  bearing  a  small  proportion  to  the  uncollected  residue. 
The  stores  of  information  in  his  unpublished  papers,  are  untouched.  The^ 
would  throw  great  light  on  the  subjects  of  our  inquiry,  and  we  must  await 
with  anxiety,  the  time  when  a  careful  and  extended  life  of  Mr.  W.  shall  pre- 
sent the  full  history  of  his  public  career. 


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Th$  Curreney  and  the  Tariff.  191 

Art.  IT.— TAB  CDRRBNCT  AHD  THE  TABIFP. 

FiZKicAZY  Hmrr,  Esq.,  EdiUjr  of  the  Mtrehanit^  Mapaxifu,  #to  .*— 

Dear  Sir  : — ^I  ask  the  atteDtion  of  your  readers  to  some  plain  thoughts 
on  \he  currency  and  the  tariff,  differing  from  those  generally  promulgated. 
Some  misapprehension  of  the  difficulty  and  the  profound  depths  of  the 
science  of  political  economy,  in  its  relation  to  these  subjects,  so  intimately 
blended  in  their  action  upon  the  industry.  Commerce,  and  prosperity  of 
the  nation,  appears  to  have  oppressed  the  minds  and  embarrassed  the  ar- 
guments of  most  of  the  writers  upon  them.  But  the  normal  principle,  that 
genius,  intelligence,  industry,  and  inte^ty  are  entitled  to  their  equivalent 
reward,  underlies  the  science  of  political  economy ;  and  it  is  the  duty  of 
every  man  who  has  a  thought  to  spare,  to  give  it  voice,  and  claim  fc^ 
this  principle  its  just  prerogative  in  the  institutions  and  policy  of  the 
nadon. 

We  see  that  our  commer«ial  system  is  in  a  state  of  antagonism  to  this 
normal  principle,  or  national  law  of  industry  and  trade ;  and  the  most 
marked  peculiarity  of  our  history  is  found  m  the  constant  drain  of  the 
precious  metals — the  frequent  mercantile  failures,  the  severe  money  pres- 
sures, and  consequent  prostration  of  industry,  and  the  violent  and  unjust 
transitions  of  property  that  succeed — notwithstanding  the  genius,  intelli- 
gence, and  unparalleled  industry  of  the  people.  Nothing  of  this  sort  oc- 
curs to  any  comparative  degree  in  any  other  country,  and  in  some  coun- 
tries such  events  are  wholly  unknown. 

It  is  the  wont  of  business  men  to  look  widely  abroad,  or  to  dive  deep 
into  the  unfathomable  science  of  political  economy  for  the  cause  of  the 
frequent  pressures  and  panics  that  disturb  the  trade  and  industry  of  this 
country.  It  appears  to  me  that  cause  is  near  at  hand — on  the  surface, 
and  capable  of  a  very  simple  illustration.  Let  me  present  one  that  I  have 
already  published  elsewhere. 

Suppose,  Mr.  Editor,  that  you  and  I,  and  Peter  and  John,  and  ninety-six 
oUiers,  form  a  community  large  enough  for  varied  industry  and  mutual 
support,  engaged  in  the  business  of  life.  Peter  and  John  dig  gold,  and  we 
adopt  the  produce  of  tiieir  labor  for  our  medium  of  exchange  and  measure  of 
value.  It  is  plain  that  the  produce  of  their  labor  in  gold  will  be  exchange- 
able for,  and  will  properly  represent  the  same  amount  of  labor  in  your 
magazine,  my  leather,  our  neighbors'  com  or  potatoes,  or  anything  else. 
This  is  the  just  condition  or  natural  law  of  this  state  of  things.  Of  course, 
he  who  works  the  most  intelligently  as  well  as  the  most  industriously, 
will  accumulate  the  most  proper^.  There  will  be  some  oscillation  from 
excess  of  production  in  some  branches,  and  deficiency  in  others,  but  the 
margin  of  that  oscillation  will  be  limited,  soon  observed,  and  we  shall  re- 
turn to  the  proper  distribution  of  labor,  with  the  certainty  of  the  vibrating 
pendulum  to  its  center.  It  matters  not  how  much  or  how  little  gold  Peter 
and  John  produce,  it  will  serve  our  purpose  equally  the  same,  and  prices 
will  keep  parallel  with  the  quantity  brought  into  or  deducted  from  the 
currency. 

Some  of  us  now  discover  that  we  can  live  with  less  labor  by  banking. 
We  obt«m'a  charter,  offer  the  security  of  a  strong  vault,  and  by  this  and 
other  temptations  gather  all  the  gold  in  the  conmiunity  into  the  coffers  of 


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192  The  Currency  ond  the  Tarif. 

our  bank.  We  then,  according  to  the  charter,  discount  notes  and  bills 
receivable,  credit  the  proceeds  of  the  discounts  to  depositors,  and  issue 
bank-notes,  till  the  deposits  and  circulation  payable  in  specie  on  demand 
amount  to  three  times  the  sum  of  the  gold  previously  constituting  the  cur- 
rency. How  much  does  this  operation  increase  our  property  ?  Nothing. 
It  will  inevitably  increase  prices  and  expand  our  obligations  of  debt  on  the 
same  quantity  of  property  transferred  threefold.  It  will  give  us  magni- 
tude of  name  for  everything,  but  of  wealth  not  a  picayune  more  than  be- 
fore. 

Now,  there  is  another  community  of  one  hundred  men  in  a  country 
accessible  to  us — they  have  their  Peter  and  John  digging  gold — they  have 
no  bank  of  credit  discount — nothing  of  money  but  gold — they  have  as 
much  gold  as  we,  but  only  one-third  the  sum  of  money  to  settle  the  bal- 
ances of  trade — their  price  of  a  day's  labor  is  necessarily  one-third  of  ours, 
and  the  value  in  money  of  all  their  indigenous  commodities  and  property 
must  be  one-third  of  ours.  We  open  a  Commerce  with  this  community. 
Does  any  sensible  man  need  to  be  told  that  they  will  glut  our  markets 
with  their  commodities — nay,  that  they  will  manufacture  our  raw  mate- 
rial, and  sell  the  product  back  to  us,  charged  with  only  one-third  the  sum 
for  labor  that  we  must  pay  on  our  own  similar  production,  and  by  fair 
and  legitimate  Commerce  drain  us  of  our  specie  ?  This  is  no  mere  hy- 
pothesis. It  is  very  much  the  condition  of  our  trade  with  Germany.  Not- 
withstanding our  reputation  for  whittling,  they  whittle  out  penny-whistle* 
and  Nuremburg  babies,  and  with  them  whittle  our  specie  out  of  our  pock- 
ets. We  deal  with  France  upon  similar  terms  for  silks  and  gew-gaws,  and 
with  every  other  country  in  the  world  to  a  disadvantage  in  the  exact  pro- 
portion that  we  have  depreciated  our  currency  below  theirs  by  the  issue 
of  bank  notes  and  bank  credits,  redeemable  in  specie,  beyond  the  equiva- 
lent value  of  bullion.  With  equal  industry,  under  equal  conditions  of 
labor,  they  can  help  themselves  to  our  gold  almost  without  stint ;  and  no 
tariff  within  any  collectable  scale  of  duty  could  prevent  this  result. 

I  make  this  statement  broadly,  to  show  the  principle  upon  which  this 
system  of  discounting  upon  the  credit  of  the  bank  virtually  operates. 
There  is  great  protection  to  us  in  the  folly  and  weakness  of  other  nations, 
rather  than  in  our  tariff  or  our  wisdom,  which  we  will  consider  hereafter. 

Meanwhile,  this  Briareus  sits  in  our  midst,  grasping  with  his  hundred 
hands  our  whole  industry  and  Commerce.  Sometimes  be  appears  to  be 
reinforced  by  his  two  equally  hideous  brothers,  who  were  once  buried  by 
their  father  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  in  disgust  at  their  deformity,  and 
the  whole  three  hundred  handed  giants  are  "huddling  in  our  necks  with 
their  darane3  fingers,"  tickling  us  into  a  fancy  that  the  dollar  is  almighty, 
and  teaching  us,  pagans  that  we  are,  to  worship  its  graven  image  in  a  pa- 
per note.  It  is  but  a  kite.  We  are  charmed  with  its  graceful  sweeps  and 
curves  and  gyrations  in  the  breeze ;  but  the  first  squall  snaps  the  twine, 
and  lands  our  paper  deity  in  a  distant  field,  where  other  boys  as  foolish 
and  as  fond  as  we,  launch  it  again  into  the  air,  to  be  admired,  and  lost, 
and  found  as  before. 

The  immense  variations  in  the  quantity  of  this  delusive  currency  that 
we  call  money,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  but  a  mere  "  promise  to' pay  " 
money  that  has  no  existence,  produce  corresponding  variations  in  the  mo- 
ney value  of  property  and  debts,  so  that  no  reliable  estimate  can  be  made 
of  property  for  any  considerable  period  of  time.    There  can  be  no  reason- 


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The  Currency  and  ike  Tariff,  193 

aUe  relinnce  that  the  quantity  of  money  whioh  measures  an  obligation  for 
six  months,  will  be  anywhere  at-  its  maturity  to  discharge  the  debt ;  and 
Ais  baffling  uncertainty  renders  the  trade  of  the  country  but  little  better 
than  licensed  gambling. 

Statisticians  demonstrate  that  only  three  to  five  of  every  hundred  who 
enter  into  trade  in  this  country,  pass  through  life  without  failure  or  dying 
in  poverty.  When  we  consider  the  opportunities  thus  afforded  to  the  un- 
scrupulous of  grasping  the  fruits  of  the  labor  of  others,  the  distress  of  the 
conscientious,  the  sufferings  of  families,  the  broken  health  and  broken 
hearts  thus  occasioned,  this  fact  is  perfectly  appalling. 

Perhaps  the  mode  of  estimating  the  exports  and  imports  by  our  cur- 
rency may  be  the  only  practicable  way  of  aggregating  them  for  statistical 
purposes ;  but  it  is  a  very  indecisive  and  unsatisfactory  account  of  jtheir 
quantity ;  for  it  is  quite  possible  that  the  quantity  may  remain  the  same, 
while  by  name  in  money  value  they  would  be  doubled,  or  vice  versa ; 
and  the  same  is  true,  of  course,  in  regard  to  the  wealth  of  the  nation.  In- 
flations or  contractions  of  the  currency  may  double  the  figures  at  one  pe- 
riod, or  reduce  them  fifty  per  cent  at  another.  For  this  reason,  our  tabular 
statements  of  Commerce  and  of  consumption  per  capita,  are  wholly  unre- 
liable ;  they  can  be  frequently  impressed  into  the  service  of  falsehood  as 
well  as  truth,  and  made  to  prove  anything  or  nothing,  to  accommodate 
the  theory  or  the  prejudice  of  the  writer. 

In  the  city  of  Baltimore  I  observed  for  about  twenty-five  years  the  varia- 
tions in  the  value  and  rent  of  a  warehouse  in  the  most  central  position  for 
business,  occupied  in  the  first  instance  by  Mr.  Peabody,  the  present  London 
banker,  at  the  annual  rent  of  $750  per  annum.  It  had  been  built  upon  a 
ground  rent  of  $900  per  annum  four  or  five  years  previously.  The  owner 
had  been  compelled  by  the  monetary  crisis  attending  the  operations  of  the 
branch  of  the  United  States  Bank  in  that  city  in  1819  to  relinquish  it  to 
the  owners  of  the  ground,  who,  with  one  of  the  finest  warehouses  in  the 
city  added  to  their  property,  could  not  obtain  for  it  within  $160  per  annum 
as  much  as  they  had  before  received  for  the  ground  alone.  Flour  at  that 
period  was  worth  $3  76  per  barrel,  so  that  200  barrels  of  flour  would  re- 
present the  yearly  rent  of  that  warehouse.  In  the  subsequent  years  during 
which  it  was  under  my  observations,  the  rent  increased  from  $750  to 
$2,000 ;  and  it  is  an  instructive  coincidence  that  at  each  new  lease,  200 
barrels  of  flour  nearly  or  exactly  represented  the  price  of  that  rent,  varying 
as  it  did  in  money,  and  increasing  nearly  threefold.  No  doubt  that  rent 
is  worth  nearly  or  precisely  200  barrels  of  flour  to-day.  This  ought  to 
show  the  little  reliance  to  be  placed  in  tabular  statements  of  property  in 
money,  with  our  defective  currency.  The  property  in  this  case  is  un- 
changed, excepting  by  the  depreciation  of  age.  It  is  a  warehouse,  costing 
a  certain  amount  of  human  labor  and  ground,  in  the  same  central  posi- 
tion in  regard  to  trade  as  at  first.  It  is  the  same  wealth,  and  nothing 
more.  Yet  a  tabular  statement  of  the  property  of  Baltimore  would  con- 
tain this  item  at  three  times  its  value  in  1823.  Certainly  flour  is  not  a 
very  stable  measure  of  value,  depending  as  it  does  upon  varying  crops  and 
an  uncertain  foreign  demand.  Nevertheless,  it  is  more  reliable  for  long 
contracts  than  money,  under  our  system,  as  this  illustration  demonstrates. 
The  builder  and  owner  of  the  warehouse  in  this  case  was  wronged ;  he 
was  despoiled  of  his  property  by  our  money  system,  and  others  possess  the 
fruit  of  his  labor  without  having  granted  any  equivalent  therefbr.     Every 

VOL.  xxxin. — NO.  II.  13 


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194  The  Ourrmcy  and  the  Tat^ff. 

other  dty  in  the  Union  can  furnish  similar  examples  of  this  inaugarated 
iniquity. 

Of  what  avail,  then,  is  the  provision  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  that  ^^  Congress  shall  have  power  to  coin  money  and  regulate  the 
value  thereof,"  or  the  negative  provision,  that  '^  no  State  shall  emit  bills  of 
credit,  make  anything  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  the  payment  of 
debts,  or  pass  any  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts  ?" 

The  value  of  money  is  regulated  to  disorder^  to  the  impairing  of  con- 
tracts, and  to  the  confusion  of  all  just  ideas  regarding  the  rights  of  prop- 
erty, as  eflfectually  by  the  powers  exercised  by  the  States  in  granting  bank 
charters,  with  authority  to  issue  "  bills  of  credit," — for  bank  notes  are  no- 
thing less  nor  more — and  those  bills  are  as  effectual  and  forcible  a  legal 
tender  in  practice  as  if  the  several  State  Legislatures  passed  direct  laws 
upon  the  subject  at  every  session,  or  even  authorized  the  issue  of  base  coin. 
And  the  following  strange  anomaly  or  rank  absurdity  presents  itself  to 
every  ingenuous  mind  disposed  to  consider  language  to  mean  what  it 
says: — 

*^  A  principal  authorizing  a  thing  to  be  done,  does  it  himself,  and  what 
a  principal  cannot  do  himself,  he  cannot  authorize  to  be  done."  This  is 
good  law  and  good  common  sense ;  in  defiance  of  which,  and  in  defiance 
of  the  plain  provisions  of  the  Constitution,  we  find  the  States  creating 
banks,  authorizing  the  issue  of  notes — bills  of  credit,  in  fact,  and  nothing 
else — and  directly  emitting  bills  of  credit  in  the  form  of  bonds  themsiBlves. 
I  am  aware  that  special  pleading  has  proved  to  the  satisfaction  of  many 
minds  that  these  bank  notes  and  State  bonds  are  not  bills  of  credit  within 
the  meaning  of  the  Constitution,  and  I  once  saw  a  letter  to  this  effect  from 
Mr.  Webster  to  Mr.  Peabody,  of  London,  who  with  others  entertained 
some  scruples  in  regard  to  the  validity  of  State  bonds.  I  suppose  it  satis- 
fied Mr.  Peabody ;  it  did  not  satisfy  me.  If  the  bank  notes  and  State 
bonds  are  not  bills  of  credit,  it  is  impossible  for  a  candid  mind  to  detei^ 
mine  what  else  they  can  be. 

In  the  matter  of  State  debt,  which  I  believe  is  one  difficulty  in  the  way 
of  the  interpretation  of  this  part  of  the  Constitution,  it  seems  to  me  that 
a  sufficient  voucher  might  be  provided  by  entering  the  amouut  subscribed 
to  a  loan  in  a  book  in  the  hands  of  the  creditor,  after  the  manner  of  our 
bank  deposits,  and  by  transfers  on  orders  fi*om  the  creditor,  recorded  in 
the  books  of  the  State  Treasurer.  There  would  seem  to  be  no  constitu- 
tional objection  to  this ;  but  in  regard  to  the  ^^  bank  bill  of  credit,"  that 
huge  power  of  evil,  a  traveling  tinker  among  the  currency,  changing  val- 
ues all  the  time,  causing  violent  transfers  of  property,  a  constant  discoui^ 
agement  to  the  conscientious,  enterprising  merchant,  urging  the  unscru- 
pulous and  cunning  to  dash  boldly  forward  and  occupy,  to  the  exclusion 
of  better  men,  the  avenues  of  trade,  the  great  source  of  poverty  and  dis- 
tress to  honest,  industrious  men  and  their  families,  and,  nnally,  the  cause 
of  broken  hearts,  recorded  in  the  bills  of  mortality  under  every  name  but 
the  true  one ;  it  should  be  utterly  repudiated  and  abolished,  along  with 
the  credit  deposits  that  belong  to  its  system. 

In  our  government  scheme  of  finance,  for  raising  surplus  from  impost 
duties,  we  must  meet  a  struggle  of  opinion  between  the  advocates  of  the 
principles  of  protection  and  revenue,  so  purely  political  and  partisan,  as 
to  blind  the  opponents  to  the  plain  facts  that  lie  at  the  bottom  of  all  pros- 
perity, whether  of  the  individual,  the  family,  the  conununity,  or  the  State. 


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The  Ourreney  <md  the  Tarif.  ^  19S 

This  pro^rity  rests  npon  tbe  free  untaxed  labor,  genius,  and  intelligence, 
of  the  people ;  and  the  less  the  government  has  to  do  with  it  the  better. 
One  man  working  ten  hours  of  the  day,  and  exchanging  his  surplus  prod- 
uce with  another,  working  with  the  same  intelKgenoe  and  industry  only 
seven  hours  of  the  day,  must  bring  the  latter  in  his  debt,  if  both  are  equally 
pmdent  in  their  consumption,  and  exchange  their  products  on  an  equal 
measure  of  value.  This  simple  fact  we  lose  sight  of  in  our  arguments 
upon  the  tariff  question.  There  cannot  be  a  doubt  that  the  labor  of  the 
people  of  this  country,  with  their  power  of  machinery  and  unequaled 
general  intelligence  applied  to  the  production  of  wealth,  is  in  the  ratio  of 
ten  to  seven  of  that  of  England,  the  next  most  favored  nation  of  the 
world,  or  even  greater.  We  need  no  protection  against  such  weakness, 
and  we  should  ask  of  the  government  no  teaching,  only  protection  for  life^ 
liberty,  and  property,  and  the  smallest  possible  tax  of  any  kind.  The 
principle  of  protection  applied  to  the  tariff,  is  in  my  opinion,  a  chimera; 
and  it  is  clearly  a  method  of  inflating  prices,  and  checking  exports ;  there- 
by increasing  the  evil  it  was  designed  to  remedy ;  causing  the  export  of 
specie,  the  returns  of  which  come  to  us  in  luxuries  and  manufactured 
articles,  in  competition  with  our  home  industry.  If  I  pay  my  neighbor 
for  his  home-made  article  more  than  the  foreign  one  would  cost,  I  (marge 
him  the  more  for  my  labor  in  return,  and  we  reciprocally  raise  prices  on 
each  other,  and  on  all  other  producers,  and  thus  aid  the  credit  banking 
system  to  raise  the  prices  of  all  commodities,  till  their  export  becomes  un- 
profitable. In  a  recent  controversy  upon  this  subject  I  took  occasion  to 
present  the  following  proposition.  Suppose  it  costs  you  $600  to  maintain 
your  family  for  a  year,  without  any  tariff  on  your  cotton  and  woolen 
doth,  tea,  coffee^nd  other  necessaries ;  and  during  the  year  you  can  pro- 
duce flour  and  potash,  that  can  be  sold  for  export  to  England  at  the  ex- 
treme limits  of  $050.  What  will  be  your  condition  and  that  of  the  export 
trade,  if,  by  reason  of  a  tariff  on  the  necessaries  consumed  in  your  family, 
your  living  is  made  to  cost  you  $700  ?  You  could  not  afford  to  sell  your 
produce  at  the  exporter's  limits  of  1660,  and  would  not  be  likely  to  do  it 
England  would  procure  her  supplies  from  the  Baltic  ports  or  elsewhere, 
and  draw  on  us  for  $660  of  specie  that  we  should  otherwise  pay  in  flour 
and  ashes.  This  principle  must  run  through  the  whole  field  of  domestic 
labor,  as  I  view  the  subject,  and  through  all  the  ramifications  of  trade : 
therefore  it  appears  to  me  the  lower  we  can  keep  the  duties  the  better. 
My  correspondent  replies  bv  another  question  that  covers  the  whole  argu- 
ment for  the  protective  policy,  so  called.  "  If,"  he  says,  "  by  the  aid  of  a 
tariff  we  create  a  home  market,  that  enables  you  to  realize  $800  for  your 
flour  and  ashes — how  then  ?"  Why  then,  I  rejoin,  it  is  non-intercourse 
and  nothing  else.  But  the  export  of  such  specie  and  the  receipt  of  such 
commodities  as  will  and  must  come  to  buy  it,  for  if  our  usual  products 
cannot  be  exported  by  reason  of  their  high  cost,  it  is  plain  that  we  roust 
•ell  our  specie  or  our  foreign  trade  is  at  an  end,  and  the  industry  it  fosters 
is  at  an  end  with  it  It  would  be  a  severe  tariff,  the  scale  of  which  its 
advocates  have  never  measured,  that  under  the  operation  of  our  system  of 
inflated  prices  would  prevent  the  importation  of  foreign  products,  more 
than  sufficient  to  drain  us  of  all  the  specie  we  could  well  spare,  and  run  us 
in  debt  for  a  large  balance  into  the  bargain.  The  true  policy  under  this 
supposition  would  be,  to  have  a  non-intercouse  act  at  once.  This  would 
at  least  save^to  us  the  California  gold.    Non-intercourse,  embargo,  and 


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190  ,  The  Currency  and  ihe  Tarig. 

war,  first  established  our  cotton  and  woolen  manufEu^tures,  and  nothing 
else  will  sustain  them  if  they  are  not  sustained  abroad,  for  the  tariff  doea 
not  help  us. 

I  have  no  prejudice  against  the  tariff  policy.  Badged  with  the  log-cabin, 
drilled  in  the  Whig  procession,  fed  with  hard  cider,  and  taught  to  consider 
hard  money  and  free  trade  devices  of  the  enemy,  my  prejudices  and  my 
reading  have  been  all  the  other  way.  I  read  the  Tribune  dutifully  still, 
and  have  never  voted  any  but  a  Whig  ticket,  but  the  issues  of  that  party 
are  dead,  and  the  party  is  dead  along  with  them.  There  has  been  time 
for  some  calm  consideration  and  independent  thought  upon  the  subject, 
and  I  make  no  doubt  that  ere  long,  most  practical  merchants  will  agree 
with  me,  that  the  protective  tariff  policy,  and  paper  money,  are  both  mis- 
takes that  need  to  be  rectified. 

I  do  not  now  propose  to  examine  the  question  of  a  revenue  tariff :  but 
I  must  say  that  I  cannot  see  its  justice.  I  cannot  comprehend  why  the 
producer  with  a  large  family,  who  must  necessarily  be  a  liberal  consumer 
of  foreign  products,  and  who  is  apt  to  be  a  poor  man,  should  be  taxed 
more  than  a  wealthy  unproductive  bachelor,  or  a  wealthy  childless  man, 
or  as  much  as  any  wealthy  man,  who  consumes  less  or  no  more  of  foreign 
products  than  he.  It  would  seem  therefore,  that  the  mote  equitable  mode 
of  raising  revenue  for  the  government,  would  be  by  direct  taxation. 

Our  true  and  oflScient  protective  tariff  is  the  intelligence,  enterprise,  in- 
dustry, and  integrity  of  the  people,  to  which  nothing  in  the  known  history 
of  mankind  bears  any  comparison,  and  the  folly  and  weakness  of  Europe. 
These  are  our  protection  and  our  strength. 

With  the  people  of  Europe  war  is  the  most  honorable  employment  and 
the  chief  business  of  life,  requiring  and  usin^  the  strongest  men  ;  and  it 
operates  with  a  more  than  twofold  power  agamst  the  resources  of  the  na- 
tion. It  changes  an  able  producer  to  an  exhausting  consumer.  It  em- 
ploys large  numbers  of  the  population  in  furnishing  food  and  material  for 
the  army,  and  the  labor  and  the  cost  of  supporting  men,  women,  children, 
and  brute  animals  thus  employed,  are  lost  to  the  accumulative  power  and 
wealth  of  the  nation.  Judicious  vmters  assert  that  no  nation  can  carry  on 
an  aggressive  war  for  any  considerable  period  that  shall  require  for  its 
army  more  than  one-fifth  of  its  able-bodied  men,  the  remaining  four-fifths 
being  indispensable  for  the  maintenance  of  the  army  abroad  and  the  mass 
of  tbuB  population  at  home. 

"  In  peace  prepare  for  war,"  is  the  motto  of  all  Europe.  Accordingly, 
we  see  the  nations  bristling  with  bayonets  in  time  of  profound  peace.  It 
is  a  common  idea  that  extravagance  is  the  reason  of  the  balance  of  trade 
being  so  generally  against  this  country,  and  the  cause  of  our  commercial 
embarrassments ;  but  there  is  nothing  in  it.  Exceptional  individuals  there 
are  who  are  extravagant,  and  spend  more  than  they  earn ;  but,  as  a  whole 
people,  we  earn  and  pay  for  all  the  elegancies  and  luxuries  we  enjoy,  and 
have  abundant  means  left.  No  nation  on  the  globe  is  so  little  extravagant 
as  our  own,  in  the  true  sense  of  that  term. 

But  war  is  an  extravagance.  A  standing  army  in  time  of  peace  is  an 
extravagance.  The  army  of  France,  which  I  think  rarely  falls  below 
400,000  men  on  the  peace  establishment,  is  a  plaything  more  costly  and 
exhausting  to  the  resources  of  the  nation  than  all  the  gay  equipages,  rich 
furniture,  silks,  satins,  jewels,  operas,  and  the  other  baubles  that  furnish 
interest  and  amusement  to  all  the  vain  men  and  frivolous  women  in  our 


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7%e  Currency  and  the  Tariff.  »  197 

land ;  and  ftom  these  the  principal  nations  of  Europe  are  no  more  exempt 
than  we.  A  privileged  aristocracy,  exempt  from  labor ;  an  established 
church,  costing,  as  in  England,  $35,000,000  per  annum ;  a  cumbrous  mass 
of  pauperism — all  these  are  extravagances,  the  results  of  an  old  and  de- 
caying civilization,  from  which  we,  as  a  nation,  are  ahnost  wholly  free. 
Our  comparative  exemption  from  these,  and  the  intelligent  industry  of  the 
masses  of  the  population,  promoted  and  secured  by  our  common  schools, 
are  carrying  us  forward  to  a  heig&t  of  power  and  prosperity,  and  with  a 
rapidity  such  as  the  world  never  before  saw  equaled ;  and  we  k^  teaching 
the  world  with  emphasis  the  important  lesson  for  human  happiness,  that 
peajce^  not  wwr,  is  the  true  mode  of  securing  power,  and  the  true  policy  fdr 
mankind. 

Nevertheless,  we  exploiter  each  other  in  our  business  relations  at  home, 
and  we  fritter  away  a  considerable  portion  of  our  productive  labor  for  the 
benefit  of  other  nations.  With  a  productive  power  in  proportion  to  our 
consumption,  constantly  applied,  equal  to  10  to  7  at  least  of  the  next  most 
favored  nation  of  the  world,  the  balance  of  trade  is  almost  constantly 
against  us.  True,  we  can  spare  this  balance,  and  have  the  means  of  pros^ 
perity  left,  but  it  is  waited  on  wars  and  on  objects  foreign  to  our  interests, 
or  to  the  advancement  of  mankind.  We  should  do  better  to  keep  it  at 
home. 

The  explanation  of  this  apparent  paradox,  this  constant  unhappiness 
and  continued  prosperity,  is  before  us  in  the  inflated,  staggering  currency, 
which  is  never  anywhere  in  a  reliable  position  twelve  months  at  a  time, 
and  in  the  never-ceasing  industry  of  the  people.  The  tariff  is  of  secondary 
importance. 

It  remains  to  consider  the  remedy  for  the  evils  we  experience.  This  is 
a  matter  requiring  the  careful  consideration  of  our  merchants.  As  a  class, 
it  appears  to  me  they  have  unaccountably  neglected  a  subject  easy  of  com- 
prehension, the  right  understanding  of  which  is  of  vital  importance  to  their 
prosperity,  and  to  the  general  welfare  of  the  nation. 

It  is  a  trite  remark,  that  it  is  easy  to  point  out  an  evil,  but  not  so  easy 
to  devise  a  remedy.  Periiaps  it  may  be  a  sufficient  answer  to  this  to  say, 
that  an  idea  must  be  created  before  it  can  have  power  to  discover  or  en- 
force its  remedy ;  and  I  think  the  true  idea  in  regard  to  the  currency  has 
J  ret  almost  to  be  created  in  this  country.  The  evu  is  the  o^pring  of  State 
egislation  ;  and  most  men  look  to  legislation  for  the  remedy.  The  efforts 
of  several  of  the  States  to  pass  laws  to  suppress  the  issue  and  circulation 
of  small  bank  notes,  are  in  the  right  direction.  Such  laws  have  been 
passed  in  several  of  the  States,  but  are  effectually  enforced,  I  think,  only 
in  Mainland  and  Virginia;  they  have  had  a  most  beneficial  effect  in 
strengthening  the  currency  of  those  States,  and  none  passed  through  the 
money  pressure  of  the  latter  half  of  last  year  with  so  little  inconvenience 
or  suffering. 

But  it  would  be  impossible  to  get  a  uniform  system  of  legislation  in  the 
several  States  upon  the  subject.  An  attempt  to  pass  a  law  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts Legislature  at  its  last  session,  restraining  the  issue  and  circulation 
of  small  bank  notes,  was  defeated  by  the  selfish  interest  of  the  members, 
many  of  whom,  and  some  of  the  members  of  the  banking  committee,  were 
bank  officers  or  directors,  and  by  the  general  ignorance  of  the  whole,  who 
were  satisfied  with  the  shallow  idea  that  a  one-dollar  note  will  buy  at 
much  as  a  silver  dollar,  and  they  seemed  to  think  that  it  would  be  an 


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198  ♦  The  Currency  and  the  Tariff. 

affliction  to  carry  the  weight  of  specie  in  their  pockets.  But  such  a 
measure,  if  adopted  hy  all  the  States  would  be  only  an  alleviation — not  a 
cure. 

The  true  remedy  I  conceive  lies  with  the  people,  and  more  immediately 
with  the  merchants  in  their  individual  capacity.  If  any  number  of  mer- 
chants in  New  York  or  Boston  would  realize  one  or  two  millions  of  dol- 
lars in  coin,  and  establish  therewith  a  "  mercantile  treasury,"  it  could,  I 
think,  be  so  directed  as  to  beeome  the'  nucleus  of  a  power  that  would 
shortly  reform  the  whole  system  of  the  currency  of  this  coxmtry. 

There  are  men  in  New  York,  and  in  every  other  city  and  community, 
thank  heaven,  who  can  be  trusted.  We  know  them  and  we  trust  them 
now.  Their  note  is  as  good  as  any  bank  note  of  the  best  quality,  and 
their  word  is  as  good  as  their  bond.  K  such  men  would  establish  an  in- 
stitution or  commercial  firm  of  this  character,  manage  it  themselves,  pledge 
themselves  to  each  other  and  to  the  public,  to  receive,  pay,  and  loan  no- 
thing but  specie  or  the  precious  metals — unless  it  might  be  desirable  to 
the  public  for  the  convenience  of  portability,  to  receive  certificates  of  de- 
poMt,  and  never  to  issue  one  dollar  of  that  description  unless  for  the 
equivalent  coin  retained  in  hand — it  could  be  ma^e  a  substitute  for  our 
savings  banks,  that  are  now  little  else  than  satellites  of  the  other  banks  of 
the  credit  system.  They  could  borrow  money  at  four,  and  loan  it  at  six 
or  seven  per  cent ;  they  could  charge  a  commission  on  accounts,  loans,  or 
transfers ;  they  might  deal  in  exchange,  perhaps  make  advances  for  a  com- 
mission on  bullion  or  plate  deposited ;  and  other  sources  of  profit  might 
be  found  in  the  practical  working  of  the  institution  to  remunerate  the  pro- 
prietors. But  it  would  operate  with  power,  I  think,  in  the  correction  of 
the  evils  of  the  present  diseased  currency,  by  keeping  in  check  the  issues 
of  the  banks  of  the  credit  system,  for  whose  notes,  to  the  extent  of  its  op- 
erations, it  would  substitute  specie. 

It  is  a  circumstance  generally  unknown  or  unthought  of,  that  when  the 
alarm  in  regard  to  the  Provident  Institution  for  Savings  in  Boston  took 
place  last  fall,  in  consequence  of  the  fact  becoming  known  to  the  public 
that  the  institution  had  invested  largely  in  the  stock  of  the  Webster  Bank, 
the  deposits  in  that  institution  and  the  other  savings  banks  in  the  cit^ 
and  suDurban  towns,  amounted  to  between  eight  and  nine  millions  of  dol- 
lars. They  had  nothing  to  pay  out  but  notes  of  the  Boston  banks.  The 
whole  sum  of  specie  in  those  banks  was  only  $2,400,000,  and  they  had 
before  as  much  as  they  could  do  to  take  care  of  themselves,  their  custom- 
ers, and  •  their  circulation  previously  issued.  New  York  was  as  much 
pressed  for  specie  as  Boston.  There  was  no  resource  for  an  immediate 
additional  supply.  In  this  emergency,  a  Catholic  priest  and  a  wealthy 
Irishman  addressed  the  assembled  multitude,  who  were  clamoring  for  the 
return  of  their  deposits,  assuring  them  of  their  safety ;  and  the  excitement 
subsided.  It  was  full  time.  Such  a  state  of  things  is  preposterous,  and 
should  carry  a  condemnation  of  the  system  that  produces  it. 

The  reduction  in  the  quantity  of  money,  and  the  fall  of  prices  that 
would  follow  the  substitution  of  coin  for  our  entire  paper  currency,  I  have 
not  now  time  to  consider.  It  may  form  the  subject  of  a  future  article ; 
but  it  may  be  well  now  to  say  that  great  misapprehension  exists  concern- 
ing this.  The  change  would  be  almost  entirely  a  substitution  of  the  one 
for  the  other,  and  not  a  great  reduction  in  quantity  to  cause  a  general  or 
disastrous  foil  of  prices  in  this  country ;  for  the  balance  of  trade  is  legiti- 


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7%e  Currency  and  th$  Tariff.  ,  190 

mately  in  our  favor,  as  I  have  already  demoDstrated,  lo  secure  the  coin  to 
any  desired  extent  as  soon  as  we  shall  require  its  use.  No  nation  in  the 
world  could  exchange  products  with  us  on  a  specie,  or  any  other  equal 
measure  of  value,  without  falling  in  our  debt.  This  is  the  explanation  of 
the  early  and  entire  success  of  the  Sub-Treasury  that  politicians  supposed 
would  require  and  absorb  all  the  specie,  and  break  every  bank  in  the 
United  States.  That  admirably  devised  scheme  of  finance  now  retains  in 
the  country  twenty  or  thirty  millions  of  dollars  of  specie  that  would  in- 
evitably cause  inflation,  fluctuation,  and  wide-spread  disaster,  as  before, 
and  would  disappear  like  magic,  if  the  ^vemment  funds  should  be  again 
committed  to  the  custody  of  the  credit  banking  system.  That  money 
alone,  in  my  opinion,  preserved  our  banks  from  a  general  suspension  of 
specie  payments  during  the  recent  pressure. 

In  the  present  delusion  of  the  public  mind  regarding  banks,  the  system 
of  expansion  and  inflation  cannot  stand  still.  The  establishment  of  a  bank 
is  generally  considered,  in  a  country  neighborhood,  equivalent  to  the  crea- 
tion of  wealth  to  the  sum  of  its  capital  at  least ;  and  the  legislature  cannot 
equitably  refuse  a  loan  so  valued,  and  already  so  freely  granted,  to  any 
town  that  may  petition  for  it.  More  capital,  more  capital,  is  the  constant 
cry.  Every  one  thinks  it  necessary  to  provide  more  money  for  increasing 
prices  and  increasing  demands.  Nobody  thinks  of  the  natural  remedy  for 
a  deficiency  of  money — lower  prices,  till  they  fall  in  an  avalanche  on  all 
the  property  touched  by  the  magic  finger  of  the  idolized  bank.  The 
sapient  member  of  the  Legislature,  a  duality  of  statesman  and  bank  di- 
rector, says  a  bank  note  will  buy  as  much  as  the  specie.  It  is  money,  in 
his  opinion,  real  money,  therefore  the  making  of  a  bank  is  the  making  of 
money  ;  and  so  we  apparently  go  ahead,  but  really  advancing  backtoards  ; 
and  so  we  must  go,  so  far  as  I  can  see,  if  we  depend  on  legislation,  till  the 
bubble  bursts  in  a  general  suspension  of  specie  payments.  Then  will  a 
specie  deposit  bank,  or  an  institution  such  as  I  have  described,  be  the  only 
one  having  character  or  capacity  to  do  anything ;  and  then  will  its  merits 
commend  it  to  public  favor  in  a  manner  that  will  probably  put  an  end  to 
Uie  present  credit  banking  system  in  this  country  forever. 

Now,  a  "  mercantile  treasury  "  of  this  character  might  place  and  keep  in 
circulation,  in  coin,  a  large  portion  or  all  of  the  money  usually  held  on 
deposit  in  the  "  savings  institutions,"  so  called,  which  serve  at  present  in  a 
great  degree  as  a  means  of  inflation  in  other  banks,  and  it  could  not  be 
pressed  for  its  engagements.  It  would  substitute  the  thing  promised 
to  be  paid  for  the  mere  "  promise  to  pay,"  and  it  would  be  a  public  bene- 
diction. 

I  am  not  alone  in  this  opinion.  A  new  sentiment  wholly  independent 
of  politics  is  fast  growing  into  importance,  that  would  rally  around  and 
sustain  any  reliable  institution  established  to  give  it  practical  effect 


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200  Canada :  its  Commerce  and  jRe9our€ei. 


Art.  T.— CANADA:  ITS  C09MERCE  AND  &ESOURCES. 

In  the  selection  of  a  country  which  offers  the  greatest  security  to  life  and 
property,  and  yields  the  lareest  reward  for  labor  and  capital,  Europeans  wiil 
readily  appreciate  the  fact  that  North  America  presents  to  the  laoorer  and 
capitalist  inducements  superior  to  those  of  any  other  on  the  globe.  Em- 
bracing almost  every  variety  of  climate,  soil,  and  production,  and  possessing 
natural  resources  and  advantages,  which,  properly  developed  and  improved, 
will  make  its  inhabitants  conspicuous  among  the  people  of  the  earth  for 
wealth  and  commercial  as  well  as  political  influence,  America  supplieB  for 
the  surplus  population  and  capital  of  Europe  a  field  for  enterprise  that  ad- 
mits of  no  limitation  or  comparison. 

Canada,  which  may  safely  be  regarded  as  the  most  thriving  and  prosper- 
ous portion  of  the  continent,  on  account  of  its  great  agricultural  resources, 
and  its  proximity  to  the  ocean  navigation  and  the  Atlantic  markets,  exhibits 
in  its  remarkable  increase  of  population  and  trade,  undoubted  evidence  of  a 
substantial,  real  progress  in  those  material  interests  which  combine  to  give  a 
nation  strength. 

While  the  population  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  increased  from 
26,883,496,  in  1841,  to  27,452,262,  in  1851,  or  at  the  rate  of  about  half 
a  million,  or  about  2  per  cent,  during  the  ten  years,  and  while  the  popula- 
tion of  France  increased  from  34,280,278,  in  1841,  to  35,781,028,  in  1851, 
showing  an  increase  of  1,551,450,  or  4^  per  cent,  in  ten  years,  the  popula- 
tion of  the  United  States  and  British  North  America  increased  from 
20,000,000,  in  1841,  to  27,200,000,  in  1851,  showing  an  increase  of 
7,200,000,  or  about  36  per  cent,  in  ten  years. 

POPULATION — UPPER  CANADA. 


1811.          18i8.          1812. 

77,000          186,000          261,060 

18S8.              18^1. 
886,824          466,867 

LOWE&  CANADA. 

1841. 

486,066 

1851. 

962,004 

1811. 
611,920 

1844. 

690,782 

18^1. 

B  90,261 

1881— say  Upper  Canada. . . 
6ay  Lower  Canada... . 

240,000    1861— eay  Upper  Canada  . . 
6 1 1,920               eay  Lower  Canada . . . 

761,920                        Totol...   

959,004 
890.261 

Total 

1,842,266 
2.260.000 

1856.  estimated  at 

While  the  free  population  of  the  United  States  increased  from  5,305,925, 
in  .1800,  to  20,000,000,  in  1850,  or  nearly  400  per  cent  in  fifty  years.  Up- 
per Canada  increased  from  77,000,  in  1811,  to  952,000,  in  1851,  or  1,100 
per  cent  in  forty  years,  Ohio,  Michigan,  and  Illinois,  the  most  thriving 
portion  of  the  United  States,  increased  320  per  cent  in  twenty  years,  from 
1830  to  1850 ;  Upper  Canada  in  the  same  time  increased  375  per  cent. 
The  abolition  of  the  Seigniorial  Tenure  in  Lower  Canada  will,  doubtless,  be 
attended  by  a  more  rapid  increase  of  population  than  formerly.  The  lon- 
gevity of  Canada  is  unequaled,  there  are  4,100  persons  between  80  and  90 
years  of  age;  1,270  between  90  and  100;  and  74  between  100  and  120. 

In  the  consideration  of  the  respective  merits  of  the  difierent  localities  or 


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Canada :  its  Commerce  and  Resources.  201 

dtstricU  of  the  North  American  Continent,  it  is  reasonable  to  assume  that 
the  Valley  of  the  Rivers  Mississippi  and  Missouri,  should  be  considered  at 
present  the  extreme  western  limits  of  that  portion  of  the  North  American 
Continent  which  is  favorable  to  agriculture  and  other  industrial  pursuits. 
Those  States  bordering  upon  the  Atlantic  Ocean  are  tbe  oldest  and  foremost 
in  manufactures  and  Commerce.  Possessing  the  seaports,  they  are  engaged 
in  Commerce  between  the  interior  of  the  continent  and  foreign  countries. 
As  a  general  thing  the  soil  of  tbe  Atlantic  States  is  not  so  remunerative  to 
labor  as  those  rich  tracts  of  land  in  the  vicinity  of  the  great  rivers  and 
lakes  of  the  conUnent,  which  find  access^  to  the  ocean  at  New  Orleans  and 
Qaebec 

Those  States  south  of  latitude  40^  and  known  as  ^^  slave  States,'^  are 
Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Missouri,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Mississippi,  Alabama, 
Georgia,  Florida,  South  Carolina,  North  Carolina,  Virginia,  and  Maryland. 
The  dimate  of  that  section  of  the  continent  is  highly  unfavorable  to  Euro- 
peans or  whites,  with  perhaps  the  exception  of  the  most  northern  districts. 
The  chief  products  are  cotton,  rice,  tobacco,  and  sugar,  which  are  cultivated 
by  slave  labor. 

Without  attempting  to  settle  the  question  as  to  the  right  of  man  to  en- 
slave or  degrade  his  brother-man,  it  is  sufficient,  for  our  present  purpose,  to 
know  that  the  Southern  slave  States  present,  in  comparison  with  the  North- 
em  free  States  and  the  Province  of  Canada,  at  least  a  humiliating  spectacle 
in  the  eyes  of  the  civilized  world.  While  the  slave  territory  of  the  South 
experiences  no  marked  progress  in  population,  wealth,  education,  agriculture, 
arts,  and  Commerce,  the  free  territory  of  the  North  is  rapidly  advancing  in 
everything  which  tends  to  the  solidity  and  greatness  of  a  nation.  Tbe  an- 
tagonism that  exists  between  free  labor  and  slave  labor,  deprives  the  former 
of  that  dignity  and  value  which  it  possesses  in  the  more  enlightened  pro- 
gressive free  territory  of  the  North.  It  may  well  be  questioned  how  far 
5ie  peculiar  institutions  of  the  South  are  capable  of  givmg  security  to  the 
investment  of  capital  within  its  borders,  when  we  consider  the  possibility  of 
a  dissolution  of  the  Union,  and  a  separation  of  the  free  States  from  the 
slave  States,  the  result  of  which  would  unquestionably  be  disastrous  to  the 
white  population  of  the  South. 

With  a  prudent  forecast,  and  with  an  intelligent  appreciation  of  the  facts 
already  stated,  the  most  discriminating  and  prosperous  of  the  millions  of 
Europe  who  have  migrated  to  America,  have  selected  for  their  residence  the 
best  portion  of  the  continent,  and  which  may  be  described  as  the  Valley  or 
Basin  of  the  St  Lawrence  and  the  great  Western  Lakes.  The  States  of 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Michigan,  bordering  upon  those  lakes, 
together  with  the  Provinces  of  Canada,  offer  a  greater  amount  of  prospect- 
ive increase  to  the  laborer  and  capitalist  than  any  other  section  of  the  con- 
tinent From  this  rich  tract  of  land,  extending  a  distance  of  nearly  two 
thousand  miles,  with  a  coast  line  of  nearly  three  thousand  miles,  from  the 
mouth  of  the  St  Lawrence  to  the  head  of  the  great  lakes,  the  Atlantic  and 
European  markets  derive,  to  a  considerable  extent,  their  supplies  of  bread- 
stuff and  provisions ;  and  it  may,  with  strict  propriety,  be  designated  as 
the  "  Garden  of  America." 

The  enormous  increase  of  wealth  and  population  having  its  basis  on  the 
ample  resources  and  natural  riches  of  that  fertile  re<rion,  evince  a  rapidity 
and  steadiness  of  growth,  in  every  department  of  material  prosperity,  be- 
longing to  no  other  country  of  the  same  extent  in  the  world. 


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202 


Canada :  its  Commerce  tjmd  Ee9(mTte$, 


The  trade  of  the  Wetteni  Lakee  in  1841  was  Taloed  at , 

1846 
«  "  1861 


$66,000,000 

186,000,000 

800,000,000 

Exclusive  of  the  cost  of  vessels  and  the  profits  of  the  passenger  trade. 

The  surplus  waters  of  those  lakes  are  all  tributary  to  the  River  St  Law- 
rence. Canada  possesses  this  great  natural  commercial  highway,  or  channel 
of  communication  between  the  interior  of  the  American  Continent  and  the 
Atlantic,  and  holds  the  ocean  key  to  lakes  and  rivers,  on  which  is  carried  a 
Commerce  amounting  already  to  the  enormous  sum  of  $400,000,000  an- 
nually. 

A  consideration  of  the  position  of  Canada,  with  a  territory 'of  160,000,000 
acres  of  land,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  susceptible  of  the  highest  culti- 
vation and  improvement,  with  a  steady  but  rapid  increase  of  population, 
which  is  doubled  every  fifteen  years ;  and  with  the  astonishing  growth  of 
her  trade,  Commerce,  and  navigation,  will  result  in  the  conviction  that  Can- 
ada has  a  future,  and  that  she  holds  a  favorable  position  for  the  promotion 
of  her  industrial  and  commercial  interests,  and  for  a  liberal  participation  in 
that  substantial  progress  and  advancement  in  the  acquisition  of  public 
wealth,  which,  as  a  natural  consequence  of  the  rapid  development  of  ^vast 
resources,  will  attend  the  untrammeled  energies  of  the  enterprising  n^Uions 
of  America. 

Easy  of  cultivation,  remunerative  to  labor,  and  favorably  situated  upon 
the  great  navigable  highway  to  the  ocean,  the  land  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
St  Lawrence  and  its  tributary  waters,  will  appear  exceedingly  desirable  to 
all  who  appreciate  Jts  advantages  in  respect  to  fertility  of  soil  and  easy  ac- 
cess to  the  principal  markets  of  the  worid. 

The  agricultural  interests  of  Canada  are  exhibited  in  the  following  state- 
ment:— 


Total  occupied  acres  of  land  cultivated  . . . 
**  **  uncultivated  , 


7,800.889 
17,989,796 


Say  18,000,000  acres  occupied  lands,  worlb  £65?879,048  or  $273,5^6,1^2. 
The  average  price  of  the  Canadian  occupied  lands  is  about  $15  25  per  acre, 
or  £3  sterling,  which  is  about  the  annual  rent  of  lands  in  England.  Un- 
occupied lands  can  be  bought  at  from  five  shillings  sterling  to  twenty  shil- 
lings sterling  per  acre.    There  are  under  cultivation : — 

1,189,811  acres  of  wheat,  yielding  16,155,946  bushels,  or  14|  bushels 
per  acre,  20  bushels  per  acre  being  a  fair  average  on  good  wheat  lands. 

89,876  acres  Lidian  corn,  yielding  2,029,544  bushels,  or  22  bushels  per 
acre,  26  bushels  per  acre  being  a  fair  average  on  good  com  lands. 

77,972  acres  rye,  yielding  869,835  bushels,  or  11|  bushels  per  acre. 

329,755  acres  peas,  yielding  4,223,487  bushels,  or  13  bushels  per  acre, 
1 7  bushels  being  a  fair  average  on  good  land. 

913,366  acres  oats,  yielding  21,434,840  bushels,  or  24  bushels  per  acre, 

65,660  acres  barley,  yielding  1,389,499  bushels,  or  21|  bushels  per  acre. 


Pototoes bush.  10,080,178 

Hay tons  1,647,486 

Buckwheat bush.  1,169,681 

Hops lbs.  224,222 

Maple  sugar 9,772,199 

Hemp  and  flax 1,917,666 

Cider galU.  754,989 


Tobacco IbB.  1,268,183 

Butter »5,«18,467 

Cheese 2.787,790 

Wool 4,180,740 

Beef bWa.  1 82,669 

Pork 668,928 


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Canada :  its  Camntsree  and  Bedomtes, 


209 


THS  LIVE  8T00K  OOMPaiSlfr— 


Hor?e«.    885,87*7  I  Sheep  . 

Horned  cattle. 1,882,644  |  Swine  . 


1,697,849 

825,476 

Total  Talae  of  live  stock • £10,947,687 

Total  aoBoal  yaloe  of  grain. 5,624,268 

Total  annual  value  of  other  produce 4,485,158 

Total  annual  ralue  of  manufactured  agricultural  products 1,455,999 

Total  annual  value  of  beef  and  pork 1,605,908 

Total £24,071,766 

The  agricultural  products  and  farming  stock  of  Canada  divided  equally 
among  the  total  population  of  men,  women,  and  children,  would  supply 
each  family  of  six  persons  throughout  the  Provinces  annually  with — 


Wheat 2,940  lbs.,  or  52i  bush. 

Indian  com    . .  •  392  Iba.,  or    7  buah. 

Rye 168  lbs.,  or    8  bush. 

Peaa. 768  lbs.,  or  13  bush. 

Ottia 2,112lb8,or66  bush. 

Barley 192lbe.,or   4  bush. 

Potatoes. 1,748  lbs.,  or  38  bush. 


Buckwheat . . . , 
Maple  sugar  . . 

Cheese , 

Beef  and  pork  , 


160  lbs.,  or  8}  bosh. 

82  lbs. 

92  lbs. 
480  lbs. 


Food,  each  family    9,064  Iba. 


Besides  5  sheep,  4  oxen  and  cows,  3  hogs,  24  acres  of  land  occupied  and 
cultivated,  or  60  acres  of  land  occupied,  improved,  and  unimproved,  leaving 
140,000,000  aCres  yet  unoccupied  and  uncultivated. 

In  the  above  statement,  it  will  be  observed,  only  the  leading  staple  arti- 
dea  have  been  named,  and  no  mention  is  made  of  the  garden  and  farm 
vegetables,  fruits,  poultry  and  game,  fish,  and  other  items  of  food,  which 
are  veij  abundant — and  also,  that  in  the  calculation  the  entire  population  of 
Canada  is  embraced.  One  important  fact  may  be  inferred  from  an  attentive 
consideration  of  the  foregoing  statement,  viz. :  that  the  people  of  Canada 
have  an  abundance  of  rich,  wholesome  food,  and  after  supplying  the  wants 
of  the  farmers,  and  the  mechanics,  manufacturers,  merchanta,  and  other  Ca- 
nadian consumers,  have  a  large  surplus  of  produce  for  exportation.  The 
exports  of  Canada  amount  in  value  to  about  $24,000,000  annually. 

The  surplus  agricultural  products  of  the  soil  form  an  important  item  of 
public  wealth,  and  a  substantial  basis  for  Commerce  with  other  countries. 
Although  the  agricultural  productions  of  Canada  furnish  evidence  of  its 
prosperity,  it  is  not  upon  these  alone  that  her  inhabitants  rely  for  support. 
The  products  of  the  forest  supply  Canadians  with  sources  of  wealth  which 
are  not  easily  overestimated.  From  the  Ottawa  and  other  rivers  emptying 
into  the  St  Lawrence,  immense  quantities  of  timber  and  lumber  are  brought 
to  the  seaboard  for  exportation. 

The  timber  exports  of  Canada,  amount  to  tlO,000,000  annually.  From  these 
exports  Canada  also  derives  a  solid  basis  for  her  Commerce  with  other  coun- 
tries. The  capacity  of  Canada  to  sustain  a  large  population  is  quite  appar- 
ent Her  people  may  be  increased  to  25,000,000,  with  a  corresponding  in- 
crease of  genemi  prosperity. 

Any  man  of  ordinary  capadty  and  industry  can  obtain  employment  and  com- 
mand wages  on  the  farm — in  the  shop— and  the  factory — in  the  ship  yard 
or  the  forest — in  improving  new  or  cultivating  old  landb — in  the  navigation 
of  the  noble  lakes  and  rivers — in  the  pursuit  of  Agriculture,  Manufactures 
and  Commerce,  that  will  enable  him  to  enjoy  this  "  bill  of  fare,''  a  perusal 


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204  Canada :  its  Commerce  and  Beeaurces. 

of  which  will  satisfy  Europeans  that  in  Canada  they  need  not  be  deprived  of 
the  necceftsaries,  the  comforts  or  the  luxuries  of  life.  By  a  recent  treaty 
made  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  of  America,  the  free 
navigation  of  the  river  St  Lawrence  is  secured  to  the  United  States  of 
America,  and  free  access  to  the  markets  of  the  United  States  is  secured  for 
the  produce  of  Canada.  The  farmers  of  Canada  can  now  have  the  choice 
of  Canadian,  American  and  European  markets  for  the  sale  of  their  produce. 

The  duty  exacted  by  the  United  States  Government  upon  ordinary  im- 
portations of  merchandise  from  Europe  is  twenty  per  cent,  while  the  Prov- 
ince of  Canada  requires  only  twelve-and-a-half  per  cent  upon  the  same 
articles.  This  is  considered  by  some  as  an  advantage  of  seven-and-a-half 
per  cent  upon  importations,  in  favor  of  Canadian  consumers,  while  others 
have  regarded  the  high  duty  upon  imported  goods  as  favorable  to  the  con- 
sumer, because  by  keeping  out  of  the  country  foreign  manufactures,  they  en- 
courage home  or  domestic  manufactures,  and  thereby  create  good  **  home  or 
near  markets,"  for  the  produce  of  the  farms.  However  this  may  have  been, 
it  is  now  positively  certain,  that  Canadians  have  the  privilege  of  choosing 
markets,  and  under  the  present  system,  their  position  is  highly  advantage- 
ous for  Agriculture,  Manufactures  and  Commerce. 

Water-power  on  the  Canadian  rivers,  and  cheap  fuel  for  propelling  ma- 
chinery for  manufacturing  purposes,  may  be  easily  procured,  and  in  addition 
to  these  natural  facilities,  the  government  by  the  admission,  at  a  mere  nom- 
inal duty  or  free  of  duty  into  the  Province,  of  the  raw  materials  of  cotton, 
wool,  dec,  are  encouraging  Canadian  manufactures.  Experienced  mechanics 
and  artisans  readily  find  employment  for  their  skill  and  talent  in  Canada. 
The  display  of  Canadian  manufactures  at  the  Annual  Provincial  Exhibition, 
some  of  which  elicited  much  admiration  at  the  World's  Industrial  Exhibi- 
tion in  London  in  1851,  specimens  of  which  may  be  seen  at  the  Paris  Exhi- 
bition of  1855,  reflects  great  credit  upon  the  manufacturing  and  mechanical 
classes  in  Canada.  Europeans  would  find  this  a  profitable  field  for  the  in- 
vestment of  capital  in  manufacturing  establishments,  under  the  guidance  of 
skillful  mechanics  from  England,  France,  Germany,  Belgium  and  other 
countries  where  manufactures  have  attained  perfection.  The  iron  and  cop- 
per mines  of  Canada  are  important  sources  of  wealth. 

The  ship-yards,  iron  forges,  nail  factories,  flour  and  lumber  establish- 
ments, tanneries,  machine  shops,  paper  mills  and  factories  of  various  kinds 
in  Canada,  will  compare  favorably  with  those  of  other  and  older  countries, 
and  with  the  continued  progress  and  advancement  of  the  agricultural  inter- 
ests of  Canada,  it  is  reasonable  to  anticipate  a  corresponding  prosperity  in 
that  other  strong  arm  of  national  wealth,  which  may  be  designated  as  the 
mechanical  or  manufacturing  interest. 

Agriculture  and  manufactures — twin  elements  of  a  nation's  strength — 
should,  and  doubtless  will,  go  hand-in-hand,  and  be  mutually  tributary  to 
each  other's  prosperity  in  Canada.  The  fraternal  and  intimate  relation  Uiey 
bear  to  each  other  in  the  Province,  forbids  that  antagonism  of  feeling  or  in- 
terest which  exists  in  older  or  more  densely  populated  countries,  where  the 
agricultural  and  mechanical  interests  sometimes  come  into  collision  in  the 
adjustment  of  questions  affecting  the  general  commercial  interest  and  policy 
of  those  countries. 

The  natural  commercial  facilities  of  Canada  have  and  are  constantly  being 
improved  by  the  construction  of  canals  and  railways.  The  public  works  of 
Canada  are  of  an  extensive  character,  and  will  compare  favorably  with  those 


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Canada :  its  Commerce  and  Besources.  205 

of  any  country  in  the  world.  There  are  already  constructed  80  miles  of 
canab,  costing  $15,000,000,  and  of  sufficient  dimensions  to  enable  vessels 
from  any  European  port  to  ascend  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  great  lakes  On- 
tario, Erie,  Huron,  Michigan  and  Superior,  touching  at  the  ports  of  Quebec, 
Montreal,  Kingston,  Toronto,  Hamilton,  Bufialo,  Cleveland,  Detroit,  and 
Chicago.  Cargoes  of  produce  from  any  of  these  porta  may  be  conveyed  to 
Europe  without  breaking  bulk  or  transhipment  of  any  kind,  if  desired. 
From  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  lakes,  several  lines  of  railroad  to  the  interior 
are  open  and  in  process  of  construction. 

The  Grand  Trunk  Railway  with  the  connecting  lines  of  railway  in  Canada, 
amounting  to  about  1,200  miles,  will  supply  an  open  communication,  at  all 
seasons  of  the  year,  between  the  different  points  in  the  interior  and  the  sea- 
board, and  will  supply  immigrants  and  travelers  arriving  at  Quebec,  Mon- 
treal, or  Portland,  from  Europe,  safe,  comfortable  and  speedy  conveyance  to 
any  part  of  Canada  and  the  Western  States.  In  addition  to  the  railways, 
there  are,  during  the  season  of  navigation,  several  lines  of  steamers  ascend- 
ing and  descending  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Western  lakes. 

Immigrants  arnving  at  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore  and  other 
Atlantic  ports,  intending  to  proceed  to  Canada  or  the  Western  Statea,  are 
necessarily  subjected  to  the  inconvenience,  expense  and  danger  attending  a 
long  journey  by  land,  by  routes  that  for  five  hundred,  one  thousand,  or  fifteen 
hundred  miles  afford  no  opportunity  for  cooking,  washing  and  sleeping. 
Assuming  two  cents,  or  one  penny  sterling  per  mile,  as  the  average  cost  of 
land  transportation,  for  each  emigrant,  from  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and 
Baltimore,  to  Chicago,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  great  distributing 
point  of  the  West,  the  expense  for  a  family  of  six  persons  must  be  about  $  1 60 
or  £Z0  sterling,  while  the  same  persons  could  go  comfortably  per  St.  Law- 
rence steamers,  from  Quebec  to  Chicago,  at  an  expense  of  not  exceeding  one 
cent  or  half-penny  sterling  per  mile  each,  which  would  be  a  saving  to  the 
family  of  at  least  $75  or  £15  steriing,  by  taking  the  St.  Lawrence  route. 
This  sum  saved  would  be  sufficient  to  buy  fifty  or  sixty  acres  of  unimproved 
government  land. 

By  taking  the  St.  Lawrence  route,  emigrants  have  the  twofold  advantage 
of  the  most  desirable  route  to  the  Western  States,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
opportunity  to  become  acquainted  with  the  resources  of  Canada,  and  its  ad- 
vantages as  a  place  of  residence. 

The  portof  Quebec  was  visited  in  1,854  by  1563  vessels,  equal  to  600,838 
tons  *;  besides,  built  at  Quebec  68  vessels,  equal  to  46,628  tons ;  making 
1,631  vessels,  equal  to  647,628  tons,  as  the  total  amount  of  shipping  at 
Quebec,  for  cargoes  of  Canadian  lumber  and  produce,  viz : 


Voaeels. 

Eqnalto. 

British 

1899 

619,891 

Korwegiafl 

68 

24,884 

Prussian 

18 

7,084 

Oerroan 

7 

2,662 

Swedish 

4 

1,866 

Vessels. 

Equal  to. 

Aufitriao 

1 

811  tons. 

French 

2 

463    « 

Portuguese 

16 

2.871     " 

American 

64 

41,639     « 

Canadian 

68 

46,790     " 

1,681  647,628 

The  immigration  into  Canada  in  1854  increased  50  per  cent  over  that  of 
1853,  and  was  as  follows  :  From  England,  18,473  ;  Ireland,  16,876 ;  Scot- 
land, 6,770;  Continent  of  Europe,  11,683;  Lower  Ports,  652.  Total, 
53,794. 

The  policy  of  the  government  in  selling  wild  lands  at  a  merely  nomi- 


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206  Canada :  iU  ComtMroe  and  IU$ouree9, 

nal  price  to  actual  settlers,  is  attractive,  and  in  districts  recently  surveyed, 
the  settlenoent  has  been  so  rapid  that  new  districts  will  soon  be  in  requisi- 
tion to  meet  the  wants  of  the  increasing  population.  A  portion  of  the 
above-mentioned  immigrants  proceeded  to  the  Western  States,  and  came 
via  Quebec,  on  account  of  its  being  the  most  economical  route. 

The  St  Lawrence  is  also  the  most  desirable  for  freight  between  the 
Western  lakes  and  the  seaboard.  Appreciating  this  fact,  several  Western 
railway  companies  have  imported  large  quantities  of  railroad  iron  from 
Great  JBritain  via  River  St.  Lawrence.  The  freight  of  iron  from  Liver- 
pool to  Quebec  and  Montreal  is  about  the  same  as  from  Liverpool  to  Bos- 
ton, New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Baltimore.  The  cost  of  transportation 
from  Montreal  to  ports  on  Lake  Erie  is  about  $3,  or  1 2s.  sterling,  per  ton, 
against  $12  or  $]  5,  equal  to  488.  to  60s.  sterling,  per  ton,  by  these  over- 
land routes.  Flour  is  conveyed  from  Chicago,  at  the  head  of  Lake 
Michigan,  to  Montreal  for  28.  sterling  per  barrel  The  cost  per  United 
States  railways  or  canals  to  the  seaboard  is  about  4s.  sterling  per  barrel. 

The  free  navigation  of  the  River  St.  Lawrence  will  now  make  the  nat- 
ural advantages  of  the  Canadian  route  between  the  seaboard  and  the  in- 
terior of  the  continent  available  for  a  large  carrying  trade,  and  the  re- 
moval of  all  former  restrictions  will  invest  that  noble  highway  with  its 
appropriate  commercial  importance  and  value.  Already  its  superior  ad- 
vantages attract  the  attention  of  enterprising  merchants  in  the  United 
States,  Canada,  and  Europe,  and  as  it  becomes  more  generally  known  it 
will  be  more  highly  appreciated  and  employed. 

Having  glanced  at  the  material  interests  of  Canada,  and  the  induce- 
ments presented  to  the  agricultural,  manufacturing,  and  commercial 
classes  for  the  investment  of  labor  and  capital,  it  may  be  proper  to  notice 
its  educational  and  political  institutions. 

The  educational  system  is  well  established,  an4  receives  the  fostering 
care  and  attention  of  the  government.  Liberal  'appropriations  of  public 
moneys  are  made  by  the  Parliament  and  people  for  the  support  of  schools 
throughout  the  province.  There  are  500  schools,  attended  by  225,000 
scholars,  supported  at  an  annual  expense  of  $400,000,  or  100,000/. 

If  any  Canadian  youth  is  deprived  of  a  good  business  education,  the 
fault  rests  with  the  parent,  who  withholds  from  the  child  the  opportunity 
to  attend  the  Common  Schools  of  the  country,  or  with  the  unfortunate  one 
who  neglects  to  improve  the  educational  facilities  so  universally  avail- 
able. The  literary  institutions  of  Canada  are  of  a  high  order,  and  ably 
sustained. 

The  political  institutions  of  Canada  are  in  the  form  of  a  responsible  or 
a  representative  system  of  government,  which  consists  of  a  Parliament  of 
130  representatives,  chosen  by  the  holders  of  land  the  annual  value  of 
which  IS  6/.  sterling,  and  40  councillors,  appointed  by  the  Executive.  The 
Governor- General  of  the  province  is  the  representative  of  her  majesty  the 
Queen  of  England.  The  Parliament  is  supposed  to  represent  the  wishes 
of  the  people,  and  is  invested  with  the  power  of  making  the  laws  of  the 
province.  The  Governor-General  seldom  interferes  with  the  legislation  of 
the  People's  Parliament,  and  is  assisted  by  the  advice  of  the  Executive 
Council  or  ministry  of  the  province,  who  are  responsible  to  the  people  for 
their  conduct,  and  can  only  retain  oflBce  as  advisers  of  the  crown  so  long 
as  they  can  retain  the  confidence  of  the  people's  representatives  in  Parlia- 
ment.   If  good,  sound,  judicious,  wholesome  laws,  are  not  made  and  ad- 


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Journal  of  Mercantile  Law.  207 

ministered  according  to  the  liberal  constitution  of  the  country,  the  remedy 
is  in  the  hands  of  the  electors  of  the  province,  with  whom  the  power  of 
giving  character  to  the  ^vemment  is  lodged.  The  pro^ritj  of  Canada 
is  the  best  evidence  of  the  adaptation  of  its  laws  and  system  of  govern- 
ment to  the  wants  and  circumstances  of  its  enterprising  people. 

Canada  has  no  standing  army,  and  requires  none,  but  there  are  120 
newspapers  and  journals  published  in  the  province,  and  the  freedom  of 
the  press  is  enjoyed  to  the  fullest  extent  To  the  press,  as  an  element  of 
power  more  important  than  the  sword,  the  people  resort  for  the  correction 
and  redress  of  their  grievances.  To  be  "  killed  in  the  newspapers  "  is  re- 
garded a  much  sorer  punishment  than  to  be  exiled  to  Siberia.  The  press 
and  public  opinion  are  identified  with  each  other,  and  without  the  concur- 
rence and  support  of  the  latter,  the  former  either  falls  to  the  ground  or 
ceases  to  perform  its  appropriate  office  of  giving  expresdon  to  the  voice 
and  wishes  of  the,  people. 

The  bench,  bar,  pulpit,  legislature,  banks,  and  counting-houses  of  Canada 
are  occupied,  in  many  instances,  by  men  of  very  humble  origin,  if  we  may 
believe  the  accounts  that  are  given  of  them  by  those  who  ^^  knew  them 
well  at  home."  Aristocracy,  wealth,  parentage,  and  family  pride,  are  of 
little  or  no  avail  to  any  one,  when  competing  with  the  man  of  industry, 
intelligence,  and  character,  for  the  honors  of  life  or  the  respect  and  confi- 
dence of  the  community  in  which  he  may  reside.  Labor  is  respected  and 
receives,  as  it  deserves,  its  just  reward.  The  sons  of  the  poorest  emigrant 
can,  by  a  diligent  use  of  the  means  of  advancement  so  abundantly  at  their 
di^osal,  become  the  honored  and  respected  associate  of  those  who  enjoy 
the  highest  honors  and  privileges  of  public  and  social  life. 


JOURNAL  OF  MERCANTILE  LAW. 


PROMISSORY  liOTB   WITH  TEH  PER  CENT  PER  MONTH  INTEREST. 

In  the  Twelfth  District  Court,  San  Francisco,  October,  1854.  Felix  ArgentI 
u»  M.  G.  Vallejo  and  John  B.  Frisbie. 

This  was  an  action  on  a  promissory  note  made  in  the  coarse  of  certain  trans- 
actions. The  following  were  the  facts  as  charged  in  the  pleadings :  the  defend- 
ants had  made  their  note  to  the  plaintiffs  on  the  27th  November,  1850,  for 
$5,450,  payable  forty-five  days  after  date,  without  grace,  and  bearing  interest  at 
10  per  cent  per  month;  and  on  the  14th  of  January,  1851,  the  defendants  deliv. 
ered  to  the  plaintiffs  a  note  at  10  per  cent  per  annum  of  Theodore  Shillaber,  for 
the  sum  of  $10,000,  which  was  secured  by  mortgage.  The  action  was  brought 
to  recover  on  the  first  note,  with  interest  at  the  rate  of  10  per  cent  per  month, 
which  raises  the  debt  to  a  very  considerable  sum.  The  testimony  and  the  argument 
were  mainly  directed  to  the  question  whether  the  plaintiff  hod  taken  the  note  of 
Shillaber  only  as  a  collateral  security,  or  as  in  absolute  payment  of  so  much 
money. 

The  court  charged  the  jury  that  they  were  authorized  to  infer  from  the  use 
which  Argent!  made  of  the  Shillaber  note,  which  had  been  taken  as  collateral, 
and  the  control  which  he  exercised  over  it,  namely,  in  the  taking  of  a  mortgage 
from  Shillaber,  and  extending  the  time  of  payment,  that  he,  Argenti,  considered 
or  held  it  in  complete  payment  of  his  note  against  Vallejo  and  Frisbie,  unless  it 
appeared  from  the  evidence,  of  which  they  were  to  judge,  that  Argenti  made 
such  arrangement  with  Shillaber,  with  the  knowledge  and  consent  of  Vallejo 


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208  Journal  of  Mercaniiie  Law. 

and  Frisbie,  the  indorBers.  The  jury  might  also  infer  that  Argenti  considered 
the  Shillaber  note  as  his  own  from  another  fact,  which  was  in  evidence.  It  was 
that  in  the  arrangement  with  Shillaber,  the  said  collateral  was  to  bear  4  per  cent 
per  month,  which  upon  its  face  bore  only  10  per  cent  per  annum.  A  party  hold- 
ing a  collateral  was  not  authorized  or  empowered  of  bis  own  volition  to  add  to 
or  deduct  from  -said  collateral,  or  in  any  manner  vary  the  amount  which  may  be 
recovered  by  the  owners.  From  such  an  act  the  jury  micht  reasonably  infer 
that  Argenti  considered  it  as  his  own,  unless  they  were  satisfied  that  he  had  done 
so  by  the  indorser's  consent. 

The  jury  found  for  the  plaintiff  the  full  amount  of  the  note,  with  10  per  cent 
per  month  interest,  less  the  amount  received  from  the  sheriflTs  sale  under  tho 
Shillaber  mortgage,  with  ten  per  cent  per  month — the  verdict  to  be  computed. 

IMPORTANT  TO  MERCHANTS — MANAGER,  WITH  SHARE  OF  PROTITS,  A  FARTHER. 

The  following  important  decision  is  recorded  in  a  late  number  of  the  Free- 
man^ s  Journal : — 

An  interesting  case  on  the  law  of  partnership  has  been  decided  this  week.  A 
gentleman  who  had  been  engaged  as  manager  to  a  large  manufacturing  concern 
at  a  salary,  with  a  per  centage  on  the  profits,  had  been  removed  by  the  principal 
on  various  grounds,  the  only  one  proved  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  jury  bemg 
that  he  had  held  out  himself  as  being  a  partner.  The  action  was  brought  to  re- 
cover a  sum  of  £4,000  for  salary  and  profits  for  five  years,  on  the  ground  that 
under  the  agreement  he  was  in  fact  a  partner,  and  could  not  be  discharged.  The 
Judge  directed  the  jury  that,  although  palpably  no  partnership  was  intended,  the 
agreement  created  one,  and  they  must  find  damages  for  the  plaintiff,  which  they 
did  to  the  extent  of  £600,  being  the  amount  of  the  salary  only.  It  being  well 
known  that  these  agreements,  especially  in  large  houses,  are  of  frequent  occur- 
rence, the  decision,  if  upheld,  goes  the  full  lenfi^h  of  making  any  manager  or 
traveler  who  receives  a  share  of  the  profits  to  all  intents  a  partner,  who  cannot 
be  got  rid  of  during  the  continuance  of  the  agreement.^ Be//as/  Com,  Register. 

BILL  OF  EXCHANGE — ^FARTNERSHIF — ACCEPTANCE. 

Nichols  r5.  Diamond.  Where  a  bill  is  drawn  personally  on  one  of  several 
partners,  and  he  accepts  it  on  behalf  of  the  partnership,  he  is  individually  liable. 

This  was  an  action  upon  two  bills  of  exchange  by  the  plaintiff  to  draweri 
against  the  defendant  as  acceptor.  The  defendant,  by  his  plea,  denied  the  ao- 
ceptance.  At  thit  trial  before  Justice  Talfourd,  at  the  last  assizes  for  Devon- 
shire, the  bills,  which  were  respectively  for  £64  Is.  Id.,  were  put  in  evidence, 
when  it  appeared  that  they  were  respectively  directed  "  To  James  Diamond, 
Purser,  West  Downs  Wining  Company,"  and  were  accepted  by  the  defendant, 
**  James  Diamond,  by  procuration  of  West  Downs  Mining  Company."  The  de- 
fendant was  a  shareholder  in  the  mining  company.  It  was  objected  by  the  coun- 
sel  for  the  defendant  that  the  acceptance  was  not  pursuant  to  the  drawing,  and 
was  therefore  invalid. 

His  lordship  left  the  case  to  the  jury,  who,  finding  a  verdict  for  the  plaintiff^ 
leave  was  reserved  to  set  the  same  aside,  and  enter  the  verdict  for  the  defendant 
upon  this  point    Rule  refused. 

SHIPS  PASSING  EACH  OTHER — LIABILITY  OF  OWNERS. 

It  has  been  ruled  by  the  British  Court  of  Exchequer,  and  confirmed  by  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas,  that  a  vessel  passing  another  vessel  passing  in  con- 
trary direction  cannot,  under  any  circumstancci*,  be  wrong  in  porting  helm ;  that 
the  question  for  the  jury  is  not  whether  the  master  saw  the  danger  of  collision, 
but  whether  there  actually  were  any  danger ;  and  that  the  owner  of  the  vessel, 
the  master  of  which  neglects  to  port  his  helm,  is  liable  for  damages  for  any  in- 
jury arising  from  that  circumstance. 


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Commerdal  ChnmeU  and  Review.  flUBl 


COMMERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW. 


CORDITIOIf  or  THE   MONIT   KAEKBTfl  AT  HONK  AND  AtftOAD— CURRCNCT  rOR  VOTINO  Tni  INOOMIRO 

cmup— AvnaPATioiit  or  PROtrcRiTT—TnB  railroad  intkrbst— roRBioii  rAtLORBa— bankb  or 

VEW  YORK  ARV  BOBTOR^'-CI.BARINO  ROVIB  rOR  RBW  YORK  BTATB  BANK*— DBP08ITB  Or  OOL0 
AMB  BILVBR  AT  TBI  IfBW  YORK  ASSAY  OmCB  AND  PUtLAOKLPillA  KIJIT— IMPOETB  AT  »«W  YORK 
rOR  JDNB,  rOR  SIX  MONTUS  PROM  JANUARY  IST.  AVD  rOR  TUB  PISCAL  YBAR  BNDtNO  JOUR  30— IM- 
PORTS ATNBW  ORLEANS— RBVBMUB  rROK  COsTOJfS  AT  PUILADBLPniA  AMD  0USTUN — SHIPMBJITS  OP 
MtODUCBf  ARD  TBB  BBIPPIRO  INTBRBST,  BTC. 

.  There  were  some  apprehensions,  soon  after  the  date  of  our  laat,  of  an  in- 
creased stringency  in  the  money  market,  and  a  partial  return  of  the  old  pressure. 
The  accounts  from  abroad  were  less  encouraging;  there  was  an  increased  de- 
mand for  capital  in  nearly  all  of  the  principal  markets  of  the  European  conti- 
nent, and  at  London  the  bankers  aH  seemed  to  fear  a  loss  of  confidence.  These 
fisars  have  since  been  partially  dissipated.  There  has  been  little  that  U  cheerful 
in  the  late  foreign  advices,  but  the  condition  of  things  in  this  country  is  ^Mghly 
•Dcoaraging.  The  harvests  are  everywhere  promising,  and  the  capital  required 
to  move  the  incoming  crops  can  be  readily  obtained.  There  is  a  very  limited 
amount  of  business  paper  maturing  in  either  July  or  August,  and  this  will  en- 
able those  desiring  currency  to  invest  in  produce  to  obtain  it  before  the  pressure 
comes  In  September.  There  is  a  large  amount  of  money  loaned  on  fancy  stocks, 
especially  in  New  York,  Boston,  and  Philadelphia,  and  if  these  loans  were  to  be 
suddenly  called  in,  there  would  certainly  be  trouble.  But  the  supply  of  specie 
is  abundant,  and  as  long  as  this  continues  no  great  distress  need  be  apprehended. 
With  $50,000,000  per  annum  from  California,  and  nearly  as  much  more  from 
Australia,  the  calculations  based  upon  the  old  manner  of  moving  the  preeidua 
metals  are  all  upset,  and  the  practical  result  disproves  the  finest  theories.  The 
accounts  from  the  harvest-fields  of  Europe  are  encouraging,  while  in  this  coun- 
try the  crop  of  breodstuffs  must  prove  a  very  large  one.  If  harvested  in  good 
eondition,  we  shall  have  a  very  large  surplus.  There  would  seemto  bene  ques- 
tion but  what  a  large  portion  of  this  surplus  will  be  needed  in  France  and  Engu 
kiBd.  The  supplies  from  the  Black  Sea  will  be  greatly  interrupted,  and  the 
belligerent  attitude  of  Europe  will  call  for  an  Increased  consumption.  America 
must  furnish  bread  to  the  world  during  the  next  year,  and  we  shall  have  it  to 
spare.  If  this  does  not  induce  a  high  state  of  prosperity  in  this  country,  then 
we  shall  be  disappointed.  The  cotton  crop  is  less  promising;  the  long  dry  sea- 
son has  been  succeeded  by  an  unusual  quantity  of  rain ;  on  the  Uplands  this 
will  have  but  little  effect,  but  the  production  of  the  richer  fields  will  be  much 
shortened  if  the  wet  season  is  continued. 

The  interest  on  nearly  all  of  the  various  railroad  and  other  bonds,  throughout 
the  country,  due  July  l^t,  was  paid  with  commendable  promptness,  although  is 
A  few  cases  the  money  was  borrowed  instead  of  being  earned.  The  New  Jersey 
Central  Railroad  Company  have  borrowed  $1,500,000,  to  be  expended  on  their 
road,  upon  their  7  per  cent  bonds,  at  85  cents.  The  Legislature  of  Connecticut 
have  authorized  the  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad  CompJiny  to  compro- 
mise their  difficulties  with  the  holders  of  the  ^t  >ck  fraudulently  issued  by  Schuyler  .^ 
VOL.  xxxin. — ^HO.  II.  14 


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OomvMrdal  Cfkromde  and  Review. 


but  DO  plan  of  settlemeDi  has  yet  been  ofilciallv  proposed.  I(  is  probable  thai 
such  a  plan  will  be  submitted  ere  long  to  the  parties  interested,  and  this  vexed 
question  finally  laid  at  rest 

The  failure  of  Messrs.  Strahan,  Paul  &  Scott>  bankers,  at  London,  with 
whom  many  of  the  aristocracy  of  England,  and  a  large  number  of  widows  and 
orphans,  had  their  securities  deposited,  has  created  an  unusual  sensation  in  that 
metropolis.  This  firm  had  little  to  do  with  the  mercantile  world,  their  custon- 
ers  being  almost  exclusively  of  the  classes  indicated.  They  appear  to  have  been 
insolvent  for  a  long  time,  owing  to  unfortunate  speculations,  and  they  had  con- 
verted or  otherwise  appropriated  over  half  a  million  of  dollars  of  securities  de- 
posited with  them,  besides  owing  three  or  four  times  that  amount  in  general  ac- 
count This,  and  the  previous  dock-warrant  frauds,  will  muke  English  financiers 
a  little  less  bitter  in  their  invectives  against  American  disthonesty  and  repudia- 
tion. The  efiect  has  already  been  to  enhance  the  comparative  value  of  Ameri- 
can securities.  Even  business  paper,  with  the  signatures  of  our  leading  mer- 
chants, is  now  regarded  as  an  acceptable  investment,  and  the  energy  of  character 
peculkr  to  our  people  is  coming  to  be  better  understood  throughout  tho  old 
world. 

The  banks  in  this  country,  for  the  most  part,  stand  very  strongly.  Some  of 
the  Western  institutions  have  not  recovered  the  shock  given  to  public  confidence 
by  the  failures  of  last  year,  but  most  of  them  are  now  in  good  credit,  and  by 
proper  caution  mu<  succeed  in  recovering  their  position.  The  New  York  banks 
stand  very  strongly,  although  their  discount  lines  have  considerably  increased. 
The  following  will  show  the  weekly  averages  of  tho  city  institutions  since  Jan- 
uary 1st:— 

WKXKLT  ATXaAGSS  NEW  YOEK  CltT  BAHSS. 
Loans  and 

$82,244,706 


Dote.  CapiUil. 

Jan.    6.  1806  $48,000,000 


Jan.  18. 

Jan.  20 

Jan.  27..... 

FeK    8 

Feb.  10 

Feb.  17 

Feb.  24 

March  8.... 
March  10  ... 
March  17  ... 
March  24  . . . 
March  81  ... 
April  7  .. 
April  14  ... 
At>ril  21  ... 
April  28..,. 
May  5  .... 
May  12  .... 

May  19 

May  26 

Juoe    2 

Juue    9 

June  16 

June  28 

June  80 

July    7  .... 
July  14  .... 


48.000,000 

48,OUO,000 

48,000.000 

48.000.000 

48.000.000 

48,000,000 

48,000.000 

48.000,000 

48.000,000 

48,000,000 

48,000,000 

47,688.415 

47.856.665 

47,855.665 

47.865.665 

4V.856.665 

47,855,666 

47.855.665 

47,865.«65 

48.684.780 

48.684.780 

48,684.730 

48.688.S80 

48,688,880 

48.6»8.S80 

48.63S..')80 

48,838.880 


88.976.081 

86.447,998 

86,654,667 

88.145.697 

89.862.170 

90,850,081 

91.590.604 

92.886.125 

92,881,789 

92,447.345 

98.050.778 

98.684.041 

94,499.894 

94.140,899 

98.632,893 

92.505.961 

98,098.248 

91,642.4«8 

91,676.600 

91.160.618 

91,197.653 

92.109.i«97 

98,100,886 

94,029,426 

96578,212 

97.«6l>.491 

98,621,002 


Ppwie. 
.$18,696,968 
16.4S8.626 
16,872.127 
16,697,260 
17,489.196 
17.124,891 
17.83i*.085 
16,870,876 
16.681.279 
16.870,669 
16,933,982 
16.602,729 
16,018.105 
14,968.004 
14.890.979 
14.366,041 
14,282,424 
14,325,060 
14  585.626 
16.226,066 
15,314.682 
16,897.674 
15.006,165 
14.978.658 
14,706.629 
15,641.970 
16.881.093 
16,676,606 


CtrcQlfttlno. 
$7,049,982 
6.686.461 
6.681.365 
6.739.828 
7,000,766 
6.969.111 
6.941.606 
6,963,662 
7,106,710 
7,181.998 
7,061.018 
7.462,231 
7.337,688 
7.771.534 
7.623.628 
7,610.124 
7,0li',986 
8.087,609 
7,804,977 
7,638  630 
7.489,687 
7,566,609 
7.602,668 
7,462,161 
7,<86,668 
7,894  964 
7,748.069 
7,615,724 


$64,982,168 
67.308,898 
69,647,618 
20.186  618 
72.928.817 
78.794^42 
75.198,686 
74.544.721 
75,958,844 
76,269,484 
76,524,227 
76.289,928 
76,600,188 
77,8U.9<i8 
77,282,242 
75,744,921 
76.219.951 
78.214.169 
75,850,598 
77,851,218 
■75,765.740 
76,848.286 
77.128.789 
77,894.464 
79,118.185 
81.908.966 
85.647.249 
85,664,168 


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Chmmerciai  Chronicle  and  Review,  211 

The  following  will  also  show  the  weekly  tveragcs  of  the  Boston  city  bnnks 

iinee  the  date  given  in  our  last  :— 

Jane  25.  JnlyS.  JalyO.  July  18. 

Capital $82,7 10,000  $32,7 10.000  |S2,7 10,000  $82.7 10.000 

Loans  and  diacooDta. 62,984.226  53.180.777  58.897,696  54.279,031 

Specie. 8,601,018  8,506.606  8,426.*200  8,220.702 

Due  from  other  banks. 8,000,000  8,000.000  9,024.196  8,019,938 

Due  to  other  bankn 8,000,Oro  8,000,000  6,902.198  6,726,199 

Deporits 16,266.417  15,814,818  16,599.049  16,449,788 

Circalation 6,587,958  6,687,781  8,244,099  7,602,687 

The  New  York  country  banks  have  met  in  convention  at  Syracuse,  and  adopted 
a  plan  for  a  clean ng*hoase  in  New  York  city,  which  has  been  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee for  the  maturity  of  its  details,  and  we  trust  will  ere  long  be  established. 
The  plan  is  very  much  like  that  now  adopted  by  the  city  banks,  e.xcept  that  the 
packages  of  notes  to  be  exchanged  and  redeemed  will  be  sent  instead  of  being 
brought  by  clerks,  and  the  banks  will  be  required  to  keep  an  account  in  some 
city  bank,  w^here  the  amount  which  they  may  owe  to  the  clearing-house,  when 
the  exchanges  are  arranged,  must  be  promptly  met.  It  will  save  the  banks  a 
large  yearly  expense,  and  be  a  public  accommodation.  While  upon  this  subject, 
we  cannot  but  express  our  opinion  that  it  would  be  greatly  for  the  interest  of  aU 
of  the  sound  banks  to  arrange  for  a  par  redemption  at  New  York.  The  law  al- 
lows them  to  deduct  one-quarter  from  the  amount  thus  redeemed,  but  this  de- 
duction can  never  be  fully  justified  upon  sound  principles  of  banking. 

The  supply  of  gold  from  California  continues  steady,  but  as  a  considerable 
portion  is  now  deposited  at  the  San  Francisco  Mint,  the  amounts  deposited  here 
^  Dot  show  an  increase  corresponding  to  the  actual  receipts.  The  following 
b  the  total  deposits  at  the  Assay  Office,  New  York,  in  the  month  of  June 
1855:— 

DKPOSrrS  AT  TBS  ASSAY  OFFIOI,  MKW  TORS,  VOB  TBS  IIOKTH  OV  JUXS. 

Gold.  8tlrer.  Total. 

Foreign  coinfl. $11,000  $6,100  $16,100 

Foreign  bullioD 20,000  6,020  26,020 

Domestic  bullion. 1,986,000  14,580  1,950,680 

Total  deposits $1,967,000        $25,700      $1,992,700 

Total  deposits  payable  in  bars. $1,925,000 

Total  deposits  payable  in  coins 67,700 

Gold  bars  stamped $1,992,984 

Tmosmitted  to  the  United  States  Mint  at  Philadelphia  for  coinage 88,279 

The  above  deposits  of  gold  include  $16,000  in  California  Mint  bars. 

The  gold  deposits  nt  the  Philadelphia  Mint  for  the  month  of  June  were 
$536,269,  which  includes  $493,610  50  from  California  and  the  Assay  Office  in 
New  York,  and  (42,649  50  from  other  sources.  The  silver  deposits  are  $207,000, 
including  silver  purchases.  The  following  will  show  the  coinage  at  the  Phila- 
delphia Mint  for  the  month  of  June : — 


Onld  coinage  . . , 
Silver  coinage  • . 
Copper  coinage  . 


Pieces. 

Value. 

826.018 

$792,650  00 

1,180.500 

268.170  00 

618,414 

6,184  14 

Total 1,989,062       $1,063,964  14 


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212  Commerdai  ,  Chronicle  and  Bmem^ 

The  imports  for  June  show  a  less  comparative  decline  than  during  seTeral  for- 
mer months.  At  New  York  the  total  receipts  for  June  were  $1,794,221  less 
than  for  June,  1854,  $5,467,239  leas  than  for  June,  1853,  and  $2,234,015  greater 
than  for  June,  1852,  as  will  appear  from  the  following  comparison : — 

rOBBIGN  IMPORTS  AT  KXW  YORK  FOR  JUNB. 

18SS.  18§).  1854.  ISiS. 

Entered  for  consnmption 17.636,181118,590^17  18,476,880  $8,020^46 

Entered  for  warehoueing 640.722       8,010,404  8,005,646  2,7 16.246 

Freeg(K)d8 1,062,947          744.909  2,148,048  1,188,048 

Specie  and  bullion 429.747         116,021  168,814  68.779 

Total  entered  at  the  port $9,759,697  $17,460,861  $18,787,833  $11,993,612 

Withdrawn  from  warehouse 911,479       1,181,896       1,422,672       1,804,6^0 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  falling  off,  as  compared  with  last  year,  was  almost 
wholly  in  free  goods  and  stock  entered  for  warehousing.  The  imports  at  the 
same  port  for  the  six  months  ending  June  are  $26,86*5,946  less  than  for  the  same 
period  of  1854,  $29,889,094  loss  than  for  the  same  period  of  l85S,and  $6,651,802 
greater  than  for  the  same  period  of  1852.  We  annex  a  comparison  with  each 
period  referred  to  :— 

FORBIGN  IMPORTS  AT    NBW  70RK  FOB   SIX   MONTHS   FROM  JANUARY   IST. 

18S2.  18M.  18M.         18iS. 

Entered  for  oonsomptioD $47,044,912  $76,888,164  $70,447,814  $46,897.70S 

Entered  for  warehousiDg 6,027,749     11,606,681  18,726,750     18,882.891 

Freegoods 7.844,785       8,696.616  9,231.284      7,762,627 

Specie  and  bullion 1,878,181         900,062  1,408,027         464,116 

Total  entered  at  the  port  .. .  $61,295,627  $97,886,623  $94,818,375  $67,947,429 
Witlidrawn  from  warehouse.       8,626,777       6,624,654     10,908,044     12,242,070 

The  month  of  June  ends  the  fiscal  year  of  the  United  States.  The  govern- 
ment returns,  including  the  total  for  each  of  the  minor  ports,  are  not  yet  com- 
pleted, but  we  have  compiled  the  total  for  New  York.  From  this  we  seo  that 
the  imports  for  the  year  ending  June  30th  are  $36,568,978  less  than  for  the  year 
ending  June  30th,  1854,  $11,884,989  less  than  for  the  year  ending  June  30th, 
1853,  and  $34,237,678  more  than  for  the  year  ending  June  30th,  1852,  aa  will 
appear  from  the  following  comparison : — 

IMPORTS  OF  FORBIGN  MBBOHANDISB  AT  NBW  TORR  FOR  THB  FISCAL  TBAR  BNDING  JCNB  80tH. 

18^2.  1S§S.  \m.  I85i. 

Entered  for  consumption....  $94,846,881  $186,458,668  $147,989,241  $107,029,210 

Entered  fur  warehousing. .. .  11,466,714       16,144.678       27.417,160      82,022^96 

Freeg«iod8 11.926,912       18,867.178       12,791,066       14.280,269 

Specie  and  bullion 2,628,891         1,480,106        2,987,048         1,158.661 

Total  entered  at  the  port  .  $120,267,848  $166,890,616  $191,074,604  $164,606,626 
Wiihdrawn/rom  warehouse       16,712,962       18,418,186       19,876,445       28,601,421 

For  the  whole  year  the  receipts  of  free  goods  have  slightly  increased,  while 
the  warehousing  business  is  larger  than  ever  before  since  the  system  was  estab- 
lished. Of  the  decrease  in  the  imports,  by  far  the  largest  portion,  aa  compared 
with  last  year,  has  been  in  dry  goods,  while  compared  with  the  year  ending  Jaiw 
80th,  1853,  the  falling  off  in  dry  goods  alone  is  nearly  double  the  aggregate  de- 
cline.   We  have  compiled  the  following  table  in  proof  of  this  statement ; — 


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Commercial  Chronicle  cmd  Review. 


218 


niPOETS  AT  h'KW  TORK  FOB  THE  TKAB  KNDIXQ  JUNB  SOtB. 

18$}.  \m.         \m. 

Dry  goods $79,192,618      $92,889,627       $62,918,448 

General  merchandise 87,198.002        98,684,877        91,687,088 

Total  imports $166,890,616    $191,074,604    $l64,606,62d 

Compared  with  lost  year  the  imports  of  dry  goods  have  fallen  off  $29,471,184, 
"while  the  imports  of  all  other  descriptions  of  Bierchandise  have  fallen  off  only 
$7,097,794. 

We  annex  farther  porticulars  of  the  imports  of  dry  goods.  It  will  be  rten 
that  the  total  for  June  is  $1,473,390  less  than  for  June,  1854,  $4,062,053  less 
than  fur  June,  1853,  and  $530,807  greater  than  for  June,  1852  ;  these  changes, 
and  especially  the  fulling  off  as  compared  with  last  year,  being  divided  among 
all  eluHses  of  goods. 

IMPOETS  or  FOanON  DBT  goods  at  NEW  TORS  nr  JUKI. 
BlfTIEED  FOR  OONSCMPTION. 

18S!.         18$}.  18S4.         mi. 

Vaaufactares  of  wool $688,786  $2,820,865  $1,122,806  $772,908 

MaoulactDres  of  cotton 880.786  908,01 1  640.761  298,04« 

Hanufactaresofpilk 1,011,909  2,469,280  l,890,h27  1,269,212 

AlaDuftu;tore«  of  flax 292,016  899.969  276.61 1  178,060 

Miscellaoeoua  dry  goods 108,888  246,876  260,1 98  182,817 

ToUl  entered  for  consumption  .  $2,426,882    $6,829,941     $8,690,603  $2,696,624 

Wnn DRAWN  FROM  WAREB0U8B. 

ISii  18SI.         I8S4.         \m. 

Maotifactaresofwoo] $62,094  $184,618  $118,471  $124,910 

Manufactures  of  cotton 24,686  48.687  40,689  89,068 

MaiiafacturesofMlk 88.182  108,660  187.871  96.886 

Manufactures  of  flax 17,810  18.464  26,000  40.848 

Miacellaneous  dry  goods 7,625  12,989  19,106  *     29.700 

ToUl $199,647        $818,848      $341,486      $830862 

Add  entered  ^r  consumption 2,4 26,882      6,829,94 1      8,690,608     2,696,624 

Total  thrown  oo  the  market...    $2,626,479    $6,648,284   $8,982,089  $8,02^886 

KRTIRXD  FOR  WARRBOUBIHO. 

\m.  ]8tl.        IBM.         18SS. 

Maonfactoresofwool $106,125  $618,264  $492,627  $245,468 

Manufactures  of  cotton 82,665  181,817  166,768  64,627 

Manufactures  of  nilk 86,984  148,979  886.660  164,972 

Manufactures  of  flax 19,708  20,968  62.687  86.480 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 18,022  87,182  61,188  28,122 

Total $267,404      $947,155   $1,097,880      $619,619 

Add  enUred  ibr  consumption 2,426,882     6,829.941      8,690,608     2,696,624 

Total  entered  at  the  port $2,684,286  $7,277,096  $4,688,488    $8,216,04$ 

For  the  six  months  ending  June  30th  the  receipts  of  dry  goods  have  fallen  off 
$17,924,493,  as  compared  with  the  same  period  af  last  year,  $19,239,077  tA 
compared  with  tJie  firat  six  montha  of  1853,  and  $1,700,708  as  compared  with  the 
same  time  in  1853. 


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Camnurdal  ChrcmeU  wad  Bmtw. 


npoRTi  or  roanGH  dat  goods  at  tbs  post  or  kcw  tokk  for  sol  mortbi,  rmon 

JANC7AAT    IST. 
XHTXRXD  FOR  CONSUMPTIOIC 

ISSS.  18».         18S4.  18SS. 

Monnfiietareeofwool |6,2'77,654  110,815,972  $8,74^868  I5.18M6) 

Manufactures  of  cotton^ 4,«526,062      7,621,801  8,489,126  8.660,276 

Manufactoreii  of  nlk 9,168,466     16,854,641  18,64(»,260  7,798.861 

Manufactures  of  flax 2,985.404      4,199.560  8.718,007  2,224,698 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods. 1,961,860      2,786,750  2,798,969  2,1 18,642 

TotRl $28,969,486  $41,278,624  $87,290,214  $20,988,919 

WITHDRAWN  FROM  WARIHOUBI. 

\m.       \m.       18H.       i8tt. 

Manu&ctures  of  wool $841,704  $688,404    $1,278,612  $1,191,678 

Manufactures  of  cotton 1,028,816  608.285       1,644,071  1,651.176 

Manufactures  of  silk 1,261,782  ,     776,806 '     1,446,088  1,677.888 

Manufactures  of  flax 688,469  180,684         527.446  782,268 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods. 226,849  214.747         209,781  685.587 

Total  withdrawn $8,982,610    $2,857,876    $6,000,947    $5,788,587 

Add  entered  for  consumption  .. .     28.969,486    41,278,624    87,290,214    20.988.919 

Total  thrown  upon  the  market.   $27,902,046  $48,686,000  $42,291,161  $26,722,606 

KirrXRXD  FOR  WARXHOUSnrO. 

\m.  18S).  18S4.  18iS. 

Manufi&etures  of  wool $788,660  $1,880,466  $2,096,807  $1,087,686 

Manufactures  of  cotton 598,638  742.071  1,644,866  998,786 

Manufactures  of  silk 1,621.494  970,757  1,864,786  1,426,706 

Manufactures  of  flax 207,480  181.257  490,890  622.606 

Misoellaneous  dry  goods 200,989  241,791  204.870  491,237 

ToUI $8,287,161     $3,516,342    $6,190,168    $4,571,970 

Add  entered  for  consumption....     28,969,486    41,278.624    37,290,214    20,988,919 

Total  entered  at  the  port $27,266,697  $44,794,966  $48,480,882  $26,666,889 

For  tiie  fiscal  year  ending  Jane  30,  the  receipts  of  dry  goodn,  as  already  no- 
ticed, are  $29,471,184  less  than  the  preceding  year,  $16,274,070  less  than  for 
the  year  ending  Jane  30, 1853,  and  $5,697,381  greater  than  for  the  year  ending 
June  30, 1862. 

IMPORTS  OF  DRY  GOODS  AT  THX  PORT  OF  VEW  YORK  DURHfG  THE  FISCAL  TKAR  XKD- 

IXO  JUNE  80. 

EMTXRKD  FOR  OONSUMPTIOW. 

ISS!.  I8SI.  1854.  18iS. 

Manufactures  of  wool $12,054,269  $20,361,967  $28,116,936  $14,296,207 

Manufactures  of  cotton 8,460,116     13.018.164     15.408,447       8,240.026 

Manufiictures  of  silk 19,161,263     27,512.722    29.487,539     18,814,441 

Manufactures  of  flax    5,521.293      7,568,861       7,577,627      4,880,462 

Miscelhmeous  dry  goods 3,665,227      6.086,598      5,36 1 ,7 1 6      4,698.7 10 

Tdtal '. $48,862,168  $78,637,802  $80,941,298  $60,92Ma 


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Commercial  CTironiele  and  Review,  815 

inniDftAWN  FROIC  WARXH0C8B. 

I8SI.  18».  18$4.  I8SS. 

ManafHCtorPB  of  wojl $2,167,409  11,429,076  $2,814,704  14,041,940 

ilAiHifiictares  of  c<itton 1,&8M2S  990,7«0  2,069,678  2,649,978 

Maoufactitrea  of  Mlk 2,34S742  1,441,680  2,184,028  8,076,868 

Uanufactures  of  flax   861,704  846,357  778,789  1,148,979 

MiscelUofsous  dry  goods 474,862  881,176  897,661  762,958 

ToUI 97.418,040     14,688.948     98,244,660  $11,664,218 

Add  entered  for  conaumpiioo 48,862,168    78,687,802    89,94 1,293     60,928,846 

Total  thrown  CD  the  market. . .  $66,275,198  $78,126,260  $89,186,948  $62,693,068 

BHTEftBD  FOR  WAREHOUSING. 

IS^S.  1811.  18$4.  18». 

Manufaetures  of  wool $2,834,296  $1,964,608  $8,746,483  $3.768,<)80 

Maoufacturesofeotton 1,622,481  1,274.868  8,064,614  2,272,982 

Manufacturet  of  ffilk 8,168.698  1,676,606  8.211.787  8,644,226 

Manufactures  of  Aax 824,966  866,999  1,036,688  1,896,417 

Miscellaoeous  drj  goods 618,518  492,836  889,962  1,007.044 

Total $8,868,904    $6,666,211  $11,448,884  $11,989,698 

Add  entered  for  consumpdoD.....     48,862,168     78,637,302    80,941.293     60,928,845 

Total  entered  at  the  port $67,221,062  $79,192,613  $92,889,627  $62,918,448 

The  e.xports  show  n  much  more  favorable  comparison ;  the  total  shipments 
from  New  York  to  foreign  ports  for  the  month  of  June,  exclusive  of  specie,  are 
$9,155  larger  than  for  June,  1854;  only  $320,246  less  than  for  June,  1853;  and 
$1,066,231  larger  than  for  June,  1852. 

BXPORTS  mOM  HKW  70RK  TO  FOREIGN  PORTS  FOR   THB    MONTH  OF  JUNE. 

18SI.  18)1.         18M.  185S. 

Domestic  produce $8,666,869    $6,067,229  $4,526,888  $8,966,70$ 

ForeiffO  merchandise  (free) 125,600,      109,668  148.600  647,682 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable)...  482.594         894.043  666,656  786.806 

Specie 8,566,366       8.264,282  5,168,188  8,862,898 

Totol  exports $7,730,818    $8,826,222  $10,399,722    $9,103,087 

ToUl,  exclusive  of  specie 4,174,463      5,560,940      6,231,639      6,240,694 

This  result  was  quite  unexpected,  considering  the  scarcity  of  produce  at  the 
seaboard  and  the  great  falling  off  iu  clearances  of  breadsluffs.  We  have  now 
shipped  since  January  1st,  exclusive  of  specie,  only  $1,878,101  less  to  foreign 
ports  than  we  did  the  first  six  months  of  1854;  $4,276,086  more  than  we  ex- 
ported for  the  same  time  in  1853;  and  $7,350,218  more  than  for  the  same  time 
in  1862.  The  clearances  of  specie  during  the  same  time  are  but  little  larger 
than  last  year,  but  twice  as  large  as  for  the  same  time  of  1853.  There  has  been 
a  large  increase  in  firee  goods,  owing  to  the  dull  markets  here,  guano  and  some 
other  free  items  having  been  largely  reshipped. 

EXPORTS  PROM  NEW   YORK    TO    PORRION  PORTS  FOR  SIX  MONTHS  FROlf  JANUARY  IST. 

18a  18§S.  ISil.  18fiS. 

Domestic  produce. $22,146,821  $26,422,290  $81,197,440  $26,887,424 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 621,119         697,477         732,815      8,108,657 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable). .  2,419.576      2,040.980      2,884,679      2,989,862 

Specie 12,624.009      8,654,982     16,185,867     17,074,796 

Totol  expurto $37,710,624  $36,816,729  $60,600,801  $49,605,628 

Total,  exoluilTe  of  specie 26,086,615     28,160,747     84,814,984    82,486,888 


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OommercicU  Chroniek  and  Bevum. 


Turning  now  to  the  ezporta  for  the  fiscal  year  just  ended,  we  find  the  total, 
excluaive  of  specie,  only  $10,967,249  Icpb  than  the  very  large  total  ship^d  dur- 
ing the  year  ending  June  30,  1854;  1)2,822,094  more  than  fur  the  year  ending 
June  SO,  1863;  and  118,136,261  more  than  for  the  year  ending  30th  June,  186^ 
The  exports  of  specie  have  been  larger  than  in  either  of  the  previous  three  years : 

KZFOBTS  FROM  KKW  TORK  TO  FOBXXGN  PORTS  FOR  TBE  FISCAL  TEAR  SMDIKO    JURE  80. 

1851.  18§S. 

Doroefitic  produce ISS.S^S.^SV  f  48,998,S50 

Foreign  roerchandice  (free) 87 1,687       1,058,209 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable)^      4,461,886      4,450.027 
Specie 87,278,708    21,127.228 

Total  exports 181,461,082  $70,628,714  fl07,675,070  $100  881.914 

Total  exclusive  of  specie 44,187,829    49,601,486      73.290,829      62,823,580 

To  sum  up,  then,  we  find  that  while  the  imports  for  the  last  fiscal  year,  as 
compared  with  the  one  just  previous,  have  declined  836,668,978,  the  total  ex- 
ports have  declined  only  $7,193,166,  while  the  specie  shipments  have  increased 
only  $3,774,093.  This  showing  is  far  different  from  that  which  many  predicted* 
and  proves  that  this  trade  will  regulate  itself  if  political  economists  will  have  a 
little  patience.  We  annex  a  recapitulative  summary  to  show  at  a  glance  the 
seTeral  totals  for  the  year:— 

IMPORTS  AND  XZP0ET8  AT  NEW  TORE. 


18i4. 

18Si 

$66  816.088 

$52,602,406 

1,889,978 

4.084.387 

5,684,818 

6,686,781 

84,284,241 

88,058,384 

Yt»r  «iKllaf  Jone  80.  Export*  of  f  peels. 

1855 $88,058,884 

1854 84,284,241 


Total  exports. 

$100,881,914 

107,575,070 


Total  hsporli. 

$154,506,6^6 
191,074,604 


Difference $8,774,098  $7,198,156        $86^68,978 

It  will  be  a  matter  of  interest  to  many  of  our  readers  to  know  the  course  of 
the  trade  throughout  the  year.  For  their  gratification  we  have  compiled  a  table 
embracing  the  several  months  of  the  fiscal  year,  and  showing  the  result  of  each 
month's  imports  and  exports,  as  compered  with  the  same  month  of  the  preceding 
year.  From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  the  decline  in  imports  began  in  Septemben 
and,  with  a  single  unimportant  exception,  continued  to  the  close;  while  the  de- 
cline  in  exports,  exclusive  of  specie,  was  greatest  from  September  to  December: 

IMPORTS   AND   EXPORTS  FOR  TBE  FISCAL  TEAR   ENDING  JUNE  80,  1855,  COMPARED  WITB 
TUB  SAME  FOR  TBE  TEAR   ENDING  JUNE   80,   1854. 


July 

August ... 
September. 
October  . .  • 
November . 
December  • 
January. . . 
February.. 
March..... 

April , 

Hay 

June , 


EXPORTS  XXCLDSIVE  OF  SPECIE. 

Increase. 


TOTAL  IMPORTS. 


$258,786 


50,722 
'804,666 


9,155 


$1,890,871 

i'sViisi 

1,125,818 
8.177,617 
1,796,044 

*1,V98,606 

'  VsV.ioi 

624,487 


$149,843 
2,890,859 


985,902 


$8,025.8t< 
1,161,887 
8.953,085 
4,612.446 
6,e61,99S 

6*884.017 
7,476,428 
5,586,196 
1,794,221 


$628,829     $11,590,578       $4,026,104     $40,595,08S 
628,829         4,C26,104 


Total  decreaae. 


$10,967,249 


$86,568,97$ 


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21t 


The  cash  revenue  at  the  same  port  for  June  (exelnsive  of  pena]  duties  and 
hospital  money)  shows  a  slight  decline  compared  with  June  of  last  year,  but  a 
greater  falling  off  from  the  receipts  for  June,  1853.  The  total  received  for  cash 
duties  for  the  last  six  months  is  $5,438,016  05  less  thnn  for  the  corresponding 
period  of  last  year,  $6,867,383  79  less  than  for  the  same  time  in  1853,  and 
$49,632  83  more  than  for  the  same  time  in  1852.  The  total  for  the  fiscal  year 
ending  June  30  i-i  18,999,984  06  less  than  for  the  previous  year,  15,590,881  40 
less  than  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1853,  and  13,979,962  67  more  thun  for 
the  year  ending  June  30,  1852.  We  annex  a  comiaiison  for  each  term  spe- 
cified:— 

CASH    DUTIBS  RKGKIVEI)  AT  NEW  TORK. 

18§!.  18$}.  mi  18SS. 

Id  Jane $3,282.680  28     $8,840.728  88    $2,452.606  83     $2,316.464  80 

Previous 5  months..     12,017.632  65     17,826,606  17     17,286,858  98     11,988,480  91 

Totol  6  months..  $14,250.H12  88  $21,167,829  60  $19,787,960  76  $14,299,945  71 
Total  fiscal  year.     28,678,910  36     88,249,754  43    41,668,867  09     82,668,878  08 

The  receipts  for  customs  at  Boston  show  a  less  comparative  decline,  as  the 
steamers  arriving  there  this  season  have  brought  larger  freights,  owing  to  the 
change  in  the  line  to  New  York.  We  look  for  no  important  increase  in  imports 
over  last  year  until  afler  the  close  of  Augubt;  from  that  time  to  the  end  of  the 
year  we  anticipate  a  large  comparative  increase  in  the  receipts  of  foreign  mer- 
chandise. We  annex  a  comparative  statement,  showing  the  imports  at  New 
Orleans  during  the  last  fiscal  year: — 

nfPOETS  OF  XKROHAKDISI  AND  BULLION  AT  THV  PORT  OF  NEW  ORLXANS    FOR   THR  FIS- 
CAL TRAR  ZNDING    JUKR   80,    1865. 

Dutiable.  Free.      Bol.  Ac  fpede. 

July,  1864 $197,297  $67,869  $S6Ji87 

August 806.416               16,727  40,270 

September 676,961  160.866  28.014 

October 761,847  126,918  86,926 

November 986.668  880,062  48,2 1 6 

December 786,764  818,400  98,849 

January,  1865 686,784  679.786  88,169 

Februarj 428.P4 1  682,687  1 26.461 

March 672,219  488.419  880,880 

April 672,478  869,616  90.721 

Maj 496,944  419,690  48.487 

June 471,296  402,781  188,928 

$6,989,002       $4,297,170     $1,687.48$ 

Dutiable « 6,989.002 

Free 4,2V'i,170 

For  the  past  three  fiscal  years  ending  June  30,  the  following  is  a  comparative 
statement : — 

IMPORTS  OF   MXRCHAHDISX  AT  THR  OUBTOIC-BOUSR,  NSW  0RLRAK8. 

im.        im.        isis. 

Dutiable $8,019029      $8,272,449      $6,989/>02 

Free 4,272.262         8,876.678        4.297.170 

BulhoD  and  specie 1,362.882        2,268,128        1.687.436 

$18,654,118    $14,402,155    $12,928,60$ 


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Oommereial  ChnmcU  and  Rmm§. 


MOffTHLT  ESCnPTB  OF  CASH  DUTm  AT  VWW  OftLBAHS  FOft  THV  TSAB 


ISfil. 

Jolj 162,281 

Aujfnst 100.796 

Sf  ptember 1 9tf  ,896 

Oct«»ber 219,724 

November 219,842 

December 283,122 


$1,106,981 


18tf. 
January |21 8.666 


Pebniitry 
Match... 
Apiil  ... 

May 

Jtme. . . . 


180,801 
S02.9IS 
171,147 
166,239 
146,840 

$1,021,109 
1,106,981 


$2,128,690 
Amoont  recVed  for  fiscal  year.   2,568,617 

Decrease  or  falliog  o£ $480^57 


The  annexed  statement  will  show  the  amoant  received  for  daties  at  the  cns- 
tom-honse  in  Philadelphia,  for  the  month  of  Jane,  and  for  the  first  six  months  of 
the  current  year,  compared  wiih  the  corresponding  periods  in  the  two  pre?ioas 
years : — 

18i].  1S51.  IS5S. 

Jane $628,603  90         $804,754  75         $249.445  20 

Previous  5  months 1,831,651  65        2,088.619  12        1,408,082  85 

ToUl  6  mooths $2,460,155  65      $2,898,878  87       $1,662^28  05 

We  also  annex  a  sammary,  showing  the  comparative  revenue,  iit^  at  Bos- 
ton:— 

Revenue  corecied  at  Boston  for  the  month  ending  June  80, 1855 . . .         $606,961  03 
Cullectedfur  the  moothof  June,  1854 668,194  07 

Decrease $  1 57 .283  04 

Collected  for  the  fi^al  year  ending  June  80,  1854 8,842,289  06 

Collected  for  the  fidcal  year  ending  June  80, 1 855 7,6 1 6,568  78 

Decrease $726,720  28 

Collected  from  January  1  to  June  80,  1864 4.844.763  89 

Collected  from  January  1  to  June  80,  1855 8,706,848  85 

Decrease. $637,904  64 

Foreign  arrivals  from  January  1  to  Juno  80, 1854 1,218 

Foreign  arrivals  from  January  1  to  June  80, 1866 1,285 

Increase 72 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  foreign  arrivals  from  January  Ist  to  Jan«  30th,  1855, 
exceed  the  arrivals  for  the  same  period  in  1854,  72 ;  while  tlie  revenue  for  the 
same  time  is  $637,904  64  less  than  it  was  in  1854. 

The  keeping  up  of  tiie  exports  at  N  jw  Vork,  notwithstanding  the  large  falling 
off  in  the  shipments  of  bread^tuffs,  has  excited  general  surprise.  The  following 
comparative  summary  of  the  shipments  of  the  leading  articles  of  domestic  prod- 
«ce  for  the  lout  siix-and-a-half  months  will  be  foand  highly  interesiing  :«> 


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Commercial  ChrmuU  and  M$m£W, 


319 


BtPQ&ra  or  esBTAiN  artioues  or  wmwsno  pftODroB  rmon  jhew  tobk  to  woMxnw 

PORTS  rROM  JANCART  IST  TO  JULY  16TH  : — 


Aflbes — pots . . 

pearls  , 

Beeswax 


.bbls. 


..lbs. 


18Si.  186S. 

4.828  6,627 

463  1,618 

184,654  112,086 


Breadtiuff'9 — 

Wheat  flour  ..bbls. 

Rye  flour 

Com  meal 

Wheat budh. 

Rye 

Oats  

C<»m 

Candles — mold..boxe8 

tperm 

Coal tons 

Cotton .bales 

Hay 

Hops 


657,897 

9.986 

48,187 

1,380,409 

815,158 

16,859 

2,410,796 

81,727 

8.674 

16.131 

192,830 

2,821 

481 


226,198 

18.818 

88,217 

81.288 

6,139 

12,111 

2304,293 

81,748 

7,488 

4.006 

168,766 

8,584 

7,640 


18i4.  18Si 

N^aral  stores. . .  .bbls.    361,680  892,803 

diU— whale.... galls.    109,422  92.068 

sperm 284,870  478,842 

lard 17.164  82.066 

lioseed 2,058  6,079 

Prownont — 

Pork bbls.       64,864    112,880 

Beef. 40.856      47.619 

Cut  meats. lbs..  ..13,148,061  14,668,462 

Butter 1,816,826     867,871 

Cheese 1,168,441  1.461,786 

Lard 8,821,190  6,202,481 

Rice tree      16.470       10,818 

Tallow lbs.  2,449,006  1,098.826 

Tobacco,  crude.,  pk^s  28,697  19.824 
Do.,  manofacturedlbs.  1,612,735  2,622,682 
Whalebone 787,470  1,047,780 


Tlie  foregoing  shows  that  the  exports  of  wheat  flour  have  doclined  two-thirds 
and  the  shipments  of  wheat,  which  for  the  same  time  last  year  reached  nearly  a 
million-nnd-a-half  of  bashels,  have  almost  totally  ceased.  The  clearances  of 
Indian  corn  have  been  nearly  the  same.  Cotton  has  fallen  off,  while  the  ship- 
ments  of  many  descriptiona  of  provisions  have  largely  increased.  There  can  be 
little  question  but  what  Great  Britain  will  need  large  supplies  of  breadstufis  dur- 
ing  the  coming  year,  even  though  her  own  crops  should  prove  a  full  average :  to 
that  we  may  reckon  not  only  on  large  sales  of  produce  for  export,  but  also  on  a 
large  carrying  trade  for  our  vessels.  The  shipping  interests  have  suffered  very 
much  during  the  last  year,  and  many  have  found  no  employment  for  their  ves- 
sels which  paid  for  more  than  the  expense  of  maintenance  and  repairs.  A  brisk 
demand  for  our  produce  would  revive  this  drooping  trade  and  put  new  life  in 
naval  aflairs. 


NEW  YORK  COTTOar  MARKET  FOR  THE  MONTH  ENDING  JULY  20. 

r«KrAEED  rOE  THI  HK11CH4NT1'M40AZIIIB  by  UULHOSN  k.  miDKRICKSOlC,  BROKKRB.KKWTOKX. 

The  month  under  review,  and  since  the  close  of  our  last  report,  (June  22d,) 
has  been  one  of  depression  and  great  irregularity  in  prices.  An  unexpected  rise 
in  the  Southern  rivers,  particularly  in  Alabama,  caused  the  release  of  a  large 
body  of  cotton,  and  on  its  receipt  at  the  ports,  such  being  the  state  of  monetary 
afiairs,  that  a  large  portion  was  forced  on  the  markets  to  meet  payments  due  and 
past  due — ^in  consequence  a  rapid  decline  took  place,  and  which,  extending  to 
our  own  market,  caused  a  depression  in  price  of  one-and-a-half  cent  per  pound 
daring  the  month,  and  two  cents  per  pound  from  the  highest  point  of  the  past 
two  months. 

The  motives  on  which  the  advance  of  the  past  season  were  based  still  exist, 
and  so  long  as  the  present  European  war  is  confined  to  the  parties  now  in  the 
field,  the  probabilities  are  that  the  present  rate  of  consumption  abroad  will  suffer 
DO  diminution.  Trade  in  the  manufacturing  districts  of  England  and  France 
eontinaes  remanerative,  and  the  consumption  of  the  raw  material  beyond  thai 


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220  ComMurHai  Chrtrndi  and  Bmm$. 

of  any  fonner  period.  The  demand  for  RoRsia  may  slightly  suffer,  from  her 
isolated  position,  but  at  the  price  she  pnys  for  her  present  requirements,  and 
which  she  obtains,  more  than  compensates  for  the  decreased  demand.  In  this 
country  the  complaints  ubout  manufacturing  are  comparatively  few,  most  styles 
of  goods  paying  a  fair  profit  The  change  in  opinion  of  the  value  of  cotton 
seems  based  upon  the  free  receipts  of  the  piist  month,  and  although  the  proba^ 
bilities  are  that  the  crop  \^ill  fall  short  of  the  preceding  one  by  at  least  100,000 
bales,  there  remains  a  want  of  confidence  in  those  very  motives  by  which  the  ad- 
vance was  obtained. 

For  the  week  ending  June  29th,  the  sales  did  not  exceed  6,500  bales,  buyers 
demanding  a  greater  reduction  than  holders  were  willing  to  accede  to,  a  large 
quantity  was  withdrawn  from  sale.  There  was,  however,  no  disposition  to  en- 
gage in  the  article,  and  the  market  closed  dull  at  a  decline  for  the  week  of  ^e. 
per  pound. 

PaiCSS  ADOPTED  JURE   29TH  FOK  THE  FOLLOWIKO  QCAUTTES: — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.  O.AcTexaa. 

Ordinary, 10  10  10  lOJ 

Middling Hi  11|  11|  1^ 

Middlingfair l«i  12t  18  18^ 

Fair 18  18^  18|  U 

The  transactions  for  the  week  ending  July  6th  again  showed  considerable  de- 
cline ;  the  sales  were  estimated  at  5,000  bales,  at  ic  a  |c.  per  pound  off  from 
quotations  of  week  previous.  The  foreign  advices  received  this  week  reported 
Jd.  per  pound  decline,  and  to  this  the  addition  of  large  receipts  of  cotton  at 
Mobile  gave  cause  for  alarm  in  the  ranks  of  s^pecuhitors,  who  offered  their  stocks 
at  the  above  reduction,  without,  however,  inducing  purchasers  to  any  great  ex- 
tent.   The  market  closed  tamely  at  the  following  nominal  quotations : — 

F&IOES  ADOPTED  JULY   6tH   FOB  THE  FOLLOWING  QUALITIES: — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.  O.  &.  Teiaa. 

Ordinary 9^  9^               9i              9i 

Middling 10^  IH              Hf            IH 

Middlingfair Hi  llf              12^            12f 

Fair 12  12^              12f            18^ 

The  week  following  the  market  opened  with  a  better  inquiry,  and  at  an  im- 
provement of  ic  per  pound.  The  sales  reached  9,000  bales,  a  large  portion 
being  for  export  Holders  assumed  much  firmness,  and  the  demand  was  limited 
by  their  excessive  demands.  A  slight  yielding  would  have  induced  larger  pur- 
chases, as  a  more  favorable  feeling  was  manifested  in  the  article.  The  market 
closed  firm  at  the  following : — 

PEICES  ADOPTED  JULT    IStH  FOB  THE  FOLLOWIKO  QUALITIES: — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.O.JtTezaa. 

Ordinary «f  9f            10                10^ 

Middling Hi  llf            UJ              \t 

MiddUngfair 11}  12              12i              18 

Fair 12i  12i            18                18i 

A  more  moderate  demand  existed  during  the  week  ending  at  date,  and  the 
sales  did  not  exceed  5,000  bales  at  much  irregularity  in  prices.  There  was  an 
increased  destre  on  the  part  of  holders  to  meet  the  views  of  buyers,  and  the 
amount  on  sale  at  quotations  annexed  was  large.    Operators,  however,  could 


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221 


not  be  induced  to  go  on,  ard  In  the  absence  of  demand,  large  quantities  have 
been  shipped  abroad  from  iirat  hands  here,  and  by  orders  from  the  South.  The 
rates  annexed  are  merely  nominal,  the  market  closing  without  inquiry : — 

PRIOn  ADOPTED  JOLT   20tH   FOB  THB  FOLLOWING   QUALITIES  : — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.O.  Ac  Texas. 

Ordinary 9^              H  H               H 

Middling : 11              Hi  Hi              Ilf 

Middliog&ir Ilf            12  12|              12^ 

Fair 12              12i  12i              18^ 

CROP  AMD  GROWING  CROP. 

The  crop  of  1854-55  now  points  to  2,825,000  bales.  The  growing  crop  is 
represented  to  be  in  a  fine  condition  generally.  The  late  and  excessive  rains 
may,  however,  prove  injurious  in  some  districts. 


COMMERCIAL  STATISTICS. 


SHIPPING  BaiLT  [.V  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

A  STATEMRXT  SHOWING  TOE  NUMBER  AXD   CLASS   OP   VESSELS    BUILT,   AND    THE  TONNAOt 

TUBUBOr    IN    EAOa  STATE   AND  TEEEITOay   OF  TUB  UNITED  STATES  DURING  TUB    TBAft 

BNDIMQ  JUNE   80,   1864  : —  ^ 

, CLASS  OF  VESSELS. v  TOTAL  TON*AGB. 

Sloops  and  Total  No. 

Ships  aad              Schoon-    caoiU  ofressels  Tons  and 

barks.      Brigs,     era.      boats.  Steamers,      baut.  95Uis. 

Maine 166        78        99        12  8  848  168,631  54 

Kew  Hampshire 9         2  11  11,980  12 

Vermont 1           8  ..  4  227  34 

Massachusetts...:....         82          4        87          4  8  180  92,570  24 

Rhode  Island 5         ..           8           1  2  11  6,726  28 

Connecticut 10          1         80          8  2  61  10,691  18 

Kew  Yi>rk: 46        10        89        86  70  800  117,166  69 

New  Jersey 88        27  9  69  8,664  17 

Pennsylvania 7          4        27       124  76  237  36,763  25 

Delaware 29           1  4  84  8,62145 

Maryland 18          8       101           1  4  122  20.862  90 

District  of  Columbia 42  2  44  2,814  24 

Virginia 1         ..           9          8  6  19  8,227  69 

North  Garolina 82          8  8  88  2,681  84 

Bouth  Carolina. 18         10  ..  28  1,161  94 

Geiirgia 1         ..  2  8  666  69 

Florida 7         ..  ..  7  662  41 

AUbama 1         ..           4          2  2  9  1,999  78 

Miastssippi 8         ..  ..  8  77  15 

Louisiana 1         ..           6          6  2  14  1,608  62 

Tennessee 2  2  208  90 

Missouri 2  7  9  8,070  92 

Kentucky 22  22  6,828  71 

Ulioois 18          8          4  1  17  8,868  70 

WtsGonain 26         ..  ..  26  2,946  04 

Ohio 4        20        27  41  92  17.045  49 

Indiana 4  4  2,400  51 

Michigan 1          5        22        12  8  48  7,788  21 

T«zas 1         1  124  48 

Oalifomia 11         10  6  26  1,028  09 

Oregon  ••••••••.•••.         ••         ••         ••         ••  ••  ••  •.•••.. 

ToUa 884      112      661       886  281  1,774  586,686  01 


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222 


Ogmmmtml  SiatkikM. 


■TATmrf 
nn&Bor, 

1815  TO 

tuflwiiMi  nre  imvcft  avo  class  or  iiim  wc 
1854,  uclcutk:— 

TLT,  AJr» 

B  CMomm 

T 

ToMHoL 

bain. 

MU 
1,403 
1.073 

898 

850 

534 

507 

623 

622 

781 

994 
1,012 

934 

884 

785 

637 

711 
1,065 
1,188 

987 

507 

890 

949 

898 

858 

872 

762 
1,021 

482 

766 
1.038 
1,420 
1,598 
1.851 
1,547 
1,860 
1,867 
1,444 
1,710 
1,774 

1815 

flMf»»d 
btfU. 
136 

224 

122 

86 

85 

82 

60 

89 

181 

127 

156 

197 

187 

153 

108 

68 

56 

96 

148 

.169 

94 

50 

65 

72 

79 

89 

109 

101 

91 

34 

47 

87 

164 

168 

174 

148 

117 

65 

79 

95 

112 

Bcliooa 
en. 
681 
781 
559 
428 
478 
301 
248 
260 
260 
377 
538 
482 
464 
474 
485 
408 
416 
663 
625 
497 
301 
444 
507 
501 
439 
378 
810 
273 
138 
204 
322 
576 
6b9 
701 
623 
547 
522 
584 
681 
661 

cual     Oii«M 

bulM.         CfB. 

274 
424 
394 

832 
242 

152 
127 
168 

165  15 

166  26 
168         35 
227         45 
241         38 
196         33 
145         43 
116         37 

94         34 
122       100 
185         65 
180         68 
ICO         30 
164       124 
168       185 
153         90 
122       125 
224         64 
157         78 
404       137 
173         79 
279       163 
342       163 
855       225 
892       198 
547       175 
370       208 
290       159 
826       233 
267       259 
394       271 
886       281 

•SUM. 

154,624  It 

1816 

76 

131,668  M 

1817 

34 

86,393  37 

1818 

1819 

53 

53 

82.421  SO 
79317  M 

1820 

21 

47.784  01 

1821 

43 

55356  01 

1822 

64 

75,14«  ft 

1823 

55 

75.007  6T 

1824 

1825 

56 

56 

90.939  00 
114.997  2S 

1826 

1827 

71 

55 

126.438  35 
104342  07 

1828 

73 

98,375  U 

1S29 

44 

77,098  65 

1830 

25 

58,094  24 

1881 

1882 

1833 

72 

182 

144 

85.962  a 
144>39  1€ 
ICi.Oft  36 

1834 

98 

118.390  37 

1835 

25 

46.238  62 

Ib36 

ya 

113.627  49 

18^7..  ,,. 

67 

122387  21 

1838 

d6 

11S,1U  44 

1839 

83 

120.989  34 

1840 

97 

118309  23 

1841 

114 

118393  71 

1842 

116 

129,083  64 

1843 

58 

63,617  77 

1844 

73 

103337  29 

1845 

124 

146,018  02 

1846 

100 

188.203  93 

1847 

........       151 

248,782  67 

1848 

2M 

318,075  M 

1849 

198 

256377  47 

1850 

J47 

272,218  54 

1851 

211 

298,203  60 

1852 

265 

351.493  41 

1853 

269 

424,572  49 

1854 

384 

585316  01 

SHIPS  110  8HIPPIS6  OF  THE  UXITEB  STATES. 
Tb6  JSkipping  Li»i,  allodixig  to  the  depre«s«d  coodiUoo  of  the  sbippiDg  iptntto  «f 
tlie  United  StAtes  iior  the  p«st  year,  gives  the  fullowing  comprehendTe  rammjuy  of  tbt 
prcgrett  of  this  department  of  our  oatiooal  industry  and  Commerce : — 

Bapid  as  has  beeo  the  progress  of  popniatioo  in  this  couiitij  for  the  past  fortj  j«*nv 
(he  iocrease  io  tie  amooot  aitd  Talue  of  the  toDoage  empUi}  ed  in  the  aarjiog  trade 
haa  TaaOy  oatstripped  it  While  pnpulatioo  has  aljoat  doubled  itself  in  tfairlj-favr 
years,  our  t^toDsge  has  qoadrupltrd  in  that  time.  In  the  year  1820  the  total  teii^«e, 
ir{(isured  and  enrol kd.  was  1, 2b 0,168  tooa,  and  in  1854*  it  vaa  4302.902  toM^  The 
gvocral  pacification  of  Europe  in  1815  iound  us  with  a  tonnage  of  1368,127— of 
which  864.2^4  tor.s  were  registered,  the  remainder  being  enrolled  and  licensed,  repre> 
lentir  g  with  tolerable  accoracy  the  proportions  of  the  tonnage  engaged  in  the  f 
and  ci«siioir  tra<le. 

From  1815  till  1822,  it  appears  that  th«  tonnage  dedinnd  m 


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Commercial  Sta$i9iie$,  2SS 

until  the  jear  182S  that  it  again  equaled  wbat  it  had  been  in  1815.  The  caope  of 
Ums  decline  it  ia  not  now  oar  purpoee  to  explore.  It  was  doubtless  caused  mainly  bj 
the  ability  of  the  nations  of  Europe  to  do  for  themselves  that  which,  as  a  neutral 
power,  we  had  been  doing  for  them  on  the  ocean  durirg  the  progress  of  the  conti- 
nental war.  From  1834  till  1828,  the  amount  of  tonnage  gradually  increased,  until  in 
that  year  it  reached  1,741,89 1  tons.  The  next  year  it  decreased  nearly  half  a  millloii 
tons,  and  did  not  attain  the  point  it  had  been  at  in  1828  until  the  year  1884,  fince 
which  time  it  has  bten  steadily  increasing.  From  1884  to  1844  the  increase  of  ton- 
nage was  about  sixty  per  cent,  and  from  1844  to  1854  it  has  more  than  doubled.  The 
followiog  tabular  statement  will  show  the  progress  in  this  department  of  our  national 
indofitry : — 

Registered  Knroltod  Employed  In 

tuDoage.  toLoage.  coaMiug  truds, 

1815 854,294  518,888  4S5,0ti6 

1820 919.047  661,118  589.080 

1825; 700,787  722,828  589,278 

1880 676,675  616,811  516,978 

1886 886,620  989,1 1 8  792,801 

1840 899,764  1,280,999  1.176,694 

1846 1,095,172  1,821.829  1.190,898 

1860 1.686,711  1.949.743  1,766,796 

1854 2,883,819  2,409,088  2,278,900 

A  remarkable  feature  exhibited  by  this  statement  is,  the  uniformity  of  the  propor- 
tiona  of  increase  between  that  part  cif  our  tonnage  engaged  in  the  coasting  trade  and 
of  that  p<irtion  employed  in  the  foreign  trade.  Both  of  these  classes  of  vessels  have 
Increased  astoniehingly  in  the  last  five  jears.  "We  have  not  the  statistics  to  show  the 
fKt,  bat  we  believe  the  tonnage  of  our  commercial  marine  now  exceeds  that  of  Great 
Britain. 

Ihe  tonnage  employed  in  steam  navigation  has  increased  in  a  greater  proportion 
than  that  of  any  other  description  of  vef>(els.  In  1824  the  tonnage  of  steam  vessels 
was  28,879.  in  1884  it  was  122.866,  in  1844  it  was  272,197,  and  m  1854  it  reached 
676,607  tuns.  Ihis  rapid  extension  of  the  steam  tonnnge  will  doubtless  continue  to 
move  with  even  accelerated  furce — the  tendency  is  evidently  in  that  direction,  and 
steam  will  take  the  place  of  sailing  vessels  where  the  circumstances  are  such  as  to 
warrant  the  substitution. 

The  investment  in  vessels  is  a  very  large  one,  and  the  amount  will  perhaps  astonish 
some  of  our  readers.  11  we  estimate  the  first  cost  of  these  vcsfrels—Ftenm  and  sailing 
—at  fifty  dollars  per  ton,  (a  very  low  estimate.)  it  will  amount  to  $240,646,000,  the 
annual  interest  on  which,  at  the  legal  rate,  is  fourteen  millions  four  huidred  thousand 
dollars !  But  the  annual  earnings  of  the  ve^f  els  must  not  only  include  tie  interest  on 
their  cost,  but  also  repairs  and  renewals.  If  we  place  these  as  equal  to  a  total  de- 
struction in  twelve  years,  we  ^hall  have  $20,508,760,  which,  added  to  the  annual  in- 
terest, make  184,908,760  as  the  total  annual  earnings  of  our  commercial  marine.  This 
amount,  then,  repiesents  the  value  of  the  lalor  either  directly  or  indirectly  employed 
in  the  heme  de^^artment  of  industry  pertaining  to  navigation. 

The  Philade1{jl)ia  Xf^/j^^r  reasonably  areerts  that  the  shipbuilding  interests  are  like 
a  bare  meter — indicating  3  ears  of  prosperity  and  adversity  in  Commerce.  Thus  it  says: 

During  the  forty  years  between  1816  and  1855,  the  number  of  vessels  built  in  the 
United  State? — includirg  canal  boats,  i>t(omerp,  sloi  ps,  k lioorers,  btigs,  and  tliips,  f  nd 
indeed  all  defcriptif  ns,  excepting  those  constructed  for  the  federal  govfiumeit — was 
thirty-nine  thousand  and  ninety-two.  Tie  tcnnage  of  these  vessels  exct^eded  five 
millions-and-n  half,  llie  prosperity  of  this  branch  of  induMry  kept  pace  with  the 
fluctuations  of  the  general  prosperity,  the  periods  of  momentary  depression  witness- 
ing the  most  terrible  revulbions.  It  is  only  necessary,  indeed,  to  coofrult  the  statis^tics 
of  American  f  hip  building  to  tell  when  txpansion  was  at  its  height,  and  T^hen  a  finan- 
cial crisis  prevailed.  In  1682  and  1888,  over  three  hundred  thousand  tons  were  built ; 
in  1840  and  1841,  there  was  a  decline  of  nearly  thirty  per  cent  The  year  1868  and 
the  five  preceding  years  witnessed  an  increased  development  of  thif«  but^iness ;  but  for 
the  last  twelve  months  there  has  been  a  great  decline.  In  1853  and  1854,  in  fact,  the 
tonnage  launched  amounted  to  one-Feventh  of  the  whole  toniuige  built  Mnce  18I6. 
The  greatest  ship-building  State  is  Maine,  which,  in  1868.  crmi-lructed  1 18,916  of  the 
425«672  tons  built.  New  York  comes  second,  llaaaachusetts  third,  and  Penusylvania 
foonh. 


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Chmmercial  StaUttiea, 


LUMBER  TRADE  OP  QUEBEC  FOR  FITfi  TSARS. 

We  are  indebted  to  WootI,  Petry,  Portras  <fc  Oo.  for  the  subjoioed  atatisties  of  the 
wood  or  lumber  traJe  of  Quebec  in  each  of  the  yeara  from  1850  to  1854,  inclusive. 

1.  The  *'  Supply  **  is  derived  from  Superviaor^s  returns  for  years  eodiog  December  1st. 

2.  The  **  Export,"  from  Onatoma  returns  for  years  ending  December  Ist : — 

I.      BUPrLT. 


18d0. 


1851. 


1852. 


1853. 


18S1. 


Timber-^ 

Odkjeet....  1,082,854  1,589  932  1,650,078  1,353,431  2.176,071 

Elm 1,504,660  2,0O8,7-/7  2,404.616  711.239  1,927.865 

Anh  ; 82,797  174,187  285,312  159,020  2--M,446 

Birch 69,761  74,669  49.880  70,616  45.052 

Tamarac...  256,414  490,081  465,382  718.130  2,649,769 

White  piue.  14.888,693  16,417,815  27.681,289  17,487,016  19,648,00* 

Red  pine...  2,121,816  3,189,387  2,405,644  2,060,659  8,756,848 

Staves — 

Standard,  m.  2,036  1.455  2,080  1.914  1,841 

Puncheon...  4,474  1,009  1,790  8,175  2,982 

Barrel 26  1  ....  2  .... 

DeaU-— 

Pine,8tandU  1,462,000  1,560,000)  o^asoqa  «  raa  qoa  j  2,228,668 

Spruce 899,C00  660,000  f  2,465,286  2,608,896  |     ^^^^j^ 

ZaUiwood — 
Ked  pine  and 
bemrk,  qMs.  2,180  8,600  3,483  4,029  4,664 

IL      XXPORT. 

18S0.     1851.     1852.     18».     1851. 

Timber-^ 

Oak,  feet...  1,116,240  1,124,200  1,086,480  1,068.320  1,836,920 

Elm 1,626,640  1,428,880  893,880  1,168,600  1,468.600 

Aj-h 47,280  102,720  86,440  82,200  106,160 

Birch 180,200  122,800  94,860  101,760  61,160 

Tamariic...  86,600  12,680  51,440  9,600  78,560 

White  pine  .  13,040,520  15,941,600  16,695,920  17,399,480  19,612.320 

Red  pine...  8,686,840  8,48^-200  2,502,840  2,316,160  2,699,080 

Staven — 

Standard,  m.  1,266  1,610  1,434  1,671  1,679 

Puncheon...  2,702  2,443  1,766  1,854  2,708 

Birrel 107  64  18  3  .... 

DeaU— 

Pme.stondU  2,207,086  1,418,684  1,842.391  2,425,469  2,604.666 

Spruce 614,277  648,166  665,116  653,106  871,886 

Lathwood — 
Red  pine  and 

bemlXc'ds.  4,428  6,816  6,569  6,076  6,972 

cosrsuaiPTioiv  or  spirits  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 

Returns  moved  for  by  Mr.  Oo^  in,  member  of  the  British  Parliament,  show  that  in 
the  year  1864  the  gross  total  number  of  imperial  gallonsiof  spirits  charged  with  duty 
€nm  knmA  ^winanmnfinn  iQ  (ho  United  Klngdom  amouutcd  to  81,011,727— namely, 
rland,  6,808,819  in  Scotland,  and  8,618,485  in  Ireland.  The 
\  charged  for  consumption  was,  iu  England,  10,589,611  gal- 
)9  gallons,  and  in  Ireland,  8,440,734  gallons.  The  quantity  of 
^r  home  consumption  was,  in  England,  1,740,687  galloiM, 
id  in  Ireland,  63,918.  The  quantity  of  colonial  spirit  bo 
2,959,276  gallons,  in  Scotland,  148,686  gallons,  and  in  Ire- 
'be  quantity  of  malt  charged  with  duty  in  1864  was,  in  Eng- 
and  theamojnt  of  duty,  £5,210,498;  in  Scotland,  8,412,950 
}71,829-,  and  in  Ireland,  1,687,482  bushels,  and  the  duty, 


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(kmmirckLl  SkktmUet. 


2n 


£151,654;  auikiiig  ibr  the  whole  UoUed  Kingdom,  86,819,860  bwbelsof  iiuli,Md 
£6,042,888  amount  of  duty ;  4,698,880  gallons  of  spirits  were  made  in  Scotland  from 
malt  only,  and  the  amoant  of  malt  drawback  paid  was  £194,480.  The  quantity  of 
malt  spirits  consumed  in  England  was  936,478  gallons,  in  Scotland,  8,444,257  gaUons^ 
and  in  Ireland,  84,777  gallons.  The  amount  of  malt  drawback  repaid  on  malt  spirits 
exported  to  England  or  Irekmd  from  Scotland  was  £88,665 ;  on  spirits  imported  into 
England  from  Scotland,  £8,267,  and  on  malt  spirits  imported  into  Ireland  from  Scot- 
land, £1,267.  A  second  return,  moved  for  by  Mr.  Dunlop,  relative  to  spirits  in  Scot- 
land only,  shows  that  the  total  quantities  of  foreign  spirits  entered  for  home  oonsump- 
iioQ  in  that  country  amounted  in  1854  to  255,658  gallons,  (including  148,544  gallooe 
of  rum ;)  in  1851,  to  260,998  gallons ;  in  1852,  to  265,469  gallons ;  in  1841,  to  260,200 
gallons;  and  in  1850,  to  289,246  gallona  The  number  of  gallons  of  British  spirits 
cleared  for  home  consumption  in  Scotland  amounted  in  1854  to  6,558,289  gallons ;  in 
1853,  to  6,584,648  gallons ;  in  1852,  to  7,172,015  gallons;  in  1861,  to  6,880,710  gal- 
loss;  and  in  1850,  to  7,122,987  gallons. 


THE  PORK  TRADE  OF  1854-55. 

The  Cincinnati  Price  Current,  on  the  7th  March  last,  published  a  partial  statement 
of  the  number  of  the  hogs  packed  in  the  West  during  the  season  of  1854-5,  expecting 
to  be  able  in  a  week  or  two  thereafter  to  present  a  full  exhibit.  It  now  presents  a 
pretty  full  statement,  embracing  all  the  principal  points,  but  first  remarks : — 

**  It  will  be  seen  that  the  Western  States  show  an  increase  in  the  aggregate,  whila 
in  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,,and  Tennessee  there  is  a  large  defidency.  The  falling  off 
in  nomber  is  849.408  head,  and  in  number  and  poundp  equal  to  468,066  head— beii^ 
about  20  per  cent.  With  reference  to  the  product  of  lard,  we  have  found  it  impotsible 
to  arrive  at  any  satisfactory  concloeion.  The  yield  of  leaf  lard  is  unquestionaoly  leM 
than  last  year  by  at  least  five  pounds  to  the  hog ;  but  in  many  cases  sides  were  ren- 
dered mto  lard  to  a  considerable  extent ;  and  thus  the  deficiency  in  the  former  will  be 
made  op  to  some  extent ;  still,  taking  the  entire  West,  the  average  yield  per  hog,  of 
all  kinds,  most  be  less  than  that  of  last  year." 

We  omit  the  figures  in  detail,  but  give  (de  following  recapitulation : — 


Ohio 

Tennessee.  • . 
Indiana....... 

Kentucky... 
Iowa 


1852-4. 

718,650 

50,880 

601.820 

502.925 

48,060 


18S4-S. 

571,166 
6,000 
606,880 
837,799 
102,181 


Illinois 

Missouri 

Wisconsin  ....... 

Detroit,  Mich.  .. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.  . . 


1851-4. 

844,047 

130,025 

69,900 

7,500 

8,000 


1854-i. 

418,916 
128,261 

89,272 
5,000 

15,000 

2,124,404 


Grand  total 2,478,807 

Showing  a  deficiency  in  1854-5  of  468,066  hogs. 

In  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Indiana,  hogs  fell  considerably  short  in  weight 
This  deficiency  we  estimated,  in  publishing  a  partial  statement  a  few  weeks  since,  at 
8  per  cent,  lliis  is  rather  a  low  but  upon  the  whole  a  fair  estimate.  The  total  num- 
ber of  hogs  packed  in  those  States,  as  above,  is  1,4*20,794;  and  8  per  cent  deficiency 
on  this  number  is  118.668.  Adding  this  to  the  decrease  in  number,  the  total  falling 
off  is  468,066,  as  follows: — 

Komber 849,408  |  Decrease  in  weight  equal  to.. . . .     118,668 

Total  deficiency 468,066 

In  Iowa,  Illinois,  Miseouri,  and  Wisconsin  the  hogs  averaged  about  the  same  as  last 
year.  In  some  portions  there  was  a  falling  ofl^  but  in  others  an  increase,  thus  Uingiog 
op  the  average. 

In  our  statement  made  at  the  close  of  the  season  of  1858-4,  we  estimated  the  av- 

VOL.  zxxin. — NO.  II.  16 


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686  Commercial  BegmlmtioM. 

lenige  weight  of  hog^s  packed  in  Ohio,  indifma,  Kentnckj,  ftsd  Tennenee  at  SOS  Ibr 
J)«auciu)g  8  per  cent  from  this,  the  average  for  the  pftf>t  peasoo  would  be  192^  Ibe. 
Id  other  States  the  average  last  year  was  218  lbs ,  and  this  year  we  estimate  it  at 
the  sRme.  Taking  these  figures  as  the  average,  the  crop,  reduced  to  pounds,  compares 
4U  follows : — 

18SM.  185M. 

Ohio,  EentiKkj,  Indiana,  and  Tenneuee 891.926,200        2t 8,602,645 

Other  State* 128,515,796        163,486,980 


520,445,996         426,989,826 
Showing  a  deficiency  of  103,457,171  Ibe^  being  a  trifle  over  20  per  cent    The  in- 
crease in  pounds  last  year  over  the  preceding  year*s  crop  was  22^  per  cent  The  prod- 
act  of  this  season  is,  therefore,  20  per  cent  less  than  tluit  of  1853-4,  and  2^  per  oent 
greater  than  that  of  1862-8. 


THE  FRESH  AND  SALT  MEAT  TRADE  OF  FRA5CE. 
The  Department  of  State  at  Washington  has  received  a  letter  from  the  IToited 
States  Consul  in  Paris,  relating  to  the  meat  trade  of  France.  The  letter  of  the  ood- 
sol  contains  an  extract,  as  will  be  seen,  from  the  **  Echo  d^Agricol^  showing  the  usoal 
mode  of  importmg  salt  meats,  which  is  of  importance  to  those  engaged  in  the  export 
of  provisions  from  the  United  States: — 

"The  increase  in  the  price  of  meats  in  France  has  been  very  great  since  1848— ao 
much  so  that  general  complaint  exults  on  the  subject  From  1852  to  1854  there  has 
been  an  increase  of  price  from  40  to  45  per  cent.  The  attention  of  the  govemmeofc 
of  France  having  been  called  to  this  fact,  its  efibrts  have  been  not  only  to  prevent  a 
further  increase,  but  to  effect  a  diminution  from  present  prices.  To  this  end  the  tarifib 
have  been  revised,  and  very  great  reductions  have  been  made  upon  the  importation  of 
foreign  cattle,  to  wit:  from  $10  28  to  74  cents  a  head  on  beef,  dkc.  Not  only  so,  bat 
the  direct  attention  of  the  people  of  France  has  been  called  to  the  use  of  salt  meat, 
and  the  experiment  of  opening  the  market  is  being  made  with  much  success.  The 
duty  on  this  article  has  been  successively  reduced  from  $5  58  to  $3  72,  ($1  86,)  and 
in  the  month  of  October  last  to  9^  cents  the  226  pounds,  or  100  kilogrammes.  Un- 
der this  reduction  there  ^as  been  an  astonishing  development  in  its  importatioit  In 
1864,  the  importation  of  meats,  fresh  and  salt,  reached  only  8,527  quintaux — or 
777,844.58  pounds;  while  in  the  first  month  of  the  present  year  the  importation  has 
reached  8,720  quintaux— ^eiog  more  than  in  the  whole  year  of  1852  by  208  quintaux, 
or  44,769.62  pounds. 

**  I  transmit  herewith  an  extract  from  the  '  Echo  d^Agricol^  showing  the  usual 
mode  of  importing  salt  meats,  with  the  respective  values  of  the  several  quantities : — 

**'  Prhne  pork  is  the  most  common  kind  in  brine  of  gray  salt,  barrels  of  881  ^  lbs. 
gross,  or  198.90  lbs.  net;  value  from  $14  80  to  $15  81  the  barrel. 

"  *  Mess  pork  is  little  imported,  and  do^s  not  find  a  sale,  being  too  fat  Prime  mess, 
first  quality,  preserved  in  brine  with  white  salt  from  lean  hogs,  is  held  at  from  $18  60 
to  $19  63  per  barrel 

**  *  Hams,  salted,  sugared,  and  smoked,  sustain  a  comparison  with  the  beet  we  have 
in  Europe,  and  find  a  ready  sale.  < 

"  *  Shoulders,  dry-salted,  find  a  good  deal  of  favor  in  France.  They  come  in  dry 
barrels  of  994.40  lbs.  net;  value  from  $18  60  to  19  68  per  221  lbs.,  or  100  kilo- 
grammes. 

** '  Lard  comes  in  barrels  of  265.20  lbs.,  or  in  firkins  of  46.62  lbs.  net;  value,  $18 
per  110|  lbs.,  or  50  kilogrammes.' 

"  The  foregoing  extract  will  indicate  the  kinds,  manner  of  importation,  and  value, 
for  Uie  benefit  of  importers.  By  a  decree  of  the  10th  of  March,  the  rates  of  dutiea 
on  salt  meats  into  the  French  colonies  have  been  reduced  as  follows : — 

"  Into  Martinique,  Guadaloupe,  Guiana,  and  Reunion,  salt  meats  of  foreign  make, 
from  whatsoever  country  imported,  and  under  whatM>ever  flag,  will  pay  a  duty  of  60 
centimes  (9|  cents)  per  100  kilogrammes,  or  221  pounds.  The  same  duty  is  reqcired 
at  St  Louis,  Senegal,  but  only  when  imported  in  French  bottoms,  either  directly  from 
abroad  or  by  extraction  from  the  entrepot  Sonee.  Those  imported  into  Senegal  under 
a  foreign  ffiig  are  charged  the  duty  enforced  before  this  decree." 


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(hmmereial  SMktie$.  89^ 

COMMEBCIAL  PftOSPEAITT  OF  THE  OSBEKS. 

Commerce  and  navigation  which  had  been  given  up  to  them,  as  mercenary  occa- 
pations,  by  the  pride  of  the  Ottomans,  had  abo  eoncentrated  in  their  hands  the  whole 
wealth  of  the  empire.  Municipal  liberty,  and  the  governments  of  towns  and  islands 
by  elective  councils,  chosen  from  among  the  respective  populations,  and  paying  only 
the  tributes  or  exactions  to  the  pachas,  constituted  these  islands  and  these  Greek 
provinces  into  a  species  of  federation,  very  apt  to  revolt  against  the  common  oppres- 
sor, aod  to  combine  together  in  the  cause  of  freedom.  Finally,  the  law  which  only 
permitted  the  Ottoman  armies  to  be  recruited  from  among  the  conquering  race,  di 
minished  that  source  from  year  to  year,  and  allowed  the  conquered  race  to  increase 
and  multiply.  All  these  causes  together  had  lessened  the  masters  and  magnified  the 
•laves,  so  that  the  number  of  Christians  in  the  empire  very  much  surpassed  the  nuii- 
ber  of  MahomeCaosw  The  Turks  still  reigned,  it  U  true,  but  they  were  nothing  more 
than  an  armed  aristocracy  in  the  midst  of  a  di^rmed  multitude.  The  Greeks,  how- 
ever, had  long  felt  their  strength,  and  looked  out  for  allies  in  Europe,  to  give  them 
the  signal,  the  opportunity,  and  support  Tney  had  found  these  natural  allies  in 
the  Russians,  attached  to  them  by  two  causes,  which  did  not  reqotre  preconcerting  to 
be  onderKtood :  identity  of  religion  aod  community  of  hatred  against  the  Turks.  The 
first  Greek  insurrection  had  been  fomented  and  sustained  by  a  Russian  fleet,  in  the 
Morea,  in  1790,  under  the  reign  of  Catherine  II.  Though  it  miscarried,  in  consequence 
of  the  French  revolution,  which  bad  recalled  the  attention  of  the  empress  to  the  side 
of  QermAOjr.  and  had  made  her  defer  the  ambitious  views  of  Russia  oo  the  side  of 
Aeia,  this  insurrection  in  the  Morea  had  left  souveairs,  hopes,  and  seeds  of  liberty,  ia 
the  minds  of  the  Greeks,  who  reckoued,  if  not  upon  auxiliaries  at  least  upon  sympa- 
thy at  Petersburgh.  The  triumph  of  the  Russians  on  the  Danube,  and  the  arrival  of 
a  Russian  fleet,  from  the  Black  Sea,  before  Constantinople,  combined  with  an  insur- 
rection in  the  Peloponnesus  and  the  islands,  would  leave  nothing  for  the  Turks  bnl 
flight  into  Asia.  The  reign  of  the  Russians  over  the  Bosphorus  would  be  the  reign  of 
the  Greeks,  re-establishing  the  empire  of  the  East  in  its  capital,  so  long  usurped  by 
others.  This  idea,  or  this  dream,  kept  hope  alive  in  the  Morea  and  in  the  islands. 
Greece  was  going  to  make  the  attempt,  and  Europe  was  going  to  assist  her ;  but 
never  did  fatality,  that  urges  nations  on  to  results  which  they  see  the  best  and  dread 
the  most,  exhibit  itself  more  distinctly  in  human  aflfairs.  Russia  once  mistress  of  the 
Bosphorus,  of  Constantin(»ple,  aod  of  Greece,  this  was  universal  monarchy  over  Europe, 
over  Asia,  and  the  Mediterranean.  Bat  never  mind,  the  cry  of  freedom  resounded 
tipoa  the  mountains  of  Epirus,  and  Europe  was  about  to  echo  it,  and  to  precipitate 
Itself  bodily,  against  her  own  interest,  down  the  declivity  on  which  hung  the  world. 
Religion  was  to  serve  as  a  pretext  for  liberty;  aod  whde  modern  philosopbf  was 
sapping  or  reforming  Christianity  in  Europe,  European  liberalism  was  upholding 
the  cause  of  Christianity  in  Greece,  and  preaching  a  crusade  in  the  name  of  the  Rev 
olution.-> J^M/ory  of  the  Rettoration  of  Monarchy  in  France. 

Wins  VAULTS  OP  THE  LONDON  DOCKS. 

The  Newark  Advtrtieer  gives  an  account  of  a  recent  visit  to  the  London  Docks,  and 
especially  to  the  vaults  in  which  Port  wine  is  stored.    It  says : — 

**  You  have  a  guide,  without  whom  you  would  run  a  great  risk  of  being  lost,  and, 
each  taking  a  light,  commence  your  rambles  through  the  vault  On  either  side  are  the 
pipes  of  wine,  on  tramways,  which  extend  in  all  twenty-six  miles ;  overhead  hang  fes> 
toons  of  fungus,  a  sure  sign  of  the  good  condition  of  the  vaults,  since  if  the  roof  ieiUced, 
the  fungus  would  be  destroyed ;  and  around  you  is  the  heavy  odor  of  alcohol,  which, 
if  breaOied  too  long,  will  be  pretty  sure  to  create  a  heaoache.  We  had  a  tasting 
order,  which,  however,  we  declined  to  use,  thinking  that  we  had  taken  in  by  the  lunge 
§B  much  spirits  as  would  suffice  without  tlie  assistance  of  the  stomach.  We  left  with 
the  iuipre<(sion  thit  Portugal  could  scarcely  produce  much  else  except  wine,  and  that 
if  the  Ei)glii>h  drank  all  we  saw,  they  would  deserve  the  reputation  of  particularly  af- 
fecting this  beverage." 

NAVIGiTION  AT  THE  POET  OF  QUEBEC. 
The  arrivals  and  tonnage  at  the  port  of  Quebec  for  the  undermentioned  years  were-— 

I8i0.       18)1.       1832.       ISai.       im. 

Veseela 1,078        1,186         1.055         1,183         1,316 

Tons. 436,879    606,034    454,102    681,648     680,828 


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228  Jtmrnahof  Intnmmci, 


JOURNAL   OF   INSURANCE. 


THE  CAUSES  OF  FIRES,  WITH  SUG6ESTI0JV8  FOR  PRETEJITIOIV. 

The  London  Quarterly  Review  caotloiM  pereoDB  against  leaving  "wax  locifer  matches 
where  they  are  accessible  to  rats  and  mice,  stating  that  these  vermin  convey  them  to 
their  holes,  and  eat  the  wax  until  tLej  reach  the  photphorue,  which  is  ignited  by  the 
friction  of  their  teetk 

The  same  authority  enggests  that  fires  are  much  more  frequently  caused  by  heating 
buildings  with  hot  water,  hot  air,  and  steam-pipes,  than  13  commonly  imagined.  Mr 
Braidwood,  the  Superintendent  of  the  London  Fire  Brigade,  in  his  evidence  before  a 
committee  of  the  House  of  Lords,  expressed  the  opinion,  founded  on  wide  and  carefol 
observation,  that  by  long  exposure  to  beat  not  much  exceeding  that  of  boiling  water 
—212° — timber  is  rendered  liable  to  spontaneous  combustion,  which  he  thinks  would 
ensue  in  eight  or  ten  years.  It  is  a  common  thiog  for  some  parts  of  the  Bur&ce  of 
partition  walls  to  become  so  heated  that  one  can  hardly  bear  the  hand  upon  it ;  and 
it  seems  probable,  where  that  is  the  case,  that  the  laths  or  wood  work  nearer  to  tiie 
source  of  heat,  may  be  subjected  to  the  temperature  indicated  as  dangerous.  In  a 
large  city  there  is  more  or  less  insecurity  from  fire,  whatever  degree  of  caution  one 
may  adopt ;  and  we  become  gradually  reconciled  to  risking  the  chances  of  losing  pro- 
perty through  the  carelessness  of  those  whose  actions  we  cannot  control,  in  the  rea- 
sonable expectation  that  if  the  block  in  which  we  live  is  ignited  outside  of  our  own 
houses,  we  shall  at  least  have  sufiicient  warning  to  escape  personal  injury.  There  are 
no  doubt  hundreds  of  families  living  in  the  insecurity  resulting  from  the  heating-pipes 
of  their  houses  not  being  sufiiciently  isolated  for  safety.  It  is  true  this  is  not  the  sea- 
son of  danger.  But  it  is  the  season  when  precautions  may  be  taken  with  some  con- 
venience to  avert  the  danger ;  and  it  is  the  season  when  more  building  is  in  progress 
than  in  any  other,  and  when,  therefore,  those  engaged  in  it  may  be  addressed  with  the 
expectation  that  a  matter  so  deeply  involving  their  own  interests  and  the  safety  of 
their  tenants,  will  meet  with  the  attention  it  merits. 

It  is  suggested  that  ingenuity  has  a  field  for  its  exercise  still  left  in  deviling  some 
more  effective  plan  than  the  mixed  structure  of  iron  and  brick  of  stone  for  rendering 
those  buildings  fire-proof  which  are  used  in  storing  a  large  quantity  of  combustible 
material  If  their  inflammable  contents  become  once  thoroughly  ignited,  it  ia  seldom 
that  the  buildings  themselves  can  be  saved  from  destruction.  "  Iron  columns  in  such 
instances  melt  before  the  white  heat  like  sticks  of  sealing-wax;  stone  flies  into  a  thou- 
sand pieces  with  the  celerity  of  a  Prince  Rupert's  drop ;  slate  becomes  transformed 
into  a  pumice,  light  enough  to  float  upon  water ;  the  iron  girders  and  beams,  by  rea- 
son of  tbeir  lateral  expansion,  thrust  out  the  walls ;  and  the  very  elements  which 
seem  calculated,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  to  give  an  almost  exhaustless  durability 
to  the  structure,  produce  its  most  rapid  destruction."  The  danger  ia  diminished  by 
dividing  the  warehouse  into  compartments,  separated  by  substantial  brick  walls,  ao  as 
to  confine  the  fire  within' manageable  limits.  In  private  dwellings  and  offices  not 
used  for  storage  there  is  little  danger  from  the  fusibility  or  expansion  of  iron ;  for  or- 
dinarily the  combustion  of  their  contents  would  not  produce  sufficient  heat  to  involve 
such  a  catastrophe.  On  the  other  hand,  the  use  of  iron  and  stone  or  brick  in  the  out- 
side structure,  generally  affords  a  leliable  protection  against  extraneous  danger. 

For  the  interior  structure  of  dwellings,  the  plan  in  vogue  in  Paris,  of  making  the 
party-walls  to  rooms  and  the  floors  solid,  is  found  efficacious  to  prevent  the  spread  of 


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Journal  of  In$ura$kce,  220 

fire.  Few  wide  cooflagimtioDs  oocur  in  tb«  Froich  eapiUl,  DoiwithsUadiDg  the  im- 
meose  height  of  its  hoases,  and  the  meignificance  of  its  fire  depertment  This  is  at- 
tributed to  the  care  with  which  the  partitions  and  floors  are  filled  in  with  rabble  and 
plaflter  of  Paris.  To  support  this  packing,  of  course  something  else  is  requisite  than 
flimsy  laths,  and  thick  oak  boards  are  uailed  firmly  on  to  the  framing,  and  then  cot- 
ei«d  with  a  thick  coating  of  plaster  of  Paris.  A  room  thus  finished,  demoted  to  do* 
mestic  nses,  is  essentially  fire  proof.  The  under-side  of  the  stairs  is  protected  in  the 
same  way,  which  is  of  the  greatest  importance,  as  being  the  part  of  the  house  most 
imperiled  by  fire,  which  always  seeks  an  unobstructed  ascent,  and  also  the  part  from 
which  danger  of  destruction  should  be  most  carefully  averted,  that  it  may  afibrd  an 
avenue  of  retreat  for  the  inmates. 

The  Superintendent  of  the  London  Fire  Brigade  has  devised  the  following  very  ju- 
diciooa  directions  for  aiding  persona  to  escape  from  premises  on  fire  i-^ 

1.  Be  careful  to  acquaint  yourself  with  the  best  means  of  exit  from  the  house,  both 
at  the  top  and  bottom. 

2.  On  the  first  alarm  reflect  before  you  act  If  in  bed  at  the  time,  wrap  yourself 
in  a  blanket  or  bedside  carpet;  open  no  more  doors  or  windows  than  are  absolutely 
necessary,  and  shut  every  door  after  you. 

3.  There  is  always  from  eight  to  twelve  inches  of  pure  air  close  to  the  ground  ;  if 
yoQ  cannot,  therefore,  walk  upright  through  the  smoke,  drop  on  yoar  hands  and  kneesL 
and  thus  progress.  A  wetted  silk  handkerchief,  a  piece  of  flannel,  or  a  worsted 
stocking  drawn  over  the  face  permits  breathing,  and,  to  a  great  extent,  excludes  tlie 
smoke. 

4.  If  you  can  neither  make  your  way  upwards  or  downwards,  get  into  a  front-room  ; 
if  there  is  a  family,  see  that  they  are  all  collected  here,  and  keep  the  door  closed  as 
much  as  possible,  for  remember  that  smoke  always  follows  a  draught,  and  fire  always 
rushes  after  smoke. 

5.  On  no  account  throw  yourself,  or  allow  others  to  throw  themselves,  from  the  win- 
dow. If  no  assistance  is  at  hand,  and  you  are  in  extremity,  tie  the  sheets  together, 
and  having  fastened  one  end  to  some  heavy  piece  of  furniture,  let  down  the  women 
and  children  one  by  one,  by  tying  the  end  of  the  line  of  sheets  around  the  waist  and 
lowering  them  through  the  wmdow  that  is  over  the  door,  rather  than  through  one  that 
is  over  the  area.    You  can  easily  let  yourself  down  after  tbe  helpless  are  saved. 

6.  If  a  woman's  clothes  should  catch  fire,  let  her  instantly  roll  herself  over  and  over 
on  the  ground ;  if  a  man  be  present,  let  him  tbi*ow  her  down  and  do  the  like,  and  then 
wrap  her  in  a  rug,  coat^  or  the  first  woolen  thing  that  is  at  band. 


THB  CHARTER  OF  A9  INSURAITCE  COfilPANY  i  CONTRiCT. 

The  following  decision  was  recently  delivered  in  the  Circuit  Court  of  Alabama  by 
Ub  Honor  Judge  Rapier : — 

THB  ALABAMA  LIFE  IN6UEANCB  AND  TBU8T  COMPANV  VS.  JAMES    H.  DAUGHDBILL. 

The  company  was  incorporated  in  1886.  The  25ih  section  of  the  act  of  incorpora- 
tion provides  **  that  this  act  shall  continue  and  be  in  force  unalterable  by  the  General 
Assembly,  without  the  consent  of  the  trustees  of  said  company,  for  and  during  the 
term  of  twenty  years." 

Tbe  22d  section  reads, *^  that  as  a  fall  commutation  for  all  taxes,  impositions,  or  as- 
teaaments  on  the  capital  stock  of  the  said  company  during  the  continuance  of  its  char- 
ter, it  shall  pay  annimlly  on  the  first  Monday  m  December  in  each  year,  to  the  treas- 
urer of  the  State  for  the  use  df  the  people  thereof,  the  sum  of  |2,000.'* 

Section  891  of  the  Code  adopted  in  February,  1852,  provides  **  that  there  shall  he 
•seeesed  in  each  county,  on  all  corporations  created  under  any  law  of  this  State,  and 
not  exempt  from  taxation  under  section  890,  on  each  hundred  dollars  of  their  capital 
stock  actually  paid  in  and  belonging  to  persons  not  exempt  from  taxation,  twenty- 
fivveentsi" 

By  eeotioD  776  of  the  Code  it  is  further  provided,  "  that  the  Court  of  County  Com- 
nissionera  must  in  each  year  levy  a  tax  for  county  purposes  not  exceeding  100  per 
cent  on  the  amount  of  the  State  assessments." 


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380  Journal  of  Jnauremce, 

In  185S,  purfeuant  to  the  provisionfl  of  th6  God?,  thert  wm  a^cseed  on  the  oompaoj 
$600  for  State  tax.  and  80  per  cent  oo  the  amount  of  the  State  tax  iur  ooooty  por- 
poses.  The  defendant,  ae  tax  collector  for  the  couoty  of  Mobile,  demanded  the 
amount  assessed  for  the  county,  which  (he  company  refused  to  pay.  A  levy  was  then 
made  to  enforce  payment  as  provided  by  law  in  such  cases. 

The  question  presented  for  tbe  court  is,  whether  the  company,  in  view  of  the  Iketa 
above  stated  and  the  acts  of  (he  Legislature  referred  to,  is  exempt  from  taxation  for 
county  purposes.  If  it  be  held  exempt,  judgment'  by  agreement  of  parties  is  to  be 
rendered  against  the  defendant  for  a  trespass  in  making  the  levy.  If  it  be  not  ex- 
empt, then  judgment  is  to  be  rendered  for  the  defendant 

It  is  contended  on  the  part  of  the  defendant — 1st  That  the  exemption  eoDtained  in 
the  charter  of  the  company  does  not,  under  a  proper  construction  of  it,  extend  to 
county  taxes.    2d.  That  if  it  did,  the  exemption  would  be  unconstitutional  and  void. 

The  language  of  exemption  is  explicit  and  compreheosive,  and  there  is  but  little 
room  left  for  construction.  The  words  '*  all  taxes  are  certainly  withro  themselves 
sufficiently  broad  to  include  county  as  well  as  State  taxes,  and  the  one  kind  being  as 
much  dependent  upon  the  legislative  power  as  the  other,  there  is  no  room  fgr  except- 
ing from  the  meaning  of  the  general  terms  employed  the  one  kind  more  than  the 
other,  unless  such  reason  be  funii^hed  by  the  context  or  by  words  of  limitation  else- 
where  in  the  act  There  are  no  words  of  limitation,  nor  does  the  context,  on  any  cor- 
rect principle  of  exposition,  narrow  the  exemption.  The  bonus,  it  is  true,  is  required 
to  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury  for  the  use  of  the  people  thereof,  and  this  may  af- 
ford some  ground  for  supposing  that  inasmuch  as  this  oonus  is  to  be  appropriated  as 
State  taxes  are,  fur  the  benefit  of  the  State  at  large,  in  the  use  of  the  words  ^all 
taxes,"  State  taxes  only  were  intended  by  the  Legislature.  If  such  was  the  inteotioo, 
the  words  go  beyond  it 

But  in  the  construction  of  statutes,  as  a  primary  rule,  courts  are  to  collect  the  in- 
tention from  the  words,  and  it  is  safer  to  adopt  what  the  Legislature  have  said  tbao 
to  suppose  what  they  meant  to  say.  "  Where,"  says  Dwarris,  *'  the  Legislature  has 
used  words  of  a  plain  and  definite  import  it  would  be  very  dangerous  to  put  upon 
them  a  construction  which  would  amount  to  holding  that  the  Legislature  did  not  mean 
what  it  expressed."* 

Inter;  rettng,  then,  the  act  to  have  intended  to  exempt  the  capital  stock  of  the  com- 
pany from  taxation  for  county  and  all  other  purposes,  then  comes  the  other  question^ 
whether  tbe  act  was  constitutional. 

And  here  it  may  be  premised  that  the  courts  regard  the  question  of  constitutionality 
of  a  law  as  one  of  great  delicacy,  and  which  ought  seldom  if  ever  to  be  decided  affir- 
matively in  a  doubtful  case.  In  the  Dartmouth  College  cafe,  (4  Wheat  125,)  the 
Supreme  Court  of  tbe  United  States  says—*'  On  more  than  one  occasion  the  court 
has  expressed  the  cautious  circumspection  with  which  it  approaches  the  consideration 
of  such  questions,  and  has  declared  that  in  no  doubtful  case  would  it  pronounce  a  legis- 
lative act  to  bo  contrary  to  the  ooDstitatioo." 

That  it  was  within  legislative  authority  to  surrender  in  part  the  sovereign  power 
to  tax,  may  be  now  regarded  as  a  settled  question.  In  the  case  of  Providence  Bank 
vs.  Boiling  &  Pittman,  (4  Peters,  661,)  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  Staten,  Chief 
Justice  Marshall  delivering  the  opinion,  say — **  that  the  taxing  power  is  of  vital  im- 
portance ',  that  it  is  essential  to  tne  existence  of  government,  are  truths  which  it  can- 
not be  necessary  to  reaffirm.  They  are  acknowledged  and  ascribed  by  all  It  would 
seem  the  relinquishment  of  such  a  power  is  never  to  be  assumed.  We  will  not  say 
that  a  slave  may  not  relinquish  it,  tnat  a  consideration  sufficiently  valuable  to  induce 
a  partial  release  of  it  may  not  exist"  But  subsequently,  in  the  case  of  Gordon  vs. 
tbe  Appeal  Tax  Court,  (8  How.  188,)  the  same  tribunal  held  the  affirmative  of  the 
proposition  in  maintaining  that  the  charter  of  a  bank  is  a  franchise  which  is  not  taxa- 
ble as  such,  if  a  price  has  beeo  paid  for  it  which  tbe  Legislature  accepted.  But  the 
first  section  of  the  Bill  of  Rights  in  the  Code  of  Alabama  is  referred  to,  and  it  is  said 
that  the  charter  of  plaintiffs  is  repuffoant  to  this  section.  The  objection  ni^t  apply 
as  well  to  any  licensed  business  wni<m  is  authorised  to  be  carried  on  for  a  price.  Im 
franchise  of  this*  company  can  hardly  be  said  to  confer  an  exclusive  privifqge ;  nor  is 
it  granted  without  the  consideration  of  public  benefit 

It  must  be  held,  therefore,  in  the  case  under  consideration,  that  the  act  was  inieiMlad 
to  exempt  the  company,  during  the  continuation  of  its  charter,  from  taxation  for  eoooty 
as  well  as  for  State  purposes,  and  that  this  exemption  was  within  the  power  of  the 
Legislature,  and  not  contrary  to  the  constitution.  What,  then,  is  the  effect  of  the  sub- 
sequent act  adopted  in  1862  ? 


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That  ilie  chMier  of  tb«  pUintiis  k  a  cootraot,  and  suoh  a  ooe  as  canooi  be  impaired 
hj  ftobeequeot  legislatiuD  without  a  violation  of  the  conetitulion,  is  amplj  shown  bj 
manj  adjudications  in  similar  cases.  In  Providence  Bank  vs.  Bolltnfr  A  Pittman,  (4 
Peters,  614 ;)  Bank  of  Pennsylvania  vs.  the  Coromonwealtli.  (19  Penn.  State  Rep.  144 ;) 
Logwood  et  al  vs.  the  Planters*  and  MercbinU'  Bank  of  Huntsville,  (A.  R.  28.) 

It  remains,  then,  but  to  faj  that  the  levj  made  by  the  defendant  was  a  trespasa^ 
and  to  give  judgment  pursuant  to  the  agreement. 

Messrs.  Chandler,  Smith,  and  Herndon  for  the  company ;  Messrs.  Dargan  <fe  Hall, 
and  Messrs.  Hamilton,  for  Mr.  DaughdrilL 


NAUTICAL  INTELLIGENCE. 


NOTICES  TO  HARINERS  AND  Bf AVIG ATORS. 

FLA6HIKO    UOHT   AT  TRAPANI,  8ICILT. 

The  Sicilian  government  has  given  notice  that  on  and  after  the  evening  of  the  8th 
of  Febnmry,  1866,  in  place  of  the  old  beacon  on  the  Colombeja  at  Trapani  there  would 
be  exhibited  a  fiied  light,  with  flushes  every  three  minutes. 

The  apparatus  is  catadioptric,  of  the  fourth  order  of  the  system  of  Fre^nel.  Tba 
light  is  elevated  189  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  will  be  vidble  14  miles  in 
clear  weather. 

ISOLA  DI  VULCANO. 

Also,  that  on  Teola  di  Vulcano,  at  Puota  del  Rosario,  there  would  be  exhibited  on 
the  evening  of  March  8th,  1866,  a  similar  fixed  light,  with  flashes  at  intervals  of  three 
mmutes. 

This  light  is  elevated  468  feet  above  the  level  of  the  rea,  and  will  be  visible  14 
miles  in  clear  weather. 

JOHN  WASHINGTON,  Hydrogrspber. 

BTDBOoaApHic  Orncs,  Admiralty,  Lokdon,  Juoe  13, 1855. 

This  notice  affects  the  following  Admiralty  Charts  ^Trapani  Anchorage,  No.  189  ; 
Sicily  W.  Coast.  No.  187  ;  Lipari  Islands,  No.  172  ;  Sicily  N.  Coast,  No.  167 ;  Medit- 
erranean General,  No.  2,168;  Sicily  Island,  No.  166;  also,  Lighthouse  Book  of  tha 
Mediterranean,  Noe.  96  and  97. 

REVOLYING   LIGHT   ON   THE   MORRO   DB   SAN   PAOLO,  BRAZIL. 

The  Provincial  Government  of  Bahia  has  civen  notice  that  on  the  8d  day  of  May 
next,  1866,  a  revolving  light  will  be  exhibited  on  the  Morro  de  San  Paolo,  brazil. 

The  light- house  stands  on  the  summit  of  the  Morro,  or  hill,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
harbor  of  San  Paolo,  in  lat  13®  21'  40"  south,  long.  88°  64'  48"  west  of  Greenwich ; 
the  tower  is  80  feet  high,  and  painted  white. 

^  The  light  is  revolving^  completing  a  revolution  in  ooe  minute,  and  showing  a  bright 
light  for  1 6  seconds,  followed  by  an  eclipse  of  46  seconds.  It  is  dioptric,  or  refracting, 
and  of  the  first  order  of  Fresnel ;  it  is  placed  at  an  elevation  of  276  feet  above  the 
mean  level  of  the  sea,  and  is  visible  20  miles  in  clear  weather.  At  a  less  distance 
than  12  miles  the  eclipse  is  not  total,  but  a  faint  light  is  seen. 

This  light  must  not  be  mistaken  for  the  revolving  light  of  San  Antonio  at  the  Bif 
of  Bahia,  which  lies  80  miles  to  the  north-east,  and  revolves  once  in  four  mhiutes, 
showing  a  red,  a  faint,  and  a  bright  light  in  succession. 

Vessels  approaching  this  part  of  the  coast  of  Braxil  are  cautioned  not  to  stand  in  to 
a  less  depth  than  11  fisthoms  without  a  pilot 

JOHN  WASHINGTON,  HTdrogrspher. 
llvi»aoaBAPBTo  Orrtar,  Adhibaltv,  Lokdok,  91it  April,  1855. 

This  notice  affects  the  Admiralty  Charts  -.—Brazil,  sheet  6,  Pema^ibuco  to  Victoria, 
No.  1,079,  and  the  South  American  Lights  List,  Na  16. 

COAST   OP   SPAIN   ON   THE   ATLANTIC ALTERATION   OF   LIGHT   AT   CADIZ. 

The  Spanish  government  have  given  notice  that  on  the  Ist  of  June  next  the  present 
revolving  light  on  the  Castle  of  San  Sabastian,  at  Cadiz,  will  be  changed  to  a  fixed 
bright  light,  with  red  flashes  at  intervals  of  two  minutes. 


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9d2  StatMei  (^PojmlaMmi,ete. 

The  new  flhunhatiag  apparatat  is  catadtoptrte,  of  the  eeeood  orto  of  Fresnel. 
The  light  will  be  elevated  148  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  be  visible  la  osUes 
in  clear  weather  from  the  deck  of  a  ship. 

There  has  been  do  chaoge  in  the  position  of  the  light 

JOHN  WASHINCrrOU,  Bydrographec 
BvaaooEAPHio  Orrtos,  AvmiealtT)  Loirsoif,  SSd  May,  185i. 

This  notice  affects  the  following  Admiralty  Charts  :~MediteiTanean,  Na  2,158; 
Approaches  to  Qibraltar,  Na  92 ;  Cadiz  Harbor,  No.  86;  aUo^  Spanish  Light-house 
Lbt,  No.  180. 


UGflT  OJV  CAPE  SiBT  A5T0NI0,  PR0FI5C£  OF  AUCAHTfi. 

HTDSoeaAPBic  OmcK,  Admisaltt,  London^  December  36,  18S4. 

The  Spanish  ffovemment  has  given  notice  that  on  the  1st  of  January,  1855,  a  re- 
volving light  will  be  exhibited  od  the  old  tower  of  San  Antonio,  in  the  province  of 
Alicante,  in  88«  48'  80"  N.,  and  0«  48"  E.  of  Greenwich. 

This  light  will  revolve  every  half  minute,  and,  being  580  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  will  be  visible  in  clear  weadier  from  the  deck  of  a*  moderate-sized  vessel  at 
the  distance  of  19  miles. 

Admiralty  Charts  affected  bv  this  notice:  Na  2,158,  General  Chart  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean; No.  1,187,  S.  Coast  of  Spain,  Alicante  to  Palmos;  and  Mediterranean  Lits 
Xiighthouse,  No.  8  a.     ' 


CHA56E  OF  LIGHT  AT  COVE  POINT,  NORTH  OF  PATUKET  BITER. 

By  order  of  the  United  States  Lighthouse  Board,  A.  M.  Pennock,  Lighthouse  In- 
spector Fifth  Dbtrict,  under  date  Norfolk,  Va.,  May  10, 1855,  publishes  the  following 
notice  to  mariners : — 

Notice  is  hereby  given  that  the  present  fixed  light  at  Cove  Point  will  be  changed 
on  or  about  the  15th  of  June  next,  to  a  fixed  light  varied  by  flashes.  The  light  wil 
be  produced  by  a  fifth  order  catadioptric  apparatus ;  will  be  of  the  natural  color,  fixed 
witn  a  bright  flash  at  intervals  of  oneanda-half  minute. 


STATISTICS  OF  POPULATION,  &c. 


RESULTS  OF  THE  CENSUS  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

KCXBSa  vu. 
TBRIUTOEIAL  SITB  DfVIBIONS. 

The  Report  here  investigates,  at  great  length,  the  territorial  distribution  of  Britain 
from  the  earliest  timea,  including  the  divisions  made  by  the  Romans  and  Saxons  suc- 
cessively, and  the  state  of  things  under  the  Heptarchy.  It  traces  the  division  of  the 
country  into  shires,  hundreds,  and  tithings,  to  Alfred  the  Great ;  and  the  circuits  to 
Henry  IL  (a.  a  1179.)  The  counties  in  each  circuit  were  enumerated  in  the  anoals 
of  the  times,  and  the  names  of  all  the  existing  counties  appear,  except  &v^ 

The  shire  is  an  important  sub-di vision  of  the  kingdom ;  each  has  a  lord  lieutenant, 
who  is  also  keeper  ot  the  archives;  a  sheriff^  an  under-sheriff,  and  justices  of  the  peace, 
all  appointed  by  the  crown ;  each  shire  has  also  a  county  treasurer  and  a  clerk  of  the 
peace,  eaeh  appointed  by  the  lord  lieutenant;  and  a  county  coroner,  elected  by  the 
freeholders.  The  revenue  of  the  shires  is  chie^f  derived  from  rates  struck  by  the 
justices  of  peace  in  counties  at  quarter  sessions,  and  is  for  the  most  part  appropriated 
m  maintaining  bridges,  lunatic  asylums,  jails,  prisoners,  and  police. 

The  terms  ** hundreds'*  and  **  tithings*'^  had  theur  origin  in  a  system  of  numeratioo, 
but  whether  they  represented  persons,  families,  or  holdings,  is. difficult  to  determine, 
In  process  of  time,  what  was  once  a  number  became  a  name,  and  for  a  looff  period 
Ihe  terms  have  ceased  to  measure  either  area  or  population,  as  is  evidenced  by  the 


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SkLtMe9  of  PopulaU&ti^  €te.  2$S 

ftMi  thai  the  htmdreda  ia  the  sonrey  aAer  the  Cooqdest  and  the  hnodreds  tCill  retnaia- 
ing,  differ  widely  in  both  eIemeDt^  and,  moreover,  the  present  hundred  b  different  ia 
extent  in  tha  varinns  ooonties ;  for  bstaoce,  in  GloaceeterBhire,  the  hnndred  oontaiaa 
on  an  average  20,000  acres;  in  Herefordshire,  49,000;  and  in  Shropshire,  68,000. 
The  hide  was  the  lot  or  share  of  the  first  settler. 

The  sessiooal  divisioiis  existing  in  all  the  counties  of  England  and  Wales,  for  the 
purposes  of  special  sessions,  are  in  general  based  on  the  hundreds  and  other  ancient 
county  sub-divisions.  The  justices  have  power  to  alter  these  divisions  for  the  conve- 
nience of  holding  sessions,  bot  they  have  no  authority  to  alter  the  ancient  hundreds. 
There  are  <M)9  sessiunal  divisions  in  England  and  Wales,  and,  for  the  purpoMS  of  assise 
and  jail  delivery,  eight  circuits,  besides  the  jurisdiction  of  the  central  criminal  court.    . 

A  Saxon  burgh,  or  borough,  was  a  hundred,  or  an  assemblage  of  hundreds,  sur- 
rounded by  a  moat  or  wall.  As  ancient  borough?  fell  into  decay,  new  ones  sprung 
up,  and  many  towns  not  formerly  boroughs,  have  been  created  boroughs  for  purposes 
not  very  intelligible.  The  affairs  of  municipal  boroughs  are  administered  by  a  mayor, 
alderman,  and  other  functionaries. 

The  196  reformed  boroughs  in  England  and  Wales  contain  a  total  population  of 
4,946,269  inhabitants:  the  population  of  64  range  under  6,000;  48  from  8,000  to 
10,000;  68  from  10,000  to  60,000;  14  from  60.000  to  100,000;  4  from  100,000  to 
200,000 ;  and  three  above  200,000.  The  cit}f  of  London  is  still  unreformed,  and  there- 
fore not  included  in  these.  If  inserted  in  the  list,  it  would  stand  below  Sheffield,  as 
haying  a  population  of  only  127,869  inhabitants,  a  one-nineteenth  portion  of  the  popu- 
lation of  London ;  and  yet,  forsooth,  the  Corporation  claim  to  represent  the  metropolb. 

Scotland  contains  88  royal  and  municipal  burghs,  having  a  total  population  of 
762,777  inhabitants;  66  have  a  popuUtion  under  6,000;  16  from  6,000  to  10,000; 
11  firom  10,000  to  70,000;  and  1,  148,000. 

The  minor  subdivisions  of  townships,  parishes,  and  manors,  were  re-distrihuted  by 
William  the  Conqueror,  after  the  battle  of  Hastings,  and  apportioned  amon^  the 
chieftains  in  his  army ;  but  we  must  pass  over  these  divisions  for  a  slight  notice  of 
ecclesiastical  districts  and  dioceses. 

The  Act  for  the  census  of  1851  required  the  population  of  **  ecclesiastical  districts ' 
to  be  eoumerated. 

** The  task,"  states  the  Report,  ''of  obtaming  accoAtely  the  population  of  tiie  db- 
tricta  was  one  of  great  difficulty.  Designed  exclusively  for  spiritual  purposes,  their 
boundaries  are  ^uite  ignored  by  the  general  public,  and  rarely  known  by  any  secular 
officers ;  while,  in  many  cases,  even  the  clergy  themselves,  unprovided  with  maps  or 
plans,  are  uncertain  as  to  the  limits  of  their  respective  cures.  Formed,  too,  in  many 
cases,  without  reference  to  any  exbting  boundaries— often  by  imaginary  lioee,  which 
the  progress  of  building  speedily  obliterates,  and  liable,  as  circumstances  alter,  to  re- 
peated^ reconstruction — it  was  sometimes  almost  impossible,  with  any  confidence,  to 
ascertain 'the  real  present  limits  of  these  dbtricts.  No  labor,  however,  was  spared,  in 
order  to  overcome  the  obstacles  and  secure  a  trustworthy  statement  The  registrars, 
when  apportioning  theur  districts  among  the  enumerators,  were  directed  to  procure  as 
much  information  upon  the  boundariee  of  these  new  dbtricts,  as  the  incumnent  might 
he  able  and  willing  to  supply ;  and  very  important  aid  was  in  this  manner  readily 
afforded ;  and  subsequently  the  accouots  of  population  which  resulted  from  these  in- 
quiries were  forwarded  from  the  census  office  to  the  various  incumbents,  for  their  in- 
spection and  revision.'* 

The  division  of  the  country  ecclesiastically,  in  Dioceses,  Arch-deaconries,  and  Dean- 
eries, took  place  at  a  very  early  period.  Most  of  the  present  bishoprics  were  founded 
in  Saxon  times.  The  dioceses,  on  their  first  formation,  had  their  limits  coextensive 
with  the  boundaries  of  the  kingdoms  of  the  sovereigns  who  formed  them ;  but  sub- 
divbions  were  soon  discovered  to  be  necessary,  and  various  princes  subsequently  made 
repeated  alterations,  until  at  length  the  whole  arrangement  settled  into  its  exbting 
shape. 

The  census  here  enters  into  an  elaborate  hbtory  of  the  changes  in  the  ancient 
boundaries  of  counties,  parlbmentary  divbions  of  counties  and  boroughs.  Most  of  the 
exbtinff  snbdivbions  were  made  at  an  early  period.  Alfred  has  been  named  as  the 
great  divider  of  the  country,  and  the  progress  and  modifications  of  the  subdivisions 
throw  light  on  the  progress  of  the  population.  At  thb  point  we  appear  to  be  peru- 
sing some  deep  antiquarian  treatise.    At  length  we  arrive  at  the  discussion  ox  the 


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Ul 


SUiU^ik9  9f  Populaiiomy  He. 


recent  territorial  subdivmoiw  of  tlie  country  for  tbe  adminbtratkin  of  the  poor  law, 
and  for  pnrpoeet  of  registration ;  and,  after  reciting  tbe  inconyenieoces  and  perplexities 
ubich  tbe  variety  of  ecclesiastical,  military  and  civil,  fiscal  and  judicial,  ancient  and 
modem,  mantcipal  and  parliamentary  subdivisions  ot  the  country  occasions,  the  Report 
urges  tbe  adoption  of  a  uniform  system  of  territ4irial  divisions  in  Great  Britain,  and 
ooodudes  witn  a  summary  of  tbe  contents  and  general  results  of  tbe  oeosos. 


EMIGRATIOV  TO  THE  USITED  STATES. 

[Tbe  letter  referred  to  in  tbe  foDowiDg  circular  from  tbe  Hon.  WnxiAM  L.  Habct, 
Secretary  of  State,  was  publbbed  in  a  former  number  of  the  Merchant^  Magojune, 
Tbe  act  of  1819,  as  suggested  by  tbe  Secretary,  should  be  amended  so  as  to  embrace 
emigrants  entering  the  United  States  by  land.]~^{f.  Met,  Mag. 

DKPABTiiKifT  or  Btat«,  Waibiivotor,  Febnufj  10, 18S5. 

In  tbe  letter  which  accompanied  tbe  last  annual  statement  of  passengers  arrivii^ 
from  foreign  countries,  it  was  remarked,  with  a  view  to  obviate  tbe  absence  of  unifor- 
mity in  tbe  returns  from  tbe  collectors  on  which  that  statement  is  based,  and  to  whidi 
is  attributed  a  considerable  degree  of  inaccuracy  during  a  period  of  many  years,  a  cir> 
cular  bad  been  addressed  to  those  officers,  accompanied  by  a  schedule  for  their  gen- 
eral guidance.  Tbe  effect  of  this  measure  has  been  favorable.  Greater  uniformity 
has  characterized  the  returns ;  and  tbe  country  of  which  the  passengers  intend  to  be- 
come inhabitants,  and  the  number  of  passengers  who  hive  died  on  tbe  voyage,  have 
for  the  first  time  been  furnished.  A  tabular  statement  has  also  been  added  of  all 
passengers  arriving  in  tbe  United  States  during  tbe  last  eleven  years  from  September 
80, 1848 — the  earliest  period  when  any  recapitulations  were  appended  to  the  annual 
statement  furnishing  the  necessary  data — to  December  81, 1854. 

Tbe  information  conveyed  under  the  heads  of  ''occupation"  and  " comitry "  still 
continues,  to  some  extent,  vague  and  indefinite ;  and  it  is  expected  that  tbe  collectora 
will  hereafter  cause  their  returns  to  conform,  in  this  regard,  to  the  recapitulation  of 
the  statement  now  transmitted,  a  copy  of  which  will  be  sent  to  each  of  them  with  that 
view.  It  is,  moreover,  desirable,  as  was  suggested  in  my  last  letter  on  this  subject, 
that  the  attention  of  collectors  at  frontier  custom-houses,  especially  on  tbe  northero 
border,  should  be  directed  to  immigrants  entering  the  country  by  land.  The  act  of 
1819,  by  which  immigration  returns  are  now  controlled,  seems  to  contemplate  only 
those  passengers  '*  arriving  by  eea."  If  this  construction  is  deemed  correct,  an  amend' 
ment  of  that  act  is  demanded. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

W.  L.  MABCr. 

8TATXMENT  OF  TBX  KUMBEE  OF  FA8SXNGE£8  ARRIVING  IN  TBI  tTNITKD    8TATBS    BT    SEA 
FROM  FOREIOM  COUNTRIES  FROM  SEPT.  30,  1848,  TO  DEC.  81,  1854. 

SflXBOt 

"  From 

Sept  30, 1848,  to  Sept  80, 1 844 . . . 

1844  1846... 

Uh  1846... 

1846  1847..., 

1847  1848... 

1848  1849... 

1849  to  Dec  81,  1849... 
Dec  81,  1849  1860... 

1860  1861... 

1861  1862... 

1862  1868... 
1868  1864.... 

Total ....      1,664,874     1,106,492        404,029     8,nM*ft 


Males. 

Femsks. 

slated. 

TotaL 

48,897 

86,867 

.... 

84,764 

69,188 

49.290 

1,400 

119,804 

90,798 

66,778 

897 

168.648 

184,760 

96,747 

1,067 

:f82,554 

136,128 

92,888 

472 

229.848 

179,268 

119,915 

442 

809,610 

88,282 

27.107 

181 

66.570 

200,908 

118,892 

1,088 

816,888 

245,017 

168,745 

66 

408.828 

898,470 

898,470 

286,696 

164.181 

.... 

400.777 

284.887 

176.687 

.... 

460.474 

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8tmti$Ue$  of  PopulaHon,  He. 


285 


POPfJLATIOlf  OF  ARKANSAS  IN  I860  AUD  1854. 
The  result  of  the  cenaot  of  the  State  of  Arkansas  for  1854,  ^hkb  has  just  been 
completed,  as  compared  with  I860,  will  be  seen  in  the  following  table: — 


Population 

Whites 

Slaves  

Free  colored. 

Lands  cuUirated , acres 

Cotton  produced ^ .  .bales 

Com  (1868) bushels 

Wheat «.. 

Oats 


18S0.  • 

209,887 

162.189 

47.100 

606 

781.630 

66.844 

8,898.989 

199,689 

666,288 


18H. 

268.117 

199.224 

60,279 

614 

857,180 

160,779 

11,686,969 

882,686 

1,040,206 


TH8  PKE  cniirrAoi  op  incbeask  in  1864  ovxa  1860,  was  as  follows: — 

21  1  Of  cotton  produced 160 


Of  populatbn 

Of  whites 

Of  slaves 

Of  lands  cultivated 


20 
27 
10 


Of  cotton  produced. 

Of  wheat 

Of  oats 

Of  corn 


ISO 
60 
60 


It  appears  evident  from  this  that  the  State  of  Arkansas  is  growing  with  great  rapid- 
ity ;  but  as  the  extent  of  lands  cultivated  does  not  correspond  with  the  amount  pro- 
duced, (in  income,)  it  is  also  plain  that  the  land  is  better  cultivated,  more  labor  put 
upon  it,  and  this  also  appears  from  the  increase  of  slaves  being  greater  than  the  in- 
crease of  whites. 

The  State  of  Arkansas  has  nearly  6,000,000  of  acres  of  swamp  land^  which  the 
Oovemor  proposes  to  give  partly  to  levee  the  liississippi  and  Red  rivers,  and  partly 
to  railways. 

He  commends  the  interests  of  the  Fulton  and  Cairo  Railroad  Company  to  the  Legis- 
lature. This  company  has  a  huge  grant  of  land  from  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  and  has  ahready  had  the  route  surveyed. 


BTATITB  AHD  FOREIGN  POPULATIOIV  OF  THE  SOUTHERBT  STATES. 

The  Union  has  turned  to  the  last  census  returns  and  made  out  the  following  table, 
which  shows  the  native,  the  foreign,  and  Catholic  population  in  each  Southern  State 
in  1860.  It  would  seem  from  this  table  that  **  Know-Nothingism  **  has  not,  in  for- 
eigners or  Roman  Catholics,  a  very  powerful  enemy,  numerically,  to  combat : — 

ForeigiL  Native.  B,Catbolfo. 

1.  Alabama 7,498  426,614  6.200 

2.  Arkansas 1,468  162.189  1.600 

8.    Florida 2,740  47,208  1.860 

4.    Georgia 6,462  621,672  4,250 

6.    Kentucky 81,401  761.418  24,240 

6.  Louisiana 67,808  266,491  87,780 

7.  Maryland 61,011  417.943  87,100 

8.  Mississippi 4,788  296,718  8,260 

9.  Missouri ^....  76,670  692,004  88,960 

10.  North  Carolina 2,665  668,028  1,400 

11.  South  Carolina 8,608  274.568  6.030 

12.  Tennessee 6,688  766,836  1,400 

18.  Texas 17,629  164,084  6,760 

14.  Virginia 22,968  894,800  7,980' 


806,614         6,998,308        172,740 


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%B^  SkUiMticB  cf  AgrwaUmrt^  eU. 


STATISTICS  OP  AGRICULTURE.  &c. 


BRIEF  flISTORT  OF  KENTUCKT  CATTLE. 

BT  BRUTUS  J.  OLAT. 

The  PattoD  etoclr,  bo  called  from  the  person  who  first  introduced  them  into  Ken- 
tacky,  were  brought  from  Virginia  about  the  jear  1786  by  two  of  the  sons  of  Matthew 
Patton,  Sr.,  then  a  resident  of  Virginia,  and  Mr.  Gay,  his  son-inlaw— a  bull  and  sev- 
eral heifers,  (half  blooded  English  cattle,  so  called  at  that  day,)  being  from  the  stock 
of  Mr.  Patton,  Sr.,  the  product  of  a  bull  purchased  by  him  of  a  Mr.  Gough,  of  Mary- 
land, importer  of  English  cattle.  This  bull  was  very  large  and  rough,  with  very  long 
horns.  In  1790  Mr.  Patton,  Sr.,  moved  to  Kentucky,  and  brought  with  him  six  more 
cows,  calves  of  this  same  bull  They  were  large,  somewhat  coarse  and  rough,  with 
very  long  horns,  wide  between  the  points  and  turning  up  considerably  ;  the  bags  and  ' 
t^ts  very  large ;  good  milkers,  differing  very  much  from  what  was  called  the  Long- 
horns  of  1817,  so  says  Mr.  R  Harrison,  of  Woodford  county,  Kentucky,  (see  Franklin 
Farmer,  p.  196,  vol.  2.) 

About  the  year  1795  Mr.  Patton,  Sr.,  also  introduced  a  bull  and  heifer  purchaaed  of 
thb  same  Mr.  Gough,  said  to  have  been  imported ;  the  bull  a  deep-red  with  heavy 
horns — the  heifer  white,  the  horns  turned  down.  From  the  above-mentioned  caUl0» 
all  the  Patton  stock  of  Kentucky  has  sprung ;  being  generally  large  but  coarse,  boroi 
turned  up,  good  milkers,  bad  handlers,  and  difficult  to  fatten  early.  These,  at  this 
day,  have  been  so  mixed  with  the  Durham  and  other  breeds,  that  I  suppose  there  are 
none  to  be  found  anywhere  of  the  pure  blood. 

In  1808  Daniel  Harrison  brought  to  Kentucky  a  two-year  old  bull,  called  Plato, 
purchased  of  Mr.  Miller,  of  Virginia,  (an  importer  of  English  cattle,)  said  to  have 
been  out  of  an  imported  bull,  dark-red  or  brindle,  very  large,  small  head  and  neck, 
light,  short  horns,  and  heavy  fleshed.  He  was  bred  mostly  to  Patton  cows,  and  pro- 
duced some  fine  milkers.    He  was  taken  to  Ohio  about  1812. 

In  1810  Captain  Smith,  of  Fayette,  purchased  of  this  same  Mr.  Miller,  of  Virginia, 
a  bull  called  Buzzard,  a  brindle,  large  and  coarse,  sired  by  the  same  boU  as  Plato,  oat 
of  a  different  cow,  being  of  Longbom  stock,  purchased  of  Matthew  Patton,  Sr. 

In  1818  Mr.  loskip  came  to  Kentucky  and  brought  with  him  a  large  bull  called  the 
Inskip,  brindle,  a  mixture  of  the  Miller  and  Patton  stock,  left  in  Virginia  by  Patton 
when  he  came  to  Kentucky. 

In  1814  Daniel  Harrison  purchased  of  Mr.  Ringgold,  of  Virginia  or  Maryland,  a  bull 
and  heifsr  called  the  Gary  cattle,  white  pied  and  red,  bad  feeders,  and  not  in  very 
high  repute  in  Kentucky  as  fine  cattle. 

In  1814  the  Messrs.  Hutchcraft,  of  Bourbon  county,  brought  from  Ohio  the  bull 
called  Shaker,  purchased  from  the  society  of  Shakers,  and  said  to  have  been  descended 
from  the  Miller  stock. 

In  1817  Mr.  James  Prentice,  of  Lexington,  Kentucky,  imported  from  England  two 
bulls — John  Bull  and  Prince  Regent— one  of  the  celebrated  Durham  improved  breed, 
and  the  other  of  the  improved  milk  breed.  John  Bull  was  a  deep-red,  fine  size  and 
form,  delicate,  down-pointed  horns.     Prince  Regent  was  pied,  white,  with  red  spots. 

They  were  purchased  of  Nat  Hart,  of  Woodford  county,  and  John  Fayette,  for 
$1,800,  and  have  produced  some  good  stock. 

lb  1817  the  Hon.  H.  Clay  imported  from  England  three  head  of  Hereforda-^a  bull 
cow,  and  heifer,  and  placed  them  with  Isaac  Cunningham,  of  Clarke,  one  of  the  best 
cattle  raisers  in  Kentucky  at  that  time.    I  have  never  seen  one  in  the  State. 


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SiatkHet  <^  AgrkuXUirt^  etc  237 

BAST  II9U5  AW  AMUICAI  COTTOV. 
Recent  inTestigatioin  in  EngUnd  appear  to  have  established  the  fact  that  oar 
plantera  haTe  nothing  to  fear  from  the  riyalrj  of  the  pknters  io  India.  It  would 
gntifj  the  people  of  England  to  be  able  to  supply  their  own  loooqs  with  the  produce 
of  their  own  poseeeeions,  but  nature  seems  to  bare  interposed  insuperable  obstacles. 
Hio  investigations  to  which  we  refer  were  set  on  foot  by  a  committee  of  the  House  of 
Oommoos*  before  whom  the  leading  men  of  Manchester  were  minutely  examined  ^ 
Without  troubling  our  readers  with  details,  we  may  sum  up  the  results  as  follows: — 

1.  India  is  five  months*  sail  from  Liverpool ;  America,  one  month's. 

2.  The  consumption  of  cotton  in  India  is  so  enormous  as  to  render  the  planters 
comparatively  indifferent  to  a  foreign  market  India  is  a  country  of  160,000.000  cf 
inhabitants.  "  In  India,"  said  one  gentleman, "cotton  is  used  for  all  ihe  purposes  that 
hemp  and  flax,  and  hair  and  wool,  are  used  in  this  country.  The  home  consumption 
is  something  enormous.  I  exhibited  at  the  Asiatic  Society  the  cloth  of  a  man's  dress 
and  a  female's  dress,  and  the  weight  of  those  two  was  five  pounds ;  the  average  dress 
of  each  inhabitant,  therefore,  was  two-and-a-half  pounds ;  and  if  we  multiply  that  by 
the  population,  assumbg  it  to  be  150,000,000  over  the  whole  of  India,  it  wiU  amount 
to  875,000,000  of  pounds.  But  it  is  used  for  beds,  pillow?,  cushions,  awnings,  cano- 
pies, and  ceilings,  draperies  and  hangings,  carpets,  screens,  curtains,  quilting  and  pad- 
ding  of  every  description,  both  for  padding  clothes  and  for  saddles,  for  tents,  ropes  for 
teots,  halters  for  horses — and,  in  fact,  applied  to  all  the  purposes  that  hemp  and  wool 
are  used  for  m  this  country.  I  assumed  at  that  time,  without  any  correct  data,  Uiat 
it  would  require  as  much  more  annually  for  such  purposes,  which  would  make  an 
amount  of  750,000,000  pounds." 

8.  The  India  cotton  is,  for  the  purposes  of  the  English  manufacturer,  20  per  cent 
inferior  in  quality  to  the  American.  Mr.  Basley,  a  noted  manufacturer,  in  reply  to 
questions,  stated  that  it  was  found  by  experience  that  the  waste  in  using  Surat  cotton 
is  25  per  cent,  while  from  the  American  the  loss  is  12^  per  cent;  that  is,  from  every 
100  lbs.  of  Surat  cotton  which  the  spinner  takes  into  his  mill,  he  produces  75  lbs.  of 
yam ;  and  that  from  every  100  lbs.  of  American  cotton,  be  produces  87i  lbs.;  also 
that  the  same  machinery  produces  a  larger  quantity  of  yam  from  the  American  cot- 
ton than  from  the  Surat  cotton.  And  when  asked  whether  that  does  not  arise  from 
the  smaller  number  of  breakages,  he  replied : — 

'^  Yes ;  and  from  the  American  cotton  requiring  fewer  turns  from  the  spindle,  and 
for  the  quantity  of  yam  coming  through  the  rollers,  less  twist  per  inch." 

4.  Much  of  the  Indian  cotton  comes  to  market  so  badly  cleaned  that  the  waste  is 
excessive. 

THB  8BA  ISUID  COTTOV  OF  FLORIDA. 

Sea  Island  cotton  is  one  of  the  grand  productions  of  Florida.  From  her  insular 
position,  quality  of  soil,  and  blandness  of  climate,  this  delicate  and  valuable  crop  is 
very  successfully  cultivated.  According  to  the  Florida  Keios,  this  crop  is  produced 
the  best  where  the  soil  is  composed  of  clay,  strongly  mixed  with  vegetable  decom 
posiUoa  As  a  manure  for  cotton  lands,  sea-weeds  and  marsh-mud  are  found  to  be 
excellent,  increasing  the  quantity  of  the  crop  without  injunng  the  fineness  and  glossi- 
ness of  the  staple. 

The  cotton  seed  is  planted  in  rows  from  six  to  eight  feet  apart,  and  the  plant  kept 
free  from  weeds  by  the  use  of  the  hoe  and  plow.  The  shrub  grows  rapidly,  lyid 
throws  out  a  profusion  of  rich,  yellow  blosEoms,  and  at  length  the  pods  appear. 
These,  bursting  open  about  September,  reyeal  their  snowy  treasures  to  the  p1auter*s 


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Si8  SiaUsUcs  of  A^friaiUure^  0ku 

gaze.  The  field  mast  now  be  picked,  as  ezposare  to  the  weather  injares  the  fine 
glo68  of  the  oottoa.  The  down  is  collected,  exposed  on  a  scaffold  to  dry,  and  is  then 
passed  through  the  gin,  whose  thousand  fingers  quickly  {*eparate  it  from  the  f*eed, 
after  which  it  is  packed  in  bales  and  is  ready  for  the  market  As  the  pode  do  not 
open  all  at  a  time,  several  pickings  are  necessary  to  clean  the  field.  The  cotton  afamb 
grows  very  luxuriantly  in  Florida ;  the  writer  has  ;een  a  specimen  produced  in  Marioa 
county,  which  more  resembled  a  tree  than  a  shrub,  the  lower  branches  being  sufficieot 
'  to  sustain  the  weight  of  a  man.  The  cotton  crop  is  liable  to  many  aocidenta ;  tke 
caterpillar  sometimes  destroys  whole  fields  of  it;  the  red-bug  pierces  the  pod  and 
discolors  the  cotton,  and  a  heavy  wind  sometimes  entirely  destroys  the  pod.  Good 
cotton  lauds  will  yield  three  or  four  hundred  pounds  to  the  acre,  and  it  is  said  that 
one  hand  may  cultivate  about  three  acres.  The  price  of  the  article  varies  acccrding 
to  the  quality  and  state  of  the  market,  from  fifteen  to  twenty  cents  per  pound. 

To  every  hundred  pounds  of  cotton  produced,  there  are  about  ten  bushels  of  seed, 
weighing  forty  pounds  to  the  bushel  Experiments  have  been  made  in  turning  the 
seed  to  account,  by  extracting  oil  from  it ;  and  we  believe  the  result  has  proved  that 
about  half  a  gallon  of  crude  oil  may  be  obtained  from  a  bushel  The  oil  cake  may  be 
also  used  for  cattle  and  horses.  It  is  thought  by  some  that  the  seed  used  In  this 
way  would  pay  one-half  of  the  labor  required  for  the  cultivation  of  the  crop. 

THE  IVINE  DISEASE  AT  OPORTO^  PORTUGAL. 
It  is  a  well  known  fact,  that  more  port  wine,  or  the  article  of  that  name,  is  consumed 
in  the  city  of  London,  than  the  entire  product  of  the  Oporto  wine  district.  *  But  very 
little  of  the  wine  consumed  in  the  United  States  has  a  particle  of  the  juice  of  the 
grape  in  it  A  letter  recently  received  at  the  State  Department,  Washington,  from 
Oporto,  Portugal,  says,  that  the  produce  of  the  wine  district,  in  1854,  has  been  about 
19,000  pipes,  although  there  have  been  sent  to  the  judges  at  Regoa  samples  of  49,000 
pipes  for  approval  More  than  one-half  of  this  wine  is  that  which  was  refused  in  l8St 
as  being  unsound,  and  unfit  for  transportation.  It  has  since  been  treated  with  gtro- 
friza  and  boja^  and  in  all  probability  much  of  this  noxious  stuff  found  its  way  down 
the  Douro  in  the  Spring,  and  was  exported  to  different  parts  of  the  world.  The  Oporto 
correspondent  thinks  there  have  not  been  three  thousand  pipes  of  good  wholeeome 
wine  made  in  the  Douro  this  last  vintage.  The  wine  known  as  the  green  wbe,  the 
principal  drink  of  the  native  Portuguese,  has  been  almost  totally  destroyed  ;  and  ia 
the  Vienna  district  not  a  pipe  has  been  made.  In  the  Spring  of  1854  the  vines  put 
forth  their  shoots  and  leaves  with  great  vigor,  and  the  growth  was  very  rapid.  The 
show  of  fruit  was  greater  than  ever  known  in  that  country  before.  The  dinners  anti 
cipated  a  good  vintage,  but  as  the  season  advanced  their  hopes  were  blasted.  Through- 
out the  kingdom  the  vines  began  to  show  symptoms  of  the  fatal  "  odium ;"  by  the 
middle  of  June  the  leaves  had  the  autumnal  tints,  began  to  curl,  and  the  berries  in- 
dicated a  sickly  appearance.  Many  vineyards  bad  the  appearance  they  usually  have 
in  the  month  of  November.  In  the  early  part  of  July,  many  vines  put  forth  a  second 
crop  of  lekves  and  fruit,  and  the  berries  nearly  ripened  before  they  were  attacked 
with  the  **  odium."  

THE  FRUIT  TRADE. 

Some  thirty  vessels  are  engaged  in  the  fruit  trade  between  New  York  and  the 
West  Indies.  A  much  larger  trade  in  fruits  is  carried  on  with  ports  in  the  Medtter- 
rafiean,  which  supply  annually  something  like  seventy  or  eighty  cargoes — principally 
oranges.    The  West  Indian  importations  of  last  year  are  estimated  as  follows : — 

8eventy*fiye  thousand  bunches  of  bananas  from  Baraooa,  sold  here  at  finom  $1  25 


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a(ati§iie$  ef  Affrictdtwt^  He.  t8f 

lo  |1  60  per  ^mum^— 1*8,760  to  $112^00;  S.000»000  Baracoa  coeoanats,  sotd  at  from 
$25  to  |30  per  100—1600,000  to  $600,000 ;  20  cargoes  of  pineapples  from  Matansas 
aod  Havana,  aeveraging  80,000  dozen  per  cargo,  and  sold  at  from  $8  to  $12  per  100 
—$128,000  to  $192,000  ;  20,000  doien  St  Barts  pines,  sold  at  from  $7  60  to  $8  per 
100— $18,000  to  $19,200;  200,000  dozen  from  the  Bahama  Islands— $1 6,000  to 
$16,000 ;  10  cargoes  of  Havana  oranges,  averaging  850,000,  at  S  cents  each — $10,600 ; 
have  been  received  thus  far  the  present  season,  the  crop  being  more  abundant  than 
at  anj  time  during  the  last  fifteen  years.  West  Indian  oranges  arrive  in  October, 
and  are  most  abundant  in  January  and  February.  Bananas  and  pineapples  begin  to 
arrivti  about  the  first  of  April,  and  are  most  plentiful  during  the  succeeding  three 
months.  Cocoa  nuts  arrive  all  the  year  round.  Mediterranean  oranges,  which  come 
in  boxes,  and  are  most  extensively  shipped  to  different  parts  of  the  United  States,  be- 
gin to  be  received  in  January,  but  not  extensively  until  April  or  May. 

The  above  list  comprises  but  few  of  the  foreign  fruits  imported — and  these  only 
from  the  West  Indies.  A  few  minutes'  calculaiion  will  show  -the  sum  paid  for  the 
articles  enumerated  in  the  list  amount  to  not  less  than  $850,000.  The  total  amount 
paid  for  foreign  fruit  last  year  was  not  less  than  $20,000,000. 

Our  exports  are  comparatively  trifling.  With  the  very  best  soil  and  climate  in  the 
world  for  growing  fruit,  embracing  twenty- three  degrees  of  latitude,  we  pay  oot  an- 
nually to  foreign  countries  cash  enough  to  stock  a  Territory  with  the  choicest  varieties 
of  fruit  trees.  Besides,  fruit  grown  in  our  own  soil  and  climate  is  better  adapted  to 
our  people,  and  far  more  healthful  than  that  which  is  imported  firom  other  climates. 

PfflUDELPHIA  CATTLE  MARKET. 

The  following  tabular  statement  presents  the  number  of  cattle  received  in  Phila- 
delphia during  each  of  the  last  eleven  years,  with  the  exception  of  the  large  number 
brought  in  by  butchers,  of  which  no  account  can  be  obtained  :— 

Beeves.          Cows.           SwIdb.  Sheep.  Totals. 

1864 73,400         15,850         78.000  61,0u0  227.760 

1858... 71,900         15,100         68,800  72,800  212,600 

1862 71,200         14,420        49,200  81.200  216,020 

1861 69,100         15.400        46,700  88,000  214,200 

1860. 68.750         15,120        46,900  82,500  218,270 

1849 68,120         14.820        46,700  77,110  206,250 

1848 67,211         14,108         47,690  7'5,820  205,829 

1847 60,270         16,700         22.460  67,800  147,220 

1846 47,500         14,480         18.670  66.810  186.460 

1845 61,298         18.805         26,456  66,948  158.506 

1844 46,782         18.519        25,420  61,056  148,727 


CULTITATIOff  OF  HOPS  IN  ENOLAITD. 
In  June  nomber  of  the  Merchant^  MagoMine  we  published  a  brief  sketch  of  the 
history  with  some  statistics  of  hops  in  the  United  States,  derived  from  the  excellent 
report  of  0.  L.  Flint,  Esq.,  the  Secretary  of  the  Massachxisetts  Board  of  Agriculture. 
From  a  recent  English  authority  we  learn  that  the  gross  total  number  of  statute  acres 
of  laod  under  cultivation  for  hops  in  England  in  the  year  1864  amounted  to  68,828 
acres,  of  which  11;490|  were  in  the  district  of  Canterbury,  2,060  in  Hants,  4,648i  in 
Hereford,  1,408}  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  10,887f  in  the  district  of  Rochester,  l,877f  in 
the  district  of  Stourbridge,  1,224  in  that  of  Worcester,  and  11,690  acres  in  Sussex. 
The  total  amount  of  duty  charged  on  the  hops  in  the  various  collections  of  England, 
the  growth  of  the  year  1864,  was  £86,422  against  £47,827  under  the  old  duty  of 
1  12  20d.  per  lb,  £84,981  under  the  new  duty  of  f  8  20d.  per  lb,  and  £4,118  forihe 
additional  duty  of  6  per  cent  The  average  amount  of  duty  per  acre  is  stated  to  be 
£1  ISs.  Id. 


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240 


BaUrotd,  Ctmal,  md  Sidomkoai  SUUMct. 


RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 


a)ST  OF  P1SSE56EK  A99  FREIGHT  TimrSPOItTATIOir  BT  SAfLWlT. 

BorroB,  Jane  lit,  ISSS. 
FEEDf  AH  Hunt,  Eeq.,  Editor  of  the  Merehant^  Magazine^  He : — 

Dbab  Sis  : — Inclosed  joa  will  find  a  table  ezbibithig  the  eoet  of  poiacngn  ind 
freight  traosportalioo  upon  the  priocipal  railways  of  New  York  aod  Manacfaoaetts, 
submitted  for  insertioii  in  the  pages  of  joor  Taloable  jonnaL  The  statement  is  com- 
piled from  the  legal  rettinis  made  by  the  companies  of  eadi  State  to  the  Legislatnre 
thereot  In  the  returns  of  the  New  York  companies,  the  expenses  of  each  departaient 
are  divided  by  the  companies,  and  the  division  stated  in  eadi  report  Bat  in  the  re- 
turn from  the  Haasacbnsetts  companies  the  division  is  not  made,  hot  on  the  other  hand 
a  large  amount  of  expenses  are  designated  as  *  miscellaneons.** 

Yours,  truly,  DAVID  M.  BALPOrs. 

PASSKKOnt   DEPAanCEKT. 

Lenfftb  Maxi-       Miles  Vmm, 

lo  mile*  mam  mn  by  Pibwiw«»  Fmetmgtn  cw^i 

Names  of  railways.                includiDg  grade    paseDger  carried  a  earned  eaek 

braocbea.  p.  m.  trains,  tbe  cars.  one  mile,  m*  nu. 

New  York  Central 682       ..  2,117,088  2,666,874  163,874,478  77 

New  York  and  Erie 464       . .  1,496,661  1,125,123  96,668,709  66 

Hudson  River 144       . .  604,443  1,689,086  76.830.660  127 

Harlem. 188       ..  744,809  8,209.402  21,726,866  29 

Ogdensburg 119       ..  147,845  102.868  4,80r»,666  29 

BuffiOo,  Coming  <l  N.York.         100       ..  120,640  112.146  2,676.962  21 

Watertown  and  Rome 97       ..  162,874  186,398  6.611,400  8t 

Buffiilo  and  New  York  City.          92       ..  258,240  179.637  6,447,140  25 

Boston  and  Worcester 69       80  386,244  1,608,602  26,408,267  79 

Western , 155       83  828,256  697,559  28,684.662  87 

Boston  and  Providence ... .           65       84  219,429  85i,270  11,995,218  65 

Boston  and  Lowell 28       10  160.395  604,706  9,221,761  57 

Old  Colony  aod  Fall  River.           87      45  285,095  1,282,610  27,949.995  68 

Fitchburg. 68      40  282,661  1,251,600  17,812,208  61 

Boston  and  Haine 88      47  410,759  1,969,462  28,473,879  69 

Eastern. 98      40  808,480  1,181,514  16,029.880  62 

Total 2,879       •.  7,978.269  18,869,804    684,107,016      67 

Receipts  rASSBRGsa  kxpkksbs. 

from  Repairs  of  Proportloa 

MasMS  of  raHwaTS.  psnengera,  Salaries,  passenger  of  other 

mails,  ^4:.  wages,  &«.  cars.  expenses.  ToUL 

New  York  Central 13,488,614  |904,321  f  347,698  |686,848  $1,787,862 

New  York  and  Erie 1,990,869  498,44 1  229.680  222.429  960,600 

Hudsoo  River 1,289,841  671,184  111,717  141,642  824,643 

Harlem. 605,084  243,742  62,922  117,000  418,666 

Ogdensburg 149,980  41.074  29,275  60,647  120,896 

Buffalo,  Coming  A  N.York.  67,981  21.837  7,297  9,192        88,826 

Watertown  and  Rome 168,181  61,848  10,381  26,618        88,847 

Bnffiik)  «>d  New  York  City  137,917  60,088  19,684  22,666  102^87 

Boston  and  Worcester 647,397  69,38u  16,722  167,716  248,826 

Western 838,971  66,735  26,226  178.265  265.225 

Boston  and  Providence 329,156  86,<^68  1,3,490  85,875  134.438 

Boston  and  Lowell 176,240  24,798  21,607  89,287  186,692 

Old  Cokny  and  Fall  River.  427,187  60,887  27,118  169,878  287,828 

Fitchburg. 818,754  60,645  12,088  106,847  168,076 

Boston  and  Maine 660,936  63,345  11,250  101,257  175.852 

Eastern. 478,763  65,669  20,612  92,846  178,927 

Total 111,614,200  $2,807,921     $966,461  $2,101,406  f6,8<6, 778 


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Bailroad^  dmal^  and  Steamboat  StatUtie$* 


241 


I  of     Net  in- 
pMeenger  come  from 

Names  of  nilwagri.  expenses  paaMogere, 
percent   mails, Ice. 

New  York  Central |62  00 11,660,662 

New  York  Rod  Erie 47  76    1,089,869 

HndeoQ  River 68  98      465,298 

Harlem 68  86       191,420 

Ogdeoaburg 80  61         29,084 

Buffalo,  CoroiDg  <fe  N.  York.  66  89        29,646 

WatertowD  aod  Rome. ...  62  63        79,884 

Bu£^o  and  New  York  Oity.  74  16        86,680 

Boston  and  Worcester 44  64      808.67 1 

Western 81  61       678.746 

Boston  and  Providence  ....  40  84      194,728 

Boston  and  Lowell 77  48        89,648 

Old  Colony  and  Fall  River.  66  66       189,814 

Pitchburg /     68  67       146,679 

Boston  and  Maine 81  86       886,083 

Eastern 87  77      294,826 

Total $60  94  16,648,422 

Net  in- 

eome  from 

passeDKora, 

mails,  &o., 

Names  of  mUwayB.  per  mile 

run. 

New  York  Central |0  77 

New  York  and  Erie 0  69 

Hudson  River 0  77 

Harlem. 0  25 

Ogdensburg 0  19 

BufiE&lo,  Corning  and  New  York 0  24 

Watertown  and  Rome 0  62 

Buffiilo  and  New  York  City 0  13 

Boeton  and  Worcester 0  90 

Western 176 

Boeton  and  Providence. 0  89 

Boeton  and  Lowell 0  24 

Old  Colony  and  Fall  River 0  67 

Fitchburg 0  62 

Boeton  and  Maine 0  94 

Eastern 0  96 

Total $0  70 

FEKIOHT  DBFARTMXNT. 

Miles  run  Tons  of 

by  freight  freight 

Names  of  railways.  and  other  carried  in 

trains.  the  cars. 

New  York  Central 1,200,240  649,806 

New  York  and  Erie. 1,466,828  748,260 

Hudson  River 278,982  166,716 

Harlem 265,684  1 14,180 

Ogdensburg 269,167  219,260 

Buffiilo,  Coming  <fe  N.York..  66,820  44,460 

Watertown  and  Rome 97,665  182,859 

BulEalo  and  New  York  City.  66,480  61,430 

Boston  and  Worcester 216,608  824,990 

Westera 661,176  855,063 

Boston  and  Providence 111,161  149,540 

Boeton  and  Lowell 126,068  825,960 

Old  Colony  and  Fall  River..  104,108  236,297 

Fitchburg 222,478  478,606 

Boston  and  Maine 168,430  884,784 

Eastern 82,080  118,013 

Total 6,370,146  4,886,192 

TOL,  xzxin. — NO.  n.  16 


Rates  of 

net  Income 

from 

psawngers, 

mails,  ttCy 
per  cent. 

|48  00 
62  26 
86  07 
81  64 
19  39 

43  61 
47  47 
26  84 
66  46 
68  39 
59  16 
22  67 

44  44 
46  48 
68  66 
62  23 

$49  06 

Receipts 
from 

passengers. 

malls,  &.Cf 
carried 

one  mile. 

2  098 

2.069 

1.691 

2.786 

8.487 

2.688 

2.997 

2.139 

2.073 

2.924 

2.744 

1.900 

2.880 

1.812 

1.970 

2.965 

2.156 


Recetpto 

Expensss 

from 

ofpss- 

passen- 

sengert, 

gers,  malls, 

mails, 

fccper 

Ac  per 

mile  run. 

m.run. 

$1  62 

10  86 

1  88 

0  64 

2  18 

1  85 

0  81 

0  66 

1  01 

0  66 

1  10 

0  62 

1  63 

2  66 
1  60 
1  09 
1  60 
1  11 
1  87 
1  64 

II  44 

Expenses 
oi^  pas- 
sengers, 

raaik,  &c.. 
carried 

•ne  mile. 
1.091 
0.988 
1.086 
1.904 
2.811 
1.487 
1.674 
1.686 
0.923 
0.924 
1.121 
1.471 
1.822 
0.971 
0.618 
1.116 


89 
32 
68 
40 
78 
81 
61 
85 
88 
69 
48 
68 


Tons  of 

freight 

carried 

one  mile. 

81,168,080 
130,808,034 

18,141,620 
9,988,096 

19,684,832 
1,825,768 
8,200.288 
4,113,687 

12,057,832 

32,284,823 
6,176,144 
8,223,586 
8,885,233 

11,869,692 

9,165,196 

2,896,771 

859,488,882 


10  74 

Net  In- 

come  from 

passengers, 

,  mailSf&c, 

carried 

one  rolls. 

1.007 

1.076 

0.606 

0.881 

0.676 

1.161 

1.428 

0.668 

1  160 

2  000 
1.628 
0.429 
1.068 
0.841 
1.862 
1.889 

1.098  1.06& 

Tons 
freight 

carried  Receipts 

each  m.  ft-om 

run.  freight. 
68    12,479.821 

89  3,369,690 

66  464,146 

39  887,811 

74  440,144 

33  65,176 

86  222,796 

62  116,868 
66  406,499 
49  924,978 
47  214,594 

66  267,262 
37  222,619 

63  390,886 
68  297,446 
86  106,446 

67  $10,814,449 


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242 


Bailroady  Oanalj  and  Steamboat  SiaUities. 


Names  of  raUwayi. 

New  York  Central 

Kew  York  ancLErie 

Hudson  River 

Harlem 

OgdeDsburg 

Buffalo.  Coming  <fe  N.  York. 

Watertown  and  Rome 

BufEulo  and  New  York  City 

Boston  and  Worcester 

Western..... 

Boeton  and  Providence. .  • . 

Boston  and  Lowell 

Old  Colony  and  Fall  River . 

Fitchburg 

Boston  and  Maine 

Eastern 


Total. 


PBKIOBT  BXPKMitt.  BsteS  0( 

Repiiirs  of  Proponiun  fretglit 

Salaries,        ft^fgbt  ofotber  expeosat 

wages,  4co.        ears.  expeiifes.  TotaL  p.  cent. 

1084,990    1811.899  fS08,7 90  $1,800,179  $62  48 

976,799       880.951  880,868  1,687,108  60  07 

284,680         64,480  87.108  886.208  72  44 

117,849         27,860  68,864  204.063  60  50 

188,663         64,022  92,808  296,879  67  11 

19,411           6.487  8,171  84,069  61  76 

78,896         28,692  28.928  181,411  68  98 

67,788         20,060  22.666  100,468  86  97 

109,129         20,494  221,080  860,708  86  48 

148,866         98,898  682,762  780,016  84  3S 

89,696         10,621  146.816  197,082  91  82 

68,193         22,790  111,862  187,886  70  10 

68,786         21,676  177,686  252,947         

81,409       118,478  272,479  472.866         

69,641           9.248  240.488  809,877         

20,948           6,228  98,480  120.661         

$2,874,874  $1,166,668    $2,728,264  $6,769,296  $66  68 


Net 
Names  of  railways.  Income 

from 
freight 
New  York  Central $1,179,642 


New  York  and  Erie. 

Hudson  River 

Harlem 

Ogdensburg 

Buffalo,  Cornine  and  New  York. 

Watertown  and  Rome 

Baffiilo  and  New  York  City  . . . . 

Boeton  and  Worcer^ter 

Wet<tem 

Boston  and  Providence 

Boston  and  Lowell 

Old  Colony  and  Fall  River. 

Fitchburg 

Boston  and  Maine 

Eastern 


1,682.482 

127,987 

188.248 

144,766 

21,107 

91,886 

16,400 

64,796 

144,967 

17.662 

79,917 


Total, 


Names  of  raUwaya. 


New  York  Central 

New  York  and  Erie 

Hudson  River 

Harlem 

Ogdensburg 

Bufidlo,  Cominff  and  New  York. 

Watertown  and  Rome 

Buffalo  and  New  York  City 

Boston  and  Worcester 

Western 

Boston  and  Providence 

Boston  and  Lowell 

Old  Colony  and  Fall  River 

Fitchburg 

Boeton  and  Maine 

Eastern 


$8,666,168 

Net 
Income 

from 
freight 

eaoh 
mile  ran. 

$0  99 
1  16 
0  46 
0  62 


64 
88 
94 
26 
26 
22 
16 
68 


Rates  of 

net  Income 

from 

freight 

per  cent. 

$47  67 
49  98 
27  66 
89  60 
82  89 
88  25 
41  02 
14  08 
18  62 
16  67 
8  18 
29  90 


Receipts  Expense 

from    offre%ht 

(Veigbt        each 

each  mile      mile 

run. 


$2  07 
2  80 


$1  08 
1  16 


67 
82 
64 
00 
29 
76 
88 
40 
98 
12 
14 
76 


1  88 
1  28 


21 
80 
10 
62 
85 
61 
63 
18 
77 
49 
48 
12 
95 


Total. 


$0  66 


$34  47 

Receipts 

from 
freight 
per  ton 
carried 
one  mile. 

cents. 
8.066 
2.676 
2.668 
8.877 
2.286 
8.022 
2.717 
2.841 
8.868 
2.865 
4.146 
8.260 
6.727 
8.293 
8.245 
8.640 
2.870 


1  47 
$1  92      $1  26 


Net  In- 
come fk^m 
freight 
per  too 
otrrtad 
one  mile. 


Expenses 
of  freight 

per  ton 

carried 
one 
mile, 
cents. 

1.602 

1.290 

1.868 

2.042 

1.601 

1.866 

1.608 

2.442 

2.909 

2.416 

8.807 

2.278 

6.610 

8.979         

8.8«2         

4.165         

1.880        0.990 


1.468 
1.286 
0.706 
1.884 
0.786 
1.166 
1.114 
0.399 
0.464 
0.449 
0.889 
0.972 


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Baiiroad,  Canal,  and  Steamboat  StatisHes.  243 

0CBA9  AID  IILAID  8TBAHBR8  OUT  OF  THE  PORT  OF  HEW  YORK. 

MVIIBSB  m. 

"THE  METROPOLIS." 

In  the  Jane  (1855)  number  of  our  magazine  we  commenced  a  new  leriee  of  descrip- 
tions of  the  first  class  steamers  out  of  New  York.  In  that  number  we  spoke  of  the 
**  Commonwealth  "  and  of  the  Norwich  route  to  Boeton,  Worcester,  and  Northern  and 
Eastern  New  England,  to  which  that  elegant  steamer  belongs.  In  the  last  (Julj) 
number  we  described  the  beautiful  **  Plymouth  Rock,**  of  the  Stonington  line  to  Bos- 
ton, and  briefly  referred  to  the  history  of  that  route. 

Early  in  June  the  proprietors  of  the  Bay  State  Line  between  New  York  and 
Boston,  by  way  of  Newport  and  Fall  River,  brought  out  their  queenly  boat,  the 
**  Metropolis,"  which  had  been  for  some  time  announced,  and  of  which  partial  descrip- 
tions had  been  given. 

This  is  certainly  a  most  remarkable  steamer,  and  is  entitled  to  special  notice  at  our 
hands.  She  ia  undoubtedly  the  largest  boat  now  running;  her  machinery  is  the  most 
masaive  and  powerful  ever  made.  In  the  construction  of  her  hull  and  boilers  she 
differs  materially  from  all  others,  and  in  some  respects  has  no  equal  For  strength, 
speed,  safety,  and  in  the  extent  and  convenience,  as  well  as  elegance  of  her  accom- 
modations, she  is  not  surpassed.  The  utmost  care  and  most  liberal  expenditure  of 
money  has  been  bestowed  upon  her.  The  cost,  which  was  about  three  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  dollars,  is  a  sufiicient  proof  that  no  expense  has  been  spared  to  make 
her  everything  that  is  desirable  in  a  steamboat 

She  has  now  been  nmning  for  several  weeks,  and  her  qualities  have  been  fully 
tested,  and  in  no  respect  has  she  failed  to  satisfy  the  most  sanguine  expectations 
Her  hull  was  built  by  Mr.  Samuel  Sneeden  at  Qreenpoint,  and  is  much  admired  for 
its  beautiful  proportions  and  graceful  lines.  She  is  2,108  tons  burden;  847  feet  in 
length ;  16  feet  depth  of  hold ;  47  feet  breadth  of  beam ;  and  82  feet  over  the  guards. 
She  has  7  kelsons  of  immense  size.  Her  saloon  deck  extends  over  her  whole  sise,  and 
the  side  timbers,  which  are  canied  up  to  meet  it,  are  braced  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  first  class  seagoing  steamers,  with  upwards  of  60  tons  of  iron  bars.  These  cross 
each  other  diagonally,  and  are  bolted  together,  giving  her  great  strength,  and  dis- 
pensing with  the  unsightly  hog-frame  which  disfigures  most  other  steamboats.  She 
has  98  state  rooms,  many  of  them  with  wide  berths,  and  doors  communicating  for  the 
convenience  of  families ;  they  are  arranged  two  tiers  deep  on  each  side,  leaving  be- 
tween them  a  spacious  and  elegant  saloon,  richly  and  tastefully  decorated  and  fur- 
nished ;  comfortable  sleeping  accommodations  for  800  persons  can  be  supplied.  The 
engine  was  made  by  Messrs.  Stillman,  Allen  <fe  Co.,  at  the  Novelty  Works,  and  is  con- 
sidered their  master-piece.  It  is  a  beam  engine  of  200  horse- power, and  works  with  the 
most  perfect  ease. 

The  cylinder  is  105  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  twelve-feet  stroke.  Before  it  was 
placed  in  her,  a  horse  and  buggy  were  driven  through  it;  a  party  of  twenty-two  per- 
sons dined  in  it ;  one  hundred  and  ^ve  men  stood  in  it  at  one  time.  Its  great  sise 
gives  it  a  large  increase  of  power,  with  a  low  pressure  of  steam.  Twenty-five  pounds 
to  the  square  inch  being  the  full  working  pressure,  this  is  twenty  pounds  less  than  is 
carried  on  the  usual  plan. 

The  wheels  are  of  wrought-iron,  42  feet  in  diameter ;  the  working  beam  weighs  24 
tons,  and  the  shafU  25  tons  each.  She  has  4  separate  boilers,  with  8  furnaces,  and 
b  fitted  with  vertical  brass  tubes  like  the  Collins  steamers— the  only  river  or  Sound 
boat  upon  this  plan.  With  such  extraordinary  motive  powers,  it  was  of  course  ex- 
pected she  would  be  Cut,  and  in  this  respect  she  has  surpassed  all  expectation,  having 


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244  RaUroad^  Canal^  and  Steamboat  StatuHce. 

made  the  pMsage  from  New  York  to  ?^  BiTer  (188  miles)  in  8  bonra  and  46  min- 
ntes — ^ayeraging  over  20  miles  an  hour  for  the  whole  distance.  Such  steamboat  traT- 
eling  has  rarely  been  equaled,  and  almost  comes  up  to  railroad  speed 

Id  regard  to  safety,  every  precaution  has  been  taken  to  guard  against  accident ;  she 
has  a  full  supply  of  anchors,  cables,  the  most  apim)ved  pumps,  fire  engines  and  hose^ 
and  buckets  of  water  distributed  throughout  the  boat.  She  carries  ten  of  Francis's 
Patent  Metallic  Lifeboats  of  large  size,  and  so  arranged  that  they  can  all  be  launched 
with  safety  in  fifteen  minutes.  In  addition  to  these,  tin  life-preservers  are  placed  in 
every  state-room  and  berth. 

Of  her  commander,  Captain  Brown,  it  is  unnecessary  to  speak.  Twenty  years  of 
experience  on  Long  Island  Sound,  and  for  the  last  seven  in  the  Bay  State,  have  estab- 
lished his  reputation  with  the  public  All  the  officers  and  eng^eers  are  men  of 
great  experience  and  the  highest  capability  for  their  duties.  In  the  steward's  de- 
partment, the  high  character  of  the  line  is  fully  sustained.  All  her  linens,  damask 
table-cloths,  and  napkins,  sheets,  pillow-cases,  dbc^  were  made  at  the  new  American 
Linen  Manufactory,  at  Fall  River — (of  this  establishment  we  shall  speak  hereafter.) 
In  her  entire  construction,  and  in  all  her  arrangements  and  appomtments,  it  is  be- 
lieved she  is  as  nearly  perfect  and  complete  as  she  can  be. 

To  the  enterprise  and  liberality  of  the  owners  of  this  line — among  whom  the  presi- 
dent, Col.  Richard  Borden,  Jefferson  Borden,  Esq.,  and  Dr.  Durfee,  are  the  most  prom- 
inent, and  especially  to  the  great  experience,  large  views,  sound  judgment,  and  devoted 
attention  of  the  former,  the  public  are  greatly  indebted  for  this  splendid  specimen  of 
naval  architecture,  so  creditable  to  our  country.  It  is  but  a  few  years  since  the  Fall 
River  line  was  first  established  and  under  circumstances  calculated  to  discourage  leea 
enterprising  and  far-seeing  parties  than  its  proprietors.  There  were  already  several 
lines  k>etween  New  York  and  Boston  of  long  standing  and  high  reputation,  and  to 
compete  with  them  was  deemed  so  rash  that  but  few  would  engage  in  it ;  but  by 
building  and  placing  upon  it  such  splendid  boats  as  the  Bay  State  and  Empire  State» 
under  such  commanders  as  Cometock  and  Brown,  its  advantages  soon  became  known, 
its  popularity  was  established,  and  has  been  most  successfully  sustained. 

To  the  Boston  traveler,  or  those  going  further  East,  this  line  is  a  great  convenience, 
as  it  afibrds  them  a  comfortable  night's  rest,  and  enables  them  to  arrive  in  Boston  in 
time  for  an  early  breakfast,  or  to  take  the  morning  cars  on  the  Eastern  railroads.  New 
Bedford,  Nantucket,  Fall  River,  and  all  the  numerous  thriving  towns  in  the  southeast- 
em  part  of  Massachusetts,  have  been  benefited  by  this  line,  as  it  gives  them  a  direct 
and  easy  communication  with  New  York  and  the  South.  But  to  Newport  it  has  been 
of  incalcq^able  advantage,  by  the  facility  of  reaching  it  whidi  has  been  given  to  the 
wealthy  citizens  of  New  York  and  Boston,  and  which  has  induced  them  to  build  sum- 
mer residences  at  this  delightful  watering  place,  thus  increasing  many-fold  the  valoe 
of  its  real  estate. 


AGRICULTURE  AND  RAILROADS. 
From  an  address  before  the  North  Carolina  Agricultural  Society,  recently  delivered 
by  the  Hon.  Kenneth  Ratner,  we  select  the  following  remarks : — 

**  One  of  the  most  striking  manifestations  of  the  industrial  enterprise  of  the  age  is  the 
struggle  man  is  now  engaged  in,  with  the  obstacles  presented  by  nature — in  opening 
diannels  of  communication,  in  laying  down  the  pathways  of  trade  and  Commerce,  in 

fioneering  the  way  for  the  iron  rail  and  steam-engine.  The  vast  stores  of  the  Incae  of 
'eru  dwindled  into  insignificance  compared  with  the  hundred  of  millions  that  hav« 
been  expended  in  these  monuments  of  human  industry  in  the  United  States,  in  Ei^^- 
land,  in  France  ;  and  their  march  is  onward  toward  the  steppes  of  Asia.    In  their  ooo- 


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Bailroadj  Oanaly  and  Steamboat  Statistics,  246 

■tnicUoD  mao  bas  achieved  ▼ictories  over  the  elements,  of  which  Archimedes  never 
dhreamt  It  was  the  boast  of  Napoleon,  that  while  Hannibal  had  scaled  the  Alps,  he 
had  tmned  them — but  the  engineer  has  done  more  than  either  of  these  great  cooqaer^ 
ors ;  he  has  tunneled  them — not  for  the  march  of  desolating  armies,  but  for  the  tran- 
sit of  the  products  of  the  pursuits  of  peace— for  the  conveyance  of  the  traveler  in 
comfort  and  safety,  beneath  the  roaring  avalanche  above  his  head.  And  what  are  rail- 
roads,  but  the  veins  and  arteries  through  which  the  products  of  agriculture,  either  in 
their  crude  state  or  as  fashioned  in  the  workshop,  circulate,  in  seeking  the  markets  of 
Commerce.  While  railroads  are  dependent  upon  the  products  of  agriculture,  yet  the 
two  are  inseparably  identified  in  mterest  They  act  and  react  on  each  other.  It  is 
upon  the  productions  of  the  field  and  the  workshop  the  railroad  must  rely  for  the  ma- 
terials of  freight,  the  yery  means  of  subsistence.  But  then  again,  the  construction  of 
the  railroad,  by  the  benefits  conferred,  in  contiguity  to  market,  cheapening  the  cost  of 
transportation,  increased  convenience  in  procuring  the  comforts  and  luxuries  of  life, 
afibros  a  stimulus  to  the  landowner  to  improve  his  land  to  the  highest  capability  of 
production ;  and  as  the  products  of  the  land  are  increased,  the  railroad  finds  increased 
employment,  and  enhanced  profits.  This  is  no  mere  theory.  Experience  has  every 
where  proven  it  to  be  true.  It  is  a  mistake  then  to  suppose — a  mistake  in  which  the 
farmers  of  South  Carolina  indulged  for  many  years,  to  an  almost  fatal  extent— that 
it  is  the  speculator  and  the  capitalist^  who  are  principally  interested  in  the  construc- 
tion of  railroads  and  the  advancement  of  internal  improvement.  Until  within  a 
very  few  years,  the  farmers  of  ^is  State  supposed,  and  aemagognes  found  it  to  their 
interest  to  foster  the  delusion,  that  the  only  inUrett  the  farmer  had  in  works  of  inter- 
nal improvement^  was  the  interett  on  the  3tate  debt  caused  by  their  constructioo. 
But  the  diffusion  of  intelligence,  and  the  teachings  of  experience,  have  proven  that 
productive  labor,  after  suppTviog  the  producer's  immediate  wants,  are  valueless  with- 
oat  markets  in  which  to  sell ;  and  that  markets  are  valueless  without  the  means  of 
reaching  them." 


THE  ST.  CLAIR  FLATS  AND  LAKE  NAVIOATfOIV. 

A  committee  of  the  Buffalo  Board  of  Trade,  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  amount 
of  looses  sustained  by  owners  of  vessels  whidi  have  been  detained  on  the  St.  Olair 
Plats  during  the  last  season  of  navigation,  have  recently  made  a  report,  from  which 
we  gather  the  following  facts : — 

The  number  of  steamers  engaged  in  the  carrying  trade  of  the  Upper  Lakes, 

and  passing  the  St  Olair  Flats,  having  a  total  tannage  of tons  6,880 

Komber  of  propellers,  forty-four,  of 21,789 

Total  steam  tonnage. 28,649 

The  vessels  have  paid  for  lighterage,  including  expenses  of  same  during 
time  detained,  and  for  damages  by  collisions  whUe  aground  on  the  Flats, 
the  sum  of  $208,000. 

There  are  also  of  sail  vessels  engaged  in  the  same  trade  :— 

Thirty-two  barks  of tons        12,284 

Eighty-four  brigs  of 21,757 

O^  hundred  and  ninety-eight  schooners  of 48,828 

Total  sail 82,824 

These  vessels,  the  committee  estimate,  have  paid  out,  during  the  season  of 

1864,  for— 

Towing  and  lighterage • • •      $168,686  66 

Time  detained,  6,6«6  days 220,640  00 

Damage  for  repairs  by  collisions,  Ac 62,800  00 

Total  sail  damage $462,126  66 

Total  steam 208,000  00 

Total  damage $660,126  66 

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246  Baiiroc^,  Ccmal^amd  Steamboat  StatUticB. 

OPERATIONS  OF  THE  MASSACflUSETTS  RAILROADS. 

We  publiebed  io  the  Merchantt'  Magazine  for  April,  1855,  (voL  zxxii.,  pages  608-4,) 
our  ueual  tabular  statement  of  the  operations  of  the  railroads  of  Massachusetts  in 
1854,  carefully  compiled  from  teturos  of  the  diiFerent  corporations.  The  roads,  how- 
ever, embraced  in  our  tables,  were  only  those  actually  running,  and  the  totals  and  av- 
erages, therefore,  do  not  apply  to  the  entire  railway  system  of  the  State.  The  returns 
of  the  different  companies  to  the  Legislature  in  1853  and  1864  show  the  following 
facts:— 

ISiJ.  ISM. 

Number  of  companies 68  54 

Aggregate  length  of  roads  in  miles 1,416.92  1,458.27 

Aggregate  capital $60,779,900  $61,605,100 

Anoount  paid  in 48,025,870  50,285,277 

The  aggregate  cost 61,778,696  65,601,766 

The  total  eammge 8,976,441  9,978,877 

Funded  and  floating  debts 17.718.244  21,246,849 

Surplus  earnings  on  hand 1,686,295  1,406,256 

We  give  below  a  few  of  the  leading  items  for  1854,  of  the  thirty-nine  roads  in  ac- 
tual operation,  so  that  a  comparison  may  be  made  with  the  operation  of  the  three 
preceeding  years : — 

I8U.  18a  18St.  18M. 

Number  of  railways 86  86  40  89 

Miles  of  road  and  branches  .  1,160  1,150  1,192  1,262 

Of  douUe  track  and  sidings..  884  407  626  439 

Gross  cost $62,695,288  $68,076,018  $66,848,652  $69,080,460 

Average  cost  per  mile 46,666  46,158  46,488  46,783 

Gross  receipts 6,690,670  6,886,517  7,994,088  8,696,261 

Gross  expenses 8,888,906  8,078,410  4,882,769  6,485,767 

Net  income 8,860,671  8,212,107  8,661,277  8,260,494 

Aver,  net  income  p.  c  on  cost  6  20  6  06  6  61  6  62 

Gross  number  of  miles  run.  •  4,898,870  4,786,768  6,260,892  6,681,014 

Aver,  receipts  per  mile  run  .  1  60  1  44  1  62  1  57 

Aver,  expenses  per  mile  run .  0  76  0  77  0  82  0  90 

Aver,  net  income  per  mile  run  0  74  0  67  0  70  0  59 

Gross  receipts  per  mile. 6,780  07  6,987  82  6,706  40  6,890  86 

No.of  passengers  carried...  9,510,858  9,810,066  11,668,992  12,892,708 

Bo.  carried  one  mile 152,916,188  161,694,556  186,216,718  194,158,802 

Tons  of  merchandise  carried.  2,260,846  2,568,277  8,041,782  8,767,630 

Do.  carried  one  mile 70,205,310  77,639,247  95,986,832  104,683,043 


TRANSPORTATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  MAIL  BT  OCEAN  STEAMERS. 

The  following  is  an  abstract  of  the  bill  for  the  transportation  of  the  U.  S.  Mail  by 
Ocean  Steamships,  and  otherwise,  during  the  fiscal  year,  1866-66,  which  passed  at  the 
Second  Session  of  the  Thirty-third  Congress : 

The  bill  appropriates  for  the  transportation  of  the  mails  from  New  York  to  Liver- 
pool and  back,  $858,000;  and  the  proviso  contained  in  the  first  section  of  an  Act  en- 
titled **  An  Act  to  supply  deficiencies  in  the  appropriations  for  the  service  of  the  fiscal 
jear  ending  30th  of  June,  1862,"  is  repealed,  provided  that  Edward  E.  Collins  and  his 
associates  shall  proceed  with  all  due  diligence  to  build  another  steamship  in  accord- 
ance with  the  terms  of  the  contract,  and  have  the  same  ready  for  mail  service  in  two 
years  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  bill ;  and  if  the  said  steamship  be  not  ready 
within  the  time  above  mentioned,  by  reason  of  any  neglect  or  want  of  diligence  on 
their  part,  then  the  said  Edward  fe.  Collins  and  his  associates  shall  carry  the 
United  States  mails  between  New  York  and  Liverpool,  from  the  expiration  of  the 
said  two  years,  every  fortnight  firee  of  any  charge  to  the  Government,  until  the  new 
steamship  shall  have  commenced  the  said  mail  service.  The  bill  also  appropriates  kit 
transporUtion  of  the  mails  from  New  York  to  New  Orleans,  Charleston,  Savannah, 
Havana,  and  Chagres  and  back,  $261,000 ;  for  transportation  of  the  mails  firom  Pana- 


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JRaUrocd,  Ccmal,  and  Steamboai  StaiUHes.  24Y 

HM  to  Oaliibniia,  and  Oregon  and  back,  $828,860  ;  and  for  carrying  out  the  contract 
entered  into  bj  the  Poet  Office  Department  under  the  provieton  of  the  act  approved 
on  the  80tb  of  August,  1852,  establishing  a  tri-monthly  mail  hj  steam  vessels  between 
New  Orleans  and  vera  Cruz  yia  Tampico,  $69,760 ;  and  it  uirther  appropriates  for 
the  trtinsportation  of  the  mails  in  two  steamships  from  New  York  by  Oowes  and 
Havre,  and  back,  at  $75,000  for  each  ship,  under  the  contract  with  the  Ocean  Steam 
Navigation  Company  of  New  York,  $850,000.  For  transportation  of  the  mails  be- 
tween Charleston  and  Havana,  a  sum  not  exceeding  $50,000 ;  and  for  the  transporta- 
tion of  the  maila  across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  $150,000. 


BAILROAD  AID  STEAMBOAT  ACCIDENTS  III  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ftAILEOAD  ACOIDKNTS. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  accidents,  together  with  the  number  of 
killed  and  wounded,  which  have  occurred  on  the  various  railroads  in  the  United  States 
during  the  past  year,  together  with  a  comparative  table  of  the  number  during  1858. 
The  table  contains  a  record  of  no  accident  which  was  not  attended  with  loss  of  life 
or  injury  to  individuals ;  neither  does  it  embrace  the  great  number  of  persons  who 
have  been  killed  and  maimed  by  jumping  from  moving  trains,  attempting  to  get  oo 
cars  while  in  motion,  being  run  over,  dtc. : — 

, 18SI. ,   , 18§| , 

Aeeldents.  Killed.  Woonded.     Ace.  Killed.  Winded. 

January 12  26  40  20  12  25 

February 6  6  11  19  11  87 

March U  24  62  18  18  99 

April 4  25  64  18  5  87 

May 8  54  49  9  6  48 

June 5  6  19  14  18  84 

July 11  8  22  11  44  66 

August 14  86  96  27  28  25 

Sfptember 18  14  40  9  8  51 

October 19  18  41  16  12  41 

NoTember 19  11  82  21  29  96 

December 8  7  89  14  11  87 

ToUl 188  284  496  198  186  589 

BTBAMBOAT  ACCIDENTS. 

The  following  table  embraces  the  number  of  steamboat  accidents  which  have  oc- 
curred oo  the  rivers,  lakes,  and  bays  of  this  country,  and  which  have  been  attended 
with  loss  of  life  and  injury  to  persons  during  the  year  1864,  together  with  the  num- 
ber of  killed  and  wounded.  We  also  give  a  comparative  table  of  like  accidents  which 
hsppened  in  1858: — 

^ 185J. ,  , 18H. s 

Aooidents.  Killed.    Woanded.  Aec  Killed.  Wnded. 

January 4  26  88  8  180  20 

February 1  120  ..  6  67  26 

March 8  80  17  6  165  26 

April 8  58  21  6  56  69 

May None.  ..  ..  8  24  4 

June 4  19  17  1  1  1 

July «..•  17  2  None. 

August 2  2  5  4  22  18 

8«-ptember 8  8  14  4  28  6 

Oitober 4  18  23  8  48  5 

November «..  8  18       '     10  6  26  65 

December 8  18  16  2  27 

Total 81  819  158  48  587  225 

This  shows  a  frightful  increase  of  all  our  figures,  and  admonishes  us  to  ask  where 
and  when  will  it  stop.     The  idea  of  five  hundred  and  eighty-seven  human  beings  be- 


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248  CommercUil  EegulaHoM. 

ing  sent  prematarely  io  their  long  home,  in  ooe  year,  by  oolliiioD  and  exploaon,  oa 
oar  inland  waters,  is  too  heart-rending  to  contemplate.  We  will  leave  it  for  those 
most  interested  to  think  of,  and  if  they  can  to  provide  a  remedy. 


COMMERCIAL  REGULAlTIONS. 


THE  CARRIAGE  OF  PASSENGERS  IBT  STEAAISfllPS  AND  OTHER  VESSELS. 

We  publish  below,  an  act  passed  at  the  Second  Session  of  the  Thirty-third  Oongresa 
of  the  United  States,  and  approved  March  8d,  1855  : 

AN  ACT  TO  RVGULATB  THE  OABRIAGE  OP  PASSENGICaS  IN  STEAMSHIPS  AND  OTHER  VESSELS. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representaihea  of  the  United  Statea  of 
America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  no  master  of  any  vessel  owned  in  whole  or  in 
part  by  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  by  a  citizen  of  any  foreign  country,  shall 
take  on  board  such  vessel,  at  any  foreign  port  or  place,  other  than  foreign  contiguous 
territory  of  the  United  States,  a  greater  number  of  passengers  than  in  proportion  of 
one  to  every  two  tons  of  such  vessel,  not  including  children  under  the  age  of  one  year 
in  the  computation,  and  computing  two  children  over  one  and  under  eight  years  of  age 
as  one  passenger.  That  the  spaces  appropriated  for  the  use  of  such  passengers,  and 
which  shall  not  be  occupied  by  stores  or  other  goods  not  the  personal  baggage  of  such 
passengers,  shall  be  in  the  following  proportions,  viz :  On  the  main  and  poop  decks  or 
platforms  and  in  the  deck  houses,  if  tbere  be  any,  one  passenger  for  each  sixteen  clear 
superficial  feet  of  deck,  if  the  height  or  distance  between  the  decks  or  platform  shall 
not  be  less  than  six  feet ;  and  on  the  lowest  deck,  (not  bein^  an  orlop  deck)  if  any, 
one  passenger  for  eighteen  such  clear  superficial  feet,  if  the  height  or  distance  between 
the  decks  or  platforms  shall  not  be  less  than  six  feet,  but  so  as  that  no  passenger  shall 
be  carried  on  anv  other  deck  or  platform,  nor  upon  any  deck  where  the  height  or  dis- 
tance between  the  decks  is  less  than  six  feet,  with  intent  to  brin?  such  passengers  to 
the  United  States,  and  shall  leave  such  port  or  place  and  bring  the  same,  or  any  num- 
ber thereof,  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States ;  or  if  any  such  master  of  any 
vessel  shall  take  on  board  his  vessel,  at  any  port  or  place  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
United  States,  any  greater  number  of  passengers  tnan  in  the  proportion  aforesaid  to 
the  space  aforesaid,  or  to  the  tonnage  aforesaid,  with  intent  to  carry  the  same  to  any 
foreign  port  or  place  other  than  foreign  contiguous  territory  fis  aforesaid,  every  such 
master  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof,  before 
any  circuit  or  district  court  of  the  United  States,  shall,  for  each  passenger  taken  on 
board  beyond  the  linut  aforesaid,  or  the  space  aforesaid,  be  fined  in  the  sum  of  fifty 
dollars,  and  may  also  be  imprisoned,  at  the  discretion  of  the  judge  before  whom  tho 
penalty  shall  be  recovered,  not  exceeding  six  months ;  but  should  it  be  necessary  for 
the  safety  or  convenience  of  the  vessel,  that  any  portion  of  her  cargo  or  any  other  ar- 
ticles, or  article,  should  be  placed  on,  or  stored  in  any  of  the  decks,  cabins,  or  other 
places  appropriated  to  the  use  of  passengers,  the  same  may  be  placed  in  lockers  or 
mdosures  prepared  for  the  purpose,  on  an  exterior  surface  impervious  to  the  wave, 
capable  of  bemg  cleansed  in  like  manner  as  the  decks  or  platforms  of  the  vesseL  In 
no  case,  however,  shall  the  places  thus  provided  be  deemed  to  be  a  part  of  the  space 
allowable  for  the  use  of  passengers,  but  the  same  shall  be  deducted  therefrom,  and  in 
all  cases  where  prepared  or^used,  the  upper  surface  of  said  lockers  or  inclosed  spaces 
shall  be  deemed  and  taken  to  be  the  deck  or  platform  fi^m  which  measurement  shidi 
be  made  for  all  the  purposes  of  this  act  It  is  also  provided  that  ooe  hospital  in  the 
spaces  appropriated  to  passengers,  and  separate  therefrom  by  an  appropriate  parti- 
tion, and  furnished  as  its  purposes  require,  may  be  prepared,  and  wImu  used,  may  be 
included  in  the  space  allowable  for  passengers,  but  the  same  shall  not  occupy  more 
than  one  hundred  superficial  feet  of  deck  or  platform :  Provided,  That  on  board  two 
deck  ships,  where  the  height  between  the  decks  is  7^*  feet  or  more,-  fourteen  clear 
superficial  feet  of  deck  shidl  be  the  proportion  required  for  each  passenger. 

Sxa  2.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  no  such  vessel  shall  have  more  than  two 
tiers  of  berths,  and  the  interval  between  the  lowest  part  thereof  and  the  deck  or  plat- 
form beneath  shall  not  be  less  than  nine  inches,  and  the  berths  shall  be  well  constroot- 
ed,  parallel  with  the  sides  of  the  vessel,  and  separated  from  each  other  by  partitions, 
as  berths  ordinarily  are  separated,  and  shall  be  at  least  six  feet  io  length  and  at  least 


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two  fieet  m  width,  and  each  berth  Bhall  be  ooeopied  bj  do  more  than  one  passenger ; 
bat  double  berths  of  twice  the  abore  width  may  be  constnicted,  each  berth  to  be  oo- 
eopied by  no  more,  and  by  no  other,  than  two  women,  or  bj  one  woman  and  two  chil- 
dren nnder  the  age  of  eiffnt  years,  or  by  husband  and  wire,  or  by  a  man  and  two  of 
hU  own  ■children  under  uie  age  of  eight  years,  or  by  two  men  members  of  the  same 
fiunOy ;  and  if  there  sliall  be  any  Tiolation  of  this  section  In  any  of  its  provisions,  then 
the  master  of  the  vessel  and  the  owners  thereof  shall  severally  forfeit  and  pay  the 
com  of  fiv^  dollars  for  each  passenger  oo  board  of  said  vessel  on  snch  voyage,  to  be 
recovered  hy  the  United  States  in  any  port  where  such  vessel  may  arrive  or  depart 

8aa  8.  And  he  it  fwriher  enacted.  That  all  vessels,  whether  of  the  United  States 
or  any  foreign  country,  having  sufficient  capacity  or  space  according  to  law  for  fifty 
or  more  passengers  (other  than  cabin  passengers)  shall,  when  employed  in  transport- 
ing such  passengers  between  the  Unit«Ki  States  and  Europe,  have,  on  the  upper  aeok, 
for  the  use  of  such  passengers,  a  house  over  the  passage  way  leading  to  the  apart- 
ments allotted  to  such  passengers  below  deck,  firmly  secured  to  the  deck  or  combings 
of  the  hatch,  with  two  doors,  the  silb  of  which  shall  be  at  least  one  foot  above  the 
deck,  so  constructed  that  one  door  or  window  in  such  house  may  at  all  times  be  left 
open  for  ventilation ;  and  all  vessels  so  employed,  and  havinc^  the  capacity  to  carry  one 
hundred  and  fifty  passengers  or  more,  shall  have  two  such  nouses ;  and  the  stairs  or 
ladder  leading  down  to  the  aforesaid  appartment  shall  be  furnished  with  a  hand-rail 
of  wood  or  strong  rope ;  but  booby  hatcnes  may  be  substituted  for  such  houses. 

8aa  4.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  every  such  vessel  so  employed,  and  having 
the  legal  capacity  for  more  than  one  hundred  such  passengers,  shall  have  at  least  two 
ventilators  to  purify  the  apartment  or  apartments  occupied  by  such  passengers ;  one 
of  which  shall  be  inserted  in  the  after  part  of  the  apartment  or  apartments,  and  the 
other  shall  be  placed  in  the  forward  portion  of  the  apartment  or  apartments,  and  one 
of  them  shall  nave  an  exhausting  cap  to  carry  off  the  foul  air,  and  the  other  a  receiving 
cap  to  carry  down  the  fresh  air ;  which  said  ventilators  shall  have  a  capacity  propor- 
tioned to  the  size  of  the  apartment  or  apartments  to  be  purified,  namely :  if  the  apart- 
ment or  apartments  will  lawfully  authorize  the  reception  of  two  hundred  such  passen- 
gers, the  cafMicity  of  such  ventilators  shall  each  be  equal  to  a  tube  of  twelve  inches 
diameter  in  the  clear,  and  in  proportion  for  larger  or  smaller  apartments;  and  all  said 
ventilators  shall  rise  at  least  four  feet  six  inches  above  the  upper  deck  of  any  such 
vessel,  and  be  of  the  most  approved  form  and  construction ;  but  if  it  shall  appear, 
from  the  report  to  be  made  and  approved,  as  hereinafter  provided,  that  such  vessel  is 
equally  well  ventilated  by  any  other  means,  such  other  means  of  ventilation  shall  be 
deemed  and  held  to  be  a  compliance  with  the  provisions  of  this  section. 

Sxa  6.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  every  vessel  carrying  mora  than  fifty 
such  passengers  shall  have  for  their  use  on  deck,  housed  and  conveniently  arrans^ed,  at 
least  one  camboose  or  cooking  range,  the  dimensions  of  which  shall  be  equal  to  four 
feet  long  and  one  foot  six  in(mee  wide  for  every  two  hundred  passengers ;  and  provis- 
ions shall  be  made  in  the  manner  aforesaid,  in  this  ratio,  for  a  greater  or  less  number 
of  paaseogers ;  but  nothing  herein  contained  shall  take  away  the  right  to  make  such 
arrangements  for  cooking  between  decks,  if  that  shall  be  deemed  desirable. 

Sea  6.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  vesseb  employed  as  aforesaid  shall 
have  on  board,  for  the  use  of  such  passtsn^ers,  at  the  time  of  leaving  the  last  port 
whence  such  vessel  shall  sail,  well  secured  under  deck,  for  each  passenger,  at  least 
twenty  pounds  of  good  navy  breafl,  fifteen  pounds  of  rice,  fifteen  pounds  of  oatmeal, 
ten  pounds  of  wheat  flour,  fifteen  pounds  of  peas  and  beans,  twenty  pounds  of  potatoes, 
one  pint  of  vinegar,  sixty  gallons  of  fresh  water,  ten  pounds  of  salt  beef,  free  of  bone, 
all  to  be  of  good  Quality ;  but  at  places  where  either  rice,  oatmeal,  wheat  fiour,  or  peas 
and  beans  cannot  be  procured,  of  good  quality,  and  on  reasonable  terms,  the  quantity 
of  either  or  any  of  the  other  last  named  articles  may  be  increased  and  substituted 
therefor ;  and,  in  case  potatoes  cannot  be  procured  on  reasonable  terms,  one  pound  of 
either  of  said  articles  may  be  substituted  in  lieu  of  five  pounds  of  potatoes ;  and  the 
captains  of  such  vessels  shall  deliver  to  each  passenger  at  least  one-tenth  part  of  the 
aforesaid  provisions  weekljr,  commenorog  on  the  day  of  sailing,  and  at  least  three 
quarts  of  watei  daily ;  and  if  the  passengers  on  board  of  any  such  vessel  in  which  the 
provisions,  and  water  herein  required  shall  not  have  been  provided  as  aforesaid,  shall 
at  any  time  be  put  on  short  allowance  during  any  voyage,  the  master  or  owner  of  any 
such  vessel  shall  pay  to  each  and  every  passenger  who  shall  have  been  put  on  short 
allowance,  the  sum  of  three  dollars  for  each  and  ever^r  day  they  may  have  been  put  on 
slort  aUowanee,  to  be  recovered  in  the  circuit  or  district  court  of  the  United  States ; 
and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  captain  or  master  of  every  such  ship  or  vessel,  to  cause 


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250  Commercial  BeguiatuMi. 

the  food  and  proTisioDs  of  all  the  paseengera  to  be  well  aad  properly  cooked  daily  aad 
to  be  eerved  out  and  distributed  to  them  at  regular  and  Ktated  hours  by  messes,  or  io 
such  other  manner  as  shall  be  deemed  best  and  most  conducive  to  the  health  and  com- 
fort,  of  ench  passengers,  of  which  hours  and  manner  of  distribution,  due  and  sufficienl 
notice  shall  be  given.  If  the  captain  or  master  of  any  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  will- 
fully fail  to  fumi(h  and  distribute  such  provie>ions  cooked  as  aforesaid,  he  fhall  be 
deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  before  any  circuit  or  dis- 
trict court  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  one  thou!>and  dollars  and 
shall  be  imprisoned  for  a  term  not  exceeding  one  year :  Providedt  That  the  enforce- 
ment of  this  penalty  shall  not  affect  the  civil  responsibility  of  the  captain  or  master 
and  owners,  to  such  passengers  as  may  have  suffered  from  said  de&uli 

Sec  7.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  captain  of  any  such  vessel  so  employed 
is  hereby  authoriaed  to  maintain  good  discipline  and  such  habits  of  cleanliness  anoong 
such  passengers  as  will  tend  to  the  preservation  and  promotion  of  health ;  and  to  that 
end  he  shall  cau^e  such  regulations  as  he  may  adopt  for  this  purpose  to  be  posted  up, 
before  sailing,  on  board  such  vessel,  in  a  place  accessible  to  such  passengers,  and  shall 
keep  the  same  so  posted  up  during  the  voysee ;  and  it  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of 
said  captain  to  cause  the  apartments  occupied  by  such  passengers  to  be  kept  at  all 
times  in  a  clean,  healthy  state,  and  the  owners  of  every  such  vessel  so  employed  are 
required  to  construct  the  decks,  and  all  parts  of  said  apartment,  so  that  it  can  be 
thoroughly  cleansed ;  and  they  shall  also  provide  a  safe,  convenient  privy  or  water- 
closet  for  the  exclusive  use  of  every  one  hundred  such  passengers.  And  when  the 
weather  is  such  that  said  passengers  cannot  be  mustered  on  deck  with  their  bedding, 
it  (hall  be  the  duty  of  the  captain  of  every  such  vessel  to  cause  the  deck  occupied  by 
such  passengers  to  be  cleansed  with  chloride  of  lime,  or  some  other  equally  efficient 
dlsiufeciiog  agent,  and  also  at  such  other  times  as  said  captain  may  deem  necessary. 

Sec  8.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  master  and  owner  or  owners  of  any 
such  vessel  eo  employed,  which  shall  not  be  provided  with  the  bouse  or  houses  over 
the  pasffige-ways,  as  prescribed  in  the  third  section  of  this  chapter,  or  with  ventila* 
tors,  as  prescribed  in  the  fourth  section  of  this  chapter,  or  with  the  cambooses  or  cook- 
ing ranges,  with  the  houses  over  them,  as  prescribed  in  the  fifth  section  of  this  chap- 
ter, shall  Feverally  forfeit  and  pay  to  the  United  States  the  sum  of  two  hundred  dollars 
for  each  and  every  violation  of,  or  neglect  to  conform  to,  the  provisions  of  each  of  said 
sections ;  and  fifty  dollars  for  each  and  every  neglect  or  violation  of  any  of  the  pro- 
visions of  the  seventh  section  of  this  chapter,  to  be  recovered  by  suit  in  any  circuit  or 
district  court  of  the  United  States,  within  the  jurisdiction  of  which  the  said  vessel 
may  arrive,  or  from  which  she  may  be  about  to  depart,  or  at  an^  place  within  the  ju- 
risdiction of  such  courts,  wherever  the  owner  or  owners  or  captam  of  such  vessel  ooay 
be  found. 

Sic.  9.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  collector  of  the  customs  at  any  port  of 
the  United  States  at  which  any  vessel  so  employed  shall  arrive,  or  from  which  any 
such  vessel  shall  be  about  to  depart,  shall  appoint  and  direct  one  or  more  of  the  in> 
spectors  of  the  customs  for  such  port  to  examine  such  vessel,  and  report,  in  writing, 
to  such  collector,  whether  the  requirements  of  law  have  been  complied  with  in  respect 
to  such  vessel ;  and  if  such  report  shall  state  .such  compliance,  and  shall  be  approved 
by  such  collector,  it  shall  be  deemed  and  held  ab  prima  facie  evidence  thereof. 

Seo.  10.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  provisions,  requisitions,  penalties,  and 
liens  of  this  act,  relatmg  to  the  space  in  vessels  appropriated  to  the  use  of  passengers, 
are  hereby  extended  and  made  applicable  to  all  spaces  appropHriated  to  the  use  of 
steerage  passengers  in  vessels  propelled  in  whole  or  in  part  by  steam,  and  navigating 
from,  to,  and  between  the  ports,  and  in  manner  as  in  this  act  named,  and  to  sudi  ves- 
sels aud  to  the  masters  thereof;  and  so  much  of  the  act  entitled,  **  An  act  to  amend 
an  act  entitled  '  An  act  to  provide  for  the  better  security  of  the  lives  of  passengers 
on  board  of  vessels  propelled  in  whole  or  in  part  by  steam,  and  for  other  purposes,*" 
approved  August  thirtieth,  eighteen  hundred  and  fifty-two,  as  conflicts  with  this  act, 
b  hereby  repealed ;  and  the  space  appropriated  to  the  use  of  steerage  passengers  in 
vessels  so  as  above  propelled  and  navigated,  is  hereby  subject  to  the  supervision  and 
inspection  of  the  collector  of  the  customs  at  any  port  of  the  United  States  at  which 
any  such  vessel  shall  arrive,  or  from  which  she  shall  be  about  to  depart ;  and  the  sanoe 
shall  be  examined  and  reported  in  the  same  manner,  and  by  the  same  officers,  by  the 
next  preceding  section  directed  to  examine  and  report. 

Sxo.  U.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  vessels  botmd  from  any  port  in  the 
United  States  to  any  port  or  place  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  or  on  its  tributaries,  or  from 
toy  such  port  or  place  to  any  port  in  the  United  States  on  the  Atlantic  or  its  tribu- 


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Cmnmereial  B^ulaUom,  t51 

taries,  shsll  be  Bobject  io  the  ibregoing  provisiotis  reguktiDir  the  carriage  of  pameo- 
gera  in  merchaot  vessels,  except  so  much  as  relates  to  proTisioos  and  water;  bat  the 
owners  and  masters  of  all  sucb  vessels  shall  in  all  cases  foroUb  to  earh  passenger  the 
daily  supply  of  water  therein  mentioned;  and  the^  shall  furnish  a  sufficient  supply  of 
good  and  wholesome  food,  properly  cooked ;  and  m  case  they  shall  fail  so  to  do,  or 
aball  provide  unwholesome  or  unsuitable  provisions,  they  shall  be  subject  to  the  pen- 
alty provided  in  the  sixth  section  of  this  chapter,  io  case  the  passengers  are  put  on 
ehort  allowance  of  water  or  provisions. 

Sac.  12.  And  he  U  further  enacted.  That  the  captain  or  master  of  any  phip  or  vessel 
arriving  in  the  United  States,  or  any  of  the  territories  thereof,  from  any  foreign  place 
whatever,  at  the  same  time  that  he  delivers  a  manifest  of  the  cargo,  and  if  there  be 
no  cargo,  then  at  the  time  of  making  report  or  entry  of  the  ship  or  vessel,  pursuant 
to  law,  shall  also  deliver  and  report  to  the  collector  of  the  district  io  which  such  ship 
or  vessel  shall  arrive  a  list  or  manifest  of  all  the  paMcngere  taken  on  board  of  the 
aaid  ship  or  vessel  at  any  foreign  port  or  place;  in  which  list  or  manifest  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  said  master  to  de-<<ignate,  particularly,  the  age,  sex.  and  occupation  of 
the  said  passengers,  respectivelv,  the  part  of  the  vessel  occupied  by  each  during  the 
voyage,  the  country  to  which  they  severally  belong,  and  of  that  of  which  it  is  their 
mtention  to  become  inhabitants ;  and  shall  further  set  forth  whether  any,  and  what 
number,  have  died  on  the  voyage ;  which  list  or  manifest  shall  be  sworn  to  by  the 
aaid  master,  in  the  same  manner  as  directed  by  law  in  relation  to  the  manifest  of  the 
cajgo,  and  the  refusal  or  neglect  of  the  master  aforesaid  to  comply  with  the  provii^ions 
of  this  section,  or  any  part  thereof,  shall  incur  the  same  penalties,  disabilities,  and  for- 
feitures as  are  provided  for  a  refusal  or  neglect  to  report  and  deliver  a  manifest  of  the 
cargo  aforesaid. 

Saa  18.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  each  and  every  collector  of  the  customs, 
to  whom  such  manifest  or  list  of  pa&sengers  as  aforesaid  shall  be^elivered,  shall  quar- 
ter-yearly return  copies  thereof  to  the  Secretary  of  SUte  of  the  United  States,  by 
whom  statements  of  the  same  shall  be  laid  before  Congress  at  each  and  every  session. 

Sxa  14.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  in  case  there  shall  have  occurred  on  baird 
any  ship  or  vessel  arriving  at  any  port  or  place  wiUiin  Ihe  United  States  or  its  terri- 
tones,  any  death  pr  deaths  among  the  passengers,  (other  than  cabin  passengers,)  the 
the  master,  or  captain,  or  owner,  or  consignee,  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  shall  within 
twenty-four  hours  after  the  time  within  which  the  report  and  list  or  manifest  of  pas- 
sengers, mentioned  in  section  twelve  of  -this  act,  is  required  to  be  delivered  to  the  col- 
lector of  the  customs,  pay  to  the  said  collector  the  sum  of  ten  dollars  for  each  and 
every  passenger  above  the  age  of  eight  jears  who  shall  have  died  on  the  voyage  by 
natural  disease ;  and  the  said  collector  shall  pay  the  money  thus  received  at  such 
times  and  in  sucb  manner  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  by  general  rules  shall  di- 
rect, to  any  board  or  commission  appointed  by  and  acting  under  the  authority  of  the 
State  within  which  the  port  where  such  ship  or  vessel  arrived  is  situated,  for  the  care 
and  protection  of  sick,  indigent,  or  destitute  emigrants,  to  be  applied  to  the  objects  of 
(heir  appointment,  and  if  there  be  more  than  one  board  or  commission  who  shall  claim 
such  payment,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  for  the  time  being,  shall  dietermine 
which  is  entitled  to  receive  the  same,  and  his  decision  in  the  premises  shall  be  final 
and  without  appeal  Provided,  that  the  payment  shall  in  no  case  be  awarded  or  made 
to  any  board,  or  commission,  or  association  formed  for  the  protection  or  advancement 
of  any  particular  class  of  immigranta,  or  emigrants  of  anv  particular  nation  or  creed, 
and  if  the  master,  captain,  owner,  or  consignee  of  any  ship  or  vessel  refuse  or  neglect 
to  pay  to  the  collector  the  sum  and  fums  of  money  required,  and  within  the  time  pre- 
scribed by  this  section,  he  or  they  shall  severally  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  fifty  dol- 
lars in  addition  to  such  sum  of  ten  dollars  for  each  and  every  passenger  upon  wboee 
death  the  same  has  become  payable,  to  be  recovered  by  the  United  States  in  any  cir- 
cuit or  district  court  of  the  United  States  where  soch  vessel  may  arrive,  or  such  mas- 
ter, captain,  owner,  or  consignee  may  reside ;  and  when  recovered,  the  said  money 
shall  be  disposed  of  in  the  same  manner  as  is  directed  with  respect  to  the  sum  and 
sums  required  to  be  paid  to  the  collector  of  customs. 

Sec.  15.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  amonnt  of  the  several  penalties  im- 
posed by  the  foregoing  provisions  regulating  the  carriage  of  passengers  in  merchant 
vessels,  shall  be  liens  on  the  vessel  or  vessek  violating  those  provisions,  and  such  ves- 
sel or  vessels  shall  be  libeled  therefor  in  any  circuit  or  district  court  of  the  United 
States  where  such  vessel  or  vessels  shall  arrive. 

Bso.  16.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  all  and  every  vessel  or  vessels  which  shall 
or  may  be  employed  by  the  American  Colonization  Society,  or  the  Colonisation  Socio- 


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953  Commercial  Eegulatums. 

t  J  of  any  State,  to  traDsport,  and  which  shall  actually  transport,  from  any  port  or 
ports  of  the  United  States  to  any  colony  or  colonies  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  col- 
ored emigrants  to  reside  (here,  shall  be  and  the  same  are  hereby  subjected  to  the  ope- 
ration of  the  foregoing  proyisions  regolating  the  carriage  of  passengers  in  merchant 
vessels. 

Sec.  17.  And  he  it  further  enacted^  That  the  collector  of  the  customs  shall  examine 
each  emigrant  ship  or  vessel  on  its  arrival  at  \A^  port,  and  ascertain  and  report  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  at  the  time  of  sailing,  the  length  of  the  voyage,  the  ven- 
tilation, the  number  of  passengers,  their  space  on  board,  their  food,  the  native  country 
of  the  emigrants,  the  number  of  deaths,  the  age  and  sex  of  those  who  died  during  the 
voyage,  together  with  his  opinion  of  the  cause  of  the  mortality,  if  any,  on  board,  and 
if  none,  what  precautionary  measures,  arrangements,  or  habits,  are  supposed  to  have 
had  any,  and  what,  agency  in  caueins  the  exemptioa 

Sec.  18.  And  he  it  further  enacted.  That  Uiis  act  shall  take  effect,  with  respect  to 
vessels  sailing  from  ports  in  the  United  States  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  continent, 
within  thirty  days  from  the  time  of  its  approval ;  and  with  respect  to  vessels  sailing 
from  ports  m  the  United  States  on  the  western  side  of  the  continent,  and  from  ports 
in  Europe,  within  sixty  days  from  the  time  of  its  approval ;  and  with  respect  to  ves- 
sels saihng  from  ports  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  within  six  months  from  the  time  of 
its  approval. 

And  it  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  State  to  give  notice,  in  the 
ports  of  Europe  and  elsewhere,  of  this  act,  in  such  manner  as  he  shall  deem  proper. 

Sec.  19.  And  he  it  further  enacted.  That  from  and  after  the  time  that  this  act  shall 
take  effect  with  respect  to  any  vessels,  then  in  respect  to  such  vessels,  the  act  of  2d 
March,  eighteen  hundred  and  nineteen,  entitled  **  An  act  regulatinff  passenger  ships 
and  vessels;*'  the  act  of  twenty  second  of  February,  eighteen  hundred  and  forty-seren, 
entitled  **  An  act  to  regulated  the  carriage  of  passengers  in  merchant  vessels ;  the  act 
of  second  March,  eighteen  hundred  and  forty-seven,  entitled  "  An  act  to  amend  an  act 
entitled  *  An  act  to  regulate  the  carriage  of  passengers  in  merchant  vessels/  and  to 
determine  the  time  when  said  act  shall  take  effect ;"  the  act  of  thirty-first  January, 
eighteen  hundred  and  fortyei^hi,  entitled  **An  act  exempting  vessels  employed  t^ 
the  American  Colonization  Society  in  transporting  colored  emigrants  from  the  United 
States  to  the  coast  of  Africa  fVora  the  provisions  of  the  acts  of  the  twenty-second  Feb- 
ruary and  second  of  March,  eighteen  hundred  and  forty-seven,  regulating  the  carriage 
of  passengers  in  merchant  vessels  ;**  the  act  of  seventeenth  May,  eighteen  hundred  and 
forty-eight,  entitled  **  An  act  to  provide  for  the  ventillation  of  passengers  vessels,  and 
for  other  purposes;  and  the  act  of  third  March,  eighteen  hundred  and  forty-nine,  en- 
titled "  An  act  to  extend  the  provisions  of  all  laws  now  in  force  relating  to  the  carriage 
of  passengers  in  merchant  vessels,  and  the  regulation  thereof,"  are  hereby  repealed  ; 
but  nothing  in  this  act  contained  shall  in  any  wise  obstruct  or  prevent  the  prosecution, 
recovery,  distribution,  or  remission  of  any  fines,  penalties,  or  forfeitures  which  may 
have  been  incurred  in  respect  to  any  vessels  prior  to  the  d^  this  act  goes  into  effect, 
in  respect  to  such  vessels,  under  the  laws  hereby  repealed,  for  which  purpose  the  said 
laws  shall  continue  in  force. 

But  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may,  in  his  discretion,  and  upon  such  conditions 
as  he  shall  think  proper,  discontinue  any  such  prosecutions,  or  remit  or  modify  such 
penalties. 

OF  THE  SALE  OF  PRODUCTS  OF  THE  UJHTED  STATES  IfiT  NEW  ORLEANS. 

At  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature  of  Looiaiana  the  following  act  was  passed 
relative  to  the  sale  of  agricultural  products  of  the  United  States  sold  in  the  city  of 
New  Orleans.  This  act,  repealing  all  acts  contrary  to  its  provisions,  was  approved 
March  16th,  1856,  and  is  now  in  force: — 

AN  ACT  BKLATIVB  TO  PRIVILSaES. 

Sia  1.  That  any  person  who  may  sell  the  agricultural  products  of  the  United 
States  in  the  city  of  Jnew  Orleans,  snail  be  entitled  to  a  special  lien  and  privilege 
thereon,  to  secure  the  payment  of  the  purchase  money,  for  and  during  the  space  of 
five  days  only,  after  the  day  of  delivery ;  within  which  time  the  vendor  shall  be  enti- 
tled to  seize  the  same,  in  whatsoever  hands  or  place  it  may  be  found,  and  his  claim 
lor  the  purchase  money  shall  have  preference  over  all  others.  If  the  vendor  gives  a 
written  order  for  the  ((elivery  of  any  such  produce,  and  shall  say  therein  that  it  is  to 
be  delivered  without  vendors  privilege,  then  no  lien  shall  attach  thereto. 


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Journal  of  Bankin^f  Cumncy^  and  Finance, 


25$ 


PURGB18E  OF  MUIGBBSHT  SHIPS  BT  HEUTRALS. 

1.  Acfordiog  to  the  law  of  nations,  neutrals  bare  the  mht  to  purchase  during  war, 
the  property  of  bellij^rents,  whether  ships  or  anything  eke ;  and  any  regulation  of  a 
particular  State  which  contravenes  this  doctrine  is  against  public  law,  and  in  mere 
derogation  of  the  sovereign  authority  of  all  other  independent  States. 

2.  A  citisen  of  the  United  States  may  at  this  time  lawfully  purchase  a  Russian 
merchant  ship,  of  either  of  the  belligerents,  Turkey,  Russia,  Great  Britain,  France,  or 
Sardinia ;  if  purchased  bonafidf,  such  ship  becomes  American  property,  and  entitled 
as  ■nob  to  the  protection  and  the  flaff  of  the  United  States;  and  although  she  cannot 
take  out  a  rec^tster  by  our  law,  yet  wat  is  because  she  is  foreign  built,  not  because  she 
ii  belligerent  built;  and  she  can  obtain  a  register  by  special  act  of  Congress. 


JOURNAL  OF  BANKING,  CURRENCY,  AND  FINANCE. 


OPERATIONS  OF  THE  SAN  FRANCISCO  BRANCH  MINT. 
We  give  below  the  first  annual  (official)  report  of  the  San  Francisco  Branch  United 
States  Mint  operations,  giving  an  accurate  statement  of  gold  and  silver  deposits, 
number  of  assays,  amount  of  coinat^e,  kc 

The  San  Francisco  branch  of  the  United  States  Hint  commenced  operations  April 
Sd,  1854.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  total  operations  for  the  first  year,  ending 
March  SI,  1865 ;  the  coinage  of  silver  was  commenced  in  the  month  of  March,  1855 : — 

Gold  deposits No.  6,748 

Silver  deposits 146 

Weight  of  gold  deposits 02.         795,931  26 

Weight  of  silver  deposits  . . .  .*. 48,026  90 

Value  of  gold  depoeits 114,655,847  22 


Value  of  silver  deposits  . 

Silver  parted  from  gold  deposits oz. 

Qold  parted  from  silver  deposits 

Value  of  silver  from  gold  deposits 

Value  of  gold  from  silver  deposits /. 

Mint  per  centage  for  refining.. .  • .  

Mint  per  centage  for  coinage 

Mint  charges  on  bars 

Gold  assays No. 

Silver  assays 


GOLD  OOniAGX. 


Double  eagles.. 

Eaeles 

Half  eagles  . . . 
Quarter  eagles 
Gold  dollars  . . 


Pieces. 

818,018 

128,826 

268 

246 

14,632 


Total  gold  coinage 466,990 

8ILYXB  ooiirAOi. 

HalfdoUars 59.800 

Quarter  dollars 1 22,000 


Total  silver  coinage. 


Total  gold  and  silver  coinage.  . . 

Unparted  bars 

Benned  bars 


151,800 


2,504 
8 


Total 

Total  coinage. 


51,601  28 

48,158  67 

259  88 

156,080  47 

4.825  78 

52,280  50 

41,862  41 

20.218  94 

20,229 

488 

Vtflae. 

16,860,860 

1,288,260 

1,840 

615 

14,632 

17,615,207 

$14,900 
80,500 

$46,400 

17,660,607 

6,428,201 

5,865 


2,602  $6,424,065 


$14,094,672 


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264  JouttmI  of  Bunking^  CStrrtney^  and  Fhumce, 

OF  BILLS  OF  BXCHAVGE  AID  PR0MI8S0RT  N0TB8  IIT  LOOISUVA. 

The  following  act,  relative  to  bills  of  exchange  and  promidsory  Dotes,  was  passed  at 
the  last  sessioD  of  the  Legislature  of  LoaLsiaiia,  approved  March  9, 1866,  and  U  now 
in  force : — 

▲N  ACT  RELATIVE  TO  BILLS  OF  BXCHAKGE   AND   PROMISSOaT  NOTES. 

Section  1.  That  no  bill  of  exchange,  promissory  note,  or  other  obligatioo  for  tfaa 
payment  of  money,  made  within  this  State,  ^hall  be  received  as  evidence  of  a  debl, 
when  the  whole  sum  shall  be  expressed  ia  figures,  unless  the  same  shall  be  acoompsr 
Died  by  proof  that  it  was  given  for  the  sum  therein  expressed  ;  the  ceots  or  fractiooal 
parts  of  a  dollar  may  be  in  figures. 

Sxo.  2.  That  the  rate  of  damsges  to  be  allowed  and  paid  upon  the  usual  protest  for 
non-acceptance  or  non- payment  of  bills  of  exchange  drawn  or  negotiated  within  this 
State  tmW  be  as  follows:  On  all  bills  drawn  on  and  payable  in  foreign  countries,  tea 
dollars  upon  the  hundred  upon  the  principal  :«um  specified  in  such  bills ;  on  all  bills 
drawn  on  and  payable  in  any  other  State  in  the  United  States,  five  dollars  upon  the 
hundred  upon  the  principal  sum  specified  in  such  bill. 

Ssa  8.  1'hat  damages  shall  be  in  lien  of  interest,  charges  of  protest,  and  all  other 
charges  incurred  previously  to  and  at  the  lime  of  giving  notice  of  non  acceptance  or 
non-payment,  but  the  holder  shall  be  entitled  to  demand  and  recover  lawful  interest 
upon  the  aggregate  of  the  principal  sum,  and  of  the  damages  thereon  from  the  time 
at  which  notice  of  protest  for  non-acceptance  or  non-payment  shall  have  been  gtren, 
and  payment  of  such  principal  sum  shall  have  been  demanded. 

Sxa  4.  That  if  the  contents  of  the  bill  be  expressed  in  the  money  of  account  of  the 
United  States,  the  amount  of  the  principal  and  of  the  damages  shall  be  ascertained 
and  determined  without  any  reference  to  the  rate  of  exchange  existing  between  this 
State  and  the  place  on  which  such  bill  shall  have  been  drawn  at  the  time  of  the  de- 
mand of  payment  or  notice  of  non-acceptance  or  non-payment 

Sec.  6.  That  if  the  contents  of  such  bill  be  expressed  in  any  money  of  account  or 
currency  of  any  foreign  country,  then  the  principal  as  well  as  the  damages  payable 
thereon  shall  be  ascertained  and  determined  by  the  rate  of  exchange ;  but  whenever 
the  value  of  such  foreign  coin  is  fixed  by  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  then  the  yalae 
thus  fixed  shall  prevail 

Sec  6.  That  the  following  shall  be  considered  as  days  of  public  rest  In  thb  State, 
vix.:  The  first  of  January,  the  eighth  of  January,  the  twenty-second  of  February,  the 
fourth  of  July,  twenty-fifth  of  December,  Sundays  and  Gk>nd  Friday ;  and  all  promis- 
sory notes  and  bills  of  exchange  t^hall  be  due  and  payable  on  the  second  day  of  grace, 
when  the  third  is  a  day  of  public  rest ;  and  on  the  first  day  of  grace,  when  both  the 
second  and  third  are  days  of  public  rest,  and  in  computing  the  delay  allowed  for  giv- 
ing notice  of  non  acceptance  or  non-payment  of  a  bill  of  exchange  or  promissory  note, 
the  days  of  public  rest  shall  not  be  counted ;  and  if  the  day  or  two  days  next  succeed- 
ing the  protest  for  non-acceptance  or  non-payment  shall  be  days  of  public  rest,  then 
the  day  next  following  shall  be  computed  as  the  first  day  after  the  protest. 

Ssa  ^.  That  notaries  and  parish  recorders  shall  keep  a  separate  book  in  which  they 
shall  transcribe  and  record  by  order  of  date,  all  the  protests  by  them  made,  with 
mention  made  of  the  notices  which  they  shall  have  i^iven  of  the  same  to  the  drawers 
and  indorsers  thereof,  together  with  the  names  of  the  drawers  or  indorsers,  the  date 
of  the  notices,  and  the  manner  in  which  they  were  served  or  forwarded,  which  decla- 
ration, duly  recorded  under  the  signature  of  the  notary  public  or  parish  recorder  and 
two  witnesses,  shall  be  considered  and  received  in  all  courts  of  this  State  as  a  legal 
proof  of  the  notices. 

Sbo.  8.  That  all  notaries  or  persons  acting  as  such  are  authorized  in  their  protests 
of  bills  of  exchange,  promissory  notes,  or  orders  for  the  payment  of  money,  to  make 
mention  of  the  demand  made  upon  the  drawer,  acceptor,  or  person  on  whom  snoh 
order  or  bill  of  exchange  is  ilrawn  or  given,  and  of  the  manner  and  circomstanoes  of 
such  demand,  snd  by  certificate  add^  to  such  protest,  to  state  the  manner  in  which 
any  notices  of  protest  were  served  or  forwarded ;  and  whenever  they  shall  have  so 
done,  a  certified  copy  of  such  protest  and  certificate  shall  be  evidence  of  all  the  mat- 
ters therein  stated. 

Sxa  9.  That  whenever  the  drawer,  acceptor,  indorser,  or  others  shall  not  reside  in 


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Jm$mal  of  Banking^  Ourrtney,  and  Fina$i€0.  255 

ilie  town  or  cify  where  protest  shall  be  made,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  such  notaries  or 
others  actiog  as  socb,  to  put  into  the  nearcH  podt-office  where  the  protest  is  made  a 
notice  of  the  protest  to  such  drawer,  acceptor,  iodorser,  or  others,  addressed  to  them  at 
their  domicil  or  usual  place  of  residence. 

Sbo.  10.  That  whenever  the  resideuce  of  aoy  drawer,  acceptor,  indorse  r,  or  others 
shall  be  unknown  to  the  notary  or  other  person  actinsc  as  such ;  and  whenever,  after 
using  all  due  diligence  to  obtain  the  necessary  ioformation  thereon,  the  residence  shall 
not  have  been  found,  then  it  shall  be  the  duly  of  the  notary  or  other  person  acting  as 
euch  to  put  the  notices  of  such  protest  in  the  nearest  post-office  where  the  protest  was 
made,  addre^ed  to  the  drawer,  acceptor,  iodorser,  or  others,  at  the  place  where,  as  it 
shall  appear  by  the  face  thereof,  such  bill  of  exchange  or  promissory  note  was  drawn  ; 
and  the  same  shall  be  dimmed  and  considered  legal  notice  of  such  protest 

Sia  11.  That  notaries  public  in  the  city  of  New  Orleans  are  empowered  to  protest 
bQls  of  exchange,  notes,  and  other  negotiable  effects  throughout  the  parish  of  Orleans, 
and  in  default  of  notaries  and  p^ish  recorders  in  the  country,  any  justice  of  the  peace 
may  protest  promissory  notes  and  bills  of  exchange  in  the  presence  of  two  persons 
residing  in  the  parish,  who  shall  certify  and  subscribe  the  same  as  witnesses 

Sxa  12.  That  whenever  promissory  notes  are  indorsed  for  the  benefit  of  the  drawer 
or  drawers  thereof,  and  the  same  is  mentioned  on  the  notes,  if  the  drawer  or  drawers 
cause  the  notes  to  be  discounted  in  any  bank  in  operation  within  this  State,  or  obtain 
any  snm  of  money  in  consideration  of  the  notes  from  any  person,  the  indorsers  shall  by 
law  be  bound  towards  the  bearers  of  the  notes,  as  if  they  had  been  discounted  or  ne- 
gotiated for  their  own  account  and  benefit. 

Sea  18.  That  upon  all  bills  of  exchange  and  promissory  notes  made  negotiable  by 
law,  or  by  the  usage  and  custom  of  merchants  in  this  State,  three  days  of  grace  shall 
be  allowed. 

Ssa  14.  That  all  laws  or  parts  of  laws  conflicting  with  Uie  provisions  of  this  act 
and  all  laws  on  the  same  subject  matter,  except  what  b  contained  in  the  Civil  Oode  of 
Practice,  be  repealed. 


IS  GOLD  DEPRECIATING  7 
This  question  is  cleverly  discussed  in  a  recent  number  of  the  Aktionare,  in  an  arti- 
de  dated  Zurich.    The  following  statement  is  translated  from  that  journal : — 

**  Since  some  years  there  has  been  much  interesting  matter  written  in  relation  to  the 
value  of  the  noble  metals.  The  majority  of  estimates  in  relation  to  the  quantity  ex- 
isting at  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  Oalifi>rnia  make  the  total  nearly  £1,200,000,000  ; 
some  place  it  at  over  £2,000,000,000.  We  do  not  place  the  figures  so  high.  But  it 
is  to  be  considered  abo  about  what  is  tlie  total  of  those  things  which  require  the  func- 
tions of  money  ? 

**  We  will  attempt  a  general  estimate,  placing  the  quantity  of  coined  gold  and  silver, 
including  ingots. 

Which  are  not  in  bank  at £500,000,000 

Bank  notes  in  circulation  in  the  world 250,000,000 

Inland  exchange  of  all  countries,  estimated  on  the  British  stamps  for 

1854 600.000,000 

Private  debts  and  credits  not  represented  by  excliaoge. 1,500,000,000 

Government  stocks  and  shares  on  the  various  stock  markets. 150,000,000 

Total £8,000,000,000 

**This  may  be  considered  a  very  moderate  estimate  of  all  those  things  which  in  all 
countries  require  the  services  of  the  metals.  If  now  the  gold  countries  discovered 
since  1848  produce  together  £30,000,000  annually,  the  result  b  1  per  cent  of  the  above 
snm.  Population,  necessities,  and  prosperity,  however,  increase,  irrespective  of  higher 
prices  ana  wars,  more  than  1  per  cent.  The  rest  of  the  world,  not  speaking  exclu- 
sively of  wholesale  trade,  u  served  with  metallic  money  as  well  as  credit^^f  corned 
money  there  is  always  about  the  same  quantity,  but  credit  is  very  elastic  The  peri- 
ods of  eo-oUled  money  scarcity,  that  b,  contraction  of  credit,  and  money  abundance, 
that  19,  expansion  of  credit,  are  taken  for  each  other  reciprocally. 
'*  What  may  be  the  annual  exchanges  of  the  world  f 
''The  Jomnal  de$  JDebtUt  for  January  15,  1851,  pats  the  anniial  interchange*  of 


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2d<(  Journal  of  Bankinffj  Currmeyj  and  /Snance. 

kBOTVD  countries  at  £1,200,000,000,  balf  of  that  is  exports  sod  half  imports.  Vow, 
every  article  before  it  is  exported  \9ill,  on  an  ayerage,  oe  exchanged  twice ;  and  eyety 
article  imported  will  likewise  be  exchanged  twice, 

Making  an  exchange  of £3,400,000,000 

The  population  of  the  money>usiog  world  maj  be  taken  at 
600,000,000,  and  every  individual  buys  of  domestic  produce  |26 
worth,  not  included  in  tlie  above  estimate,  and  after  these  pur- 
chases piass  through  two  hands,  the  result  is 6,000,000,000 

The  quantity  of  stocks,  shares,  Ac^  of  all  descriptions  of  companies 
in  the  world,  which  is  annually  bought  and  sold,  is  taken  at. . .  •  •        8,000,000,000 

Annual  sales,  houses,  lands,  Ac» 600,000,000 

Total £18,000,000,000 

^  Of  what  importance,  in  comparison  with  thb  sum,  is  an  annual  production  of 
8p,000,000  of  gold  t    It  is  about  i  of  1  per  cent 

**  But  the  above  estimates  are  far  too  small  If  we  take  the  productive  value  of 
all  lands  at  only  £6,000,000,000  per  annum,  and  allow  these  to  oe  twice  exchanged, 
we  have  alone  £12,000,000,000,  exclusive  of  the  operations  in  stocks,  houses,  lands, 
Ac  The  chances  that  more  gold  countries  will  be  discovered  are  less  than  that  the 
present  production  of  California  and  Australia  will  not  be  sustained.  If  we  do  not 
regard  the  present  production  as  likely  to  depreciate  the  metals,  we  are  far  from 
thinking  the  yield  will  be  without  influence.  On  the  contrary,  we  expect  from  it  a 
very  important  stimulus  to  enterprise  and  speculation.  It  is  just  possible  that  a  pro* 
duction  of  80,000,000  will  be  as  great  a  stimulus  as  one  of  60,000,000.  The  conse- 
quence will  be  the  contrary  of  a  depreciation  of  gold, 

**  Many  believe  that  the  present  high  prices  of  things  are  to  be  attributed  to  gold : 
but  in  the  case  of  food  and  all  relatives  to  it  we  have  direct  reasons,  apart  from  gold 
influence,  and  of  other  articles  we  can  see  none  of  which  the  stocks  are  not  dispropor- 
tioned  to  the  consumption,  as  compared  with  the  reasons  of  lower  prices. 

*'From  1847  to  1868,  when  the  English  crisis  and  European  disorders  had  subsided, 
low  rates  of  food,  attended  with  unusual  prosperity  and  great  power  of  consumption, 
enhanced  by  the  restored  feeling  of  political  security,  the  progress  of  free  trade,  the 
increase  of  means  of  communication,  and  the  indirect  influence  of  the  gold  receipts, 
were  all  causes  of  higher  prices. 

"  Tlose  wbcse  views  are  like  our  own  will  not  expect  a  reduction  of  the  value  of 
gold  in  respect  to  silver.  If  pnor  to  1847  there  existed  1,200,0(0,000  of  ihe  metals, 
88  per  cent  gold  and  66  per  cent  silver,  and  gold  has  been  produced  at  the  rate  of 
80,000,000  annually,  the  proportion  increase  is  only  1^  per  cent  But  the  increase  of 
business  has  been  in  those  countries,  England,  France,  and  the  United  States,  that 
have  f[o1d  standards,  far  greater.  France  has  used  a  silver  standard,  but  designs 
adoptmg  sold.  Since  I7V5  she  has  coined  £178,000,000,  but  the  coinage  has  now 
ceased.  It  has  been  estimated  that  within  a  few  years  France  possessed  £80,000,000 
of  silver,  of  which  the  larger  portion  has  been  exchanged  for  gold,  and  thrown  upon 
the  markets  of  the  world.  Other  countries  also,  Germany  and  Switzerland,  absorb 
more  or  les^  gold.  The  use  of  silver  for  mechanical  purposes  has  been  If  ss  than  it 
was.    The  production  of  silver  through  the  abundance  of  mercury  is  enhanced. 

**  In  conclusion  it  is  to  remark,  that  if  the  population  of  this  money-using  world  is 
600,000,000,  an  annual  production  of  £30,000,000  is  about  one  shilling  per  head." 


WHERE  SILVER  COMES  FROM. 

The  production  of  the  silver  mines  of  Mexico  for  the  year  1860,  exceeded  that  of 
the  rest  of  the  world  by  one  million  dollars,  the  total  yield  being  thirty-three  millioD& 
When  we  reflect  that  this  immense  sum  is  dug  out  of  the  earth  by  a  population  cooi- 
paratively  destitute  of  science,  or  capital,  or  comprehensive  system,  it  will  readily  be 
perceived  how  vast  the  yield  would  be  if  these  mines  of  wealth  were  in  the  hands  of 
a  vigorous  and  energetic  people.  Until  the  cession  of  California  to  the  United  States, 
and  the  rush  of  Americans  thither,  the  rich  gold  deposits  of  the  plaeera  remained  un- 
known to  its  semi-civilized  inhabitants.  What  the  efiect  would  be  as  regarde  the 
product  of  silver  in  Mexico  under  similar  cireomatances  may  be  estimated. 


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Journal  of  Mining  and  Manufactures.  257 

BOW  A  CASHIER  COMPROMISED  WITH  THE  DIRECTORS  OF  A  BANK. 
The  Evening  Pott  relates  the  following  anecdote  of  a  defaulting  cashier: — 
**The  cashier  of  a  hank  found  himself  short  in  his  account  about  $200,000,  at  a  time 
when  he  foresaw  an  inevitable  disclosure  from  an  examination  of  accounts,  which  was 
ordered  to  take  place  within  a  short  time.  Not  seeing  any  escape,  he  consulted  % 
friend  of  hii  who  was  an  attorney,  asking  for  his  advice.  The  attorney,  on  ascertain- 
ing that  the  cashier  had  no  property  that  was  available  to  convert  into  cash  to  cover 
the  deficiency,  recommended  him  to  take  $200,000  more,  and  then,  when  the  discov- 
ery took  place,  he  would  have  something  to  negotiate  with,  so  as  to  induce  the  direct- 
ors to  refrain  from  making  a  public  exposure.  The  cashier  took  his  advice,  abstracted 
the  additional  sum,  and  when  the  discovery  took  place,  confessed  his  error,  and  told 
the  directors  that  he  would  get  friends  to  make  some  amends,  provided  they  would 
not  punish  him.  After  some  negotiation,  he  compromised  with  them  for  $100,000; 
and  he  retired  from  his  situation  with  a  fortune  of  $100,U00.  The  cashier  iu  question 
was  consequently  respected,  and  he  died,  we  believe,  within  the  current  year.  The 
directors  never  made  known  their  loss^  and  neither  the  stockholders  of  the  bank  nor 
the  public  knew  anything  about  it." 


JOURNAL  OF  MINING  AND  MANUFACTURES. 

THE  PARIS  PAUCE  OF  INDDSTRT  FOR  THE  GREAT  EXHIBITION. 

We  are  indebted  to  an  American  in  Paris  for  the  following  account  of  the  French 
Palace  of  Industry.    It  will  interest  many  of  the  readers  of  the  Merchants'  Magazine  : 

The  Palace  of  Industry  is  not  to  be  merely  a  temporair  structure,  but  a  permanent 
hall  of  exhibition,  in  which  will  be  held  the  displays  of  Industrial  Art  which  take 
place  every  fifth  year,  and  of  painting  and  sculpture  which  occur  every  third  year. 

It  is  of  an  oblong  form,  being  about  700  feet  in  length,  by  860  feet  m  width,  with  a 
doable  row  of  windows,  and  an  entrance  in  the  center  of  each  of  its  four  fronts.  Its 
greatest  length  runs  parallel  with  the  avenue  of  the  Champs  Elysees,  and  the  entrance 
upon  the  side  of  the  avenue  is  a  sort  of  triumphal  tower,  very  rich  and  splendid,  8ur> 
mounted  by  a  female  figure  crowned  with  stars,  and  holdmg  a  wreath  of  laurel  in  each 
hand.  Other  figures  recline  upon  the  steps  beneath  her  feet;  and  a  great  abundance 
of  shields,  wreaths,  has  reliefs,  eagles,  and  the  perpetually  recurring  **  N  "  are  intro- 
duced over  this  tower,  and  also  over  the  rest  of  the  building.  The  names  of  eminent 
mveotors  are  carved  upon  the  walls — also  ornamented  with  profiles  in  bas-relief. 

The  interior  consists  of  a  grand  central  nave,  700  feet  in  length,  190  feet  in  width, 
and  130  feet  in  height,  roofed  with  a  lofty  dome  of  glass.  On  each  side  of  the  nave  is 
a  gallery  85  feet  in  width. 

Alx>ve  this  ground  floor  gallery  is  another,  on  the  second  story,  which  runs  com- 
pletely round  the  building ;  it  is  2,400  feet  long,  and  is  roofed  like  the  nave,  but  rather 
lower.  Both  galleries  are  surrounded  by  pillars ;  those  which  spring  from  the  upper 
gallery  and  support  the  doine  being  rather  lighter  than  those  which  serve  to  support 
the  second  floor.  Friezes  of  iron  openwork  run  along  both  galleries,  decorated  wiUi 
escutcheons,  in  the  center  of  which  are  emblazoned  shields,  alternating  with  a  golden 
crescent  or  star.  Delicate  moldings  run  round  both  galleries,  and  an  elegant  bronzed 
balustrade  surrounds  the  upper  gallery.  With  the  exception  of  the  moldings — 
which  are  white — and  the  shields — which  are  richlv  colored  or  gilded— the  whole  of 
the  interior  surfaces  are  of  a  pale,  soft  gray.  Opinion  is  much  divided  as  to  the  effect 
of  this  coloring,  some  considering  it  to  be  cold  and  foggy,  while  others  consider  it  as  a 

?reat  improvement  upon  the  somewhat  obtrusive  red  and  blue  of  the  palace  in  Hyde 
ark,  and  the  fairv-like  fabric  at  Sydenham.    This  question  is  one  which  cannot  really 
be  decided  until  the  objects  to  be  exhibited  are  in  their  places. 

The  French,  so  methodical  and  exact  in  their  doings  for  the  most  part,  have  made 
rather  a  me?s  of  it  in  their  preparations  for  the  Exhibition.  In  the  first  place  the 
building,  when  half  completed  was  found  to  be  coming  down.  It  has  been  built  on  an 
ansteady  soit — the  ground  sunk  away  at  one  end,  and  the  whole  concern  threatened 
to  come  down  together.  An  immense  sum  has  been  expended  in  strengthening  it,  and 
it  now  appears  to  be  perfectly  safe. 

VOL,   XXXIII. NO.   II.  17 


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Journal  of  Mining  and  Manufacturei, 


Id  the  next  place  the  exhibiting  surface  tonied  oat  to  be  only  500,000  square  feet— 
rather  lees  than  half  that  afforded  by  the  Crystal  Palace  of  1851 ;  and  another  building 
was  erected  on  a  quay  of  the  Seine  near  the  Palace,  4,000  feet  in  length,  which  will  b« 
devoted  almost  exclusively  to  machinery.    This  gallery  is  called  the  "  Annexe." 

By-and  by  it  was  founcf  that  this  accommodation  was  still  deficient,  and  another 
lar&^e  building,  called  the  Palace  of  the  Fine  Arts,  and  devoted  to  sculpture,  painting, 
and  engraving,  was  built  in  another  part  of  these  beautiful  groves. 

Next,  a  "  Supplement"  to  the  Palace  of  Industry  was  erected  opposite  to  the  west- 
em  entrance  of  that  building.  After  this,  as  space  was  still  wanting,  it  was  deter- 
mined to  join  the  Supplement  to  the  Palace  by  a  covered  gallery,  which  would  abo 
contain  a  portion  of  the  Exhibition ;  and  now  within  the  last  few  days  it  has  been  de- 
termined to  connect  all  four  of  the  large  buildings  by  covered  galleries,  in  order  both 
to  facilitate  the  passage  from  one  to  the  other,  and  also  to  afford  room  for  the  placing 
of  objects  which  otherwise  must  have  been  excluded  for  want  of  space. 

All  these  changes  and  additions  have  led  to  a  great  loss  of  time  and  have  matly 
increased  the  cost  of  the  undertaking.  With  regard  to  the  latter  point  noSiing  is 
known,  but  the  outlay  must  have  been  enormous,  as  the  principal  building  is  exceed- 
ingly massive,  and  lavishly  ornamented. 

Gardens  will  be  laid  out  round  all  the  structures,  and  the  trees,  though  they  will 
intercept  the  view  of  the  principal  buildmg,  will  add  much  to  the  general  beauty  of 
the  scene.  

THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  IROBT  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  censQB  returns  of  the  manufacture  of  iron  castings  give  the  following  &ct8  m 
relation  to  this  important  branch  of  American  industry : — 

XAMUrACTVRB  OF  IRON    0A8TING8,    I860. 

Viiliieorraw 

EstaUtsh-  Tons  materlfti. 

States,  AbC.  menta.  Cspltal.  plg-irun.  fueU&o.  ProdaeCa. 

Alabama 10  $216,625  2,848  |102,085  $271,126 

California 1  5,000  75  8,580  20,740 

Columbia  District 2  14,000  545  18,100  41,696 

Connecticut 60  580,800  11,896  851,869  981,400 

Delaware 18  878,500  4,440  153,852  267,462 

Georgia 4  85,000  440  11,950  46.200 

Illinois 29  260,400  4,418  172.380  441,186 

Indiana 14  82,900  1,968  66,918  149,480 

Iowa 8  6,500  81  2,524  8,600 

Kentucky 20  602,200  9,781  296,583  744.816 

Louisiana 8  255,000  1,660  75,800  812,500 

Maine 25  160,100  8,591  112,670  265.000 

Maryland 16  8^9,100  7,220  269,190  685,000 

Massachusette 68  1,499,050  81,184  1,057,904  2,885,685 

Michigan ^l  68  195,460  2,494  91,866  279,697 

Mississippi 8  100,000  1,197  50,870  117.400 

Missouri 6  187,000  5,100  183,114  886,496 

New  Hampshire 26  232,700  5.678  177,060  871.710 

Kew  Jersey 45  698,250  10,666  801,048  686,480 

New  York 828  4,622,482  108,945  ^,898,768  6,921.980 

North  Carolina 5  11.600  192  8,841  12.861 

Ohio 188  2,068,650.  '87.565  1,199,700  8.069.860 

Pennsylvania 820  8,422,924  69,501  2,872,467  5,864,481 

Rhode  Island 20  428,800  8,918  258,267  728,706 

South  Carolina 6  186,700  169  29,128  87.688 

Tennessee 16  189,600  1,682  90.086  264.825 

Texas 2  16,000  250  8,400  65,000 

Vermont 26  290,720  6,279  160.603  460,881 

Virginia 64  471.160  7,114  297,014  674.416 

Wisconsb 15  116,850  1,871  86,980  216.196 

Total 1,891  $17,416,861         845,658  ♦$10,846,265  $25,108,156 


*  Tons  of  mineral  coal  vaed,  190,801 ;  boshela  of  eoke  and  charcoal,  3,413,750 ;  toaa  of  caatk^ 
made,  33K,746. 


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269 


In  the  speciAl  report  by  Profeator  Wilson,  we  find  a  corioos  table,  ebowing  the 
Bomber  of  blast  fomaoee  and  bloomeriee  pat  in  operation  in  this  country  from  tbe 
year  1780  to  1850.  In  this  tabular  view  he  states  that  there  were  no  fiulares  during 
the  long  period  of  1780  to  1840,  (over  one  hundred  years;)  but  from  1840  to  1850, 
the  fiulures  were  numerous,  involving  a  large  loss  of  capital.  We  insert  the  main 
featnree  of  this  summary : — 

IROir  WORKS  BUILT  IN  THE  UNFTBD  8TATX8  IN  XACH  PERIOD  OF  TEN  TKAR8  FROM   1880 
TO    1840,   AND  IN  KAOH  TSAR  THEEEAPTBR  TO   1860. 


To 
1780. 
1740. 
1760. 
1760. 
1770. 
1780. 
1790. 
1800. 
1810. 
1820. 
1880. 
1886. 
1840. 
1841. 
1842. 
1848. 
1844. 
1846. 
1846. 
1847. 
1848. 
1849. 
1860. 


BLAST  FURNACES. 

BL00XBRIE8. 

CosL      Ofaareoal. 

BoUU  Total  boUt.  Failed. 

1  •             •  • 

1 

•  • 

2 

, , 

8 

« • 

7 

•  • 

•  •             .  • 

•  •  • 

•  • 

,  ^ 

6 

6 

6 

, , 

16 

26 

*  * 

11 

19 

80 

•  • 

14 

16 

80 

, , 

1            18 

20 

49 

, . 

6            72 

46 

128 

, , 

8              8 

12 

• 

1              8 

6 

2 

6              8 

20 

20 

J 

6 

7 

7 

4            18 

21 

n 

14             16 

11 

40 

8 

11            80 

12 

68 

4 

8            12 

26 

24 

6              6 

17 

87 

8              2 

10 

41 

8             1 

18 

22 

ToUl 68    280    106    604    177 

The  impetus  after  1840  is  attributed  to  the  discovery  of  the  successful  application 
of  anthracite  coal  for  iron-makmg  purposes. 

One  singular  feature  in  the  history  of  this  subject  is  the  fiict  that  in  the  early  days 
of  iron  making,  Qreat  Britain  imported  from  this  country  considerable  quantities  of 
iron,  vis.:  from  1740  to  1760  the  imports  were  2,860  tons  per  annum.  This  increased 
ontil  in  1770  they  reached  7,625  tons,  being  more  than  one-sixth  of  all  the  iron  im- 
ported bto  Great  Britain  from  all  quarters. 


IMERICAJT  HARDWARE  AND  MfiCHAHICAL  SULL 

The  following,  from  the  JSeonomittt  will  open  the  eyes  of  thousands  of  our  people 
to  the  growing  importance  of  certain  kmds  of  manufiftcture,  made  at  home,  and  which 
the  gre^i  minority  of  our  people  suppose  are  made  in  England : — 

**  The  manufacture  of  many  articles  of  hardware  has  lately  been  faitroduced  into  this 
country,  and  firmlv  established.  Forty  years  ago  not  more  than  half  a  dosen  leading 
articles  of  the  trade  were  of  our  own  manufacture,  the  rest  were  all  imported ;  now« 
by  fiur  the  greatest  part  of  the  trade  is  in  articles  made  by  our  own  artisans.  The  im- 
ported articles,  too^  are,  one  after  another,  yielding  the  palm  of  superiority  to  those  of 
American  manufkcture.  American  enterprise,  inachinery,  skill,  and  ingenuity,  are 
more  than  a  match  for  European  fogyism. 

**The  English  manufiicturers  aim  at  producing  a  cheap  article,  strong  enoogfa  to 
avoid  being  blown  to  pieces  by  the  wmd ;  the  American  manufacturers  ami  at  ^txln- 
eing,  and  in  nine  cases  oat  of  ten  succeed  in  producing  an  article  as  cheap  as  ttutt  im- 


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260  Journal  of  Mining  and  Manufactures, 

ported,  and  posseesiog,  at  the  same  time,  the  qualities  of  simplict^,  streng^  and 
dorability.  Tbie  ia  especially  the  case  with  regard  to  the  lighter  articuM,  such  as  door 
latches,  looks,  d^  Many  of  oar  heavy  articles  are  unapproachable  by  the  EngKeb  im- 
ported goods.  For  instance,  our  Eagle  anvil,  with  its  cast- steel  Mce,  is  finner  and 
more  durable  than  the  English  anvil  of  wrought  iron.  The  Ameripan  chain  vice  is  an 
improvemeot  unknown  there.  The  augers  made  here  are  far  in  advance  of  the  Eng- 
lish ideas  of  progress,  and  so  of  many  articles.  Five  years  ago  mason's  troweb  were 
imported ;  now,  $30,000  worth  of  trowels,  confessedly  superior  to  the  English,  are 
made  by  one  manufacturer — Mr.  Bisbee,  in  South  Oanton — and  his  bnsioess  doubles 
annually.  Even  the  celebrated  Oongreas  penknives  are  now  reproduced  by  our  own 
workmen,  with  all  the  elegance  and  excellence  of  the  English  knife,  and  we  might  ex- 
tend the  list  indefinitely.  Again,  the  American  goods  are  generally  warranted,  an 
advantage  not  possessed  in  onr  home  market  by  those  which  are  imported. 

**  The  exportation  of  American  hardware  has  sprung  up,  almost  entirely,  within  the 
last  few  years,  and  is  rapidly  becoming  a  very  extensive  business.  Already  have 
American  goods  found  their  way  into  the  British  provinces,  and  are  there  preferred  to 
their  own  (English)  home  manufactures,  thus  competing  successfully  with  English 
g|oods  in  their  own  markets.  The  exportation  to  Canada  especially  is  rapidly  increa- 
sing, and  almost  doubles  annually.  The  Douglas  axes  are  sold  even  in  Loodoo.  Large 
quantities  of  goods  are  also  sent  to  the  West  Indies,  South  America,  and  to  all  parts 
of  the  world.** 

SOUTHERU  MANUFACTURES. 
Our  cotemporary  of  the  New  Orleans  Commercial  Bulletin^  says  :— 

''Georgia  was  the  first  Southern  State  that  essayed  the  experiment  of  divertiiig 
capital  from  agricultural  pursuits  to  the  establishment  of  manufactures.  We  remem- 
ber the  time  well.  Cotton  had  fallen  to  its  lowest  mark,  far  below  a  remunerating 
price.  The  planters  en  maH$e^  as  a  supposed  remedy  for  the  existing  evil,  and  being 
the  most  hopeful  people  in  the  world,  always  beguiUng  themselves  with  the  idea  that 
'  a  better  time  b  coming,*  began  planting  more  cotton.  The  lower  cotton  went  down 
the  more  they  grew,  and  the  larger  their  crops ;  by  this  means  increasing  the  very 
mischief  Uiey  were  contending  with,  and  thus  impoverishing  themselves.  There  were 
a  few  exceptionable  instances ;  men  *  to  the  manor  bom,*  and  who  had  not  the  benefit 
of  experience,  travel  and  observation,  but  who,  governed  by  good  hard  sense,  and  the 
deductions  of  simple  reasoning,  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  money  could  be  more 
profitably  employed  in  something  else  than  pbnting  cotton,  with  Urgely  increasing 
crops,  and  selling  it  at  five  and  six  cents  a  pound.  Cotton  fabrics  do  not  fall  in  price 
in  a  corresponding  ratio  with  the  decline  in  'the  raw  material.  This  was  the  clue  to 
their  future  action ;  and  upon  this  hint  they  commenced  building  manufactories  for 
themselves.  It  was  a  small  beginning,  for  it  was  '  the  day  of  small  things.*  There 
were  no  railroads,  or  only  one  at  most  in  those  times.  Qeorgia  had  not  evolved  from 
her  chrysalb  state — she  hnd  not  then  by  her  enterprise  and  energy  won  wealth  and 
influence,  and  the  proud  distinction  of  being  the  empire  state  of  the  South." 

**  1'he  attempt  at  manufactures  succeeded  wonderfully ;  the  example  was  followed 
in  different  parts  of  the  State;  and  there  are  now  in  Georgia  between  fifty  and  sixty 
cotton  factories  in  the  full  tide  of  successful  experiment,  llie  decree  of  success  they 
have  attained  may  be  inferred  from  the  following  statement  of  3ie  condition  of  the 
Macon  Bianufacturing  Company.  During  the  last  six  months  its  clear  profits  have 
been  at  the  rate  of  seventeen  per  cent  per  annum  on  the  amount  of  the  stock.  It  has 
declared  a  dividend  of  ten  per  cent,  and  has  accumulated  during  the  last  eighteen 
months,  over  the  dividends,  a  reserve  fund  of  thirty-seven  thousand  dollars.** 


HOW  TO  EXTRACT  GLASS  STOPPLES. 
When  the  glass  will  not  come  out,  pass  a  strip  of  woolen  cloth  around  it»  and  thcB 
"  see- saw"  backwards  and  forwards,  so  that  the  friction  may  heat  the  neck  of  the  bot- 
tle. Thb  will  cause  it  to  expand,  become  larger  than  the  stopple,  and  the  latter  will 
drop  out,  or  may  be  easily  withdrawn.  A  tight  screw  may  be  easily  loosened  from  a 
metal  socket,  by  heating  the  latter  by  means  of  a  cloth  wet  with  boiling  water,  or  ia 
any  other  way — oo  the  simple  principle  of  expaoaioD  by  heat 


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Journal  of  Mining  cmd  Manufactures.  261 

AMERICAN  SBWIIIG  MACHIIES  II  FRANCS. 

A  Paris  oorrespondeDt,  ODder  a  recent  date  says  : — 

"  Three  companies  have  sold  their  patents  for  sewing  machines  in  France  at  yerj 
high  prices.  3  ne  compsny  of  Avery,  North  <b  Co.,  first  sold  to  the  Emperor  for  the  nse 
of  the  army,  at  106,000  francs;  Grover,  Baker  &.  Qo^  of  Boston,  sold  to  a  French  com- 
pany at  a  much  higher  rate ;  and  more  recently  Singer  it  Co.,  of  New  York,  have  sold 
to  a  company  for  $100,000  francsi  These  useful  machines  are  also  being  rapidly  in- 
troduced into  the  other  States  of  Europe.  I  should  mention,  however,  ^that  much 
difficulty  is  found  in  France  in  nsing  these  machines,  for  the  want  of  mechanical  ipg^ 
Duity  in  the  people,  and  it  is  curious  to  see  with  what  wonder  and  astonishment  they 
watch  the  machine  in  the  hands  of  Miss  Ames,  who  is  here  from  New  York  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  French  Government,  and  who  is  celebrated  in  her  dexterity  with  these  ma- 
,  chines.  This  lady,  who  made  at  the  war  office,  in  the  space  of  six  hours,  one  hundred 
pairs  of  soldiers'  pantaloons,  and  who  has  worked  the  madiine  in  the  f)resenee  of  the 
Emperor  at  the  Tuileries,  is  regarded  by  the  French  as  a  great  curiosity  from  the 
New  World,  and  wherever  the  Government  Agent,  Mr.  Dusatory,  carries  her  and  her 
fiivorite  machine,  she  is  the  center  of  astonished  crowds  of  officers  and  dignitaries,  who 
make  her  presents  without  numben  She  receives  a  salary  of  760  francs  a  month  from 
the  Government  to  superintend  the  manufacture  of  the  machines,  to  put  them  into  op- 
eration, and  to  oversee  the  soldiers  who  are  trjfing  to  work  them.  The  difficulty,  not 
only  of  making  the  machines  perfect  in  France,  but  of  finding  persons  cipable  of  work- 
ing them,  has  been  found  so  great  that  it  is  now  in  contemplaiion  to  send  to  New  York 
for  machines,  as  well  as  for  girls  to  work  them." 


THE  COAL  LA5D8  OF  GREAT  BRITAIH  AND  OHIO. 

According  the  Hon.  Benjamin  Seaver,  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  and  Wales  con- 
tain 11,869  square  miles  of  coal  lands;  Ohio  contains  11,900  square  miles.  The  can- 
Del  coal  of  the  Tunnel  Tract,  in  Ohio,  is  superior  to  the  English  cannel  usually  shipped 
to  this  country ;  and  the  bituminous  coal  of  Straitsyille  is  equal  to  the  splint  coal  of 
Scotland,  or  to  the  coal  of  England,  both  of  which  are  used  now  in  the  manufacture  of 
pigmetaL 

The  coal  trade  of  Great  Britain  in  486S,  was  as  follows :  the  capital  invested  was, 
$50,000,000;  annual  production,  87,000,000  tons;  value  at  pit's  mouth,  $60,000,000; 
value  at  the  place  of  consumption,  $100,000,000.    London  alone  cciisumed  8,600,000 


In  1850, 180,489  tons  of  coal  were  shipped  to  this  country  from  England  and  the 
British  provinces;  in  1868,  281,608  tons;  in  1864  the  demand  could  not  be  supplied. 
Manufacturiog  has  made  this  great  demand  for  bituminous  coal ;  raihroads,  steam 
ttigines  and  steam-vessels,  will  rapidly  increase  the  enormous  oonsomption. 


MINING  AT  GEORGETOWN,  CAUFORNIA. 
From  California  papers  we  give  a  brief  synopsis  of  the  mining  operations  in  the 
vicinity  of  Georgetown,  as  follows  :-^ 

The  hill  or  cayote  diggings  are  considered  the  best  in  that  re^on.  At  Jones's  Hill 
sevei^  companies  have  struck  the  paying  dirt  The  Columbia  Companv  have  fin- 
ished SOO  feet  of  tunnel  through  hara  rock,  at  a  cost  of  $8,000,  and  found  a  paying 
lead  of  five  feet  in  depth.  Some  of  the  dirt  taken  out  jMys  as  high  as  $200  to  the 
pan.  Its  Glares  are  valued  at  from  $4,000  to  $6,000.  The  Union  Tunnel  Company 
have  made  SOO  feet  of  tnnnel,  at  a  cost  of  $16,000,  which  the  dirt  paid  for  as  they 
went  along.  They  find  21  feet  of  pay  dirt,  averaging  half  an  ounce  a  day  to  the 
hand.  The  company  took  out  the  sum  of  $10,000  in  the  circumference  of  six  feet 
square.  The  Flying  Cloud  Company  have  a  tunnel  of  260  feet,  at  a  cost  of  $8,000. 
They  have  struck  pay  dirt,  and  tne  shares,  which  consist  of  12,  have  sold  at  $4,600 
ead).  Summit  Tunnel  Company  have  run  into  the  bill  860  feet,  at  a  cost  of  $10  per 
ibot.  They  have  struck  ^  rich  lead,  having  prospected  as  high  as  $86  to  the  pan. 
Their  shares  are  held  high. 


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262  Mercantile  Miseellanies. 


MERCANTILE  MISCELLANIES. 


THE  <(PflILADELPflU  MERCHANT." 

We  are  glad  to  leani  that  our  e&teemed  ootemporary,  the  **  Philadelphia  Merchant 
and  .American  ManafacCurers*  Journal"  circulates  extenaivelj.  We  have  fireqnentlj 
had  occasion  to  cut  from  its  columns  choice  matter  for  our  department  of  "  Mercantile 
Miscellanies.''  We  see  that  some  thirty-six  of  the  merchants  and  manufacturers  of 
our  sister  citj  of  Philadelphia  have  commended  the  Merchant  to  the  support  of  the 
business  men  of  their  city  as  an  advertising  medium.  This  list  of  firms  comprises 
sncfa  as  David  S.  Brown  it  Co.,  Caleb  Cope  &  Co^  and  other  highly  respectable  and 
sterling  names.  The  paper  is  a  large- sized  weekly,  handsomely  printed,  and  contains 
brief  and  able  editorials,  and  presents  many  facts  and  statistics  interesting  to  the 
mercantile  and  manufiicturing  community.  It  appears  from  the  affidavit  of  the 
mailing  clerk,  that  the  Merchant  is  sent  in  regular  succession  to  55,765  business  men 
in  twenty-one  States  and  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  The  scattering  list  in  other 
States,  and  copies  distributed  monthly  in  the  city,  amount  to  5,000,  showing  a  total 
circulation  of  60,755  copies.  The  circulation  out  of  Pennsylvania  is  chiefly  in  the 
South  and  West. 

We  presume  that  most  of  our  Philadelphia  readers  are  also  readers  of  the  Merchant 
The  labors  of  Messrs.  Torrey  &  Pickett  to  promote  the  interest  and  reputation  of  Phil- 
adelphia, should  be  properly  appreciated  by  their  fellow  citizens. 


<f  BELL'S  COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE"  OF  CHICAGO. 

In  thb  age  of  Commerce,  any  legitimate  enterprise  calculated  to  promote  its  inter- 
ests, should  certainly  be  esteemed  a  benefaction.  Commercial  academies  or  colleges, 
in  which  are  afforded  the  means  of  obtaining  a  thorough  business  education,  may 
therefore  justly  hp  ranked  among  the  real  improvements  of  the  age,  dispensing,  as 
they  do,  benefits  of  practical  value  and  of  ready  availability. 

Foremost  among  these  institutions  stands  '*  Bell's  Commercial  College  "  of  Chicago. 
Established  only  about  four  years  ago,  it  has  already  acquired  a  reputation  unsur- 
passed, if  equaled,  in  the  thoroughness  and  efficiency  of  its  course  of  instruction,  in- 
volving the  science  of  accounts. 

The  school  is  formed  into  a  counting-room,  and  Uie  student  is  at  once  introduced  to 
the  practical  workings  of  business,  and  the  discharge  of  an  accountant's  duties;  and 
the  results  are  flatteringly  attested  by  the  many  business  houses  employing  its  nu- 
merous graduates. 

The  collegiate  course  embraces  four  principal  departments,  viz.:  book-keeping, 
practical  or  business,  penmanship,  commercial  calculations,  and  commercial  law ;  to 
which  is  added  instruction  in  the  art  of  detecting  counterfeit  and  altered  bank-notes^ 
and  much  other  knowledge  of  great  value  to  the  business  man. 

A  reading-room  and  library  of  over  1,000  volumes  in  all  the  departments  of  useful 
knowledge  and  general  literature,  is  a  marked  and  novel  feature  in  the  oi^ganization 
of  this  school,  and  one  which  must  not  only  furnish  its  students  with  the  means  of 
much  valuable  instruction,  but  be  to  them  a  source  of  entertainment  and  pleasure. 

The  college  was  chartered  by  the  Legislature  of  Blinob  in  !868,  and  endowed  with 
**  all  the  powers  and  privileges  exercised  and  enjoyed  by  any  institution  of  learning 
in  the  State."  Its  faculty  consists  of  a  President,  four  Prolbssors,  and  four  Assiltantr 
Teachers  in  the  various  departments;  with  a  Board  of  Trustees,  and  also  a  Board  of 


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Mercantile  MUcellaniei,  263 

EzamiDerei  coneistiog  of  prmctical  ftocoootaDte,  before  vbom  candidates  for  gradoaiion 
are  ezamined. 

The  catalogue  of  the  school  shows  it  to  be  the  recipient  of  a  most  liberal  and  et- 
teosiye  patronage,  the  names  of  stadents  from  most  of  the  Western  States  and  many 
of  the  Eastern  being  there  recorded.  Its  diplomas  are  a  snre  passport  to  lucratire 
and  responsible  situations  in  business,  and  it  deservedly  enjoys  the  public  confidence 
and  a  high  reputation  for  the  completeness  and  excellence  of  its  course  of  study. 

The  President,  Judge  Bbll,  who  is  favorably  known  in  New  York,  where  he  for- 
merly resided,  has  for  many  years  been  identified  with  the  interests  of  the  West, 
where  he  has  held  offices  of  the  highest  trust  and  responsibility.  Engaged,  during  an 
active  and  eventful  life,  for  many  years  in  business  pursuits,  he  has  acquired  a  tbor- 
oogh  commercial  knowledge,  which  must  constitute  a  valuable  resource  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  his  students  in  the  details  of  business  transactions,  and  which,  with  bis  scholastic 
acquirements,  must  afford  him  superior  ability  in  the  management  of  this  excellent 
and  useful  institution,  upon  the  possession  of  which  we  congratulate  our  young  giant 
dty  of  the  West  , 

TAB  LONG  CREDIT  OF  50RTHfiRN  CITIES. 

A  late  number  of  the  Oommereial  BulUtinfOUB  of  the  best  mercantile  journals  pub- 
lished in  New  Orleans,  has  some  sensible  remarks  touching  long  credits  in  our  northern 
marts  of  trade;  which  we  commend  to  the  notice  of  the  readers  of  the  Merchants^ 
Magazine:' — 

One  reason  why  New  Orleans  has  been  deprived  of  a  large  amount  of  interior  trade, 
doe  her  on  account  of  her  commanding  position,  onequaled  natural  advantages  and 
splendid  market,  can  be  traced  to  the  fact  that  the  wholesale  jobbers  of  the  northern 
cities  could  afford  to  extend  to  country  merchants  and  small  traders  greater  facilities 
in  the  way  of  long  credits  than  could  our  jobbers  and  wholesale  dealers — not  that 
their  markets  were  better,  as  convenient,  or  really  cheaper  than  thii!,  all  things  consid- 
ered. The  twelve- months  credit  system  did  the  busmess,  and  attracted  an  immense 
amount  of  Western  and  Southwestern  trade  to  those  cities,  which  would  have  other- 
wise sought  this  port 

The  long-credit  system  is  to  the  purchaser  what  the  lighted  candle  is  to  the  moth, 
with  this  ezeeption— the  moth  gets  scorched  to  death  but  the  candle  bums  on  untn- 
jnred — while  long  credits  very  often  destroy  both  wholesale  jobber  and  country 
merchant  The  country  merchant  finds  it  so  easy  to  lay  in  his  stock  that  he  makes 
large  and  imprudent  purchases— goes  beyond  his  means  and  the  wants  of  the  section 
in  which  he  residea  With  his  large  supplies  he  returns  home  highly  elated ;  and  as 
he  bought  on  a  credit  he  sells  on  a  credit,  and  as  fast  as  possible — in  fact  forces  his 
goods  on  the  market  In  turn,  his  customers,  having  enjoyed  unusual  facilities,  have 
purchased  more  than  they  needed,  are  unable  to  settle  when  pay-day  rolls  round,  and 
the  country  merchant,  consequently,  cannot  take  up  the  notes  he  has  given  the  jobber. 
Multiply  the  instance  we  have  hastily  illustrated  a  hundred  or  a  thousand  fold — and 
it  is  but  one  of  an  annual  thousand — and  the  whole  commercial  world  is,  after  a 
while,  startled  by  the  news  of  the  failure  of  laree  jobbing  houses  supposed  to  be  as 
solid  as  the  rock  of  Gibraltar,  and  which  would  have  been  so  but  for  tne  prevalence 
of  this  pernicious  long-credit  system. 

Let  us  carry  out  the  parallel  a  little  further :  the  customers  of  the  country  merchant 
(ail  to  pay  him  promptly ;  he  cannot  meet  his  engagements  with  the  jobber  in  conse- 
quence ;  the  jobber,  owing  to  the  bad  faith  or  misfortunes  of  his  correspondents,  is 
compelled  to  close — to  break.  He  proceeds  to  collect  his  claims  as  speedily  as  possi* 
ble.  He  sues  the  country  merchant ;  the  country  merchant  sues  his  delinquent  debt- 
ors, and  there  is  a  general  litigation  all  around,  to  which  must  be  added  the  usual 
amount  of  costs,  fees,  and  interest,  to  say  nothing  of  the  bad  feelings  and  the  lax 
morality  engendered  by  the  proceedings.  The  finale  sums  up  usually  in  ^is  wise : 
the  principal  parties  to  the  transaction  are  rubed  in  fortune  ana  credit ;  the  customers 
of  the  country  trader  are  harassed  by  lawsuits,  have  to  pay  costs,  lawyers'  fees,  dec, 
superadded  to  the  original  claim,  if  solvent — all  of  which  would  have  been  avoided  if 
the  practice  of  long  credits  had  never  known  existence.  There  never  was  a  truer  say- 
ing thao  that "  short  credits  make  prompt  payments. 


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264  Mercantile  MieceUardeM, 

And  there  are  other  evils  iosepdrably  connected  with  tJiis  system,  throwing  out  of 
view  altogether  the  objections  alluded  to  above.  We  will  refer  to  one  of  them  mera- 
]y.  The  jobber  who  sells  on  long  time,  is  compelled,  of  coarse,  to  make  frequent  re- 
newals, and  he  must,  therefore,  enjoy  a  larger  rate  of  profit  on  the  goods  he  sells,  to 
provide  for  future  contingencies  and  losses,  for  there  will  be  losses,  no  matter  bow 
cautiously  and  ably  an  extended  business  is  conducted ;  and  there  are  contingencies 
against  which  no  human  foresight  can  provide.  As  the  small  dealer  has  to  pay  for 
the  prolonged  credit  afforded  to  him,  he  must  charge  bis  customers  in  proportion,  to 
make  himsulf  safe,  and  the  consequence  is,  supposing  all  obligations  promptly  met  at 
maturity,  that  the  masses  of  the  people,  the  retail  buyers  from  the  interior  traders, 
have  to  pay  higher  prices  for  the  goods  they  use  than  they  would  had  the  system  of 
protracted  credits  been  repudiated  from  the  commencement 

\The  New  York  jobbers  are  now  moving  to  shorten  the  credits  they  have  been  in 
the  habit  of  extending  to  their  customers.  The  shoe  pinches  too  tight  to  be  much 
longer  endured.  By  expanding  the  credit  system  to  an  unsafe  and  unnealthy  extent, 
they  have  sold  an  incalculable  amount  of  merchandise,  on  a  portion  of  which  we 
imagine  they  would  be  rejoiced  to  realize.  And  if  they  fail  to  collect  folly,  tbej 
should  recollect  that  the  fault  is  partially  their  own.  The  inducements  they  held  oat 
were  too  strong  for  poor,  sanguine  human  nature  to  resist,  especially  in  a  country  like 
ours, where  there  are  so  many  who  believe  in  "luck,"  and  *' manifest  destiny,''  and  are 
ready  to  "  go  it  blind  "  whenever  an  opportunity  presents  itself. 

In  reference  to  the  movement  of  the  jobbers,  a  New  York  cotemporary .  has  the 
following:  ** There  is  a  much  needed  and  judicious  movement  among  our  jobben  to 
reduce  Uie  term  of  credit  ^iven  to  country  dealers.  One  of  the  leading  silk  booses  in 
Broadway  has  taken  the  mitiative  step,  and  has  adopted  the  rule  of  giving  six  and 
eight  months'  credit,  taking  notes  payable  at  bank.  The  evil  of  long  credits  has  long 
been  felt  by  our  jobbers  as  one  of  the  most  dangerous  in  the  dry  goods  business. 
Philadelphia  and  Boston  have  suffered  severely  from  granting  soch  credits,  in  order  to 
attract  trade  from  New  York,  and  our  jobbers  appear  now  fully  awake  to  the  neceast- 
ty  of  avoiding  a  like  fate.  If  our  sister  cities  like  twelve-months  trade,  our  opinion  ia, 
that  the  policy  of  New  York  is  to  let  them  enjoy  it  undisturbed." 

For  our  part  we  are  glad  to  see  this  movemeot,  and  hope  it  will  go  on  till  it  em* 
braces  every  commercial  city  in  the  North.  As  their  long  credits  were  the  prime 
cause  of  taking  from  as  thousands  of  good  costomera  residing  within  the  Valley  of  the 
Mississippi  and  adjacent  States,  so  wUl  the  withdrawal  of  that  dangerously  attractive 
Ikcility  brinff  them  back  to  os— at  least  many  of  them. 

The  Mobile  THbune  thinks  ''that  the  best  thing  the  Northern  cities  could  do  for  the 
Sooth  would  be  to  demand  cash.  We  are  boand  to  the  North  by  credks.  Destroy 
tbeee  and  pet  haps  then  there  would  be  some  chance  for  direct  trade.''  The  remark  la 
a  suggestive  one ;  but  we  most  become  more  energetic  and  public-spirited  before  we 
can  hope  for  direct  communication  with  Europe.  We  most  infuse  a  new  life  into  oar 
body  politic 


"HE  IS  A  C0U5TRT  MERCHANT— STICK  HIM  t^' 

We  are  not  about  to  indite  an  esaa^  on  the  mercantile  axiom  m  Hudibrae,  aaya  our 
clever  cotemporary  of  the  Philadelpbiia  Merchant,  that  **  everything  is  worth  as  much 
as  it  will  bring ;"  nor  do  we  expect  to  offer  anj^  new  exposition  of  the  morality  of 
trade.  We  simply  purpose  recording  an  illustration  of  the  immorality  of  taking  th« 
advantage  of  a  buyer's  presumed  ignorance. 

In  a  certain  citv  which  shall  be  nameless,  and  in  a  year  which  we  shall  not  specify, 
Mr.  A  established  himself  in  business.  Among  the  frequent  visitors  at  bis  store  was 
Mr.  B,  whose  officioosness  was  never  agreeable  to  the  proprietor,  and  on  one  occasion 
at  least  his  advice  was  both  insulting  and  disastrous.    It  happened  on  this  wise  : — 

A  gentleman  came  into  the  store  and  inqoired  for  aandry  articles  as  to  prices,  Ac 
In  the  midst  of  the  interview,  Mr.  B  called  Mr.  A  to  the  door,  and,  taking  him  by  the 
button,  whispered  confidentially  regarding  the  inquirer,  **  He  ia  a  country  merchant-^ 
stick  him  I" 

Mr.  A  turned  away  in  disgust,  and  resumed  his  conversation  with  the  new-comer. 
But  the  whispered  counsel  had  reached  the  ear  of  the  latter,  and  he  left  the  premises 
wiUMut  purchasing  a  single  article  Probably  a  valuable  customer  was  lost — per- 
haps many  customers  indirectly— by  the  wicked  suggestion  of  an  intermeddler,  over- 
heard. 


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JferccaUiie  Idtteeilaniei.  265 

There  ean  be  do  doubt  that  he  ottered  the  principle  of  his  own  bcuineM  operatioD8» 
the  whole  being  reeolred  into  the  reckless  axiom — 

^ThMi  they  sboald  get  who  bare  the  power, 
And  ibey  shoiild  keep  who  e«n  T' 

Howeyer  decent  in  the  appearance  of  things,  and  however  respectable  as  to  social 
position,  a  man  who  advises  a  neighbor  to  "  stick  a  country  merchant,"  has  repeatedly 
committed  such  crimes  himself;  and  he  who  would  do  that^  would  be  a  petty  thief  or 
a  highwayman  were  it  not  tor  the  danger  of  detection,  and  the  grip  of  the  law. 

We  may  mention,  continues  the  Merchant^  as  an  illustratiye  commentary,  that  the 
adviser  alluded  to  had  recently  become  a  bankrupt  shamelessly. 

We  do  not  announce  this  result  as  an  event  always  certain  in  the  ordinations  of 
Providence,  else  all  who  succeed  in  amassing  wealth  m!ght  claim  the  issue  as  proof 
of  their  integrity  in  trade  ;  but  we  affirm  that  riches  cankered  by  fraud  never  pur- 
diased  seremt^  of  mind,  the  highest  form  of  prosperity.  Generally,  too,  all  deception 
and  overreachmg  in  mercantile  affairs,  break  down  the  doer  of  the  wrong,  in  bis  estate 
no  less  than  in  hit  personal  happiness,  or  is  visited  on  his  children  in  the  direst  forms 
of  retribution. 

We  can  easily  see  how  a  double-dealing  merchant  must  in  time  destroy  his  business 
by  establishing  a  suspicious  reputation,  and  it  is  not  difficult  to  see  how  the  sins  of 
soch  B  man  are  transmitted  to  his  off:<prin^,  in  respect  of  consequences.  He  who 
seeks  to  accumulate  money  at  all  has  urds,  will  pay  little  regard  to  the  virtuous  train- 
ing of  his  children ;  and  sad  indeed  would  be  the  fate  of  all  such  unfortunate  ones, 
were  it  not  for  the  saving  graces  and  wholesome  home-instruction  of  the  mothers  of  the 
land. 

No  doubt  there  is  a  wide  margin  for  "  tricks  in  trade,**  as  also  for  **  tricks  upon  trav- 
elers,'* and  opportunity  for  operating  may  often  be  a  sore  temptation  to  such  as  are 
Dot  rooted  and  grounded  in  principle  ;  but  we  submit  that  all  persons  who  ignore  in- 
tegrity in  their  transactions,  whatever  may  be  their  calling,  deny  the  righteous  gov- 
ernment of  Ood,  and  are  therefore  among  the  practical  atheists  of  the  world. 


SHORT  BUSI5ESS  VISITS-IDLERS  IH  STORRS. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Phrenological  Journal  complains  that  some  of  his  custom- 
ers, who  are  very  valuable  to  him,  are  nevertheless  in  the  habit  of  lingering  in  his  es- 
tablishment for  hours  at  a  time,  much  to  his  annoyance.  He  cannot  treat  them  with 
discourtesy,  and  has  no  inclination  so  to  do.  But  he  thinks  that  a  hint  or  two  as  to 
the  policy  of  short  visits  on  business,  especially  when  others  require  a  fair  degree  of 
attention,  would  not  only  prove  serviceable  in  his  case,  but  in  a  general  sense. 

The  error  alluded  to  is  a  serious  one,  aod  it  prevails  to  a  very  great  extent.  There 
are  some  people  who  fancy  that  others  have  little  or  nothing  to  do.  They  stop  them 
in  the  street  during  business  hours,  and  attempt  to  get  up  a  long  conversation  on  tri- 
fliog  matters — they  visit  their  stores  aod  lounge  on  their  desks  and  cocmters — they 
repeat  silly  stories  that  have  been  told  a  dozen  times  beforehand  still  worse,  they 
pry  into  matters  with  which  they  have  no  concern,  and  thus  not  only  annoy  and  vex, 
but  inflict  absolute  injury.  A  friend  who  keeps  a  leading  store  at  one  of  our  promi- 
Deot  comers,  informs  ua  that  he  has  lost  quite  a  nimiber  of  customers  in  consequence 
of  the  almost  perpetual  presence  of  idlers  and  loafers,  who  stare  with  rude  impudeooe, 
and  who  will  not  take  any  of  the  many  gentlemanly  hints  that  he  has  ventured  to 
give  them.  He  does  not  like  to  turn  them  out  absolutely,  but  he  assures  us  that  he 
Dot  oDly  suffers  Id  hie  feelings  but  his  business.  Some  of  them  may  mean  no  harm, 
bot  the  effect  is  not  the  less  pernicious.  A  roan  of  common  sense,  and  a  gentleman, 
eould  readily  imagine  the  indelicacy  of  standing  beside  the  counter  of  a  book  store, 
with  a  lady  making  application  for  publications,  either  for  herself  or  a  member  of  her 
family.  Nay,  we  know  of  a  case,  in  which  a  young  man,  who  kept  a  store  for  th« 
sale  of  works,  was  absolutely  ruined  in  the  manner  described.  He  lacked  the  moral 
courage  to  send  away  the  idlers  who  infested  his  establishment,  and  the  consequence 
was  that  all  his  costomerB  left  him.    But  as  a  general  rule,  a  visit  of  business  should 


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2M  Mercantile  MieeeUanies. 

be  brief^  ef pecially  when  other  parties  are  to  be  ooosulted  vith,  or  waited  npoD. 
When,  too,  any  matter,  private  or  confideDtial,  is  in  progress,  erery thing  like  corioeity 
should  be  regarded  as  ill  timed  or  impiertinent  It  is  quite  a  common  occurrence  for 
an  idler  to  step  into  a  room  and  exclaim — **  Are  you  engaged  T — seeing,  at  the  same 
time,  two  or  three  persons  busily  occupied,  and  hence  such  a  question  being  altogether 
unnecessary.  But  even  when  an  affirmative  answer  is  given,  he  will  take  a  seat 
coolly,  pick  up  a  newspaper,  and  attempt  to  listen  to  all  that  is  passing.  Nay,  he 
vill  venture  ever  and  anon  to  throw  in  a  remark,  as  if  he  were  the  party  concerned, 
and  as  if  bis  afikirs  were  the  topic  under  consideration.  But  enough  for  the  present. 
The  subject  is  a  fruitful  one,  and  we  may  return  to  its  consideration  again. 


THE  PHILADELPHIA  MERCHANT  ON  MERCANTILE  BIOGRAPHY. 

Enough  has  not  yet  been  made  of  mercantile  biography.  Eminence  in  some  other 
sphere  has  too  often  been  made  requisite  in  order  to  insure  any  notice,  beyond  an 
ooituary,  of  many  an  eminent  merchant  And  yet  in  what  line  of  human  action  is 
there  more  of  telling  incident,  exhibiting  the  operations  of  all  the  springs  of  noble, 
manly  caaracter,  than  in  that  of  mercantile  life  ?  But  Commerce  is  an  every  day 
afikir ;  it  is  mixed  up  with  small  matters,  and  there  is  an  unromantic  mass  of  details 
that  intrudes  itself  and  drives  away  the  historic  muse.  Just  so,  dear  sir,  it  is  with  the 
life  of  the  statesman  and  military  chieftain  who  occupy  so  much  of  biography.  To 
peep  behind  the  curtain  that  hides  the  preparations  for  some  great  public  performance, 
la  to  behold  quite  uninteresting  details,  and  to  see  what  Burke  wittily  described  wlieo 
he  said,  **  Wbat  is  mojEsry  deprived  of  its  externals  "  (the  first  and  fast  letters)  **  but 
a  je$t  r  We  see  how  the  statesman  and  the  military  chieftain  wade  through  masses 
of  unromantic  details  to  prepare  for  the  striking  dbplay;  and  the  splendid  oration 
which  sets  the  nation  on  fire  with  enthusiasm  as  it  did  the  Senate,  is  not  unaptly  to 
be  compared  to  the  merchant's  ship  to  gather  whtiee  freight  was  no  small  labor,  and 
to  load  which  was  no  very  intert^ting  performance,  but  once  afloat  with  sail  spread  to 
a  favorable  wind,  is  a  majestic  and  ^autiful  sight. 

But  the  signs  of  the  times  are  more  favorable.  Mercantile  biography  is  command- 
ing more  and  more  attention.  The  various  methods  of  obtaining  a  good  likeness 
wftbout  the  tedious  process  attendant  on  portrait  painting,  has  given  us  fine  speci- 
mens of  splendid  men  from  the  ranks  of  eminent  merchants ;  this  has  led  to  the  pre- 
paration of  eome  notice  of  their  career  to  aooompany  the  portrait,  and  thus  an  ouUioe 
has  been  furnished  to  be  filled  up  in  each  case  when  the  man  becomes  only  a  memory 
and  an  influence.  The  discovery  at  length  is  made  that  business  life,  the  vicissitudes 
of  Commerce  and  the  vast  range  of  commercial  relations  afford  as  good  and  fruitful  a 
field  of  materials  for  biography  as  any  department  of  human  operation.  What  exhi- 
bitions of  self  reliance,  of  mdomitable  energy,  of  persevering  resolution,  of  triumph 
over  the  frowns  of  fortune,  of  stem  moral  principle,  of  inflexible  integrity,  of  individu- 
al power  and  personal  influence,  are  there  given !  It  is  a  good  token  for  the  future 
that  increased  attention  is  now  given  to  this  range  of  examples,  and  young  men  look- 
ing forward  to  a  business  career,  will  learn  that  true  success  is  no  hap-hasard  thing, 
but  has  its  laws  and  conditions,  and  they  will  see  t«fore  them  something  worth  achiev- 
ing. A  merchant's  life  will  assume  a  higher  dignity ;  they  will  see  the  hollowness  of 
that  success  which  sinks  character ;  and  they  will  count  loss  gain  when  wealth  goes 
rather  tiian  the  immortal  riches  of  honor,  integrity,  and  sound  faith.  They  will  serve, 
they  will  stand  and  wait  for  the  turn  of  fortune,  they  will  fortify  their  *soul  to  bear 
more  and  more  of  disaster,  in  the  strength  of  that  moral  principle  which  gave  such 
dignity  atfd  excellency  to  some  merchant's  career  whose  character  has  won  their  love 
and  fixed  their  determination  to  imitate. 

While  dwelling  on  this  theme  we  may  remark,  that  in  an  article  on  Mercantile  Lit- 
eratore  we  expressed  our  opinion  of  the  great  good  which  would  be  done  by  the  pub- 
lication, in  book  form,  of  a  compilation  of  biographies  from  *'  IfurWt  Merchant^  Ma- 
gazine.** We  are  happy  to  see  the  announcement  of  such  a  volume  now  in  prepara- 
tion. It  will  doubtless  contain  the  fine  portraits  which  from  time  to  time  have  ap- 
rred  in  the  Magazine,  and  will  thus  mase  an  exhibition  of  as  splendid  heads  as  can 
selected  from  the  Senate  or  the  Bar — features  glowing  with  energy  and  glorified 
by  the  splendor  of  manly  character.  Such  a  volume  will  have  great  value,  and  we 
trust  it  will  be  liberally  circulated  in  our  counting  rooms. — Philaaelphia  Merchant. 


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The  Book  Tradt.  2*7 


THE  BOOK  TRADE. 


1. — Population  and  Capital;  being  a  Coaree  of  Lectures,  delivered  before  the  TJni- 
Tereity  of  Oxford  Id  1868-4.  By  Giobob  K.  Richards,  M.  A^  Professor  of  Poltt- 
icjlI  Eiconoiny.  ISmou,  pp.  269.  LoodoD :  Longman,  Brown,  Qreen,  and  Longman. 
New  York:  John  Wiley. 

This  volnme  contains  ten  lectures  delivered  before  the  Uniyersity  of  Oxford,  and 
are  now  published  in  accordance  with  a  statute,  under  which  the  professorship  of  po- 
litical economy  is  founded.  The  lecture  which  stands  first  in  the  Tolume,  **0n  the  Na- 
ture and  Functions  of  Capital."  treats  of  matters  which  are  elementary  in  their  nature, 
and  familiar  to  all  proficients  in  the  science.  In  this  lecture  he  successfully,  as  we 
think,  refutes  the  doctrine  that  **  private  vices  are  public  benefiu" — ably  and  clearly 
exposing  thet'  allacv,  which  we  have  so  often  repeated,  that  extravagance  and  prodi- 
gality furnish  employment  for  labor,  encourage  trade,  and  benefit  the  community,  by 
potting  money  into  active  circulation.  The  remaining  nine  lectures  are  devoted  mainly 
to  the  subject  of  popuUtion,  in  which  he  attempts,  amone  other  important  questions, 
to  discriminate  between  the  truth  and  the  error  contained  in  Mallhus's  celebrated  es- 
say on  the  same  subject — candidly  and  fairly  giving  credit  for  much  that  is  sound  in 
the  researches  and  reasonings  of  that  clever  economist  The  doctrine  which  Mr.  Mal- 
thas labored  to  inculcate,  touching  the  constant  tendency  of  all  societies  to  over-popu- 
lation, Professor  Richards  thinks  untenable  in  principle,  irreconcilable  in  facts,  and 
acquits  him  of  any  approach  to  impiety,  or  as  oerogating  from  the  Author  of  those 
laws  by  which  the  economy  of  society  is  regulated.  In  discussing  and  illustrating  the 
Tftrious  branches  of  the  subject,  Mr.  Richards  has  availed  himself  of  the  labo^  of 
other  well-known  writers  on  population,  particularly  our  esteemed  friend  and  corre- 
spondent, Mr.  Henry  0.  Oarey,  the  eminent  American  economist,  whose  able  and  elab- 
orate papers  on  "  Money  **  (published  in  recent  numbers  of  the  Jlerchant^  Magazine) 
have  attracted  so  much  attention.  Mr.  Richards  alludes  also  to  a  small  tract  by  the 
lata  Alexander  H.  Everett,  published  in  London  in  1828,  entitled  **  New  Ideas  on 
Population,  with  Remarks  on  the  Theories  of  Malthus  and  Godwin.**  '*  This  work  of 
Mr.  Everett,**  says  Mr.  R,  **does  not  appear  to  have  met  with  the  attention  or  pro- 
duced the  efiect  which  the  candor,  ability,  and  judgment  displayed  in  its  few  pages 
deserved." 

2. — The  Lives  and  Timet  of  the  Chief  Juetieet  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
Statee,  By  HxNar  Flanders.  First  Series— John  Jay,  John  Rutledge.  8vo.,  pp. 
646. 

The  story  of  the  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Oourt  of  the  United 
States,  is,  of  course,  v*^ry  intimately  associated  with  the  history  of  their  country.  The 
history  of  the  early  Justices  is  interwoven  with  the  contest  and  the  straggle  for  Inde- 
pendence, the  establishment  and  early  days  of  our  glorious  Union.  Such  are  the  lives 
of  John  Jay  and  John  Rutledge,  whose  biographies  are  presented  in  the  present  hand- 
some volume.  The  political  and  judicial  career  of  these  eminent  men  is  traced  by  one 
who  has  brought  to  the  task  much  ability  and  profound  research,  and  apparently  an 
impartial  judgment  id  his  delineation  of  character.  This  volume  is  one  of  those  that 
are  peculiarly  interesting  to  the  student  of  history,  and  instructive  to  all  American 
cittzeDa. 

Z,—The  Two  Guardians  ;  or  Home  in  this  World.  By  the  author  of  "  The  Heir  of 
Reddiffe,**  "  Henrietta's  wish,**  Heartsease,**  "The  Castle  Builder.**  12moji  pp.  888. 
D.  Appleton  <&  Co.,  New  York. 

This  is  a  good  domestic  story.  We  do  not  find  such  vivid  pictures  or  startling  inci- 
dents as  mark  some  of  her  other  tales,  yet  there  is  much  that  u  interesting  and  profit- 
able. The  story  presents  a  picture  of  ordinary  life  with  its  small  dail .  event  of  joys, 
Sleasares  and  trials,  in  the  development  of  which  we  see  the  moral  and  beneftcJal  ten- 
eocy  of  the  book.  The  characters  personified,  particulariy  that  of  Marion,  exhibit  the 
Talue  and  worth  of  true  consistent  Christian  principle,  in  combating  with  the  eiroum- 
•taDoea  of  life,  and  the  aid  such  stability  affonis  in  meeting  its  discipline.  We  believe 
these  books,  while  they  interest  will  leavo  a  salutary  ensct  upon  the  mind  of  the 
reader. 


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268  The  Book  Trade. 

4. — The  HUtory  of  NapoUon  BonaparU,      Bt  Johh  8.  0.  Abbott.     S  volt^  8toi, 

pp.  611  and  666.    New  York:  Harper  <k  Brothers. 

The  aathor  of  this  biography  of  Napoleon  is  an  enthasiastic  admirer  of  his  charac- 
ter. The  name  of  that  wonderful  eeoius  and  great  man  has  been  assailed  by  hostile 
historians,  and  he  has  been  stigmatized  as  a  usurper,  a  tyrant,  a  blood-thirsty  monster, 
uneatiably  ambitions,  and  almost  the  entire  phraseology  which  unmerited  obloqoy 
could  heap  upon  his  fame  has  been  exhausted.  In  these  volumes  the  character  of 
Napoleon  is  held  up  in  the  most  favorable  light  in  which  it  can  be  viewed.  The  wri- 
ter admires  him  because,  as  he  believes,  he  abhorred  war,  merited  the  position  to  which 
he  was  elevated,  and  because  his  extraordinary  energies  were  consecrated  to  the  pro- 
motion of  his  country's  prosperity — because  he  was  regardless  of  luxury,  and  endured 
much  to  elevate  and  bless  mankind.  He  attributes  to  him  a  high  sense  of  honor — a 
reverence  for  religion — a  respect  for  the  rights  of  conscience — and  admires  him  for 
his  noble  advocacy  of  equality  of  privileges  and  the  universal  brotherhood  of  man. 
It  is  a  most  interesting  narrative,  oontaininffwell-authenticated  anecdotes  and  remark- 
able sayings,  illustrative  of  his  character.  The  work  will  be  regarded  by  many  as  too 
partial  and  eulogistic.  We  cannot  consider  the  author's  estimate  of  Napoleon,  as  a 
great  and  noble  man,  placed  hardly,  if  any,  too  high.  The  work  contains  two  well* 
engraved  portraits  of  Napoleon  at  different  a^es.  There  is  also  a  large  number  of 
beautiful  illustrations,  depicting  scenes  and  inadents  of  his  eventful  life  and  time. 

6. — The  Life  of  General  Lafayette,  MarquU  of  France,  General  in  the  United* 
JStates  Army,  etc.,  etc.  By  P.  0.  Headlet,  author  of  the  Life  of  the  Empress  Joseph- 
ine, etc     12  mo.  pp.    Auburn :  Miller,  Orton  &  Mulligan. 

The  philanthropic  and  heroic  subject  of  this  memoir.  General  Lafayette,  should  be 
as  well  known  to  the  American  people  as  any  of  our  native  heroes,  and  the  circulation 
of  an  accurate  biography  should  be.  co-extensive  with  the  limits  of  the  Republic  His 
brilliant  career,  his  devotion  to  our  country  in  its  youth  make  the  theme  a  national  one. 
The  volume  before  us  seems  to  be  the  fullest  record  of  his  life  ever  published,  and  to 
have  been  prepared  with  much  labor  and  research.  The  part  he  took  in  the  French 
Revolution  is  discussed.  The  author's  estimate  of  his  character  seems  to  us,  for  the 
most  part,  a  correct  one.  But  the  animadversions  of  his  lack  of  theological  religioQ 
aeem  unnecessary  and  uncalled  for. 

6. — St,  Petersburg  ;  Its  People ;  Their  Character  and  Institutions.  By  Eowaed  Jxm- 
MANif.  Translated  from  the  original  German  by  Feeoerick  Hardmakn.  12mo., 
pp.  284.    New  York :  N.  J.  Barnes  <k  Co. 

The  author  of  these  sketches  of  St  Petersburg,  is  by  profession  an  actor,  and  passed 
three  years  in  that  city  as  manager  of  a  German  theatrical  company.  His  success  in 
that  capacity  was  not  great,  and  he  devoted  his  leisure  to  writing  for  the  German  jour- 
nals. These  writings  were  collected  in  boot  form,  owing  to  their  very  favorable  recep- 
tion. His  impressions  are  more  favorable  than  many  travelers  have  brought  away 
with  them  from  that  country,  and  he  is  a  warm  admirer  of  the  late  Emperor  Nicholas. 
This  narrative  is  vivacious  and  entertaining.  , 

7. — Surgical  Reports  and  Miscellaneous  Papers  on  Medical  subjects.    By  Gso.  Hat- 
ward,  M.  D.,  President  of  the  Massadmsetts  Medical  Society,  Fellow  of  the  Amer- 
ican Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  late  Professor  of  Surgery  in  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, and  one  of  the  Oonsultiog  Surgeons  to  the  Massachuettts  General  Hospital. 
12mo.,  pp.  452.    Boston :  Phillips,  Sampson  &  Ca    New  York :  J.  C.  Derby. 
The  contents  of  this  volume  will  be  interesting  to  medical  students  and  young  phys- 
icians, as  well  as  to  the  older  members  of  the  profession,  whose  time  will  not  permit 
an  examination  of  more  extended  works  on  the  subjects  of  which  the  work  treats. 
The  papers  on  the  **  Statistics  of  Consumption  "  and  **  Some  of  the  Diseases  of  a  Lit- 
eraiy  Life,"  are  such  as  will  be  interesting  to  other  readers. 

8. — Diary  in  Turkish  and  Cheek  Waters,  By  the  Earl  or  Oaruslk.  Edited  by 
0.  0.  FxLTON.  Boston :  Hickling,  Swan  <fe  Brown.  1855.  12ma,  pp.  299. 
Prot  Feltonhas  p;reatly  enhanced  the  value  of  this  very  readable  book  by  his  spier, 
illustrative,  entertaining  notes  and  preface  As  Lord  Morpeth,  the  author  has  a  weil- 
earnt  reputation  here  and  at  home,  and,  though  not  very  profound,  is,  as  personal  ex- 
amination of  the  same  ground  enables  us  to  say,  a  reliable  authority  besides  being  a 
genial  companion.  His  general  conclusion  is  that  the  **  sick  man  "  is  nearly  dead,  and 
that  Greek  Ohristianity  may  be  vitalised  enough  to  recover  its  ancient  throne. 


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^.-^The  A  Hat  at  Hmne:  Prayers  for  the  Family  aod  the  Oloeei  By  clergymen  in 
and  Dear  Boeton.  BostoD:  American  Unitarian  Association.  Nevr  York:  C.  S. 
Francis.    12  mo.  pp.,  850.    1865. 

This  sixth  volume  of  a  series  poblishiog  by  the  Liberal  party  in  Boston,  with  the 
"  Book  Fund "  recently  collecteo,  is  made  up  of  the  independent  contributions  of 
twenty-five  clei^men,  whose  names  are  not  given,  but  who  are  among  the  bright' 
lights  of  the  church  of  progress.  There  is,  of  course,  great  variety,  and  ooccasional 
failure ;  but,  as  a  whoie,  familiar  as  we  are  with  books  of  this  stamp,  we  know  of 
Done  so  life-full,  so  suggestive,  so  charming,  so  sincere.  Other  denominations  will  miss 
some  things  to  which  they  are  accustomed,  but  will  not  find  a  word  to  wound  or  dis- 
turb. We  like  the  brevity  of  most  of  the  petitions,  the  well-adapted  scripture  selec- 
tions, the  Ancient  Collects  near  the  close.  We  are  glad  that  the  first  edition  was 
taken  up  at  once;  and  trust  that  this  will  be  a  favorite  marriage-offering  to  many  a 
young  home,  the  mother's  parting  gift  to  the  only  son,  the  traveler's  bosom  friend,  the 
uviting  light  upon  that  last  journey  taken  cheerily  from  the  Christian's  sick  bed. 

10. — 77ie  Primacy  of  the  Apostolic  See  Vindicated,  "By  FaAtrois  Patrick  Eendeiok, 
Archbishop  of  Baltimore.  Svo.,  pp.  440.  Baltimore:  John  Murphy  A  Co. 
This  work,  as  we  learn  from  the  erudite  archbishop's  preface,  was  originally  pub- 
lished in  1887,  in  the  form  of  letters  to  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Vermont, 
J.  H.  Hopkins,  in  reply  to  a  work  on  the  Church  of  Rome,  addressed  by  him  to  the 
Catholic  Hierarchy.  It  was  enlarged,  1846  and  1 848,  and  was  republished  with  a  new 
and  improved  arrangement  of  the  matters  which  it  embraced.  It  has  also  been  trans- 
lated and  published  in  the  German  language.  The  present  edition  has  been  farther 
enlarged,  and  it  now  comes  before  the  public  in  a  permanent  form.  We  confers  to 
have  very  little  taste  for  all  kinds  of  theological  controversy,  but  there  are  minds  dif- 
ferently molded,  who  read  such  works  with  a  zeal  and  a  zest  that  would,  if  applied 
to  the  advancement  of  ^  peace  on  earth  and  good  will  among  men,"  produce  results  of 
£ir  greater  importance  to  the  human  race.  The  author  is  an  able  writer  and  clever 
controversalist. 

11. — Our  Countrymen  ;  or.  Brief  Memoirs  of  Eminent  Americans.  By  Bensoit  J.  Los- 
siNO,  author  of  the  Pictorial  Field  Book  of  the  Revolution,  etc.  Illustrated  by  one 
hundred  and  three  portraits.  By  Lobsimo  A  BAaairr.  12mo.,  pp.  407.  New  York  : 
Ensign,  Budgman  A  Fanning. 

There  are  brief  sketches  of  between  three  and  four  hundred  Americans  in  this  vol- 
ume— statesmen,  philosophers,  scholars,  philanthropists,  divines,  physicians,  artists, 
merchants,  soldiors,  mariners,  mechanics, — men  who  have  made  their  mark,  who  are 
worthy  of  imitation  as  examples,  or,  as  in  tht)  case  of  some,  are  to  be  admired  for  their 
greatness,  and  to  be  studied  as  warnings  on  account  of  their  faults.  The  prominent 
points  in  the  character,  and  the  deeds  of  these  men  have  been  presented.  Although 
notices  of  some  men  which  might  appear  in  such  a  work,  men  who  have  made  their 
impression  on  their  age,  are  omitted,  yet  the  volume  b  a  useful  one. 

12. — A  Manual  of  Ancient  History ^  firom  the  Remotest  Times  to  the  Overthrow  of 
the  Western  Empire,  A.  D.  476.    By  Dr.  Lbonhabd  Sohmitz,  P.  R.  S.  K,  Rector  of 
the  High  Scliool  of  Edinburgh.    12mo^  pp.  466.    Philadelphia:  Lea  <b  Blanchard. 
This  work  furnishes  in  a  compendious  form  the  ancient  history  of  not  only  Greece 
and  Rome,  but  embraces  an  account  of  all  nations  of  antiquity  except  the  Jewish. 
The  work  is  divided  into  three  parts,  each  part  a  distinct  course  in  itself    The  first 
comprises  the  Asiatic ;  the  second,  Greece,  Macedonia,  and  the  Oreeco  Macedonian ; 
the  third,  Rome,  Carthage,  and  the  nations  of  Western  Europe.    Added  to  the  history 
are  copious  chronological  tables,  including  a  brief  chronology  of  Jewish  history,  de- 
signed to  assist  the  biblical  student.    It  is  beyond  all  question  one  of  the  most  com- 
prehensive manuals  of  history  extant 

18. — The  Mysterious  Parchment ;  or  the  Satanic  License.    Dedicated  to  Maine  Law 
Progress.    By  Rev.  John  Wakbman,  Pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
Almond,  New  York.    12mo.,  pp.  828.    Boston :  J.  P.  Jewett  A  Co. 
A  temperance  tale  of  considerable  power;  increased  by  the  fact  that  many  of  the 
most  horrible  and  shocking  statements  are  true,  or  taken  from  actual  life.    The  author 
has  succeeded,  without  embellishment  or  color,  in  transferring  to  bis  pages  the  deplor- 
able results  of  intemperance  as  they  daily  occur  in  real  life.    He  regards  the  Maine 
Law  as  the  only  sure  remedy  in  the  wide  range  of  human  instrumentality  for  the  sup- 
pressioQ  of  the  eviL 


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14.— 'Sermons  of  Rev.  Iohabod  8.  Sprnosb,  D.  D.,  UlU  Pastor  of  the  Second  Presly- 

terinn  Church.  L.  I.,  author  of  "  A  Pastor'g  Sketches.**     With  a  sketch  of  his  life. 

By  Rev.  J.  M.  Sherwood.    Id  two  volumes.    12mo.,  pp.  478  and  479.    New  York : 

M.  W.  Dodd. 

Dr.  Spencer,  who  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  was  settled  in  Brooklyn,  L.  L, 
|he  '*  City  of  Churches,"  was  an  eminent  divine  of  the  Presbyterian  faith.  He  was 
much  respected  by  those  who  were  accustomed  to  listen  to  his  teachings,  and  was  a 
man  of  high  repute  for  scholarly  attainments.  On  more  than  one  occasion  during  his 
ministry  he  was  called  to  the  presidency  of  a  college  or  university,  which  posts  he 
declined  accepting.  The  editor  of  these  volumes  has  arranged  m  one  of  them  those 
mainly  of  a  doctrmal  character,  and  in  the  other  has  placed  together  those  which  he 
denominates  as  practical  and  experimental.  The  first  volume  contains  a  sketch  of  the 
life  and  character  of  Dr.  Spencer,  and  is  illustrated  by  a  well-executed  engraving  and 
correct  likeness  of  the  subject  of  the  memoir. 

15. — A  New  System  of  Practical  Penmanghip :  Founded  on  Scienti6c  Movemeots; 

and  the  art  of  Pen- making  explained,  for  the  use  of  Teachers  and  Learners.    Bj 

James  FafiMou.    Boston :  J.  French  <b  Ca 

The  author  of  this  treatise  illustrates  his  theory  of  penmanphip  with  the  most  ele- 
gant specimens  of  execution,  which  show  him  to  be  master  of  this  branch  of  educatioo. 
The  great  beauty  of  his  method  lies  in  the  simplicity  and  ease  with  which  it  can  be 
made  practically  useful  not  only  to  schools,  but  to  individuals  who  wish  to  improve 
their  own  imperfect  hand-writing.  We  cordially  recommend  to  all  who  desire  to  ao- 
quire  a  fair,  legible,  practical  use  of  the  pen,  which  may  be  speedily  obtained  br 
faithfully  following  the  rules  which  are  presented  with  such  simplicity  in  this  excel- 
lent and  masterly  system  of  penmanshipl 

16. — Our  World;  or  the  Slaveholder's  Daughter.     12mo.,  pp.  697.    New  York: 

Miller,  Orton  <b  Mulligan. 

This  story,  like  **  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  is  designed  to  show  up  the  **  peculiar  institii- 
tion  **  of  the  South.  The  writer  disclaims  the  grave  charges  of  misrepresenting  socie- 
ty and  misconstruing  facts,  which  he  anticipates  from  his  southein  friends.  He  atp 
tempts  to  give  **  a  true  picture  of  southern  society  in  its  various  aspects ;  and  details 
various  moral,  social,  and  political  evils,  which  he  charges  directly  to  the  institution 
of  slavery."  The  book  has  merit  as  a  story,  but  cannot  well  be  read  without  prejodice 
for  or  agsinst  its  inculcations.  It  will  doubtless  be  admired  by  the  anti-slavery,  aod 
denounced  by  the  pro-slavery,  party,  North  and  South. 

17. — TJie  History  of  Switzerland,  for  the  Swiss  people.  By  Heinbioh  ZocnosKB,  with 
a  continuation  to  the  }  ear  1848.  By  Emil  Zochokkb.  Translated  by  Fbaxcis  Qeo. 
Shaw.    12mo..  pp.  406.    New  York :  C.  S.  Francis  <k  Co. 

The  present  translation  of  a  work  so  popular  in  Switzerland,  and  which  is  used  as 
a  text-book  in  many  if  not  in  all  the  confederate  cantons  of  that  country,  is  from  the 
ninth  enlarged  edition.  The  work  is  regarded  as  an  impartial  one,  is  concisely  writ- 
ten, f;nd  Mr.  Shaw  seems  to  have  preserved  the  beautiful  simplicity  of  the  authoi'a 
style  in  his  translation.  The  history  of  free  Switzerland,  the  land  of  Tell,  is  an  inter- 
esting study  to  the  American  citizen. 

18. — The  EnglishvDoman  in  Pussia  ;  Impressions  of  the  Society  and  Manners  of  the 
Russians  at  Home.  By  A  Ladt,  ten  years'  resident  in  that  country.  ISmo.,  pp.  816. 
New  York :  Charles  Scrilmer. 

The  sketch  of  Russian  manners  and  society,  descriptions  of  scenery  and  plaoea 
worth  visiting,  anecdotes  embraced  in  this  narrative,  furnish  an  instructive  and  un- 
commonly attractive  work  on  a  country  which,  from  its  warlike  position  at  this  time, 
is  exciting  interest.  The  authoress  has  been  a  close  observer;  she  has  delineated  the 
Russian  character,  it  seems  to  us,  with  discrimination,  and  has  portrayed  in  an  agree- 
able style  much  of  interest  that  she  has  seen  or  heard  during  ten  years*  residence. 

19. —  WoodwortfCs  American  Miscellany  of  Entertaining  Knoteledge.    By  Fbancis  R 
WooDwoRTH,  Author  of  Stories  About  Animals,  Uncle  Frank's  Home  Stories,  Theo- 
dore Thinker's  Tales,  etc.,  etc.    12  mo.    Boston:  Phillips,  Sampson  <fe  Co. 
The  original  matter  of  this  volume  before  us  (one  of  a  series)  is  written  in  an  enga^ 
ing  style,  which  will  render  it  attractive  to  youth,  and  the  selections  show  care,  and 
generally,  good  taste.    It  is  an  instructive  and  entertaining  volume  for  the  young,  and 
contains  much  that  will  prove  readable  to  thoae  of  maturer  years. 


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20. —  We$ttoard  JIo  I    The  Yoyagea  and  Adventares  of  Sir  Amyas  Leigh,  Knight  of 
Burrough,  io  the  *  ounty  of  Devon,  in  the  reigo  of  her  Most  Glorious  Majesty  Queen 
Elizabeth.     Rendered  into  Modem  Enj;li»h.     By  Charlks  Ei.noslkt,  author  of 
"  Alton  Locke,**  **  Uy  patia,"  <fee.     1 2mo.,  pp.  688.    Boston :  Ticknor  <b  Fields. 
This  work  has  all  the  fascination  of  a  romance,  yet  it  is  both  biographical  and  his- 
torical   The  events  occur  in  the  time  of  Queen  Elisabeth,  and  with  the  adventured  of 
the  hero  of  the  story  are  interwoven  the  lives  of  many  heroic  men,  to  whom  the  au- 
thor believes  that  England  owes  much  of  her  naval  and  commercial  glory.    To  give 
these  persons  their  just  due  ^eems  to  be  the  design  of  the  writer.    The  l>ook  is  ably 
written  in  commemoration  of  these  men  of  Devon — **  Drakes  and  Hawkins,  Gilberts 
and  Raleighfl,  Grenvillee  and  Oxfnhams,  their  voyages  and  battles,  their  heroic  lives 
and  heroic  deaths."     The  self-sacrifice  and  heroism,  the  faith  and  valor  depicted  in 
these  pages,  with  the  romance  connected  with  it,  invest  the  story  with  more  than  or- 
dinary interest,  for  we  consider  it  a  work  of  uncommon  vigor  and  power. 

21. — A  Burning  and  a  Shining  LigfU;  being  the  Life  and  Discourses  of  Reverend 
Thomas  Spbnobr,  of  Liverpool  By  Rev.  Thomas  RArFLSs,  D.  D.,  LL.D.,  his  suc- 
cessor in  the  pastoral  office,  with  an  Introduction.  12 mo.,  pp.  280.  New  York: 
Sheldon,  Lamport  A  Blakeman. ' 

Rev.  Thomas  Spencer,  a  memoir  of  whose  life,  together  with  his  discourses  and  some 
of  bis  letters,  are  embraced  in  this  volume,  was  a  young  man  who  displayed  great  tal- 
ents as  a  pulpit  orator.  He  preached  a  sermon  before  he  was  seventeen  years  of  age, 
and  was  cut  off  in  the  hey-day  of  life,  being  drowned  while  bathing  in  the  river  Mer- 
sey, in  August,  1811;  then  not  twenty-one  years  of  age.  He  had  been  for  a  time  pre- 
vious to  £at  attracting  crowded  congregations.  The  celebrated  English  preacher, 
Robert  Hall,  in  speaking  of  his  abilities,  says — "  I  entertain  no  doubt  that  his  talents 
in  the  pulpit  were  unrivalled,  and  that  had  his  life  been  spared,  he  would,  in  all  proba- 
bility, have  carried  the  art  of  preaching,  if  it  may  be  so  styled,  to  a  greater  peifection 
than  it  ever  attained,  at  least  in  this  kingdom." 

22. — Denpotism  in  America,  An  Inquiry  into  the  Nature,  Results,  and  Legal  Basis 
of  the  Slave-holding  System  in  the  United  States.  By  RicHAan  Hildbbth,  author 
of  the  "History  of  the  United  States,"  "  Theory  of  Politics,"  •*  White  Slave,"  Ac. 
12ma,  pp.  807.    Boston :  John  P.  Jewett  A  Co. 

Mr.  Hildreth,  to  use  a  hackneyed  expression,  holds  the  pen  of  an  able  and  ready 
writer,  and  his  History  of  the  United  States  evinces  great  research  and  industry.  The 
present  volume  is  roamly  devoted  to  the  subject  of  Negro  slavery,  and  is  divided  into 
five  parts,  in  which  he  treats  of  the  relation  of  master  and  slave ;  the  political,  econ- 
onaical,  and  personal  results  of  the  slave-holding  system ;  and  concludes  with  the  legal 
basis  of  that  system.  With  all  Mr.  Hildreth*s  clearness  of  style  and  logical  array  of 
historical  data,  he  will  not,  wo  apprehend,  be  able  to  make  many  converts  to  his 
views,  particularly  among  our  Southern  friends. 

28. — A  Vindication  of  the  Calliolie  Church,  in  a  Series  of  Letters  addressed  to  the 
Rt  Rev.  John  Henry  Hopkins,  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Vermont.  By 
P&ANois  pATaioK  Kbmoeick,  Archbishop  of  Baltimore.  12 mo.,  pp.  883.  Baltimore : 
John  Murphy  <k  Co. 

The  pages  of  this  volume  are  written  in  reply  to  a  work  of  Bishop  Hopkins'  styled 
••  The  End  of  Controversy  Controverted."  The  letters  of  which  this  latter  book  is 
composed  are  addressed  to  Archbishop  Kendrick,  and  contain  what  he  calls  a  special 
challenge  to  refute  them  addresi^ed  to  himself.  The  dogmas  of  the  Romish  Church 
are  ably  defended  in  these  letter:*,  and  they  will  be  interesting  to  all  who  sympathize 
with  the  author  in  religious  belief,  as  well  as  to  those  opposed  who  read  Bishop  Hop- 
kins' work,  and  to  many  others  in  opposition  to  such  views  who  wish  to  hear  the  other 
side. 

24. — CoUon'a  Atlas  of  the  World:  Illustrating  Physical  and  Political  Geography.  By 
Gbobob  W.  Colton.  Accompanied  by  descriptipns,  Geographical,  Statistical,  and 
Historical    By  Richard  L.  Fisher,  M.  D. 

We^ioticed  in  the  January  number  of  the  Merchants*  Magazine,  Parts  1,  2,  and  8 
of  these  beautiful  maps,  and  commended  the  work  as  a  whole  for  its  elegance  of  exe- 
cntioD,  elaborateness  of  design,  and  its  apparent  reliability.  We  have  before  us  Parts 
4,  5,  6,  and  7  ;  the  maps  are  published  in  uniform  style  as  regards  size,  finish,  and 
beaaty.  We  shall  take  occasion  to  refer  to  this  invaluable  atlas  more  in  detail  in  a 
ftiture  number  of  the  MerehanU*  Magaxine, 


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25. — A  Journey  to  Central  Africa  ;  or  Life  aD^L^ndieapes  from  Egypt  to  the  Negro 
Kingdoms  of  the  White  ^Ue.  By  Batabd  Iaylok.  New  York:  Oeoige  P.  Put- 
nam k  Co. 

Having  read  everytbing  published  amooff  us  upon  Egypt,  and  traveled  over  at 
mach  of  that  country  as  travelers  usually  visit,  we  are  prepared  to  recognize  this  book 
as  the  best  yet  written  upon  the  subject,  and  one  of  the  most  instructive,  reliable,  and 
fascinating  books  of  travel  in  existt'nce.  Mr.  Taylor  went  far  beyond  the  Second 
Cataract,  where  Americans  have  hitherto  stopped,  with  no  little  peril  woikiog  hia 
way  up  the  White  Nile,  till  his  boatmen  refused  to  go  any  further,  and  reaching 
within  eight  degrees  and  a  half  of  the  highest  point  ever  attained  by  Europeans.  Hb 
descriptions  are  full  of  life,  his  spirit  always  buoyant,  his  love  of  aidventore  bewitch- 
ing, and  his  conclusions  generally  those  which  the  intelligent  will  accept.  No  one^  of 
our  race  will  visit  the  true  source  of  the  Nile  in  our  dHy ;  intensity  of  heat,  destitution 
of  food,  hostility  of  natives,  absence  of  means  of  travel,  will  keep  the  lips  of  this 
sphynz  sealed  till  the  continent  itself  is  somewhat  civilized. 

26. — Louit  Fourteenth  and  the  Writer b  of  hie  Age :  being  a  Course  of  Lectures  de- 
livered (in  French)  to  a  Select  Audience  in  New  York.  By  the  Rev.  J.  f.  Astik. 
Introduction  and  translation  by  the  Rev.  G.  N.  Kerse.  ISmo.,  pp.  418.  Boston: 
John  P.  Jewett  k  Co. 

The  course  of  lectures  embodied  in  this  volume  are  from  the  pen  of  a  cultivated 
Frenchman,  who  reviews  an  important  period  in  his  country's  history — partially  in  its 
political,  chiefly  in  its  literary  features.  Besides  an  introduction  by  the  translator, 
there  are  dissertations  on  the  Age  of  Louis  XIV.,  Pascal's  Provincial  Letters,  Dor- 
neille,  Fenelon,  La  Fontame,  Boileau,  Racine,  Moliere,  Pascal's  Thoughts.  Mr.  Aatie 
considers  the  great  elements  that  contributed  to  form  the  literary  genius  of  the 
Augustan  epoch  to  have  been  the  study  of  antiquity,  the  more  or  less  sincere  respect 
for  religion,  and,  above  all,  the  monarchy  of  Louis  XIV.  The  book  is  an  interesting 
contribution  to  historical  science. 

27. — Tlie  Principlee  of  Metaphyeical  and  Ethical  Science  applied  to  the  Evidences  of 
Religion,  By  Francis  Bowen,  A.  M.,  Alford  Professor  of  Natural  Religion,  Moral 
Philosophy,  and  Civil  Polity  in  Harvard  College.  12mo.,  pp.  487.  Boston :  Hick- 
ling,  Swan  A  Brown. 

The  substance  of  this  work  was  delivered  in  two  courses  of  lectures  by  the  Profes- 
sor, before  the  Snell  Institute  in  Boston,  in  the  winters  of  1848-9,  and  published  io 
that  form.  That  edition  was  exhausted.  The  present,  which  has  been  revised  and 
recast,  is  used  as  a  text-book  of  instruction  by  the  students  of  Harvard  College.  It 
treats  of  the  leading  doctrines  of  metaphysical  and  ethical  philosophy,  considered  aa 
bearing  upon  the  evidences  of  religion ;  and  in  its  present  form  is  much  better  adapted 
to  the  object  aimed  at  by  the  learned  author. 

28. — Sanders*  Young  Ladie^  Reader :  Embracing  a  Comprehensive  Course  of  Instruc- 
tion in  the  Principles  of  Rhetorical  Reading.  With  a  choice  Collection  of  Elxerdsei 
in  Reading,  both  in  Prose  and  Poetry.  For  the  use  of  the  Higher  Female  Semi- 
naries, as  also  the  Higher  Classes  in  Female  Schools  generally.  By  Charles  W. 
Sasdkrb,  a.  M.,  author  of  "  A  Series  of  School  Readers,"  **  Speller,  Definer,  and 
Analyzer,"  **  Elocutionary  Chart,"  "Young  Choir,"  **  Young  Vocalist^"  ^  12mo, 
pp.  600.  New  York :  Ivison  <&  Phinney. 
The  selections  of  pieces  for  reading  are  from  excellent  authors,  and  the  eentimenta 

are  high-toned.    They  are  such  frequently  as  abound  in  moral  instruction  or  incidental 

teaching.    There  is  a  due  proportion  of  the  gay  with  the  grave. 

29. — A  Treatise  on  the  Inflammatory  and  Organic  Diseaeee  of  the  Brain:  Including 
Irritation,  Congestion,  and  Inflammation  of  the  Brain  and  its  Membranes — ^Tuber- 
culous, Meoiogctis,  Hydrocephaloid  Disease,  Hydrocephalus,  Atrophy  and  Hyper- 
trophy, Hydatiiis,  and  Cancer  of  the  Brain.  Based  upon  J.  Rieckert's  Clinical 
Experience  in  Homeopathy.  By  John  C.  Pctxrs.  Svu.,  pp.  186.  New  York  : 
William  Radde. 

This  is  a  convenient  manual  on  diseases  of  the  brain,  and  will  be  interesting  to  physi- 
cians of  the  homeopathic  school  Dr.  Peters  is  the  author  and  translator  of  nomerooi 
medical  treatises,  and  his  works  evince  careful  study  and  great  industry. 


i 


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Haa  receoUj  inveDted  new  maehioes  for  maDafoctaring  PI  ANO-FO]^T£S,  hy  whieh 
be  b  able  to  make  tboae  inatnuneots  io  tbe  moet  perfect  maiuier,  and  witb  hr  greater 
rapiditj  tbao  they  bave  been  made  beretofore.  He  baa  spared  neither  labor  nor  ez- 
penee  m  eetablismng  one  of  tbe  firtt  8T£AM-MILLS  in  tbe  conntry  for  tiieir  mana- 
&ctare,  tbe  ateam  used  affording  increased  fedlitiea  for  tbe  eeaaooing  of  atock,  wbidi 
is  done  in  a  moet  tborongb  manner.  He  is  now  able  to  supply  orders  at  wbolesale  or 
retail  Persona  wisbinff  for  Piaoo-fortes  of  tbe  ^rtt  el€ts$,  warranted  to  give  entire 
aatisfiiction,  are  myited  to  call  and  eyamine  bis  instrameots,  or  send  vSnt  orders, 
wbiefa  will  be  punctually  attended  ta 

British  Commercial  Life  Insurance  Company, 

LONDON  AND  AMERICA. 
OFFICE  No.  65  WALL  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 

ESTABI.ISHED  1880. 

Capital  $3,000,000,  with  a  Largs  Accumulated  Surplus. 

Jfew  York  Jiifsrees. — His  Excelleiv^  Hamilton  Fish,  late  Governor  of  the  State  of 
New  York ;  Anthony  Barclay,  Esq^  K.  B.  M.  Consul ;  Stephen  Whitney,  Esq.,  James 
Gallattn,  Esq.,  Saxnnel  Wetmore,  £^.,  Henry  Grinnell,  Esq.,  Hon.  Judge  Oampbelly 
John  Cryder,  Esq.,  J.  Phillips  Phentz,  Esq.,  John  H.  Hicks,  Esq. 

Medical  Examiners.— Jchn  0.  Oheesinan,  M.  D.,  478.  Broadway  *,  F.  U.  Johnston 
3L  D.,  28  East  Poorteenth  Street  Gbo.  M.  Eifcvrrr, 

General  Agent  for  the  United  States. 

Monarch  Fire  Insmance  Co.,  of  London, 

established  in  1885. 
OFFICE  No.  4  BROAD  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 

StJibBtnbtb   Capital  anlr    Sinrplna    ittnlr,   $2,000,000, 

SPECIAL  FUSD»  $150jOOO, 
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I.OS8ES  ADJUSTED  IN  NEUT  YORK  AND  PJROMPTJLY  PAID. 

GEORGE  ADLARD, 
Resident  Secretary  and  Genera]  Agent.  No.  4  Broad  St,  N.  Y. 

FIRE   INSURANCE. 

The  Providence  Washington  Insurance  Co, 

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Chartered,  178t.    Capital,  $200,000,  all  paid  in  (in  cash)  and  securely  invested. 

Take  risks  against  Fire  on  application  at  then:  office  in  Providence ;  and  on  MercBaa 

dise  and  Buildings  in  tiie  city  of  New  York,  on  application  at  the  office  of 

ASA  BlGELiOW,  Jr.,  46  Flne-atreet,  corner  of  William. 

Pfomdewie,  R.  L  ApHl  1  1847. SULLIVAN  DCRB,  FreHdtHt 

HOME    INSURANCE    COMPANY,    OF    NEW    YORK. 

CASH  CAPITAL  $500,000. 

BuiUHNOS,  Merchandise,  and  other  Property,  Insured  against 
Loss  OR  Damage  by  Fire,  on  Favorable  Terms. 
OFFICE  NO.  4  WALL-8T., 
A.  F.  WILLMARTH,  CHARLES  J.  MARTIN, 

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MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE. 

EataMlabed  JTalr,  1839, 

BY  FREEMAN  HUJTT,  EDITOR  AND  PROPRIETOR. 

VOLUME  XXXIIL  SBPTEMBBR.   Ift5S.  NUMBER  III. 

CONTENTS  OP  NO.  III.,  VOL.  XXXIII. 
ARTICLES. 

AmT.  rA«i. 

1.  OUR  COMMERCIAL  AND  POLITICAL  RELATIONS  WITH  CHINA.     By  Edwabd 

CDrtniNOHAM,  Ehi  ,  M«rehiuiU  of  China 87S 

11.  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITRD  STATES.-No.  xvii.  Progrpte  In  Peace- Indian T^ade 
at  the  v%e^t— Extent  uf  Setileinent— OUima  tif  l^nitland  and  Pranoe—Ohfu  Company — 
CoUiBloo— DeporuUoa  of  the  Acadians.    Ry  Ehoch  HALc.Jr,  Esq.^uf  New  York 983 

III.  STATldTltAL  VIEW  OP  THE  CO .\l MERC E  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES S90 

IV.  CO\IMKRClAL    ANO   INOUSTRIAL   CITIE;*   OP  THE   UNITED   STATES.— No.  xt. 

THE  TOWN  OF  QUINCY,  IS    MASdACHUaEIT.-*.     By  W.  B.  Duoah,  M.  D.,  of 

Qtiincy*  Mat-aaehueeua 303 

V.  THE  »;OMMERCE  OP  THE  LAKES:  THE  COUNTRY    FROM    WHICH    IT  COMES 

AND  IJ  TU  COME.    By  William  Baofti,  Esq  ,  Editor  of  ihe  Cbicagn  Prew 314 

Vf.  FIRST  REPORT  OP  THE  MfittCANTlLB  LIBKAKY  ASSOiJlATiON  OF  DAN  FRAN- 

ci?h;<>. 317 

VIf.COAI^  FOR  WESTERN  NEW  YORK.    By  William  S.  Da  Zbko,  Etq.,  of  Geneva,  New 

York 333 

VIII.  COMMERCE  AND  RESOURCES  OP  PINLA'^D.  Ceographlcal  Position— I  la  RelMilona 
to  the  RiiKttan  Etnpin*— PopulMtlon— Cuvernment — Trade  and  Commerce— ManuTiicturea 
—Blockade  of  Ports— Port  ol  HeMngrorB,  etc. 339 

JODRNU  np  IRE^CANTILB  LAW. 

CollMon  iH'tweeti  aSIoop  and  the  Steam  boat  Empire  Slate 330 

S»aii!«ury  Notesi— Makt-rbaud  liuiuraera 333 
eCOm  Trade -Failing  or  aStore-  iJablhty  of  Owner. 33} 
lliaiun — Hark  PMltrmo  and  Steani'«hip  reieicmph  334 

ClMUterPartv— Claim  lor  uol  Receiving  a  lull  l^tfgo 334 

Bttl vage-Riichi  of  Action  for 335 

8hip«  MaMer  trf— H.»rro«iiig  Money -Pledging  the  Credit  uf  the  Owner— When  JuaUfled  In 3.16 

ITs'iry  on  Rnilmad  BoitiK 336 

Ba&fcmptcy  In  Irelaiid 337 

GOiaMERGIAL  CURONICLB  AND  RBTIBW: 

XMBEAOUfa  A  PniAXOIAL  AND  OOlffMCECfAL  RKVIVW  OP  THV  OMrtlD  STATES,  STO.,  ILLUSTBA- 
TKD  WITH  TABLB8.  BTC.  AS  FOLLOWS: 

Gert^ral  Coodlllon  of  the  Coantty— Dt-arr-'ptlon  of  th*»  Incoming  Cr«'pa  -Prices  of  Provlsfona— 
Mate  of  the  .Money*Miirket-R}i)lri>Hd  R^'ceipta  for  July  aiM  from  Januiiry  l«t— Foreign  Ex* 
ebauge— Kevi8u»u  of  ih«  Turiif— MercniiUle  Cri-dll— Kin- Proof  Kuilliiiga— The  B*«ik  liiove* 
SDunt— Re<:eipi8  of  Gold  aitd  Ufp«>aiti»  aithe  New  Vi>rk  Ast«av  Ofllce  and  PhtlHUttlphia  Mint— 
loiporta  at  NtiW  York  tor  July  and  Hiiiue  January  Isi—  lm|K»rts  of  Dry  (jouda-Caah  iMitien  re- 
ceived «tt  New  York— ExDiirtafri  m  NfW  York  for  the  Month  of  July  and  from  Junnnry  Isi— 
£xpi*ru  of  Domeauc  Prod  ucu— The  Place  the  Umted  States  are  to  lake  in  Feeding  the  World, 

eic.«<-tc. ; 337*3tS 

V#w  York  Cotton  Market.    By  ULHoRNlt  pRKDaaicKiiON,  Brokers,  New  York. 345 

TOL.  XUUIi. — NO.  IJU^  J  8 


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274  00VTBNT8  or  NO.  m.,  vol.  xxxin. 


JOntNAL  OF  BANKING,   CnRKENCT,   AND  FINANCI. 

CoDdlUoiiorUieBaDkBliittMaiyor  New  York M7 

CoDdltloirortheNttW  Orleuis  Banks 341 

Beml-Anniial  Dividends  on  8toukt  In  Boston )S1 

Asst«ssed  Value  of  Property  In  Connectlcat 3S9 

The  San  Franctsoo  Mint S» 

The  Free  and  Chartered  Bystfins  of  Banking  Compared.    By  J.  Tbompsom,  Banker,  New  York.  3SS 

The  Mintofthe  United  (States »T 

Tftxatiou  oflMOurpomted  Companies  In  New  York.— The  Bank  of  Charleston 3S8 

City  Finanoes  of  Han  Francisco.— British  BeTenue  in  1854  and  J8S5 3M 

COHHEKCIAL   RK6DIATI0N8. 

The  Rights  of  CoDsals  and  Commercial  Agents 3M 

BuslDess  Hours  ai  the  Custom-Houses  of  the  United  States M 

Entry  of  Merchandise  without  Invoicew—Of  unclaimed  Goods  by  Owner  or  OonsigDee  ...  3N 

Costom-Uuuse  Regulstlons  In  regard  to  Passengers*  Bsggage.— Of  the  authentication  of  Sbipi' 

Papers  at  Buenos  .lyres 3B 

Examination  or  Drugs  by  the  Custom-Honse  Authorities.— Of  Psssengers  in  Vessels  coming  lo 

the  City  of  New  York.— Cjf  Selxures  for  Infraction  or  the  Revenoe  Laws 30 

Ports  of  Entry,  etc,  on  the  Borders  of  Csnuda.— Of  the  Inspectiou  of  Flour,  Beef;  and  Pork  In 

Jeflbison,  La.— Custom* House  Appraisement  Office 3M 

Sea  Freight  not  a  Dutiable  Charge 9tt 

GOlMKBCIAl  STATISTICS. 

Bhip-BulMIng  iB  Pbiladelpbla.— Commerce  with  Cuba MS 

Commerce  or  Briush,  Irish,  and  eioolch  Ports^r— Importation  of  Guano  into  Great  Britain ^ 

Mavlgation  at  Ssn  Prancl8Co.—The  British  l-tsberles 9^ 

Prices  of  Flour  in  Philadelphia  for  Sixty  Yearsw— Commerce  of  Kerteh.— Biport  of  Peeler  tnm  __ 

Dublin 3« 

Brlmstons  Trade  of  Sicily «— Sugar,  CoOee,  ind  Indigo  in  Jam 39 

RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STEAHBOAT  STATISTICS. 

Tuable  Value  of  Railroads  In  Ohio 30 

Freight  over  the  Pennsylvania  Rnllroadtf— Earnings  of  Railroads  In  1854  and  18U "1 

The  Contract  System  on  the  New  York  Canals.-Klngswood  Funnel  of  the  BalUmors  apd  Ohio 
Railroad.— Merchandise  In  Bond  to  pass  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad 3" 

JOUKN&L  OF  1N8URANCB. 

Law  of  Insoranoe  Companies  In  New  Hampahirs 373 

TlLxes  on  insurance  Companies  in  Ohio —The  Insurance  Law  of  Kentucky tJi 

STATISTICS  OF  POPULATION,  fcc. 

ResultsoftbeCeiisasof  Great  Britain— No.  Tm.   Genersl  Results  of  the  Census 33S 

Emigration  rrom  Great  Britain 377 

Population,  Dwellings,  and  Famtliea  in  New  York 3)8 

NAUTICAL   INTBLLIQfiNCE. 

Pubticatlon  respecting  the  Marking  of  the  Weser  Channel 378 

Princes  Channel,  Entrance  to  the 'I hemes. -Fixed  Light  at  Gljon,  North  Coast  of  Spain 371 

Fixed  Light  at  Marseille,  t<ouih  Const  of  France 3i9 

The  Maritime  Disasters  of  1854 39 

JODBNAL  OF  HlNlNfi  AND  MANDFACTCBES. 

The  Llfe^hlp- Proposed  to  be  Patented M 

The  use  of  Lime-waier  In  maklttg  Bread M 

Tim  Coal  Plekls  of  Arkansas.— roe  Growth  and  Manufkdure  of  Flax  in  Belgium 381 

The  American  Verd  Antique  Marble.— Aluminum,  or  French  Silver 381 

STATISTICS  OF  AG  BIC  DLTU  BE,  &e. 

The  Varnish  Tree  of  Texas 38* 

Wheat  Cn>pofeach  County  In  the  8Ute  of  Ohio Jg 

ThetiorghoBucre:  a  Rival  of  the  dugaMSane 3W 

POSTAL  DEPABTHENT. 

StatlsUcs  of  Postage  in  the  Principal  Cities  of  the  United  States.- Why  Letters  are  not  reesivsd.  tfj 

Compensation  or  Postmasters  In  the  United  States. — Rrgulstlons  as  to  Foreign  Letters ^ 

Corrected  Proor-8heets.—Newspaper  Postage  in  the  United  States 39 

HEKCiNTlLK    HISCELLANIBS. 

Character:  an  Essay  for  Merehants 318 

ConnUiig-Room  Education 2* 

fitick  to  a  LeglUmate  Business g 

An  Extensive  Lhrerpool  Merchant £ 

The  Canadian  Reciprocity  Treaty  .^-Copper  Ors  and  Cotton :  dangerous  Freight £ 

Commercial  Value  of  Girls  in  China.— The  Merchant^  Clerk ** 

THB  BOOI  TBADB. 

IMIoMofSSMW  Books  or  B«wBditloBt ^^......^..^..•*«.«  3N^ 


•  •    ••••••«•«•! 


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MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE 


AND 


COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 


SEPTEMBER,    1855. 


Irt.  I.-^OUR  COllERCIiL  AND  POLITICAl  RELATIONS  WITH  CIIRL* 

OaiKjL  is  of  80  much  importance  to  the  people  of  the  United  States, 
both  for  the  present  trade  between  them  and  for  their  probable  future 
relations,  that  a  few  remarks  upon  the  state  of  that  empire,  and  the  na- 
ture of  the  present  political  convulsions,  may  not  be  out  of  place. 

Situated  as  that  country  is  with  respect  to  the  western  coast  of  the 
United  States,  and  taking  into  view  the  European  influences  which  now 
govern  the  most  fertile  portions  of  the  rest  of  Asia,  it  is  apparent  that  a 
close  connection  is  roost  desirable  for  us,  while  it  would  be  equally  bene- 
ficial to  her.  By  favor  of  their  soil,  climate,  and  patient  industry,  the 
Chinese  produce  Uie  two  important  articles  of  silk  and  tea  at  a  cost  which 
will  probably  never  he  equaled  in  cheapness  by  any  other  country.  There 
are  many  olher  products  or  manufactures  which  help  to  swell  the  trade, 
and  are  important  to  the  civilized  world,  all  making  together  a  Commerce 
surpassing  in  value  any  other  of  Asia.  The  importance  of  tea  especially 
can  scarcely  be  overrated.  It  is  the  most  healthful  beverage  that  the 
world  knows — invaluable  in  reducing  the  consumption  of  ardent  spirits, 
and  promoting  health  and  cheerjfulness  among  the  hard-working  classes  of 
society. 

It  needs,  indeed,  but  little  consideration  of  the  subject  to  see  that,  with 
the  exception  of  one  or  two  nations  of  Europe,  China  will  become  iji  the 
course  of  time  our  most  important  commercial  connection,  if  no  untoward 

*  Urn,  Edwam>  OninniioaAK,  ih»  writo  of  the  prowot  artteiet  to  a  Biemtwr  of  tfca  flra  of  Rn— n 
Ik  Ck>.,at  Caoton  and  tfbangfaaet  China.  Mr.  Cnnoljigliani  baa  roalded  in  China  for  more  tiian  tan 
yeara,  Is  a  gentleman  of  gnsat  intelligence,  and  hia  atatementa  are  enUtled  to  impUolt  oonfldenee^— 
MSd,  Mm-.  M*g, 


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216  Our  Commercial  and  Folitieal  Relatitms  with  China, 

event  intervenes.  Placed  over  against  ns,  across  a  sea  already  covered 
with  our  sails,  swarming  with  a  busy  population  employed  in  the  produc- 
tion of  raw  materials,  the  alliance  which  subsists  between  the  two  nations 
is  founded  on  such  natural  grounds  that  nothing  is  needed  to  render  it 
perpetual,  and  cause  an  almost  unlimited  increase  to  their  mutual  Com- 
merce, but  the  exercise  of  reason  and  judgment  on  the  part  of  the  stronger 
power.  Reason  and  judgment,  however,  while  they  require  the  exercise 
of  self-restraint  and  the  practice  of  justice,  are  not  consistent  with  the 
treatment  of  a  nation  of  the  seventeenth  century  in  knowledge  and  policy, 
as  if  it  were  one  of  the  nineteenth — with  the  treatment  of  a  child,  ;hs  if  it 
were  a  grown  man.  The  civilized  world,  moved  by  philanthropic  feelings^ 
is  too  apt  to  consider  any  attempt  to  procure  further  advantages  of  trade 
with  Eastern  nations,  though  equally  advantageous  to  them  as  to  us,  ex- 
cept by  simple  request,  as  unmanly  and  unchristian. 

The  sentiment  is  founded  on  a  noble  principle,  but  overlooking  the 
childish  character  of  the  people  with  whom  we  have  to  deal,  and  whom 
it  may  be  considered  our  mission  to  guide  and  cmlighten,  it  lead^  to  re- 
sults quite  opposite  to  the  wishes  of  those  who,  while  they  would  protect 
the  weak,  desire  earnestly  to  give  them  the  blessings  of  civilization  and 
Christianity.  It  is  a  consequence  of  ignorance  and  self-conceit  that  those 
aflaicted  with  them  will  admit  no  new  element  into  their  system,  believing 
their  condition  perfect,  and  not  to  be  improved  by  change.  Arguments 
and  representations  are  of  no  avail  in  inducing  them  to  receive  benefits, 
proofs  of  wliich  are  before  their  eyes,  for  their  mental  sight  is  blinded  by 
their  preconceived  ideas  of  individual  and  national  superiority.    . 

Our  treaty  with  China,  and  our  recent  success  in  Japan,  both  flowed 
from  the  English  war  with  the  former,  the  first  a  direct  consequence,  and 
the  latter  through  the  influence  produced  upon  the  minds  of  the  Japanese 
by  the  manifest  effects  of  coming  into  collision  with  a  powerful  force  from 
a  Western  nation. 

There  seems,  indeed,  to  be  but  two  courses  t<)  extend  Western  connec- 
tion with  such  nations — one  to  require  with  firmness  and  determinatiwj 
such  concessions  as  are  raanifesily  for  the  advantage  of  both  parties  in 
the  eyes  of  a  civilized  world,  and  to  take  them  by  intimidation  and  force 
if  refused  ;  the  other,  to  wait  for  such  opportunities  as  in  the  course  of 
time  present  themselves,  and,  by  taking  advantage  of  their  necessities, 
obtain  what  we  require  without  the  appearance  of  coercion.  While  the 
first  is  not  to  be  condemned  hastily  when  required  by  the  necessities  of 
advancing  civilization,  the  latter  is  recommended  by  policy  and  good 
feeling  when  the  opportunity  is  not  too  far  distant  from  the  necessity  to 
make  the  delay  a  greater  evil  than  the  resort  to  strong  measures. 

England  and  America  have  now  stood  for  some  time  in  this  position  to 
China.  While  never  asking  for  more  than  they  themselves  give  to  others, 
or  than  just  international  relations  would  warrant,  they  wish  such  conces- 
sions of  Chinese  pride  and  exclusiveness  as  will  allow  the  people  of  both 
countries  to  profit  to  the  full  by  their  mutual  productions,  and  have  been 
patiently  waiting  for  their  opportunity.  It  is  not  much  that  they  ask  for 
the  Chinese  to  give,  but  much  in  its  ultimate  re>ults  both  for  them  and  for 
us.  They  wish  to  reach  to  the  interior  to  obtain  facilities,  to  foster  and 
extend  their  trade  in  manufactured  goods  inward,  and  in  tea  outward, 
without  hindrance  from  the  exactions  of  corrupt  officials  and  the  interfer- 
ence of  interested  speculators.    They  wish  to  know  more  of  the  resources 


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Our  Commercial  and  Poiitical  Belatiims  with  China,  27*7 

of  the  country  than  they  can  learn  from  most  imperfect  statistics,  and 
from  the  reports  of  half-educated  Chinese  traders.  Many  of  the  intelli- 
gent foreign  merchants  residing  in  Chinn,  and  those  connected  with  the 
trade  at  home,  are  said  to  entertain  the  belief  that  no  advantage  can  flow 
from  access  to  the  interior  and  the  opening  of  further  ports.  But  as  the 
proof  can  only  be  in  the  result,  and  as  precedent  is  against  the  opinion,  it 
»  safer  to  lay  their  want  of  faith  rather  to  the  disinclination  to  change 
and  the  convenience  of  retaining  business  concentrated  at  a  few  ports  than 
to  unerring  sagacity. 

One  of  the  leading  merchants  of  Canton,  writing  ten  years  ago  on  the 
Cbina  trade  and  after  the  treaty  was  signed,  closes  his  article  with  these 
words: — 

^  And  Canton  must  still,  and  for  all  time  to  come,  remain  the  principal 
port  for  foreign  trade."  And  Sir  John  Da\ns,  in  his  second  book  on  China, 
says  complacently  of  Foochow :  "  Foochow,  as  I  predicted,  remains  with- 
out trade,  and  will  no  doubt  be  ultimately  abandoned  by  her  majesty's 
government  as  a  useless  concession." 

In  1852,  the  last  year  of  undisturbed  trade,  Shanghae  surpassed  Canton 
in  the  aggregate  amount  of  trade,  and  Foochow,  brought  suddenly  to  no- 
tice by  successful  American  enterprise  only  one  year  since,  sees  its  ri\^r 
this  season  crowded  with  English  ships  taking  to  Great  Britain,  at  a  cheap- 
er cost,  the  tea  for  which  it  is  the  natural  outlet,  for  both  its  opening  and 
Its  present  trade  are  independent  Of  the  rebellion. 

With  such  results  to  former  prophecies,  who  will  believe  in  those  now 
made,  or  draw  from  them  any  inference  but  that  the  veil  over  China  re- 
quires but  to  be  lifted  to  open  new  and  fuller  channels  of  trade ! 

To  give  but  one  illustration :  The  two  provinces  of  Hunan  and  Hupeh, 
on  the  Yang-tze-Kiang,  produce  the  beet  description  of  Congou  tea,  which 
is  the  soundest  and  most  wholesome  class  of  the  herb,  and  the  kind  un- 
doubtedly destined,  in  time,  to  become  the  staple  of  the  export  to  all  coun- 
tries. These  teas  are  now  sent  to  Canton  by  a  difficult  and  expensive 
route  over  mountains  and  up  rivers,  600  miles  long. 

Hankhow,  on  the  Yang-tze-Kiang,  the  river  port  of  these  provinces,  is 
400  miles  firom  the  sea,  on  one  of  the  finest  rivers  in  the  world.  This 
town  is  already  the  great  distributing  point  for  foreign  cotton  goods,  and 
we  may  easily  conceive  the  advantage  to  the  foreign  consumer  of  tea  if, 
by  the  advent  of  foreign  influence  tojhose  parts,  the  produce  should  de- 
scend the  river  at  a  slight  expense,  instead  of  paying  tolls  half  through 
China,  and  to  the  foreign  producer  and  native  consumer,  if  cotton  goods 
could  be  placed  at  such  a  point,  without  having  the  cost  enhanced  by  the 
exactions  of  petty  mandarins,  and  the  uninsurable  danger  of  passage 
through  the  country. 

The  great  points  to  gain  are,  the  introduction  of  goods  and  the  deliv- 
ery of  produce  beyond  the  line  'of  the  seaboard  under  foreign  influence 
and  safeguard ;  and  the  opportunity  to  acquire  further  knowledge  of  the 
wants  and  capabilities  of  the  country,  affoi-ded  by  firee  access  to  all  parts, 
and  free  communication  with  the  natives  of  diflerent  provinces,  which,  in 
80  vast  a  country,  is  equivalent  to  acquaintanceship  with  so  many  distinct 
kingdoms,  so  various  are  they  in  their  characters,  customs,  and  wants. 

If  it  be  conceded,  that  a  closer  intimacy  with  China  than  now  exists  is 
desirable,  how  much  more  readily  will  it  be  allowed  that  on  no  account 
can  we  suflFer  the,  present  connection  to  be  broken  f    Words  need  not  be 


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2?8  Our  Cammerdal  and  Political  BelatioMrmih  China. 

wasted  upon  this  point,  for  undoubtedly  both  the  governments  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  and  England  would  prevent  or  remedy  such  a  catastrophe,  if  in 
their  power,  at  any  cost 

Yet  at  this  moment  causes  are  at  work  which  may  destroy  that  conneo- 
tion,  only  to  be  restored,  if  restored  at  all,  by  much  expenditure  of  treas- 
ure, and  perhaps  to  be  lost  forever ;  while  on  the  other  hand,  at  the  same 
period  oi  time,  said  influenced  by  the  same  causes,  the  opportunity  for 
which  we  have  waited,  presents  itself,  and  which,  while  allowing  us  to 
keep  all  we  have,  opens  the  way  for  acquiring  all  we  may  wish,  without 
violence  and  without  greater  expense  and  exertion,  than  the  use  of  the 
ships-of-war  already  stadoned  at  the  ports  of  the  country. 

it  may  be  fairly  said,  that  it  now  depends  upon  the  action  of  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States  whether  we  are  to  see  the  Chinese  trade 
greatly  jeoparded,  and  perhaps  for  a  time  destroyed,  or  advanced  to  a 
greater  prosperity  than  ever  to  the  joint  advantage  of  all. 

To  support  these  assertions,  we  must  enter  into  a  discussion  of  the  char- 
acter of  the  rebellion  headed  by  Tae-ping-wang. 

This  movement  has  been  sanctified  in  the  eyes  of  the  Christian  world 
by  the  religious  guise  in  whicii  it  has  appeared  through  the  erroneous,  but 
not  unnatural  interpretation  of  their  use  of  the  Christian  Bible.  At  first 
sight,  it  was  reasonable  to  suppose,  especially  for  those  not  acquainted  with 
the  peculiar  literature  and  religious  systems  of  the  country,  that  the  party 
who  acknowledged  the  authority  of  a  foreign  doctrine  were  more  or  leas 
imbued  with  its  spirit,  and  were,  at  all  events,  liberal  in  their  ideas  and 
opposed  to  the  narrow  and  bigoted  policy  of  their  countrymen. 

This  impression  was  heightened  by  the  ready  enthu«asm  of  the  English 
and  Amencan  missionaries,  whose  accounts,  colored  by  the  excitement  into 
which  such  unlooked-for  success  had  thrown  them,  penetrated  to  every 
quarter  of  their  two  countries,  spreading  the  undoubted  beli^  that  China 
was  upon  the  eve  of  evangeli2ation. 

As  the  movement  progressed,  however,  aod  the  tenets  of  the  supposed 
reformers  became  developed,  it  was  apparent  to  every  observer  who  looked 
beneath  the  surface  of  things,  that  tlie  use  of  the  Christian  Bible  by  Tae- 
ping-wang,  was  precisely  the  use  already  made  of  the  Jewish  Bible  thirteen 
centuries  before,  by  Mahomet  in  Arabia. 

Every  new  dynasty  in  China  has  been  started  with  the  promulgation  of 
an  attachment  to  pure  morals,  love  for  the  people,  and  ooedience  to  the 
precepts  of  the  sages.  Tae-ping-wang,  wishing  to  add  to  these  usual 
sources  of  influence,  connects  himself  directly  with  the  heavenly  powers^ 
and  as  a  result  of  this  immediate  connection  and  communication,  produces 
portions  of  a  book  which  he  finds  ready  written  to  his  hand,  most  admir- 
ably calculated,  from  its  Oriental  imagery,  for  eflect  on  Eastern  minds,  and 
mingling  with  them  his  own  rhapsodies  and  edicts,  imposes  them  on  his 
followers  as  emanations  from  heaven,  to 'be  added  to  the  classics  of  the 
sages,  and  to  be  forever  installed  among  the  lights  of  the  Chinese  mind. 
When  the  Susquehanna  was  at  Nanking,  the  chiefe  distinctly  told  the 
Americans  that  their  new  religion  did  not  come  from  foreign  nations,  but 
was  derived  from  their  own  ancient  philosophy  and  the  revelations  of  God 
to  Tae-ping-wang,  and  on  this  point  they  have  been  so  consistent  in  all 
their  statements  to  foreigners — whether  English,  French,  or  American — 
that  nothing  but  intense  desire,  influencing  its  judgment,  could  have 
allowed  the  impression  of  their  Christianity  to  remain  wiUi  the  Christian 
world. 


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Our  Commercud  and  Political  Belations  with  China,  279 

There  is  nothing  whatever  in  the  doctrine  they  profess,  or  the  mode  of 
life  they  practice,  which  approaches  Christianity  nearer  than  the  observ- 
ances of  Mahometanism,  or  that  is  more,  or  even  so  much  in  accordance 
with  the  tenets  and  requirements  of  a  pure  religion,  as  the  precepts  incul- 
cated by  Confucius.  Of  the  English  and  American  missionaries  m  China, 
the  most  intelligent  have  abandoned  their  belief,  where  entertained,  in  the 
sincerity  of  Tae-ping-wang,  and  we  can  especially  instance  the  opinion  of 
the  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Boon,  the  head  of  the  American  Episcopal  Mission, 
one  of  the  most  sagacious  minds  that  have  visited  China,  and  certainly  not 
surpassed  in  intelligence  by  any  now  there. 

He  has  become  fully  confirmed  in  his  early  views  of  Tae-ping-wang — 
ihat  he  is  a  selfish  and  blasphemous  adventurer,  intent  only  upon  his  own 
ends,  and  using  the  Christian  faith,  as  £eu:  ^  he  does  use  it,  only  as  a  tool 
in  the  construction  of  his  empire. 

Nor,  when  closely  examined,  is  there  more  to  attract  our  respect  in  the 
policy  and  military  measures  of  this  leader  than  there  is  claim  to  our  sym- 
pathy in  his  religion. 

His  policy  is  but  a  repetition  of  that  which  has  prevailed  in  China  for 
ages,  a  simple  despotism,  rendered,  however,  more  severe  than  was  known 
before  in  the  country  by  his  pretensions  to  especial  authority  from  Heaven, 
and  the  consequent  rigor  witn  which  his  decrees  are  enforced,  at  the  pain 
of  instant  death.  The  government  of  China,  hitherto,  as  well  under  the 
Tartars  as  under  their  native  sovereigns,  has  been  remarkable  in  its  des- 
potism, for  its  attention  to  the  wishes  and  interests  of  the  people,  and  un- 
doubtedly this  singular  feature,  for  an  Asiatic  government,  is  the  living 
sprinfiT  which  has  preserved  its  unity  and  stability  for  so  many  ages.  Un- 
like the  domination  of  the  Caliphs,  and  the  thousand  and  one  conquerors 
of  India  and  the  west  of  Asia,  the  principles  of  ^vernment  in  China  were 
founded  on  the  disinterested  inspirations  of  philosophy,  inculcating  that 
the  happiness  and  virtue  of  the  people  were  the  primary  object,  and  their 
care  the  main  duty  of  the  sovereign.  These  principles  are  still  recognized, 
and  though  the  corruption  of  the  subordinates  obscures  their  light,  and 
tyranny  often  oppresses  the  inhabitant  of  the  cities,  in  the  country  the  peo- 
ple enjoy  a  liberty  only  known  elsewhere  to  the  subjects  or  citizens  ot  the 
free  governments  of  the  globe. 

Tae-ping-wang's  edicts,  while  they  occasionally  profess  care  for  the  in- 
terests of  the  governed,  are  principally  to  establish  his  own  undisputed 
authority  and  supremacy,  and  it  is  apparent  to  the  considerate  observer 
that  himself  and  his  family  of  chieCs  and  dependents  are  the  main  objects 
of  his  solicitude. 

His  military  abilities  cannot  be  considered  as  proved  by  his  advance  on, 
and  capture  of.  Nankin,  as  yet  his  only  military  exploit  A  march  through 
provinces  where  there  was  no  army  in  the  open  country,  no  garrisons  in 
the  cities  beyond  a  few  disorganized  battalions,  enervated  by  idleness  and 
debauchery,  and  with  no  strength  in  their  fortifications,  was  not  an  exploit 
proving  any  great  military  talent. 

Nankin  reached  and  occupied,  he  had  then  for  the  first  time  to  meet 
actual  and  energetic  opposition,  and  though  his  course  of  action  showed 
sufficient  boldness,  the  result  has  not  justified  his  judgment  His  army  at 
the  north,  far  advanced  beyond  support,  had  been  destroyed,  and  the  best 
of  his  men  lost,  without  a  counterbalancing  advantage. 

We  have  not  yet  commented  upon  that  point  in  nis  pretensions  of  the 


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280  Our  Commercial  and  Political  Eelations  with  China. 

X 

greatest  moment  to  foreign  nations,  and  in  which  h'es  the  danger  which 
threatens  our  relations  with  China,  should  he  prove  suflSciently  successful 
in  his  enterprise  as  ultima* ely  to  hold  the  central  and  southern  provinces. 

It  is  a  fundamental  principle  of  his  doctrine  that  he  is  supreme  upon  the 
earth.  Upon  that  foundation  the  superstructure  is  reared,  and  the  fanatical 
temper  and  overbearinir  self-reliance  displayed  to  the  English,  French,  and 
American  visitors  is  sufficient  assurance  that  he  will  treat  with  no  potentate 
on  the  earth  as  an  equal,  unless  compelled  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet. 
Much  stres3  is  laid  by  missionary  writers  upon  the  use  of  the  word 
"  brethren,"  when  addressing  their  foreign  visitors,  but  it  is  overlookec 
that  that  term  is  allowed  to  them  only  when  they  come  reverently  to  pro- 
fess submission  and  subjection,  and  that  in  every  case  they  were  forbidden 
to  return  unless  they  did  so  with  the  proper  gifts  for  tribute. 

Here,  then,  is  the  certain  germ  of  a  war  with  the  new  party,  perhaps  in- 
volving the  surprise  and  destruction  of  the  foreign  settlement  at  Shanghae, 
with  all  its  valuable  property,  as  the  first  intimation  that  we  are  no  longer 
to  flatter  ourselves  with  the  title  of  brethren.  We  shou)d  not  consider  this, 
however,  as  imperiling  our  connection  with  China,  for  such  a  war  could 
not  be  refused  by  England  and  America,  and,  at  the  cost  of  some  treasure 
to  them,  and  a  good  deal  of  blood  to  China,  it  could  only  end  in  the  de- 
struction of  the  party  opposed  to  them.  The  greatest  danger  lies  in  such  a 
result  to  the  struggle  between  the  rebels  and  the  Imperialists,  as  will  leave 
the  former  no  heart  to  provoke  foreigners  to  open  conflict,  and  yet  with 
sufficient  strength  to  hold  and  distract  the  southern  and  central  provinces, 
the  seat  of  the  production  of  tea  and  silk.  A  long  continuance  of  trouble 
and  disorganization,  and  unsettled  government,  and  a  division  of  the  coast 
from  those  provinces  by  hostile  jurisdictions,  would  most  eflfectually  ruin 
foreign  trade  without  a  chance  of  remedy  through  the  utmost  exertions  of 
foreign  powers. 

If  these  views  of  the  rebellion  are  correct,  and  the  closer  the  examination 
the  stronger  and  more  unquestionable  will  be  found  the  proofs,  we  have 
nothing  to  hope,  and  much  to  fear  from  it,  if  successful,  wnile  it  gives  no 
promise  of  advancement  to  China,  religiously  or  politically. 

On  the  other  hand,  is  the  Imperial  Government,  to  whom  we  are  already  " 
bound  by  solemn  treaty,  and  which  has  maintained  its  faith  with  us  through- 
out the  ten  years  which  have  expired  since  it  was  first  pledged,  and  would 
now  doubtless  enter  into  closer  ties  in  consideration  of  aid,  trifling  to  us, 
in  our  strength,  but  important  to  it  in  the  emergency  which  now  oppres- 
ses it.  Its  vitality  and  strength  are  much  greater  than  would  appear  from 
the  recent  course  of  events  and  from  the  representations  made  from  China, 
by  residents  interested  for  the  success  of  the  rebellion.  Independently  of 
the  great  source  of  strength  in  the  warlike  Tartar  tribes  which  live  upon 
the  northern  border,  and  which  would  be  too  happy  to  march  upon  China 
at  the  call  of  the  emperor,  he  has  still  possession  of  two-thirds  of  the 
empire,  draws  the  greater  part  of  the  usual  revenue  from  those  quarters, 
ana  can  recruit  his  forces  from  several  hardy  races  of  men.  The  country 
north  of  the  Yellow  River  is  difficult  of  attack  by  an  army  from  the  South, 
as  the  great  distance  to  be  traversed  costs  it  its  communications,  while 
every  step  in  advance  carries  it  nearer  to  the  enemy's  resources,  and  against 
positions  growing  stronger  as  their  own  force  grows  weaker. 

The  most,  therefore,  that  the  rebel  leaders  can  accomplish,  with  such 
strength  as  they  have  yet  shown,  is  to  dismember  the  country.  Tot  tl  con- 
quest is  out  of  the  question. 


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Our  Commercial  and  Political  Relation  with  China,  281 

The  Imperial  power,  on  the  contrary,  is  sufficiently  great  to  retain  the 
whole  of  the  northern  provinces,  while  the  western  and  raany  of  the  cen- 
tral and  southern,  still  resist  the  entry  of  the  rebels,  or  return  to  their  al- 
legiance and  to  tranquillity  as  soon,  as  the  insurgents  have  passed  through. 
The  farmers  and  traders  of  the  districts  bordering  upon  the  positions  oc- 
cupied by  Tae-ping-wang's  forces,  look  upon  them  with  horror,  dreading 
tlieir  irruption  into  their  fields  and  towns,  and  hiding  their  valuables  in 
the  earth  at  the  first  alarm.  They  are  regarded  as  ttieves  by  all  peace- 
able people,  and  that  or  similar  names  are  invariably  used  by  the  Chinese 
when  they  converse  with  foreigners  concerning  them.  So  general  a  feeling 
is  in  itself  a  great  element  of  strength  to  the  Imperial  party,  as  the  various 
districts,  so  tar  from  aiding  the  rebellion,  seize  the  first  opportunity  to  re- 
turn to  their  old  governors. 

The  main  strength  of  the  rebels  is  undoubtedly  from  the  men  trained  in 
the  pirate  fleets  which  have  for  several  years  preyed  upon  the  Commerce 
of  China,  and,  were  their  communication  with  the  coast  cut  oflf,  and  their 
places  of  strength  upon  the  Yang-tye-kiang  destroyed,  they  would  soon 
yield  to  the  pressure  of  the  superior  forces  of  the  Imperialists.  To  do 
this  would  require  the  intervention  of  foreign  ships  of  war,  but  the  force 
to  be  exerted  would  be  small,  as*  the  Chinese  fortifications  and  gunnery  are 
contemptible  when  opposed  to  European  ships,  though  equal  to  the  as- 
saults of  their  own  war-junks. 

As  to  the  mode  and  points  in  and  at  which  this  assistance  should  be 
rendered,  such  points  could  only  be  determined  by  the  plenipotentiaries  of 
the  two  governments  after  careful  consideration  of  the  circumstances  ex- 
isting at  the  time  of  the  demonstration,  and  we  need  not  venture  to  dis- 
cuss them  here.  It  is  probable  that  the  mere  knowledge  of  the  fact,  that 
the  Imperialists  had  the  aid  and  countenance  of  foreigners  would  half  ex- 
tinguish the  insurrection,  by  giving  energy  and  courage  to  the  Imperial 
officers. 

With  such  terms  as  could  be  made  by  the  foreign  powers  at  this  trifling 
cost,  the  influence  of  Christian  nations  could  be  so  extended  through  the 
country  that  a  sensible  effect  would  be  made  upon  the  administration  of* 
government,  and  much  of  the  corruption,  heretofore  existing,  be  corrected, 
while  the  Chinese  themselves,  acted  upon  by  the  free  ideas  of  foreigners, 
would  rise  in  political  knowledge,  and  in  time  be  better  prepared  to  main- 
tain the  cause  of  the  people  against  their  rulers  when  necessity  appeared. 
Even  if  such  pleasing  conjectures  should  be  deemed  too  flattering,  the 
most  practical  will  not  deny  that  the  constant  presence  of  foreign  power 
upon  the  main  thoroughfares  of  Commerce  will  tend  greatly  to  prevent 
disorders  when  tranquillity  is  once  restored,  and  give  a  security  to  our 
Commerce  which  it  has  never  had  yet,  and  which  its  importance  well  de- 
serves. 

The  time  has  arrived  when  England  and  the  United  States  are  bound 
by  every  consideration  of  policy  to  take  an  energetic  and  decided  part, 
and  that  part  on  the  side  of  the  government  to  which  they  are  already 
pledged  by  treaties  to  maintain  friendly  connections,  and  which  alone  can 
increase  their  privileges  and  preserve  to  them  those  already  enjoyed.  On 
the  one  side  is  the  reoellion,  without  a  particle  of  claim  upon  our  respect 
or  our  sympathy,  offering  the  prospect  of  a  bloody  war  for  the  mere  main- 
tainance  of  our  present  rights,  on  the  other  is  the  Imperial  Government 
with  claims  upon  us  from  previous  friendly  connections  and  pledges,  ready 


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282  Commerce  of  the  United  States. 

to  confirm  all  present  privileges,  and  meet  us  in  our  further  wishes,  for 
aid  which  would  not  cost  us  one  tithe  of  the  contest  which  threatens  us 
on  the  other  side,  and  hy  which  we  would  gain,  without  violence,  and 
with  an  increase  of  friendly  feeling  on  the  part  of  hoth  the  governors  and 
the  governed,  all  that  we  can  desire  for  the  promotion  of  unrestrained  in- 
tercourse. 

It  should  not  he  overlooked  that  the  force  required  for  such  desirable 
results  is  only  that  which  the  two  countries  are,  at  all  events,  obliged  to 
keep  in  the  ports  of  China,  to  protect  the  persons  and  property  of  their 
subjects  and  citizens  from  destruction  by  the  forces  of  either  party,  very 
likely,  at  times,  to  be  both  in  the  attitude  of  foes,  if  the  present  policy  of 
neutrality  is  continued.  Nor  that  all  the  intervention,  that  is  believed  to 
be  requisite,  is  the  simple  action  of  foreign  governments  in  maintaining 
their  actual  rights  by  force,  proclaiming  publicly  their  determination  to  do 
BO,  thus  giving  only  such  support  to  the  Imperialist  cause  as  would  be 
afforded  by  the  maintainance  of  public  order  under  their  government  at 
the  ports  which  we  have  already,  or  are  to  have,  the  right  by  treaty  to 
frequent. 

The  choice  of  alternatives  seems  to  be  ^unquestionable.  An  opportuni- 
ty, which  we  might  well  have  prayed  for,  presents  itself,  and  a  catastrophe, 
which  we  should  feel  for  years  in  its  effects,  threatens  us,  and  we  have 
only  to  move  our  little  finger  to  profit  by  the  one  and  prevent  the  other. 


Art.  II.— COHBBBGE  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

MUMBBE  Zni. 

PftOOBBtt  IN  PBACB— IKDIAH  TRADB  AT  THB  WBtT-BlTBNT  Of  •BTTLBMBMT— CLAlMi  OP  Blf«I.AKB 
AMD  FRAMCB— OOIO  COMPANY— COLLlfllOR—DBrORTATIOII  OP  TBB  ACADlANt. 

The  return  of  peace,  in  1748,  was  earnestly  welcomed  by  all  the  colo- 
nists, but  especially  by  those  who  had  borne  the  heaviest  burdens  and  in- 
curred the  chief  dangers  of  the  war,  distasteful  as  to  them  were  some  por- 
tions of  the  arrangements  at  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

War,  when  of  that  earnest  character  which  imposes  a  heavy  tax  upon 
the  energies  of  the  belligerents,  whether  for  the  purpose  of  self-protection, 
or  for  the  accomplishment  of  schemes  of  offense,  of  acquisition,  or,  as  the 
popular  phrase  now  is,  of  "  annexation,"  cannot,  however  successful,  be 
long  agreeable  to  a  civilized  people.  The  condition  of  physical  antagon- 
ism is,  in  every  possible  phase,  utterly  repugnant  to  the  interests  of  an  ad- 
vanced or  progressive  state  of  human  society. 

Not  much  allowance  is,  indeed,  to  be  made  for  the  taming  of  human 
passions  by  civilization ;  for  these,  divested  of  what  may  be  termed  their 
diplomatic  dress,  are  essentially  as  barbarous  in  an  enlightened  Caucasian 
of  to-day,  as  they  were  in  the  rough  Teuton  material  that  plundered  the 
coasts  of  that  England  which  it  was  itself,  in  another  stage  of  England's 
being,  to  become.  The  difference  is  simply,  that  the  action  of  the  civil- 
ized man's  propensities  are  more  clogged.  His  limbs  are  not  free,  like  the 
wild  man's,  to  perform  whatever  species  of  rude  exercise  he  may  fancy; 


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dmmerce  cf  the  United  States.  28S 

tnd  if  he  undertakes  to  figbt,  his  blows  are  timed  to  the  unpleasant  musio 
of  a  crash  amonff  his  surrounding  wares.  "When  nations  boasting  of  their 
pre-eminent  inteuigentiai  altitude,  about  equally  armed  with  the  destruc- 
tive forces  of  modern  warfare,  and  capable  of  imparting  and  sustaining 
equal  inflictions,  commission  heroes  to  push  them  against  each  other,  thej 
have  worked  themselves  up,  as  ladies  of  spirit  sometimes  do,  until  they 
don't  care  for  a  little  ruin.  They  don't  go  at  it^  with  the  quiet  indifference 
of  the  savage.  War  among  the  community  of  civilized  powers,  with  their 
multifariety  of  delicate  peace  begotten  and  peace-nourished  interests,  is  like 
a  game  at  cricket  in  a  crockery  warehouse. 

Savages  may  fight  perpetually.  It  is  no  trouble  for  them ;  they  can  at 
any  time  accommodate  you  with  a  set-to,  without  considering  it  the  slight- 
est inconvenience.  If  it  were  not  for  the  ever-available  amusement  of 
scalping  and  roasting  each  other,  they  would  all  die  of  ennui.  Civilized 
people  can  only  fight  spasmodically.  They  have  to  generate  a  certain 
amount  of  excitement,  and  when  the  stimulus  has  become  exhausted,  they 
want  to  rest  awhile  until  thev  can  recover  fresh  inspiration.  They  want 
to  look  after  the  fragments  of  their  shattered  goods,  and  put  their  shelves 
again  in  order ;  they  want  to  cast  up  accounts  and  see  how  the  balance 
stands  on  the  page  of  Profit  and  Loss.  They  must  fight  by  intervals,  and 
every  period  of  war  must  have  its  period  of  reinvigorating  repose. 

Upon  the  peace  succeeding  to  a  destructive  or  costly  war,  the  interests 
of  peace,  if  their  elasticity  has  not  been  destroyed,  push  forward  with  an 
energy  unknown  to  the  condition  of  ordinary  peace.  Men  return  to  their 
accustomed  employments,  with  a  spirit  hungered  by  the  interruption ;  and 
in  the  few  years  which  elapse  before  the  current  subsides  into  its  natural 
channel,  results  are  often  achieved  which  seem  to  obliterate  every  vestige 
of  flame  and  powder. 

It  was  so  now.  In  the  short  peace  of  1748-56,  the  colonies  made  un- 
exampled strides.  Commerce  rapidly  augmented,  by  the  increase  both  of 
exports  and  imports — the  internal  resources  were  more  exposed — new  pro- 
ductions were  developed,  under  legislative  and  other  stimulus,  a.td  old  pro- 
ductions extended — population  multiplied  through  the  combined  sources 
of  natural  progression  and  of  emigration — the  public  credit,  left  in  so  de- 
pressed a  condition,  resumed  its  former  vitality,  and  the  burdens  which  the 
war,  conjoined  with  all  adverse  causes,  had  imposed  upon  the  colonies, 
seemed  but  trifles  to  the  vigorous  prosperity  which  rioted  in  the  dissipa- 
tion of  all  untoward  influences. 

The  home-government,  eminently  satisfied  with  the  assistance  rendered 
by  the  colonies  through  the  war,  undertook  of  itself  to  take  care  of  the 
debt  occasioned  by  the  contest,  without  asking  from  them  any  unusual  con- 
tributions to  relieve  it  of  the  onerous  burden.  Such  measures  as  were 
adopted  in  reference  to  the  colonies,  were  intended  solely,  and  were  well 
calculated  to  increase  their  prosperity.  Among  these  was  an  act  by  Par- 
liament, in  1751,  prohibiting  the  northern  colonies  from  creating  or  re- 
issuing bills  of  credit,  except  on  extraordinary  occasions.  In  this  inhibi- 
tion Pennsylvania,  though  regarded  as  one  of  the  northern  colonies,  was 
not  included,  her  bills  being  still  nearly  at  par. 

Another  act  of  Parliament,  in  1763,  opened  the  Levant  trade,  before 
confined  to  the  Turkey  Company,  to  all  persons  in  British  plantation  built 
vessels,  navigated  according  to  law,  that  is,  with  a  proper  proportion  of 
British  subjects  as  seamen,  which  proviskm  was  invariably  attached  to 


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284  Cammeree  of  the  United  StaUi. 

whatever  acts  were  passed  regarding  the  outward  trade  of  the  kingdom 
and  of  its  colonies. 

As  population  increased,  settlement  was  gradually  pushing  westward, 
but  the  progress  in  this  direction  was  much  faster  in  the  southern  than  in 
the  northern  colonies,  where  the  leading  pursuits  induced  a  stronger  ten- 
dency to  concentration,  and  where  the  proportion  of  considerable  towns 
was  much, larger  than  in  the  lower  section.  In  New  England,  although 
the  coast  was  so  thickly  occupied,  nearly  all  of  Maine  and  Vermont,  a 
large  part  of  New  Hampshire,  and  even  a  portion  of  Massachusetts,  were 
yet  wilderness  region.  In  New  York,  population  was  almost  confined  to 
the  line  of  the  Hudson  River  and  its  branches.  In  1753,  at  the  time  Ben- 
jamin Franklin  was  appointed  Postmaster  of  Philadelphia  and  one  of  the 
two  Deputy  Postmasters-General  of  the  colonies,  there  were  but  57  miles 
of  post-road  in  New  York,  the  total  in  the  colonies  being  1,532  miles,  of 
which  New  Hampshire  had  the  least,  and  North  Carolina  the  largest, 
amount*  In  Pennsylvania,  the  population  was  pushing  toward  the  moun- 
tains, in  the  center  of  the  present  State. 

In  Virginia,  the  westward  tide  had  passed  the  Blue  Ridge,  running 
through  the  heart  of  what  is  now  comprised  in  the  State,  and  approaching 
toward  the  farther  range  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  had  met  the  upper  branches 
of  the  rivers  that  empty  into  the  Ohio,  at  a  distance  of  about  two  hundred 
miles  from  the  coast.  Toward  Carolina,  at  this  time,  a  strong  emigration 
was  going  on  from  the  north,  especially  from  Pennsylvania,  and  there  were 
large  bodies  of  Protestants  moving  thither  from  Europe,  of  whom  1,600 
arrived  in  the  year  1752.  All  these,  finding  the  coast  region  occupied, 
their  took  position  in  the  interior  and  back  parts,  approaching  toward  the 
hills  that  form  the  boundary  of  the  present  State  of  Tennessee. 

For  the  purposes  of  trade  with  the  Indians,  regions  had  been  entered  at 
distances  considerably  beyond  the  western  limits  of  population.  New 
York  had  a  single  fortified  establishment  on  Lake  Ontario.  Pennsylvania 
had  of  late  taken  the  lead  in  the  Indian  trade,  the  field  of  her  operations 
being  the  Tieighborhood  of  those  great  confluents  of  the  Ohio,  the  Alle- 
ghany and  Monongahela,  with  their  abundant  branches.  Following  the 
course  of  their  north-western  rivers,  the  Virginia  traders  had  visited  the 
region  of  the  Upper  Ohio,  and  established  friendly  intercourse  with  some 
tribes  of  that  vicinity.  To  the  territory  of  the  Ohio,  Virginia  laid  claim 
as  being  a  portion  of  that  colony .f  Kentucky,  with  its  greflt  Indian  pop- 
ulation and  abundant  resources  of  trade,  seems  to  have  been  entirely  neg- 
lected, except  in  so  far  as  some  of  its  tribes  were  perhaps  met  at  other 
points.  The  Carolinians  had  crossed  the  mountains  and  entered  into  Ten- 
nessee, to  traflic  with  the  powerful  nations  in  that  quarter,  which  was  em- 
braced within  their  charter.  The  young  colony  of  Georgia,  confined  by 
the  Spaniards  from  penetrating  to  the  south,  had  they  been  so  minded, 
and  limited  by  their  charter  to  about  half  the  width  of  the  present  State, 
had,  in  addition  to  the  trade  at  Augusta,  on  the  Upper  Savannah,  estab- 
lished some  intercourse  with  the  great  population  of  the  wilderness  inter- 
posing between  themselves*  and  the  French  colonies  of  the  Alabama  and 
Mississippi.  • 

*  Report  of  8.  R  Hobble,  late  Asststant  Poatmnster-Oeneral. 

t  The  whole  of  the  present  sute  of  Ohio  was  iocludtMl  in  the  ohariera  of  Vtn^nia  and  CoDiieeti- 
eut,  the  former  claimloK  all  landA  weetwardly  between  36  deg.  30  min.  aod  4Udeg.  N. ;  Ute  iauer 
aU  between  4i  deg.  and  43  deg.  N. 


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Commerce  of  the  United  States.  286 

The  principal  of  the  tribes  or  families  with  which  the  trade  of  the  col- 
onies was  conducted  was  the  Six  Notions^  with  whom  they  had,  also,  im- 
portant political  relations.  The  domain  occupied  by  them,  or  over  the 
tribes  of  which  their  authority  extended,  lay  in  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  rea<^hed  even  to  Virginia,  and  into  the  Ohio  wilderness.  The 
gijvernors  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia,  several  times  assem- 
bled for  the  purpose  of  effecting  joint  treaties  with  them,  and  the  main 
object  of  the  first  Congress  of  all  the  colonies,  in  1'764,  was  to  arrange  the 
teruis  of  alliance  with  this  powerful  league,  relative  to  the  then  impending 
French  war.  Excepting  this  confederacy,  almost  the  whole  body  of  west- 
ern Indians,  whose  position  was  near  enough  to  the  English  frontiers  to 
make  their  infiuence  available  in  the  war,  were,  at  least  after  the  war  be- 
gun, warmly  enlisted  in  behalf  of  the  French ;  but  the  steady  friendship 
of  the  Six  Nations  compensated  in  a  great  degree  to  the  northern  colonies, 
and  to  New  York  more  than  compensated,  the  attitude  of  the  rest,  as  the 
barrier  they  presented  on  the  side  toward  Canada  was  almost  impreg- 
nable. 

The  Ohio  region,*  where  the  traders  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  re- 
sorteil,  was  inhabited  by  the  Twigh twees,  since  called  the  Miamis,  and 
who  before  the  war  were  very  friendly  to  the,  English,  the  Delawares,  who 
had  roved  thither  from  Pennsylvania,  the  Wyandots,  Shawanese,  and  many 
others,  each  of  them  raising  several  hundred  warriors.  The  trade  at  Ten- 
nessee and  Georgia  was  carried  on  with  the  Cherokees,  Chickasas,  Creeks, 
&C.,  tribes  which  counted  their  fighting-men  by  many  thousands. 

The  French  moved  through  the  depths  of  the  continent  with  a  celerity 
unnatural  to  the  English.  Their  efi'ort  was  rather  to  see  how  broad  an 
extent  of  superficial  empire  they  c<  uld  hold,  than  to  establish  the  tbunda- 
-tions  of  a  durable  power.  They  ridiculed  the  slew  motions  of  the  Eng- 
lish, and  had  the  fullest  confidence,  while  acknowledging  their  utter  infe- 
riority in  numbers,  of  acquiring,  through  their  superior  celerity,  full 
possession  both  of  the  Ohio  aud  Mississippi  Valleys,  and  of  confining  the 
English  to  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  Alleghanies.  Their  course  of  coloni- 
zation was  accordingly  laid  out  in  a  direction  transverse  to  that  of  their 
rival,  80  as  to  intercept  the  lateral  progress  of  the  latter  across  the  conti- 
nent They  naw  undertook  to  complete  the  barricade  by  which  fiiij 
thousand  people  were  to  hem  in  a  million,  by  drawing  a  line  of  forts  be- 
-tween  the  extreme  points  of  their  population  spots. 

Without  the  eflScient  aid  of  France  this  boundary-line  of  the  fifty  thou- 
sand would,  of  course,  have  been  like  a  spider's  web  drawn  across  the  path- 
way of  a  man.  And  as  the  aid  of  France  no  more  than  countervailed  the 
support  rendered  by  England  to  her  colonies,  the  disparity  still  remained. 
In  a  fair,  open  field  Massachusetts  could,  in  fact,  have  exterminated  the 
whole  French  and  Canadian  force  employed  in  this  war,  and  the  colonies 
ofifered,  in  case  England  should  consent  to  the  plan  of  union  devised  by 
them  in  1754,  to  take  care  of  their  combined  enemies  without  any  assist- 
ance from  that  quarter.  The  most  formidable  agencies  in  the  hostile 
league  were  the  wilderness  position  in  which  the  enemy  was  intrenched, 
his  incursive  mode  of  waifare,  and  the  employment  of  the  Indians,  with 
their  distressful  and  perplexing  system  of  ojierations. 

The  English  claim  to  the  1.  ke  region  and  the  Ohio  Valley,  the  field  of 
the  present  dispute,  as  gravely  asserted  at  the  time,  was  founded  upon  the 
conquest  of  that  territory  by  the  Six  Nations,  who  were  assumed  to  be 


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286  Commerce  of  the  United  States. 

vossclU  of  England,  a  position  which  the  confederacy  would  never  have 
recognized,  at  least  in  the  sense  that  their  property  was  the  possession  of 
their  great  white  father.  A  broader  claim  rested  upon  the  original  dis- 
covery of  North  America  by  Cabot,  under  which  the  earlier  grants  ex- 
tended/ro^Ti  sea  to  sea.  The  French  rested  their  claims  upon  the  explora- 
tions of  La  Salle,  Tonti,  and  Hennepin,  which  were  perfectly  valid  in  regard 
to  the  lakes  and  the  Mississippi,  but  it  does  not  appear  that  any  of  their 
earlier  adventurers  had  ever  navigated  the  Ohio.  They  had  uniformly 
passed  to  and  fro  between  the  lakes  and  the  Mississippi  by  the  branches  of 
the  latter  running  from  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Michigan  through  Illinois. 
La  Salle  knew  scarcely  more  of  the  Ohio  than  he  did  of  the  N  iger,  or  of 
the  unknown  stream  since  named  the  Columbia,  and  the  Mississippi  sys- 
tem was  quite  too  vast  to  be  appropriated  entire  by  the  simple  act  of  sail- 
ing along  its  main  artery  in  an  Indian  canoe.  The  French  had  of  late 
traded  somewhat,  it  would  seem,  in  the  Ohio  region,  and  appear,  also,  to 
have  made  some  journeys  to  and  from  Canada  by  way  of  the  river  itself; 
but  the  £nglish  had  traded  there  as  well,  and  the  former  had  established 
neither  settlements  nor  forts  along  the  route.  The  Indians  alone  occupied 
the  whole  teri:itory. 

Thus,  the  pretensions  were  about  equally  respectable,  upon  which  the 
French  undertook  to  shut  up  the  English  within  the  Alleghanies,  and  the 
English  to  drive  the  French  back  into  Canada. 

From  the  mid-banks  of  the  St  Lawrence,  the  nucleus  of  the  colonial 
empire  of  New  France,  fortified  posts  had  been  long  established  along  the 
upper  waters  of  the  river,  and  at  its  source,  on  Lake  Ontario,  was  the  im- 
portant fort  and  trading  site  of  Frontenac,  now  covered  by  the  British  etty 
of  Kingston.  At  the  other  end  of  the  lake,  or  rather  on  the  river  be- 
tween the  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  was  the  still  more  important  fort  and 
station  of  Niagara.  At  the  other  end  of  Lake  Erie  was  the  fort  and  town 
of  Detroit,  connecting  with  the  various  forts  and  establishments  of  the  up- 
per and  greater  lakes,  and  commanding  the  old  avenue  to  the  Mississippi 
Beside  the  full  control  of  the  great  lake-chain,  the  French  had,  also,  by  a 
fortification  at  Crown  Point,  far  within  the  colony  of  New  York,  and  in 
proximity  to  her  northern  settlements,  acquired  complete  command  of 
Lake  Champlain,  and  of  the  trade  of  Upper  New  York,  and  of  the  upper 
portion  of  the  present  State  of  Vermont,  then  a  wilderness  claimed  by  the 
three  bordering  colonies.  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and  New  Uampshire: 
They  were  thus  in  possession  of  a  vast  internal  water  communication, 
while  the  English,  excepting  a  small  trade  at  Lake  Ontario,  navigated  only 
a  few  rivers  and  bays  connecting  directly  with  the  ocean. 

The  French  had  yet  been  unable,  or  perhaps  deemed  it  premature,  either 
by  fortification  or  otherwise,  to  effect  the  design  of  securing  the  possession 
of  the  new  route  between  Canada  and  Louisiana,  when  ^e  English,  antic- 
ipating the  project,  made  a  movement  for  the  occupation  of  the  territory. 
A  corporation  was  formed,  after  the  peace  of  174{5,  called  the  Ohio  Con»- 
pany,  composed  of  English  merchants  and  some  traders  and  influential 
gentiemen  of  Virginia,  to  whom  the  king  granted  600,000  acres  of  land 
on  or  about  the  Ohio,  as  a  portion  of  Virginia,  for  the  purposes  of  a  fur- 
trade  with  the  Indians,  and  for  settiement.  In  1752,  the  company  had 
set  about  their  plans  with  vigor,  and  to  facilitate  their  operations  had  com- 
menced a  road  to  extend  from  the  Potomac  to  the  Ohio,  across  the  whole 
width  of  Virginia.  Grants  were  also  made  to  other  companies  in  the 
tame  region. 


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Cwnmeree  of  the  United  States.  287 

The  jealousy  of  the  Pennsylvanians,  whose  Indian  trade  was  about  to 
be  monopolized  by  this  association,  and  whose  territories  were  perhaps  to 
be  appropriated,  (for  Virginia  seems  to  have  regarded  the  western  portions 
of  Pennsylvania  as  a  part  of  her  domain,^  was  highly  excited.  They 
alarmed  the  Indians  with  the  idea  that  their  lands  were  to  be  taken  from 
them  by  the  avaricious  association,  and  thus  prepared  them  to  act  vigor- 
ously with  the  French.  It  seems,  also,  that  they  gave  early  intelligence 
to  the  French  of  the  designs  and  transactions  of  the  company. 

The  new  governor  of  Canada,  the  Marquis  du  Quesne,  was  alarmed  at 
this  project,  and  wrote  to  the  governors  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania, 
asserting  the  claim  of  France  to  the  country  east  of  the  Ohio,  as  far  as  the 
Alleghanies,  forbidding  any  further  encroachment  upon  the  grounds  of 
his  iQOst  Christian  Majesty,  and  declaring  that  unless  the  intruders  were 
removed,  he  would  be  under  the  necessity  of  seizing  them,  wherever 
found. 

A  strong  fort  was  meantime  in  course  of  construction  at  Presque  Isle,, 
a  peninsula  on  the  southern  side  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the  northwest  comer  of 
Pennsylvania,  the  point  whence  the  new  route  to  Louisiana  was  to  diverge 
from  the  old.  The  threat  being  disregarded,  three  of  the  company's 
traders,  while  the  survey  was  going  on  for  a  settlement  in  I7dd,  were 
seized  by  a  party  of  French  and  Indians  and  conveyed  to  this  fort.  A 
communication  was  also  immediately  opened  and  secured  to  the  Ohio. 
Southward  from  the  fort  at  Presque  Isle,  and  within  easily  communicable 
distance,  a  temporary  fortification  was  erected  on  French  Creek,  a  branch 
of  the  Alleghany,  and  sixty  miles  further  down  the  same  branch  at  its 
junction  with  the  Alleghany,  another  station  was  formed,  at  the  Indian 
settlement  of  Venango,  the  site  of  which  is  occupied  by  the  present  town 
of  Franklin,  in  Venango  county,  Pennsylvania.  These  works  were  only 
sufficient  to  protect  the  few  men  defending  them  against  small  arms,  and 
were  designed  to  be  replaced  by  more  elective  structures.  Ihe  last- 
named  point,  not  a  hundred  miles  from  Lake  £rie,  and  about  half-way  be- 
tween the  lake  and  the  forks  of  the  Ohio,  seems  as  far  as  the  chain  was 
carried  this  year. 

The  T\¥ightwees,  one  of  the  tribes  with  whom  the  English  had  been 
trading,  in  retaliation  of  the  outrage  upon  their  allies,  and  evincing  their 
willingness  to  aid  them  in  a  contest  with  the  French,  seized  several  Jb'rench 
traders  and  sent  them  to  Pennsylvania.  As  yet  most  of  the  tribes  in  that 
neighborhood  were  adverse  to  the  French,  being  jealous  of  their  progress 
and  of  their  evident  intentions,  and  were  friendly  to  the  English. 

Threatened  with  the  ruin  of  their  whole  project,  the  Ohio  Company 
made  loud  complaints  to  Lieutenant-Governor  Dinwiddle,  of  Virginia,  who 
dispatched  Major  Washington  to  the  French  commandant  on  the  Ohio 
with  a  missive,  demanding  the  evacuation  of  the  forts  built  within  the  do- 
minions of  his  Britannic  Majesty.  Major  Washington's  journey  illustrates 
the  state  of  internal  communication  at  that  time.  He  started  from  Wil- 
liamsburg, the  capital  of  Virginia,  October  31,  1753,  reached  Will's  Creek, 
the  westernmost  settlement  of  Virginia,  in  fifteen  days,  and  the  forks  of 
the  Ohio,  fifty  miles  from  Will's  Creek,  in  nine  days  more ;  arrived  at 
Venango  December  4th,  proceeded  to  the  fort  beyond,  delivered  the  let- 
ter, started  on  his  return  on  the  15th  December,  and,  though  using  all 
expedition,  did  not  reach  Williamsburg  with  the  Frenchman's  answer  until 
January  16th,  1754. 


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288  Commerce  of  the  United  States. 

In  the  earlj  part  of  1754  the  Ohio  Company  sent  a  party  of  thirty  men 
to  construct  a  fort  at  the  Ohio  forks — the  point  where  the  Alleghany  and 
Monongahela  merging,  the  Ohio  commences — and  the  government  of  Vir- 
ginia soon  after  dispatched  Major  Washington  with  a  regiment  from  that 
colony,  aided  by  a  company  from  South  Carolina  and  another  from  New 
York,  about  400  men  in  all,  to  the  s^me  point.  The  first  party  had  just 
commenced  the  fortification,  when  a  French  force  drove  them  off,  and  com- 
pleted the  work,  a  strong  fort,  which  they  named  Du  Quesne.  The  posi- 
tion is  now  occupied  by  the  large  manufacturing  city  of  Pittsburgh.  A 
large  force  was  stationed  at  this  important  point,  and  a  detachment  of 
1,600  French  and  Indians  being  sent  out,  defeated  Washington,  and  obliged 
him  to  return  to  Virginia. 

Meanwhile  the  French,  aided  by  the  Indians,  were  encroaching  at  Nova 
Scotia,  in  hopes  of  regaining  the  whole  province.  The  engagement  to 
neutrality,  and  even  the  oaths  of  allegiance  to  England  which  some  of 
them  had  taken,  were  no  restraint  whatever.  Gov.  Shirley,  during  this 
year,  made  an  expedition  to  Maine,  explored  the  Kennebec,  made  a  treaty 
with  the  Indians  of  that  neighborhood,  and  erected  two  or  three  forts  for 
defense  of  the  country,  and  as  trading  stations. 

Perceiving  war  to  be  inevitable,  the  English  government,  through  the  * 
Secretary  of  State,  the  Earl  of  Holderness,  had  written  to  the  governors 
of  the  several  colonies,  recommending  the  formation  of  a  umoUy  and  par- 
ticular attention  to  the  point  of  securing  the  friendship  of  the  Six  Nations, 
enjoining  them  also  to  repel  force  by  force,  and  if  possible  to  dislodge 
the  French  from  their  posts  at  the  Ohio  region.  Delegates  had  already 
been  appointed  from  seven  of  the  colonies — Massachusetts,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Rhode  Island,  Connecticrut,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Maryland 
— to  meet  at  Albany,  for  the  purpose  of  conferring  with  the  Six  Nations; 
and  Gov.  Shirley  now  recommended  to  the  other  govemots  that  they  should 
discuss  the  subject  of  a  confederation. 

Having  arranged  the  affair  with  the  Indians,  the  convention  proceeded 
to  the  matter  of  the  union,  and  on  the  Fourth  of  July  adopted  the  plan  of 
a  confederacy,  the  delegates  of  Connecticut  alone  dissenting.  There  was 
to  be  a  President-General  and  a  Grand  Council,  empowered  to  make  gen- 
eral laws,  to  declare  war,  and  make  peace,  to  raise  money  for  the  defense 
of  the  colonies,  regulate  trade  with  the  Indians  and  otherwise,  lay  duties, 
&c.  If  the  plan  were  adopted,  the  cc»nvention  promised  the  defense  oT 
the  colonies  and  expulsion  of  the  French  from  their  territories,  without 
any  assistance  from  England.  For  opposite  reasons.  Parliament  and  the 
Provincial  Assemblies  both  rejected  the  scheme. 

The  ministry  in  lieu  of  this  project,  suggested  a  c^^uncil  of  the  gov- 
ernors, who  'should  be  empowered  to  draw  on  the  British  treasury  for  all 
necessary  expenses,  which  the  colonies  should  repay  through  a  general 
tax  imposed  upon  th«  m  by  Parliament.  Of  course,  the  proposition  to  con- 
cede sj  easily  the  right  of  taxing  the  colonies,  and  to  make  room  for  the 
appointment  of  a  multitude  of  greedy  officials  to  "eat  out  tlie  substance" 
of  the  people,  was  rejected  by  the  colonies. 

Early  in  1755,  France  sent  strong  reinforcements  to  Canada  and  Louis- 
burg,  and  the  English  government  dispatched  Braddock,  with  a  resj>ect- 
able  force,  to  Virginia,  and  Admiral  Boscawen,  with  a  fleet,  to  the  Gulf  of 
St  Lawrence,  to  intercept  the  French  armament,  and  to  look  out  for  mat^ 
ters  in  that  ouarter.  Ma.<^achu8ett8  alone,  while  co-operating  with  the 
rest  of  the  colonies  at  other  points,  undertook  to  oust  the  French  from 


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ComMMne  of  ike  United  Statee.  289 

Nova  Scotia,  of  which  they  were  like  to  regidn  full  possesaon — a  result 
which  would  have  been  fatal  to  the  pursuit  of  the  fisheries  in  the  Gulf  re- 
gion by  New  England.  This  was  the  first  of  four  great  ^peditions  m^de 
by  the  oolonies  during  the  year,  and  the  only  one  that  was  completely  suc^ 
cessful.  The  force,  consisting  of  8,000  men,  under  Colonels  Monckton 
and  Winslow,  sailed  from  Boston  on  the  20th  May  in  forty-one  vessels, 
landed  at  C^quecto  Bay,  at  the  head  of  Bay  Fundy,  took  forts  Beau 
Sejeur  and  Gaspereau,  on  the  neck  between  the  waters  of  Fundy  and  the 
Gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  and  also  the  forts  on  the  New  Brunswick  coast 
above,  which  were  abandoned  at  their  approach.  Thus  was  full  posses- 
sion acquired  of  the  province  according  to  the  boundaries  claimed  by 
England. 

As  it  was  considered  unsafe  to  leave  the  large  French  population  there 
daring  the  war,  the  English  governor  of  the  province,  in  concert  wiUi 
Admirals  Boscawen  and  Mostyn  and  the  conmianders  of  the  expedition, 
resolved  to  deport  them  in  a  body,  and  scatter  them  through  the  English 
colonies,  with  the  view  of  their  being  there  made  naturalized  subjects  of 
England. 

The  Abb^  Raynal  draws  a  charming  picture  of  the  colony  thus  de- 
spoiled. The  numb^^  of  the  French  Acadians  were  about  1 8,000.  On- 
fipnally,  the  engrossing  pursuits  were  hunting,  fishing,  and  the  fur  trade ; 
but  before  the  cession  to  England  in  1713,  they  had  established  a  respect- 
able agriculture.  They  cultivated  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley,  maize,  and 
potatoes,  and  raised  the  wool,  fiax,  and  hemp,  out  of  which  they  made 
their  own  clothes.  They  had  a  little  trade  with  Louisburff,  from  which 
they  obtained  a  few  European  articles  in  exchange  for  gram,  cattle,  and 
fara.  Their  exchanges  among  themselves  were  still  fewer.  They  knew 
nothing  of  paper  currency,  so  common  in  the  rest  of  North  America ; 
even  the  small  amount  of  specie  which  had  entered  was  not  in  circulation. 
They  possessed  about  60,000  head  of  cattle,  70,000  head  of  sheep,  50,000 
hogs,  and  many  horses.  They  knew  nothing  of  lawsuits,  and  we  may 
thei-efore  well  believe,  were  virtuous,  frugal,  industrious,  and  happy,  with 
manners  of  the  simplest  kind.  They  were  devotedly  loyal  to  France,  and 
ready  at  all  times  to  assist  in  the  re-establishment  of  her  dominion. 

The  lands,  houses,  cattle,  and  other  possessions  of  this  primitive  people 
were  declared  forfeited  by  the  alleged  disregard  of  their  former  engage- 
ments, and  about  7,000  of  them,  being  allowed  to  take  their  money  and 
a  small  amount  of  furniture,  were  driven  on  board  the  vessels,  and  scat- 
tered in  their  destitute  state  along  the  shores  of  the  Southern  colonies, 
where  the  inhabitants  gave  them  some  succor.  About  500  were  landed 
in  Pennsylvania,  of  whom  over  half  soon  died.  Of  the  balance  of  the 
Acadians,  some — to  avoid  the  transhipment — fled  into  the  woods  and 
joined  the  Indians ;  others  escaped  to  Louisburg,  to  St  John,  (now  Prince 
Edward's  Island,)  and  to  Canada ;  some  reached  Louisiana  and  the  French 
colony  at  Hayti. 

The  houses  left  behind  them  were  burned,  their  lands  laid  waste,  and  a 
complete  ravage  effected,  in  order  to  prevent  their  return.  Those  who 
were  exported  addressed  a  pathetic  remonstrance  to  the  British  govern^ 
ment,  which  was  unheeded ;  but  after  the  peace,  they  were  allowed  to  re- 
turn, and  lands  were  given  them  (m  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance.  But  m 
1772  there  were  only  about  2,000  French  remaining  in  Nova  Scotia. 

The  Uiree  vnsucceBsful  expeditions  of  the  year  were  Braddock's  disss- 

▼OL.  ZXXIU. — no.  TXU  19 


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290  Staiutical  VUw  of  the  Commerce  of  the  U.  States. 

trous  attempt  against  Fort  Du  Quesne^  which  followed  the  road  laid  out 
by  the  Ohio  Company  in  1763,  widening  and  improving  it  as  they  pro- 
grossed  ;  that  of  Gkn.  Johnson  against  Crown  Point,  who,  tliough  &iling, 
defeated  Dieskau ;  and  that  of  Gov.  Shirley  against  the  forts  Frontenac 
and  Niagara. 

These  results  left  the  whole  Western  frontier  exposed  to  the  ravage  of 
the  Indians,  who  carried  more  than  1,000  captives  from  Pennsylvania  and 
Virginia.  In  the  latter  colony,  they  penetrated  to  and  crossed  the  Alle- 
ghanies,  and  were  so  furious  in  their  destructive  course,  and  so  feebly  op- 
posed, that  it  was  feared  the  whole  western  population  of  the  colony  would 
be  obliged  to  retire  to  the  eastward  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 

In  the  midst  of  these  operations,  in  1755  Samuel  Hazard,  of  Philadel- 
phia, petitioned  the  king  for  leave  to  estatblish  a  colony  of  several  thousand 
people  on  the  Ohio.  Such  a  colony,  well  provided,  would  have  been  prob- 
ably the  best  defense  both  of  the  provinces  and  of  their  western  territoriea, 
but  it  does  not  seem  to  have  been  encouraged. 

The  influence  of  the  war,  thus  far,  upon  Pennsylvania,  is  seen  in  the 
reduction  of  her  exports  from  244,647/.  in  1754  and  245,644/.  in  in  1753, 
to  144,456/.  in  1766.  Yet  the  general  Commerce  of  the  colonies  had  not 
depreciated ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  there  was  a  large  increase  in  the 
imports  of  Great  Britain. 


Art.  in.— STATISTICAL  VIEW  OP  THE  COMMEECE  OP  THE  U.  STATES. 

We  propose  in  the  present  paper  to  exhibit  as  complete  a  statistical 
view  of  the  trade,  Commerce,  and  navigation  of  the  United  States  as  the 
sources  of  inforrfiation  (chiefly  official)  will  permit.  The  tabular  state- 
ments are,  in  the  main,  derived  from  the  reports  of  the  Secretary  and 
Register  of  the  Treasury,  and  although  not  entirely  correct,  yet  the  best 
and  most  reliable  extant 

Prior  to  1821,  the  Treasury  reports  did  not  give  the  value  of  imports 
into  the  United  States.  To  that  period  their  value,  and  also  the  value  of 
domestic  and  foreign  exports,  have  been  estimated  from  sources  believed 
to  be  authentic.  From  1821  to  1854,  inclusive,  th6  value  has  been  taken 
from  o£Bcial  documents. 

We  commence  with  a  tabular  statement  exhibiting  the  gross  value  of 
exports  and  imports,  from  the  beginning  of  the  government  of  the  United 
States  (1789)  to  the  30th  of  June,  1854,  as  here  subjoined.  In  this  table, 
from  1789  to  1842,  inclusive,  the  commercial  or  financial  year  of  the 
United  States  ended  on  the  30th  of  September ;  and  in  the  last-named 
year  it  was  changed  by  an  act  of  Congress,  so  that  from  1843  to  ihe  pres- 
ent time  it  ends  on  the  30th  of  June. 

OaOSB  VALUE  or  EXPORTS  AMD  IMFOatS  F&OM   1789  TO  1864,  IHGLQBIVB ; — 

Domestic  Foreign  mer- 

prodace  ebaodlM  ImporliL 

T«ar«oiidii«—                              exported.  exported.  Total.                    ToteL 

1790 $19,666,000  $689,166  $20,206,166  $28,000,000 

1791 18,600,000             612,041  19,012,041         29,200,000 

1792 19,000,000  1,768,098  20,768,098         81,500.000 

1798 24.000,000  2,109,672  26,109.672        81,100,000 

17M. 36.600,000  6,626.288  88,026,288        84,600,000 

1796. 89^00.000  8.489.472  47.989,472        69,766^8 


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StatUtieal  View  of  (he  Commerce  cf  the  XT.  Staiee. 


291 


ForalfQBier- 

produce  chandtse  Imports. 

Teart  ending—  exported.  exported.  Total.  Total. 

17«« 140,764,097  $26,800,000  leV.Oei.OOY  $81,486,164 

n»7 29.850,206  27,000,000  56,850,206  75.879,406 

1798 28.527,097  88,000,000  61,527,097  68,561,700 

1799 83.142,622  45.628,000  78,666.522  79,069.148 

1800 81.840,908  89,180,877  70,971,780  91,252.768 

1801 47.478,204  46,642,721  94,115,925  111,868.511 

1802 86,708,189  85,774,971  72.488.160  76,388,888 

1803 42,205,961  18,594,072  55,800,088  64,666,666 

1804 41,467,477  86,231,697  77,699,074  85,000,000 

1805 42.887,002  58,179,019  95,566,021  120,600,000 

1806 41.258.727  60.288,286  10U86,968  129.410,000 

1807 48,699,592  59,643.558  108,848,150  188,500,000 

1808 9,488,546  12,997.414  22,480,960  56.990.000 

1809 81,405,702  20.797.581  52.203.288  59.400,000 

1810 42.866.675  24.891.295  66,757.970  85.400,000 

1811 45,294,048  16,022.790  61.816,888  58.400.000 

1812 80,082.109  8,495.127  88.527,286  77,030,000 

1818 25.008,182  2.847,865  27.855.997  22,005,000 

1814 6.782,272  145,169  6,927.441  12,965,000 

1815 45.974,408  6,588,850  52.557,758  118.041,274 

1816 64.781.896  17,138.156  81,920.452  147,108.000 

1817 68.818,500  19,858,069  87,671,569  99.250.000 

1818 78,854,487  19.426,696  98,281.188  121,750,000 

1819 50,976,388  19,165,688  70.142,521  87,125.000 

1820^ / 51.683,640  18.008,029  69,691,669  74.450,000 

1821 48.671.894  21,302,488  64,974,882  62,585,724 

1822 49,874,079  22,286,202  72.160,281  88,241.541 

1828 47,155,408  27.548,622  74.699,080  77,579.267 

1824. 50,649,600  25,387,157  75,986,667  80.549,007 

1825 66.944,745  82,590,648  99,585,888  96,840,076 

1826 58.055,710  24,589,612  77,695,822  84,974,477 

1827 58,921,691  28,408,186  82,824,827  79.484,068 

1828 50,669.669  21,596,017  72,264.086  88,509.824 

1829 55,700,198  16.668,478  72,858,671  74,492,527 

1880 59.462.029  14,887.479  78,849,608  70,876,920 

1881 61,277,057  20,088,526  81,810,588  108,191,124 

1882 68,187,470  24.089.478  87,176,948  101,029,266 

1888 70,817.698  19.822.785  90,140,448  108,118,811 

1884 81,024,162  S3,812,811  104,886,978  126.621,882 

1885 101,189,082  20.504,496  121,693.677  149,896,742 

1886 106,91 6,680  21,746.860  128.668,040  189,980.086 

1887 95,564,414  21,864,962  117,419.876  140.989,217 

1888 96,083.821  12,452,795  108,486,616  113,717,404 

1889 108,588,891  17,494,525  121,028,416  162,092,182 

1840 118,895,684  18,190,812  182,085,946  107,141,519 

1841 106,882,722  15,469,081  121.851,808  127,946.177 

1842. 92,969,996  11,721.588  104,691,584  100,162,087 

1848 77,793,788  6,652,697  84,846,480  64,758,799 

1844 99,716,179  11,484,467  111.200,046  108,485,085 

1845 99,299.776  15,846,880  114,646,606  117,264,564 

1846 102,141.898  11,846,623  118.488,516  121,691,797 

1847 150,687,464  8,011,158  158,648,622  146,545,688 

1848. 132,904,121  21,128,010  164,082,131  154,998,928 

1849. 182,666,955  18,088,865  145,765.820  147.857,489 

1850 186,946,91 2  14,951,808  161,898,720  178,188,818 

1851 196.689,718  21,698,298  218,888,011  216,224,988 

1852 192,868,984  17,289,882  209,658,866  212,945,442 

1858 213.417,697  17,568,460  280,976,157  267,978,647 

1854.. 258,390,870  24,860,194  278,241,064  804,562,881 

$4,578,714,067  $1,821,208,881  $5,894,917,898  $6,721,482,984 


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2^ 


StatisUcai  View  i^ih$  Ommeroe  of  the  U.  SUUee. 


The  table  which  follows  will  show  at  a  glance  the  amount  of  tonnage 
belonging  to  the  ship-owners  in  the  United  States,  in  each  of  the  years 
from  1789  to  1854.  Ouj  progress  in  tonnage  is  without  a  parallel  in  the 
history  of  maritime  powers.  From  123,893  tons  in  1789,  we  have  gone 
on  increasing  this  important  auxiliary  of  trade,  till  in  1854  we  have 
reached  a  tonnage  of  nearly  five  nuUions,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  following 
table : — 

TONNAOS  or  THB  UKITKD  STATES  FROM  1789  TO  1854. 

In  this  table  the  years  end  from  1789  to  1834  on  the  31st  of  December, 
and  from  1835  to  1842  on  the  30th  of  September,  and  from  the  last-named 
year  to  1854  on  the  dOth  June : — 

•TATEMEIIT  KZHURINa  THS  AMOUNT  OF  TWE  TONNAGB  OF   THB  UNITBD  8TATB8  ANinTALLT 
FEOIC  I78f  TO  1854,  DfOLUSITB. 


Tean. 

Begistered. 

178d 

12S,898 

1790 

846,254 

1791 

868,110 

1792 

411,488 

1798 

867,784 

1794 

488,868 

1795 

829,471 

1796 

576,788 

1797 

597,777 

1798 

608,876 

1799 

662,197 

1800 

669,921 

1801 

682,907 

1802 

560,880 

1808 

697.157 

1804 

672,680 

1806 

749,841 

1806 

808,265 

1807 

848,807 

1808 

769.054 

1809 

910,059 

1810 

984,269 

1811 

768,852 

1812 

760,624 

1818 

674,868 

1814 

674,688 

1815 

854,295 

1816 

800.760 

1817 

809,725 

1818 

606.089 

1819 

612,980 

1820 

619,048 

1821 

619,896 

BoroUedan 
licensed. 
77,669 
182,128 
189,086 
153,019 
158,080 
189,755 
218.4P4 
255,166 
279,186 
294.952 
277,212 
802,671 
814.670 
881.724 
852,015 
869.874 
891.027 
400.451 
420.241 
478,542 
440,222 
440,515 
463.650 
509.878 
491,776 
484,577 
513.883 
571,459 
590,137 
619,096 
647,821 
661,119 
679,062 


TDteL 

201,562 

274,377 

602,146 

564,457 

520,764 

628,618 

747,965 

881,899 

876,918 

898,828 

989,4<»9 

972,492 

947,677 

892,104 

949.172 

1,042,404 

1.140.868 

1,208,716 

1.268,548 

1,242,596 

1,850,281 

1,424,784 

1,282,502 

1,269.997 

1,166,629 

1,159,201 

1,868,128 

1,872,219 

1,899,912 

1,226,185 

1,M0,751 

1,280,167 

1,298,958 


Yean. 

1822 

1828 

1824 

1825 

1826 

1827 

1828 

1829 

1880 

1881 

1832 

1888 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842 

1848 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

1851 

1852 

1858 

1854 


Beglatored. 

628,150 

689,921 

669,973 

700,788 

789,978 

747,170 

812.619 

660,148 

576,475 

620,468 

686,990 

750,027 

857,488 

885,821 

897,775 

810,447 

822,692 

834,245 

899.765 

945.803 

975,859 

1,009,305 

1,068.765 

1.095,172 

1,130,286 

1,241,313 

1,360,887 

1,488.942 

1,585,711 

1.726,307 

1,899,448 

2.108,674 

2,283,819 


Enrolled  aik 

iioeBseo. 

696,649 

696.645 

719.190 

722,824^ 

796,2U 

873,48a 

928.772 

610,656 

615,801 

647,395 

762.460 

856,124 

901,469 

939,119 

984.828 

1,086,287 

1.178.048 

1.262.284 

1.280.999 

1.184.941 

1.117.032 

1.149.298 

1,211,830 

1.321.880 

1.431,798 

1.597.788 

1,798.155 

1,895,074 

1,949,74^ 

2,046,182 

2,238,992 

2,303,886 

2,469,088 


TotaL 
1.824,699 
1.386,566 
1,889.168 
1,428.112 
1.584,191 
1,620,608 
1,741,892 
1,260.798 
1.191.776 
1,267,847 
1,439,450 
1,606,151 
1,758,907 
1.824.940 
1.882,108 
1,896.684 
1.996,640 
2,096,479 
2,180,764 
2.180,744 
2.092.891 
2,158.608 
2,280.095 
2,417,002 
2.562,084 
2,889.046 
8.154,042 
8,834.016 
8.586.454 
8.772.489 
4,188.440 
4.407,010 
4,802.902 


The  followin^^  table  presents  a  comparative  view  of  the  tonnage  of  the 
United  States,  (registered  and  enrolled,)  and  also  shows  the  tonnage  em- 
ployed in  the  whfUe  fishery,  and  the  proportion  of  enrolled  and  licensed 
tonnage,  in  tons  and  95th8,  employed  in  the  coasting  trade,  ood  fishery, 
mackerel  fishery,  and  whale  fishery,  each  year  from  1815  to  1854,  inclu- 


ave: 


Digitized  by 


Google 


SHiUtieal  View  of  th$  O&mmeree  of  the  U.  8kLie$. 


Registered  Enrolled 

Tears.  tooniige.  toooage. 

1815 864,294  74  618,888  04 

1816 800,769  68  671,458  85 

1817 809,724  70  690,186  66 

1818 606,088  64  619,096  61 

1819 612,980  44  647,821  17 

1820 919,047  63  661,118  66 

1821 619,896  40  679.062  80 

1822 628.160  41  696,648  71 

1828 689,920  76  696.644  87 

1824 669,972  60  729.190  87 

1826 700,787  08  722,828  69 

1826 737,978  16  796,210  68 

1827 747,170  44  873,487  84 

1828 812,619  84  928,772  62 

1829 660.142  88  610,664  88 

1830 676,666  88  616,811  10 

1831 .-. 620.451  92  647,894  82 

1882 686,989  77  762,460  89 

1888 750,026  72  856,128  22 

1884 857,488  42  901,468  67 

1885 886,620  60  989,118  49 

1886 897,774  51  984.828  14 

1887 810,447  29  1,086,288  40 

1888 822,691  86  1,178,047  89 

1889 884,244  64  1,262,284  27 

1840 899,764  76  1,280,999  85 

1841 846,808  42  1,184,940  90 

1842 975.868  74  1,117,081  90 

1848 1,009,805  10  1,149,297  92 

1844 1,068,764  91  1,211,880  11 

1845 1,096,172  44  1,321,829  67 

1846 1.181,286  49  1,481,798  82 

1S47 1,241,812  92  1,697,782  80 

1848 1,860,886  85  1.798,155  00 

1849 1,488,941  53  1,896,078  71 

1860 1,586,711  22  1,949,748  01 

1861 1,726,807  23  2,046,123  20 

1852 1,899,448  20  2,288,992  27 

1 858 2,103,674  20  2,303,886  28 

1864 2,883,819  16  2,469,083  47 

Toonaflre  em- 

ployed  io  steam  Ooastlog 

Tears.                             Davlgation.  trade. 

1816 436,066  87 

1816. 479,979  14 

1817 481.457  92 

1818 508,140  87 

1819 628,666  20 

1820 639,080  46 

1821. 669,436  67 

1822. 678,080  02 

1828 24,879  08  566,408  88    67,621  14 

1824* 21,609  78  689,228  01    68,419  00 

1826 28,061  02  687.278  07    70,626  02 

182« 84  068  76  666,420  44    68,761  42 

1827 40,197  66  732,937  65    74,048  81 

1828 89,418  26  768,922  12    74,947  74 

]8i9 64,086  81  608,858  10   101,796  78 

1880 64,471  74  516,978  18    61,564  57 

1881 84.446  66  689,728  74    60,977  81 

1S82 90,813  84  649,627  40    54,027  70 

1888 101,849  61  744,198  60    62,720  70 

1834 122,815  02  783,^18  65    64,408  70 

1 886 122,816  02  792,801  20    72,374  18 


298 

Baglstered 
tonnage  in  the 
irbale  flfbery. 


8,471  41 

16,184  77 

81,700  40 

85,891  00 

26,070  88 

46,449  42 

89,918  18 

88.166  70 

85,879  24 

41,757  38 

46,668  21 

54,621  08 

67,284  88 

88.911  82 

82.816  79 

72,868  84 

101.158  17 

108,060  14 

97.640  00 

144.680  60 

127.241  81 

119.629  89 

181,845  25 

186,926  64 

167,406  17 

161,612  74 

162,374  86 

168,298  68 

190,696  65 

189,980  16 

193,858  72 

192,179  90 

180.186  29 

146,016  71 

181,644  52 

193,797  77 

198.208  44 

181,901  02 

Proportion  of  the  enrolled  tonnage  employed  in  the 
-^       •  Cod  Mackerel         Whale 

ftsfaery.  fleherj.  flahery. 

26,610  88   1,229  92 

87,879  80   1,168  00 

68.990  26   849  92 

68.651  72   614  68 

65.044  92   686  86 

60,842  66   1,068  66 

61.861  49   1,924  40 

58,405  86   8,188  60 

586  87 
180  08 

'226*88 
828  94 
180  84 

'79287 
481  82 
877  47 
478  88 
864  16 


Total 
tonnage. 
1.868.127  78 
1.872.218  63 
1,899,921  41 
1,225.184  20 
1,260,761  61 
1,280.166  24 
1,298.968  70 
1.324.699  17 
1,386,665  68 
1,889.168  02 
1,423.110  77 
1.634.189  88 
1,620,607  78 
1,741,891  87 
1,260.797  81 
1,191,776  43 
1,267.846  29 
1,489.460  21 
1.606.149  94 
1,768,907  14 
1,824.940  14 
1,820,132  66 
1,896,686  69 
1,996,639  80 
2,096,478  81 
2,180,764  16 
2,180,744  87 
2,092,890  69 
2,168,601  93 
2,280,095  07 
2,417,002  06 
2.562,084  81 
2,839,045  77 
8,164,041  86 
8,884.015  29 
8,535,454  23 

8.772.439  48 

4.188.440  47 
4,407,010  48 
4.802,902  63 


86,978  88 
46,210  80 
47,427  72 
48,726  48 
61.082  11 
64,448  11 


Digitized  by 


Google 


294 


SioHatieal  View  of  the  Commerce  of  the  U.  States. 


Tonnage  em- 
ployed in  steam 

Tears.  navigation. 

1886 146,656  89 

1887 164,764  98 

1888 198,413  68 

1889 204.988  04 

1840 202,889  29 

1841 176,088  86 

1842 229,661  16 

1848 286,867  68 

1844 272,179  88 

1846 826,018  68 

1846, 847,898  02 

1847 404,841  69 

1848 427,891  08 

1849 '  462.894  26 

1860 626,946  90 

1861 688,607  06 

1862 648.240  69 

1868 614,097  87 

1864 676,607  12 


Proportion  of  the  enrolled  tonnage  employed*  in  the 


Coasting 
trade. 
878,028  21 
966,980  60 
1,041,106  18 
1,168,661  80 
1,176,694  46 
1.107.067  88 
1,046,768  89 
1,076,166  69 
1,109,614  44 
1.190,898  27 
1,289.870  89 
1,462,628  86 
1,620,988  16 
1,780410  84 
l,7f  6,796  42 
1,854,817  90 
2,C08,02l  48 
2,184,266  SO 
2,273.900  48 


Cod 
flshery, 
62.807  87 
80.661  89 
70,064  00 
72.268  68 
76,036  66 
66,661  84 
64,804  02 
61,224  26 
86,224  77 
69,826  66 
72,616  17 
70,177  62 
82.651  82 
42,970  19 
86.646  80 
87,476  89 
102,659  87 
109,227  40 
102,194  16 


Mackerel 
fishery. 
64,426  26 
46,810  90 
66,649  16 
86,988  89 
28,269  19 
11.821  18 
16.096  88 
11,776  70 
16.170  i6 
21.418  16 
86.468  16 
81,461  18 
48,668  78 
78,868  78 
68,111  94 
60.689.02 
72,546  18 
69,860  48 
86,041  14 


Whale 

fishery. 

1,678  26 

1.894  86 

6,229  65 

489  69 


877  81 
148  88 
821  14 
206  92 
439  68 

'482'75 


The  total  value  of  our  imports,  and  the  imports  consumed  in  the  Uni- 
ted States,  exclusive  of  specie,  and  the  value  of  foreign  and  domestic  ex- 
ports, exclusive  of  specie,  and  the  tonnage  employed,  during  each  fiscal 
year  from  1821  to  1854,  have  been  as  follows : — 


IMPOETS,  KXPOBTB,  OONBUtfPTION,  AND  TONNAGE. 


Total  imports. 

Imports  for 

Domestic 

Foreign 

Total  exports, 

Tears. 

Includiug  specie. 

coDHumptton. 

exports. 

exports. 

ncludlDg  specie 

1821 

162,685,724 

$48,696,406 

$48,671,894  $10,824,429 

$64,974,882 

1822 

88,241,641 

68,867.426 

49,874,079 

11,604.270 

72.160.281 

1828 

77,679,267 

61.308,986 

47,166,408 

21,172,436 

74,699,080 

1824 

80,549,007 

68,846,56? 

60,649.500 

18,822,606 

76,986,657 

1825 

96,840.076 

66.376,722 

66,809,786 

28,798.688 

99,685,888 

1826 

84,974,477 

67,652.677 

62.499,855 

20.440.984 

77,695,822 

1827 

79.484,068 

64.901,108 

67.878.117 

16.431.880 

82  824,827 

1828 

88.509.824 

66.976.475 

49,976.632 

14,044,608 

72,264,686 

1829 

74,492,527 

64.741,571 

65.087.807 

12,847.844 

72,868,671 

1880 

70,876,920 

49.676,009 

58.624.878 

18,145,857 

78.849,608 

1881 

108,191,124 

82,808,110 

69.218.588 

18,077.069 

81,310,688 

1832 

101,029,266 

76,827,688 

61.726,629 

19.794.074 

87.176,948 

1888 

108,118,811 

88.470,067 

69.960,856 

15.577,876 

90.140,488 

1884 

126.621,882 

86.978,147 

80,628,662 

21,636,558 

104,386,978 

1885 

149,895,742 

122,007,974 

100,469.481 

14,756,321 

121,698,577 

1886 

189,980,086 

158,811.892 

106,570,942 

17,767,762 

128,663,040 

1837 

140,989,217 

118.810.671 

94,280,896 

17,162.232 

117,419,876 

1838 

118,717,404 

86.662.698 

96,660,880 

9,417.690 

108,486,616 

1839 

162,092,182 

145,870,816 

101,626,638 

10,626,140 

121.028.416 

1840 

107.141.619 

86.260,886 

111.660,661 

12,008,871 

132,086.946 

1841 

127.946,177 

114,776.809 

108.686.286 

8.181,286 

121.851,808 

1842 

100.162,087 

87.996.818 

91.799,242 

8.078,758 

104.691,634 

1848 

64,768,799 

87.294.129 

77,686.864 

6.189.886 

84,846.480 

1844 

108,486,086 

96.890.648 

99.631.774 

6.214,068 

111,206,046 

1846 

117.264,564 

106.699.641 

98,455.880 

7.584.781 

114,646,606 

1846 

121,691,797 

110.048.859 

101.718.042 

7.866,206 

118,488.516 

1847 

146.545,638 

116.257.696 

160.674.844 

<  6.166.764 

168.648,622 

1848 

164,998,928 

140.661,902 

180,208.709 

7.986,802 

164.082,181 

1849 

147,867,489 

182,665,168 

181.710.081 

8.641.691 

146.766,820 

1850 

178,188,818 

164.082,088 

184,900.288 

9,476.498 

151,898,720 

1861 

216,224,982 

200.476.219 

178,620.188 

10.296.121 

218.888,011 

1862 

212.946.442 

196,072.696 

164.981,147 

12,087,048 

209.641.626 

1868 

267,978.647 

261.071.868 

189,869,162 

13.096,218 

280.452,260 

1664 

804,662,881 

276,987,889 

216,167,604 

21,691,923 

878,241,064 

4^70,804,696  8,687,044,006  8^72,699,164  466,806,896  4,066,879,883 


■Tonnage. 

1,298,958 

1,824,699 

1,836.566 

1,889,163 

1,428,112 

1,634.191 

1,620,608 

1,741,892 

1.260,798 

1.191,776 

1,267,847 

1,489,450 

1,606,161 

1,768,907 

1.824,940 

1.882,108 

1,896.686 

1,994.640 

2,096,880 

2,180.764 

2,180,744 

2,092.891 

2.168.608 

2,280,096 

2,417,002 

2,662,086 

2,889.046 

8,164,042 

8,884,016 

8.586.464 

8,772,489 

4,188,441 

4,407,010 

4,802,908 

75,698,401 


Digitized  by 


Google 


StatUHeal  View  of  the  Oommeree  of  the  U.  Statee.  295 

The  following  table  furnishes  an  interesting  view  of  the  progress  of  our 
import  trade  in  connection  with  the  progress  of  population  and  consump- 
tion. It  will  be  seen  that  the  consumption  of  foreign  imports  from  1821 
to  1831  varied  but  little,  from  1831  to  1835  it  gradually  increased,  until 
it  reached  in  1836  nearly  $11  per  capita.  That  was  a  year  of  extrava- 
gance and  speculation,  and  the  consumption  fell  to  about  $7  60  the  next 
year,  fluctuating  from  that  amount  to  *3  or  14  per  head  until  1851,  when 
it  again  increased  to  more  than  $8,  and  for  each  of  the  years  1853  and 
1864,  it  reached  $10  per  capita. 

STATKMElfT  IXHIBniNG  THE  VALUE  OF  FOREIGN  MBBOHAKDISE  IMPORTED,  RE-EXPORTED, 
AKD  00K8U1IED,  ANKUALLY,  FROM  1821  TO  1864,  INCLUSIVE;  AND  ALSO  THA  ESTI- 
MATED  POPULATION    AND   RATE    OF    CONSUMPTION    PER    CAPITA    DURING  THE  SAME  PB* 

riod: — 

t VALCB  OF  FORZION  MERCHANDISE. ^ 


Tears  ending— 

Imported. 

Re-exported. 

CoDMimed  and 
on  band. 

PopoIatioD. 

1821 

$62,686,724 

$21,802,488 

$41,288,286 

9,960,974 

1822 

88,241,541 

22,286,202 

60.955,889 

10,288,767 

1828 

77.679,267 

27,648,622 

60,086,645 

10.606,640 

1824 

80,649,007 

26,887,167 

66,211,850 

10,929,828 

1826 

96,840,075 

82,690,642 

68.749,482 

11,262,106 

1826 

84,974,477 

24.589,612 

60.484,865 

11,574.889 

1827 

79.484,068 

28,408,186 

66.080.982 

11,897,672 

1828 

88,609,824 

21.696.017 

66.914.807 

12,220.455 

1829 

74,492,627 

16.668.478 

57,884.049 

12,543,238 

1880 

70,876.920 

14.887,479 

66,489,441 

12,866,020 

1881 

108,191,124 

20,088.626 

88.167,598 

18,286.864 

1832 

101,029,266 

24,039,473 

76,989,798 

18,706.707 

1888 

108,118,811 

19.8?2,736 

88,296,676 

14,127,060 

1884 

126,621,882 

28.812.811 

108,208,521 

14,647.898 

1886 

149,896,742 

20.604,495 

129,891,247 

14,967,786 

1886 

189,980,085 

21.746.860 

168,238,675 

15,388,079 

1887 

140,989,217 

21,864,962 

119,184,256 

15,808,422 

1888 

118,717,404 

12,462.796 

101,264,609 

16,228.765 

1889 

162,092.182 

17.494.626 

144,697,607 

16,649,108 

1840 

107,141,619 

18.190.812 

88,961,207 

17,069.468 

1841 

127,946,177 

15,469.081 

112,477.096 

17,612,607 

1842 

100,162,087 

11.721,688 

88,440,649 

18,166.661 

1848 

64,763,799 

6,662.697 

68,201.102 

18.698,616 

1844 

108,486,086 

11.484.867 

96,950.168 

19,241,670 

1846 

117.264,664 

16.846,830 

101,907,784 

19,784,725 

1846 

121,691,797 

11,846.628 

110,845,174 

20,327,780 

1847 

146.646.6  88 

8.011,168 

188,684,480 

20,780.886 

1848 

164.998,928 

.21,128,010 

188.870,918 

21,418,890 

1849 

147,867,489 

18,088,866 

184,768.674 

21,966.946 

1860 

178.188,818 

14,961,808 

168,186,610 

28.246.801 

1851 

216,224  982 

21,698,298 

194,626,689 

24,260,000 

l8/»2 

212.946,442 

17,289.882 

195,666,060 

24,600,000 

1853 

267.978,647 

17,668.460 

260,420,187 

26,000.000 

Ib64 

804,662,881 

24,850,194 

279,712,187 

25,760.000 

Consvnip- 

Uonper 

capita. 

$4  14 

6  92 

4  71 

6  05 

5  66 

5  22 

4  71 

5  47 

4  61 

4  89 

6  25 

6  61 

6  26 

7  09 

8  64 

10  98 

7  68 

6  28 

8  68 

6  21 

6  88 

4  87 

8  11 

5  OS 

5  16 

6  42 

6  60 

6  26 

6  18 

7  02 

8  02 

8  00 

10  00 

10  00 

$4,870,804,696     $689,963,684   $8,781,211,062         

The  years  in  the  above  table  until  1843  end  on  the  30th  of  June;  the 
figures  for  that  year  are  for  nine  months.  From  the  30th  of  June,  1843, 
to  1854,  the  fiscal  years  end  on  the  last-mentioned  day  of  the  month. 

We  now  give  a  table  showing  the  value  of  merchandise,  the  product 
and  manufacture  of  foreign  countries,  and  the  produce  of  our  own  coun- 
try exported  annually  from  1821  to  1854.  In  this  table  the  years  end  as 
stated  in  the  preceding  statement 


Digitized  by 


Google 


29^ 


SiaUiiical  View  of  the  Commerce  <^  ike  U.  Statee. 


STATEKSMT  XZHIBITI1f«  THB  TALDB  OF  FOEHON  MKEOHAVDISK  AKO  DOM KnO  nOVOOB,  WSO, 
EZPOBTBD  ANNUALLY  FROM  1821  TO  1864: — 

t VALUE  OF  EXPORTS,  EXCLUSIYS  OF  8PE0IB. ^ 

*  •  rORBlON  MBRCHAMDIIB. > 

Free  of  Paying  Domertlc  Valiwor         Speeteand 

Years.      vdutj.  duty.  TotaL  produce.  exports.  boliion. 

1821  $286,698     $10,687,781    $10,824,429    $48,671,894    $64,496,828  $10,478,069 

1822  874,716  11,101.806  11,476.022  49,874,079  61.860,101  10,810.180 
1828  1,828,762  19,846,878  21,170,686  47,166,408  68,826,048  6,872.987 
1824  1,100,680  17,222,076  18,822,606  60,649.600  68,972,106  7,014,662 
1826  1,088,786  22,704,808  28,798  688  66,809,766  90.608,854  8,982,084 

1826  1,086,480       19.404,604      20,440,984      62,449,866      72.890,789      4,704,683 

1827  818,844       16.417,986       16,231,880      67,878,117       74,109,947      8,014,880 

1828  *  877,239       18,167,889       14,044,678       49,976.682       64,021,210      8,242,476 

1829  919,948       11,427,401       12,847,844      66,087,807       67,484,661      4,924,020 

1880  1,078,696       12,067,162       18.146,867       68,624,878      71,670,786      2,178,773 

1881  642,586       12,434,488       18,077,069      69.218.688      72,296,662       9,014.931 

1882  1,846,217  18,448,867  19,794,074  61,726,629  81,620,608  6,656,840 

1883  6,165.907  12,411,969  17,677,876  69,960,866  87,628,782  2,611.701 
1834  10,767,038  10,879,520  21,686,658  80,623,662  102,260,216  2,076,768 
1836     7,012,666  7,743,656  14,766,321  100,469,481  116,215,802  6,477,776 

1886  8,684^896         9,282,867       17,767,762     106,670,942     124,888,704      4.824,886 

1887  7,766,189         9,404.048       17,162,282       94.280,896     111,443,127       6,976.249 

1838  4,961,806  4,466,884  9,417,690  96,660,880  104,978,670  8,608,046 

1839  6,618,442  6,007,698  10,626,140  101,625.688  112.261.678  8.776.748 

1840  6.202,662  6,806,809  12,008,871  111,660,661  128.668,932  8,417,014 

1841  8,963,064  4,228,181  8,181,286  108,636,286  111,817,471  10,034,882 

1842  3,194,299  4,884,464  8,078,768  91,799,242  99,877,996  4,818,680 
1843*  1,682,768  3,466,672  6,139,886  77,686,864  82,826,689  1,620,791 
1844  2.251,650  8,962,608  6,214,068  99,631,774  105,746,832  6,464,214 
1846  2,413,060  6,171,731  7,584,781  98,466.830  106,040,111  8,606,496 

1846  2,342,629  6.622,677  7,866,206  101,718,042  109.688,248  8,906,268 

1847  1,812,847  4,868,907  6,166.764  150,674,844  166.741,598  1,907,024 

1848  1,410,807  6,576,499  7,986,806  180,208,709  188,190,616  16,841,616 

1849  2,015,816  6.626,276  8,641,091  181,710,081  140,861,172  6,404,648 

1860  2,099,132  7,376,861  9,475,498  184,900.288  144,376,726  7,622,994 

1861  1,744,154  8,662,967  10,296,121  178,620,188  188,916,269  29,472,762 
1852  2,688,169  9,498,884  12,087,048  164,931.147  166,968,190  42.674,186 
1868  1,894.046  11,202.167  13.096.218  189,869.162  202,966,876  27,486,875 
1864  8,260,461  18,500.686  21,761,187  258,220,074  274,981,211  41,422.428 

99,497,701     848,647,286    448,144,986  3,810,611,724  8,768,756,660  884,580,498 

In  the  following  table  we  have  a  statement  of  the  value  of  imports  into 
the  United  States,  including  specie  and  bullion,  and  distinguishing  mer- 
chandise paying  duty  and  free  of  duty : — 

VALUE  OF  IMPORTS  FROM  1821  TO  1864. 

Years.  Specie  fc  ballion.  Free  of  duty.  Paying  duty.  TotaL 

1821 $8,064,890  $2,017,428  $52,608,411  $62,686,724 

1822 8,369,846  8,928,862  76,942.888  88,241,541 

1823 6,097,896  8.950,892  88,580,979  77,679,267 

1824 8,879.836  4,183,988  67,986.234  80,649,007 

1826..    6,160,766  4,796,746  86,892,666  96,840,076 

1826 6,880,966  6,686,808  72,403,708  84,974,477 

1827 8,161,180  8,708,974  67.628,964  79,484,068 

1828 7,489,741  4,889,486  76,180,648  88,609,824 

1829 7,408,612  4,401,889  62.687,026  74,492,527 

1880 8,156,964  4,690,281  68,180,675  70,876.920 

1881 7,806,946  6.150,680  89,784,499  108,191,124 

1832 6,907,604  8,841,949  86,779,818  101,029^66 

1888 7,070,868  25,877.582  76,670,861  108,118.811 

1884 17.911.682  60,481.548  68.128,162  126.621,882 

1835 18,181,447  64,809.046  71,966.249  149,896,742 

"""  •  Nine  monUis  to  June  30, 1643. 


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m 


Yean.  Speole  &  bnlUon. 

1886 1 1 3.400,881 

1887 10.616,414 

1888 17.747.116 

1839 6,696,176 

1840 8,882,818 

1841 4,988,633 

1842 4,087,016 

1848  ♦. 22,890.669 

1844 6.880,429 

1846 4,070.242 

1846 8,777,782 

1847 24,121.289 


1848. 
1849. 
1860. 
1861. 
1862. 
1868. 
1664. 


6,860.224 
6,661,240 
4.628.792 
6,468,692 
6,605,044 
4,201,882 
0,906,162 


Free  of  duty. 

$78,666,600 
68,733,617 
48,112.889 
70.806,61^ 
48.813,391 
61.031,098 
26.640.470 

'  18,184,026 
18.936.462 
18.077,698 
20,990,007 
17,661,847 
16.366,379 
16,726,426 
18.081,690 
19.662,996 
24,187,890 
27,182,162 
26,827,660 


Pnyiikg  duty. 

197,928,664 

71,789,186 

62.867,899 

86,690,340 

49,946,816 

61,926.446 

69,634.601 

29,179,216 

83,668,164 

96.106,724 

96,924{D68 

104,778,002 

132.282.836 

125.479,774 

156.427,986 

191.118,346 

188,262,608 

286,696,118 

272.646.481 


Total. 

$189,980,036 
140.989.217 
113.717.404 

%62,092,132 
107.141,619 
127,946,177 
100,162,087 
64.763,799 
108,435,036 
117,264,664 
121,691,797 
146,646,638 
164,998,928 
147,867,489 
178,138.819 
216,224,932 
212,946,442 
267,978.64t 
306,780,268 


Total 1286.686.277     $820,868,748     $8,265,677,644     $4,872,022,669 

The  warehousing  system  of  the  United  States  went  into  operation  in 
1846-7.  The  Register  of  the  Treasury  furnishes  us  with  a  table  showing 
the  value  of  goods  remaining  in  warehouse  at  the  close  of  each  quarter 
from  September  30,  1847,  to  June  30, 1854,  as  exhibited  by  the  quarterly 
returns  of  the  collectors  of  the  customs,  under  the  provisions  of  the  act 
of  August  6,  1846,  and  also  the  amount  of  duties  payable  thereon. 


'     TALUB  OF  GOODS  IV  WAaXBOCSB,  AND  DUTIES : — 

Periods  ending—  Value. 

SeptemberSO.  1847 $3,618,768  00 


December  81, 1847 
March  81, 1848 
June  80,  1848 

September  80, 1848 
December  81, 1848 
March  81,  1849 
June  80,  1849 

September  80,  1849 
December  81, 1849. 
March  31,  1860, 
Jooe  80,  1860. 

September  80,  1860 
December  31, 1860 
March  31,1861, 
June  80,1861. 

September  80, 1861 
December  81,  1861. 
March  81,  1852 

June  80,  1862. 

September  80, 1862 
December  81, 1862. 
March  81, 1868 
June  30,1868 

September  80,  1868. 
December  81,1868 
March  81, 1864. 
Joae  80, 1864, 


4,863.691  00 
6,291,179  00 

6,272,276  00 

6,419,676  00 
7,201,246  00 

6,460,693  00 
7,880,010  00 

6.021.627  00 
6,163,161  00 
6,600,318  00 
8,247,066  00 
8,162,721  00 

7.807.628  00 
7,127,761  00 

10,047,061  00 

12,049,892  00 

11,807,498  00 

9,819,476  00 

8,728.066  00 

7,684,993  00 

7,236,800  00 

7.610,227  00 

11,998,170  00 

12,410,907  00 

16,668,612  00 

14,268,408  00 

18,814,187  00 


Daties. 
$1,264,624  65 
1,624.887  16 
1,669,067  39 
1,936,464  00 
1,649,182  86 
2,162,644  60 
1,702,689  87 
2,601,894  86 
1,927,764  72 
1,997,686  76 
2,009,166  8S 
8,077,129  80 
2,930,036  49 
2,884,419  60 
2,293.090  13 
8,172,328  08 
8,748.694  48 
8,676,980  61 
8,169,668  74 
2,866,664  76 
2,626,281  78 
2,482,760  66 
2,790,948  28 
4,626,668  87 
4,601,968  46 
6,668,427  49 
6,068,006  69 
6,160,066  26 


Total $248,161,800  00        $81^76,979  84 

Average  quarterly  value. $8,626,642  00  $2,91 8,463  64 

•  Nine  monUM  to  June  30, 1843. 


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VALUE   or   GOODS   IX  WAREHOUSE,   AND   DUTIES. 

We  now  proceed  to  give  a  tabular  statement  of  the  value  of  certain  ar- 
ticles, the  most  prominent,  imported  into  the  United  States  during  each 
of  the  yem  from  1845  to  1854,  inclusive,  (after  deducting  re-exportations,) 
and  the  amount  of  duty  which  accrued  on  each  during  same  period  re- 
spectively, as  follows : — 


184S. 

Artlclet.  Value.  Duty. 

Woolens $10,604,428  18,781,014 

Cottons ; 18,860,729  4,\)08,272 

Hempen  goods 801,661  198,642 

Iron  and  manufactures  of.  4,075,142  2,416,008 

Sugar. 4,049,708  2,666,076 

Hemp,  unmanufactured...  140,372  66,122 

Salt 888,869  678.069 

CoaL 187,962  180,221 

Total $84,003,266  114,671,418 

1847, 

Articles.  Value.  Doty. 

Woolens $10,639,478  $3,192,298 

Cottons 14,704.186  8,966,798 

Hempen  goods 626,871  121,688 

Iron  and  manufactures  of .  8,7 1 0,1 80  2,7 1 7,878 

Sugar , 9,406,268  8,160.444 

Hemp,  unmanufactured .. .  66,220  19,462 

Salt 878,87 1  228,892 

Goal 880,875  162,008 

ToUl $46,860,929  $18,668,868 

1849. 

Ariielea.  Value.  Duly. 

Woolens $1 3,608,202  $8,723,768 

Cottons 16,188,769  8,769.665 

Hempen  goods 460,835  92,067 

Iron  and  manufactures  of .  9,262,667  2,778,770 

Sugar. 7.276.780  2,182.784 

Hemp,  unmanufactured...  478,282  148,470 

Salt 1,424,629  284.906 

Coal 882.264  114,676 

Total $47,970,668  $18,089,956 

18SI. 

Articles.  Value.  Duty. 

Woolens $19,289,980  $5,881,600 

Cottons 21,486,502  6,348,695 

Hempen  goods 616,289  128,048 

Iron  and  manufacturee  of  .  10,780,812  8,284,094 

Sugar 18,478,709  4,043,618 

Hemp,  unmanufactured. . .  212,81 1  68,848 

Salt 1,0)^6,800  205,060 

Coal 478,095  148,429 

Total $67,816,898  $18,493,882 


1846. 


Value. 

Duty. 

$9,986,925 

$3,480,797 

12,867,422 

4,866,488 

696,888 

188,894 

8.660.681 

1,629.581 

4,397,239 

2,718,860 

180,221 

62,282 

748.666 

509.244 

836,691 

254,140 

$82,818,588  $18,668,796 


1848. 


Value. 

$16,061,102 

17,206.417 

606.900 

7,060,470 

8,776,228 

180,885 

1,027,666 

426,997 


Duty. 

$4,196,007 

4,166,678 

121,880 

2,118,141 

2,632,667 

54.100 

205.531 

1^8,099 


$50,844,100 

$13,622,898 

18$0. 

Value. 

Duty. 

$16,900,916 

$4,682,457 

19,681,612 

4,896,278 

490.077 

98,016 

10,864,680 

8,269,404 

6,960,716 

2,085,215 

674,788 

172,485 

1,227.518 

245,604 

861,855 

108,667 

$57,052,157 

$16,547,865 

18fi!. 

Value. 

Duty, 

$17,348,184 

$4,769,083 

18,716.741 

4,895,827 

848,777 

68,755 

18,848,569 

5,632,484 

18,977.898 

4,198,218 

164.211 

49,268 

l,102,10t 

220,420 

405,658 

121.695 

$70,901,628  $19,950,246 


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299 


18iS.  1864. 

Artleles.  Valae.  Pnty.  Value.  Duty. 

Woolens 12*7,061,984  17,459,794  $81,119,664  $8,629,180 

Cottons 26,412,248  6,699,388  82,477,106  8,158,992 

Hempen  goods. 488.604  86,721  69,824  11,681 

Iron  and  manufactures  of .  26,998,082  8,074,017  28,288,241  8,486,462 

Sugar 14,168,887  4,260,501  11,604,666  100,689 

Hemp,  unmanufactured...  826,812  98,044  885,682  ^58,195 

Salt 1,041.677  208,816  1,290,975  268,196 

Goal 488,491  ,  146,647  686.926  176,777 

Total 196,916,080    $26,928,277     $105,762,014    $29,297,882 

The  tables  which  follow  relate  to  our  domestic  exports,  including  cot- 
ton, rice,  tobacco,  breadstufis,  provisions,  &c.  Cotton,  which  "  is  king,** 
comes  first  in  order.  The  table  below  shows  the  quantity  and  value  of 
that  product  exported  annually  from  1821  to  1854,  inclusive.  We  also 
give  m  connection  the  average  price  per  pound  in  each  of  the  years  em- 
braced in  this  table : — 

BTaTKMBNT  KXHIBmNO  THE  QUAMTTTT  AMD  VALUB   OP  OOTTON  KXPORTCD  ANNUALLT  F&OM 

1821  TO  1864.  iMOLUsrvc.  and  the  ayesagb  pbigb  FEa  pound. 

At.  cost 

JPeftlsland,  Other.  ToUl.  per  lb. 

Yean.  Poandt.  Pounds.  Poundi.  Value.  cents. 

1821.. 11,844,066  118,649,889  124,898,405  $20,167,484  16.2 

1822 11.260,685  188,424,460  144,675,096  24,086,058  16.6 

1828 12,186,688  161,686,682  178,728,270  20,445,520  11.8 

1824 9,625,722  132.848,941  142,869,668  21,947,401  15.4 

1826 9,665,278  166,784.629  176,449,907  86.846,649  20.9 

1826 6,972,852  198,562,668  204,686,416  26,025,214  12.2 

1827 16,140,798  279,169.817  294,810,115  29,859,645  10 

1828 11,288,419  199,802,044  '210.690,468  22,487,229  10.7 

1829 12.888,807  262,008,879  264,887,186  26,576,811  10 

1880 8,147,165  290,811.987  298,469.102  29.674,883  9.9 

1881 8,811,762  268,668.022  276,979,784  26,289,492  9.1 

1882 8,748,378  818,451,749  822.216.122  81.724,682  9.8 

1888 11,142,987  818,585,617  824,698,604  86,191,105  11.1 

1884 8,086,987  876,601,970  884,717,907  49,448,402  12.8 

1886 7,762,786  879,686.266  887,858,992  64,961,802  16.8 

1886 7,849,697  415,721.710  428,681,807  71,284,926  16.8 

1887 6,286,971  488,964,566  444,211.587  68,240,102  14.2 

1888 7,286,840  688,616,957  696,962,297  61,666,811  10.8 

1889 •   6,107,404  408,666.808  418,624,212  61,288,982  14.6 

1840 8,779,669  785,161,892  748,941,061  68,870,307  8.6 

1841 6,287.424  628.966,676  680,204.100  64,880,341  10.2 

1842 7,264.099  677,462,918  684,717.017  47,598,464  8.1 

1848 7,616.079  784,782,027  792.297,106  49,119,806  6.2 

1844 6,099,076  667,684,879  668,638,455  64.068,601  8.1 

1845 ;.  9,389,625  868,616,871  872,906,996  61,789,648  6.92 

1846 9,888,688  688,169,622  547,658,065  42,767,841  7.81 

1847 6,298,978  620,926,986  627,219,968  68,416,848  10.84 

1848 7.724,148  806,560,288  814,274,481  61,998,294  7.61 

1849 11,969.259  1.014,688.010  1,026.602,269  66,896.967  6.4 

1860 8,286,468  627,146,141  685,881,604  71,984,616  11.8 

1861 8.299,666  918.987,488  927,287,089  112.816,817  12.11 

1862 11,788.076  1,081,492.664  1,098.280,689  87,965,782  8.06 

1868 11.166,165  1,100,406,206  1,111,670,870  109,456,404  9.86 

1864 10,486,423  977,346,683  987,888,106  98,596.220  9.47 

Total...       807,448,704    17.169,890.986    17.466.889,639  $1,742,108,898 

The  quantity  and  value  of  manufactured  articles,  produced  in  the  Uni- 
t^  States,  exported  to  foreign  countries  for  the  last  nine  years  have  been 
as  follows : — 


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300  StaHftical  View  of  the  Commerce  cf  ike  U.  SkUes. 

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802  Statistical  View  of  the  Commerce  of  the  U.  States. 

The  quantity  and  value  of  tobacco  and  rice  exported  in  each  of  the 
years  from  1821  to  1854,  with  the  average  coat  of  each  article  per  hogs- 
head and  tierce  is  given  in  the  following  table :— ;- 

QUANTITT  AKD  TALVB  OW  TOBAOOO  AND  KIOB  KXPOETBD  AMHUALLT  rmOM  1821  TO  1854,  »• 

CLUSIVB. 


— XVBA\^;U.^- 

Ar.cott 

Ar.coet 

Yeaw. 

H0gdM»d8. 

Value. 

perbbd. 

Heroes. 

Valae. 

per  troe. 

1821 

66,868 

$6,648,962 

$84  49 

88,221 

$1,494,807 

«$16  94 

1822 

83,169 

6,222.888 

74  82 

87,089 

1.663.482 

17  84 

1823 

99.009 

6,282,672 

63  45 

101,365 

1,820,986 

17  96 

1824 

77.883 

4,866,666 

62  34 

113.229 

1,882,982 

16  68 

1826 

76,984 

6,116,628 

80  48 

97,015 

1,926,245 

19  84 

1826 

64,098 

6,847.208 

83  42 

111,063 

1,917,445 

17  26 

1827 

100  026 

6,677,123 

65  75 

113,618 

2,343,908 

17  55 

1828 

96,278 

5,269,960 

54  78 

176.019 

2,620,696 

14  97 

I82d 

77,181 

4.982,974 

64  60 

182.923 

2,614,370 

18  92 

1880 

88,810 

5,686.866 

66  66 

130,697 

1,986,824 

15  20 

1881 

86,718 

4,892,388 

56  41 

116,617 

2,016,267 

17  80 

1882 

106,806 

5,999,769 

56  17 

120,827 

2,162,681 

17  89 

1888 

88,163 

6,766,968 

69  20 

144,163 

2,744,418 

19  04 

1884 

87.979 

6,696,806 

74  96 

121,886 

2,122,272 

17  41 

1886 

94,363 

8,260,677 

87  44 

119,861 

2.210,881 

19  94 

1886 

109,042 

10,058,640 

92  24 

212,983 

2,648.760 

11  97 

1887 

100,282 

5,796,647 

57  82 

106.084 

2.809,279 

21  76 

1888. 

100,693 

7,892,029 

78  48 

71,048 

1,721,819 

24  28 

1889 

78,995 

9,882,948 

124  47 

98,820 

2,460.198 

26  86 

1840 

119,484 

9,888,967 

82  72 

101,660 

1,942,076 

19  10 

1841 

147,828 

12,676,7^)3 

86  07 

101,617 

2,010.107 

19  78 

184-2 

168,710 

9.640,765 

60  11 

114,617 

1,907,887 

16  64 

1848 

94,464 

4.660,979 

49  24 

106,766 

1,626,726 

15  28 

1844 

168,042 

8,897,265 

51  60 

184,715 

2,182,468 

16  20 

1846 

147,108 

7,469,819 

50  75 

118,621 

2.160,466 

18  21 

1846 

147,998 

8,478.270 

57  28 

124,007 

2,564,991 

«0  68 

1847 

186.762 

7.242,086 

53  34 

144,427 

3,605,896 

24  97 

1848 

180,666 

7,661,122 

57  78 

100.4t>3 

2,881.824 

28  23 

1849 

101,621 

5.804,207 

57  17 

128,861 

2,669,862 

19  94 

1860 

146,729 

9,961,028 

68  28 

127,069 

2,681,667 

20  71 

1861 

96,945  • 

9,219,261 

96  09 

106,690 

2,170,927 

20  56 

1862 

187,097 

10,081,283 

73  17 

119,783 

2,470,029 

20  68 

J868 

169,868 

11,819,319 

70  81 

67  707 

1,667,668 

24  48 

1864 

126,107 

10,016,t)46 

79  42 

106,121 

2,684,127 

26  05 

8,688,479  $268,694,682 

8.968,282 

$74,810,800 

We  give  below  a  summary  view  of  the  exports  of  domestic  produce, 
classified,  from  the  United  States  during  the  years  from  1847  to  1864 — a 
period  of  eight  years : — 

XXPOBTS  OP  DOMESTIC  PRODUCE,  XTa,  rBOM  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


. PRODUCT  OF- 


Tbesen.  Tbeforeal.  Agrfcaltaro.  Tobaooo. 

1847 $8,468,033  $5,996,073  $68,460,883  $7,242,086 

1848 1,980.963  7.069.0$4  87.781,446  7,661,122 

1849 2,647.664  5,917,994  88,858,204  5,804,207 

1850 2,8:i4,8I8  7,442,508  26,547,168  8,951.023 

1861 3,294691  7,847,022  24,869,210  9,219,261 

1862 2,282,842  7,864,220  26,878.872  10,031,288 

1858 8,279,418  7,915,259  88,468,578  11,819,319 

1854 8,044,301  11,646,571  66,900,294  10,016,046 


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I^  Town  of  Quincy,Jlfa88acktisett8.  308 


-PRODUCT  OF- 


Ootton.  ManuftecturM. 

1847 158,4 1 6,848  110.851.864 

1848 61,998.294  12,774.480 

1849 66.396.967  1 1,249.877 

1850. 1 .  71.984,616  16,196.451 

1861 1 12.816,81 7  20.186.967 

1862- 87,966.782  18.862,981 

1888 100,466.404  22.599.930 

1864 98,696,220  26,179,503 


Specie  and 

Baw  prodace. 

batlfon. 

$2,102,838 

$62,620 

1,058,820 

2,700,412 

936,178 

956,874 

953.664 

2.046,679 

1.487.898 

18.060.580 

1.645,767 

87.487,887 

1,886,264 

28.648.586 

2,602,801 

38,062,670 

irt.  If.— COMHERCIIL  AND  INDUSTRIE  CITIES  OP  TAB  U.  STATES. 

jnrifBKR  XL. 
THE  TOWN  OF  QUINCY,»  IN  MASSACHUSETTS. 

TowM  histories,  more  especially  those  of  New  England,  are  becoming 
valnable  additions  to  the  papers  of  the  American  antiquarian.  Not  a  few 
of  their  records  show  in  plain  but  truthful  language  the  changes  that  have 
occurred  from  the  first  days  of  their  municipal  corporation  to  the  present. 
The  frequent  public  town  meetings  through  the  year,  the  votes  passed  at 
those  meetings,  exhibit  a  deep  interest  for  the  support  of  religion  and 
education.  The  Common  Scnool  system,  free  to  all,  and  the  crowning 
glory  of  New  England,  was  nursed  into  healthful  growth  by  the  action  of 
these  meetings.  A  desire  to  "  make  the  wildeme??8  blossom  like  the  rose," 
a  high-toned  love  of  morality,  and  profound  reverence  of  Christianity,  are 
characteristics  of  the  New  England  people,  and  have  been  from  the  days 
of  our  Pilgrim  fathers. 

But  this  is  not  all ;  these*  town  journals  of  our  revolutionary  fathers 
show  that  patriotism  had  a  seat  as  tenacious  in  their  hearts  as  life  itself. 
The  tyranny  and  oppression  of  the  mother  country  were  denounced  in  open 
town  assemblies,  by  their  resolves,  in  language  as  eloquent  and  heart- 


*  The  foUuirlog  article  was  prepared  by  Dr.  Ditoan,  for  many  years  a  resident  of  this  town.  Al- 
though not  an  ineorporated  city,  we  have  been  induced  to  adopt  it  aa  one  of  oar  series  of  papers 
relating  to  the  ^  Commercial  and  Industrial  Cities  o(  the  United  States."  It  has  not  yet  reached  in 
population  the  number  of  inhabitants  required  by  the  constitution  or  laws  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
MnantfhwsfftlB  to  entitle  It  to  the  grant  of  a  city  charter.  But  there  are  places  in  th<)  nation  of  lesa 
population,  and  far  lesa  oommerctal  and  Industrial  Importance,  dignified  with  the  sobriquet  of  dty ; 
besides,  its  flsr-famcd  STUilte,  and  Its  extensive  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes,  hare  given  It  com- 
mercial intercourse  with  almost  every  State  In  the  Union ;  and  as  the  birthplace  of  two  Presidents 
of  the  United  States,  tiie  Adamses ;  the  merchant  patriot,  John  Hancock,  the  first  President  of  the 
Continental  Gongrasa;  the  Quineys;  and  Hope,  the  great  European  banker,  who  went  ttom  it  a 
poor  boy,  and  amaeaed  In  foreign  lands  a  princely  fortune ;  and  last  and  least,  the  editor  and  pro- 
prietor of  a  Magazine,  the  Merchants',  the  first  work  of  the  kind  ever  projected  or  published,  which 
has  found  Its  way  Into  every  port  entered  by  the  sail  or  steam  Commerce  of  the  country.  Our  read- 
ers will,  wo  trust,  take  our  view  of  the  subject,  and  consider  our  reasons  for  devoting  so  much  space 
to  a  single  town  in  one  of  the  Old  Thirteen  States  as  **  good  and  sufficient,**  especially  when  we  add* 
that  we  have  curtailed  the  writer's  sketch  of  some  of  Its  fhlr  proportions  and  minute  details.  We 
■hoold  alio  add,  aa  la  well  known,  that  within  its  predncts  the  first  railway  was  laid.  Qulncy  la  a 
port  of  entry,  and  If  It  has  not  a  custom-house,  It  has  an  officer  of  customs.— fifitor  M9rehanU* 
Jittgathu, 


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904  Commercial  and  Industrial  Cities  of  the  U.  States : 

stirring  as  that  found  in  the  immortal  Declaration  of  Independence.  The 
flame  of  liberty  fiVst  burst  forth  in  the  country  towns  of  Massachusetts ; 
and  throughout  the  septennial  period  of  the  war  of  American  indepen- 
dence, they  were  ever  ready  and  williuff  at  the  first  call  of  the  constituted 
authorities,  to  contribute  troops,  supplies,  and  munitions  of  war  to  the 
utmost  of  their  capacities.  Next  in  degree  to  adoration  for  the  Deity,  the 
love  of  country  pervades  the  hearts  of  these  people.  The  New  England 
community  are  "  Unionists,"  and  it  is  a  libel  on  their  character  to  say 
otherwise. 

In  connection  with  the  history  of  Massachusetts,  and  even  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  the  town  of  Quincy  has  no  little  celebrity.  The  spot  is  now 
to  be  seen  on  the  confines  of  Uie  village  where  Hancock  was  bom ;  and  a 
mile  distant,  in  the  south  part  of  the  town,  stand  two  remarkable  houses, 
a  few  feet  distant  from  each,  the  birthplaces  and  homes,  in  their  early 
days,  of  John  Adams  and  John  Quincy  Adams.  Not  a  few  there  are 
who  visit  Quincy,  strangers  from  afar,  to  gaze  on  the  spots  where  these 
illustrious  men  first  breathed  the  air  of  heaven.  Edmund  Quincy,  the 
common  ancestor  of  that  distinguished  family,  whose  name  comes  down 
to  the  present  day  in  respect  and  honor,  came  from  England  with  Rev. 
John  Cotton,  flying  from  religious  and  civil  persecution  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.,  and  arrived  in  Boston  September,  1633.  He  received  a  grant 
of  land  at  what  is  now  called  Quincy,  in  1635,  and  for  221  years  it  has 
been  held  by  an  honored  and  often  illustrious  posterity  of  the  same  Ed- 
mund Quincy. 

William  Coddington,  afterwards  Governor  of  Rhode  Island,  was  one  of 
the  early  settlers  of  this  town..  Gov.  Shirley  was  at  one  time  a  resident; 
and  the  father  of  the  celebrated  Count  Rumford  had  his  home  here. 

K  wo  examine  the  map  of  Norfolk  county,  Massachusetts,  among  its 
twenty-three  towns  we  shall  find  Quincy  laid  down  in  such  irregular 
shape,  that  no  figure  in  geometry  can  be  likened  to  it.  The  length,  from 
the  westerly  line  to  the  easterly  rock  on  .Sqiiantum,  is  seven-and-a-half 
miles ;  its  breadth,  from  Neponset  to  Quincy  Bridge,  five  miles.  "  It  is 
bounded  westerly  and  northerly,  from  the  Blue  Hill  River  to  Neponaet 
River,  on  Milton  ;  then  by  Neponset  River,  on  Dorchester ;  then  by  Bos- 
ton Bay  and  Town  Bay  to  Quincy  Bridge ;  then  southerly  and  easterly 
on  Brain  tree  to  the  Blue  Hill  River,  which  dindes  it  from  Randdlph. 
Geologically,  the  north  part  of  the  town  bordering  on  the  ocean  is  gray- 
vjacke  ;  middle  part,  including  the  village,  argillaceous  slate ;  western  or 
hilly  part,  extensive  sienite,  or  granite  and  porphyry.  One  interesting 
feature  of  Quincy  is,  its  great  diversity  of  surface.  Squantum,  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  the  ocean,  rises  99  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea;  Baxter's 
Hill,  176  feet;  Quincy  Common  and  Penn's  Hill,  210  feet;  and  the  ever- 
lasting hills  of  granite,  400  to  600  feet. 

The  soil  of  Quincy  is  generally  of  an  excellent  quality  and  under  good 
cultivation.  There  are  large  tracts  of  salt-meadow  in  the  town,  and  many 
large  and  beautiful  farms. 

As  early  as  1622,  Mr.  Weston  and  his  company  of  Plymothians,  first 
approached  its  shores  in  their  settlement  of  Weymouth.  Three  years 
atler,  Capt.  Wolloston,  with  about  thirty  others,  c.ame  over  from  England 
and  began  a  plantation  here.  To  this  they  gave  the  name  of  Mount  WcJ* 
loston,  from  a  neighboring  hill,  in  honor  of  their  leader.  This  hill  is  a 
^art  of  the  Mount  Wolloston  Farm,  of  some  600  acres,  owned  by  the 


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The  Town  of  Quincy,  Maasaehusetts.  305 

Hon.  Charles  Francis  Adams.  Many  of  tbe  scenes  of  a  well-written  novel, 
entitled  "  Mount  Wolloston  "  and  published  a  short  time  since  in  Boston, 
lay  here.  Within  a  few  months  past,  the  place  has  been  rendered  quite 
memorable  from  the  circumstance  of  a  three  days'  encampment  of  the 
First  Division  of  Massachusetts  Volunteer  Companies  of  Militia  on  and 
near  the  Mount 

A  history  of  Quincy,  published  in  1827,  by  Rev.  George  Whitney,  now 
deceased,  makes  particular  allusion  to  the  many  scenes  at  this  noted 
place — sometimes  called  Mare  Mount,  or  Merry  Mount — in  which  Thomas 
Morton,  one  of  the  company  who  came  over  with  Mr.  Weston,  was  the 
chief  actor.  Mr.  Whitney  concludes  by  saying,  "  that  from  all  we  can 
learn  of  his  character,  he  was  a  man  of  considerable  talents,  but  artful, 
dishonest,  and  full  of  confusion  and  disorder.  He  contrived  to  make  him- 
self beloved  by  the  Indians,  but  was  despised  and  slighted  even  by  the 
meanest  servants  of  the  plantation."  Others  have  taken  a  different  view 
of  Morton's  charactef,  and  consider  he  was  far  too  enlightened,  intelligent, 
and  liberal  for  the  age  or  community  he  lived  in.  Let  us  see  what  was 
said  of  him  by  one  of  the  earliest  writers  of  New  England,  and  his  name- 
sake. Morton,  in  his  "  Memorial,"  says :  "  After  this  they  (at  the  Mount) 
fell  to  great  lic^tiousness  of  life  yi  all  profaneness ;  and  the  same  Morton 
became  lord  of  misrule,  and  maintained,  as  it  were,  a  school  of  atheism, 
and  after  that  they-  got  some  goods  into  their  hands,  Ind  got  much  by 
trading  with  the  Indians,  they  spent  it  as  vainly  in  quaffing  and  drinking, 
both  wine  and  strong  liquors  in  great  excess,  as  some  have  reported,  ten 
pounds  in  a  morning;  setting  up  a  May-pole,  drinking  and  dancing 
around  it  like  so  many  fairies,  or  furies  rather ;  yea,  and  worst  practices, 
as  if  they  had  anew  revived  and  celebrated  the  feast  of  the  Romans'  god- 
dess, Flora,  or  the  beastly  practices  of  the  mad  Bacchanalians.  The  said 
Morton,  to  show  his  poetry,  composed  sundry  rhymes  and  verses,  *  * 
*  *  *  to  the  detraction  and  scandal  of  some  persons'  names  which  he 
affixed  to  bis  idle,  or  idol  May-pole.  They  changed  also  the  name  of  their 
place,  and  instead  of  calling  it  Mount  Wolloston,  they  called  it  Merry 
Mount,  as  if  their  jollity  would  have  lasted  always.  But  this  continued 
not  long ;  for  shortly  after,  that  worthy  gentleman,  Mr.  John  Endicott, 
brought  over  a  patent,  under  the  broad  seal  of  England,  for  the  govern- 
ment of  Massachusetts,  visiting  these  parts,  caused  me  May-pole  to  be  cut 
down,  and  rebuked  them  for  their  profaneness,  and  admonished  them  to 
look  to  it,  that  they  walked  better." 

Morton  became  so  troublesome  to  the  colonists,  that  he  was  twice  ap- 
prehended and  sent  to  England,  as  too  dangerous  a  person  for  a  new 
country.  Returning  each  time  after  the  lapse  of  a  few  years,  and  "  being 
grown  old  in  wickedness,  at  last  ended  his  days  at  Fastaquse."  Soon 
after  the  funny  scenes  of  Morton  and  his  followers,  the  place  became  a 
part  of  Boston,  always  retaining  the  name  of  Mount  Wolloston.  Exten- 
sive ^anta  of  land  were  made  from  time  to  time  by  the  General  Court  to 
certam  inhabitants  of  Boston  proper,  who  came  hither  and  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  their  days.  Some  of  their  descendents  now  reside  in  Quincy 
on  these  original  grants.  .     . 

May  13,  1640,  at  a  general  court  of  elections  held  in  Boston,  "  the  pe- 
tition of  the  inhabitants  of  Mount  Wolloston  was  voted  and  granted  them, 
to  be  a  town  according  to  agreement  with  Boston,  and  the  town  is  to  be 
called  Braintree," — probably  from  a  town  by  that  name  near  Chelmsford, 

VOL.  XZXUI. — ^NO.  III.  20 


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306 


Commercial  and  Industrial  Cities  of  ike  U.  States: 


in  England,  where  Mr.  Hooker,  the  celebrated  divine  of  those  days,  origi- 
nated. But  Braintree  continued  a  part  of  Suffolk  county,  with  Boston, 
until  1790,  and  in  many  respects  their  interests  were  identified.  Ancient 
Braintree  for  many  years  was  extensive  in  territory,  embracing  the  present 
towns  of  Braintree,  Randolph,  and  Quincy.  But  February  3,  1792,  the 
north  part  or  "  precinct "  of  Braintree  was  incorporated  into  a  distinct 
town  and  called  Quincy,  in  honor  of  Col.  John  Quincy,  a  native  of  the 
place,  and  owner  of  Mt.  Wolloston,  the  first  spot  settled  by  white  men. 

John  Quincy,  says  Mr.  Whitney,  was  born  in  1689,  graduated  at  Har- 
vard University  in  l708,  and  was  one  of  the  greatest  public  characters  of 
that  period.  He  held  the  office  of  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives longer  than  any  other  person  during  the  charter  of  William  and 
Mary,  and  was  a  representative  from  Braintree  and  member  of  the  Execu- 
tive Council  of  the  province  forty  successive  years.  He  was  great-grand- 
father to  John  Quincy  Adams. 

The  growth  of  the  new  town  was  for  many  years  ^ow,  both  in  popula- 
tion and  valuation,  but  during  the  last  thirty  years  it  has  made  rapid 
strides  in  numbers  and  resources.  The  population  of  Quincy  may  be  set 
down  as  follows : — 

1791        1800.        1810.        18M.        1810.        1840.       18S0.        1861. 

800  1,081  1,281  1,688  8,049  8,809  6,017  6,000 

THX  TiLLUAnON  OF  FROPI&TT  IN  THE  TBAS8,  A8  70LL0W8  :— 

1810.  1840.  18$0. 

$628,891  26  $912,106  00  $2,200,000  00 

While  the  whole  number  of  dwelling-houses  in  1827  did  not  exceed  240, 
the  dwelling-houses  are  now  over  800  in  number. 

A  section  of  about  five  miles  of  the  Old  Colony  Railroad  passes  through 
Quincy,  having  two  depots.  Under  the  present  arrangement,  nineteen 
trains  stop  daily  at  convenient  hours  on  their  way  to  or  from  Boston.  That 
a  clear  idea  may  be  had  of  the  connection  of  Quincy,  by  means  of  this  rail- 
road, with  the  different  places  on  their  several  routes,  the  following  tabu- 
lar statement  is  presented : — 


Stations. 
Oreeceot  Avenue, 
Savio  Hill, 
HarrieoD  Square, 
NepoDset, 
Granite  Bridge, 
Hilton  Lower  Bfills,  ' 

Quincy 

Milton  Upper  Milk 

Braintree 

South  Braintree  . . . 
South  We^^moQth. . 
North  AbiDgtoQ  • . . 

Abington 

South  Abington  .  • . 
East  Bridge  water. , 

Bfidgewater 

North  Hanson 

Hanson 

Hali&z 

Plymton 

Kingston 

Plymouth 


OLD  OOLONT  RAILaOAD. 


.In  Dordieeter. 


Branch. 


Miles  from  Boston.     Fares. 

2 

$0  10 

8 

0  10 

4 

0  12 

5 

0  15 

ei 

0  18 

H 

0  20 

8 

0  26 

H 

0  26 

m 

0  SO 

lU 

0  86 

16 

0  46 

18 

0  64 

IH 

0  68 

21 

0  62 

26 

0  66 

27i 

0  10 

28 

0  70 

26 

0  76 

28 

0  86 

80 

0  90 

88 

1  00 

87* 

1  12} 

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The  Tovm  of  Quincy^  McusaehttsetU.  SOT 

BOOTH  8H0BS  RAIL«0A1>. 

Stations.  MilM  from  Boiton.      Fares. 

East  Braiotree : U^  $0  34 

Weymouth. 7 12^  0  86 

North  Weymouth 18^  .    0  40 

East  Weymouth 16  0  48 

Hingham Hi  0  45 

Nantasket 19^  0  60 

Cohasset 22  0  60 

The  passenger  tfaina  are  usually  twenty-five  minutes  from  Boston  to 
Quincy.  Travelers  can  now  go  as  far  as  Yarmouth,  by  the  connecting 
lines  of  Old  Colony,  Fall  River,  and  Cape  Cod  Railroads.  It  may  be  as 
well  to  add  that  the  receipts  of  the  Old  Colony  Railroad  at  Quincy,  from 
passengers  and  freight,  for  the  year  ending  November  30,  1863,  were  as 
follows: — Passengers,  $23,868  62;  freight,  *  1,6 19  93;  total,  $25,388  45. 
The  Old  Colony  Railroad  was  incorporated  March  16,  1844,  and  has  a 
capital  of  $2,100,000.  A  double  track  extends  to  South  Braintree,  11^ 
miles.  During  the  past  year  all  the  trains  ran  212,895,  at  an  average  of 
19  miles  the  hour ;  number  of  passengers,  698,166  ;  receipts,  $374,879  64 ; 
expenses,  $262,063  37,  on  the  7th  September,  1864.  By  a  large  vote  of 
the  stockholders,  the  Old  Colony  and  Fall  River  Railroads  were  united 
into  one  corporation,  with  a  capital  of  about  $3,000,000. 

The  territory  of  Quincy  is  at  present  divided  into  six  school  districts. 
By  carrying  the  reader  with  us,  we  propose  giving  a  bird's-eye  view  of 
what  may  be  generally  interesting  in  each  of  these  localities.  And  first 
of  the  North  District  Situated  on  the  confines  of  Dorchester  and  Milton, 
this  was  doubtless  the  farm  or  northern  portion  of  Mount  Wolloston,  given 
by  the  "Great  and  General  Court,"  February  13,  1636,  to  the  dearly  be-' 
loved  first  minister  of  Boston,  the  Rev.  John  Wilson.  He  never  resided 
here,  but  it  is  said  his  son,  John  Wilson,  settled  here,  and  erected  the  ven- 
erable bouse  now  standing  near  the  lower  brook  that  crosses  Neponset 
Turnpike.  Mr.  Wilson  bad  two  daughters,  one  of  whom  married  Edmund 
Quincy,  the  other  a  Rawson.  The  sons-in-law  equally  divided  the  exten- 
Mve  farm — Mr.  Quincy  taking  the  southern  section,  Mr.  Rawson  the  north- 
em  half.  Their  descendants  are  still  in  possession  of  a  part  of  these  farms. 
Though  nearest  to  Boston,  this  district  is  strictly  speaking  the  agricultural 
portion  of  Quincy.  The  farm  of  Hon.  Josiah  Quincy,  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  well  cultivated  in  the  State,  is  here.  His  son,  Hon.  Josiah 
Quincy^  Jr.,  has  a  summer  residence  near  the  ancestral  mansion,  lately 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $25,000.  The  country-seat  of  Samuel  A.  Appleton, 
Esq.,  son-in-law  of  Daniel  Webster,  is  also  here,  with  many  other  beauti- 
ful residences. 

Quarries  of  slate  have  been  worked  in  this  district  for  nearly  two  cen- 
turies past.  About  $3,000  of  hornblende  slate  are  annually  quarried  here 
and  sent  to  Boston.  Squantum,  a  well-known  peninsula  lying  on  Boston 
Harbor,  aboujb  three-and-a-half  miles  from  the  city,  forms  the  northern  ex- 
tremity of  Quincy.  A  portion  of  Squantum  is  very  rocky,  but  the  land  is 
unsurpassed  in  fertility.  In  the  summer  months  this  has  long  been  a  cele- 
brated resort  for  fishing  and  sea-bathing.  Squantum,  still  retaining  its 
Indian  name,  was  the  residence,  in  aboriginal  days,  of  the  famous  sachem 
Chickataubut.  A  portion  of  this  place  is  also  the  Mas-we-tuset,  "  a  few 
miles  south  of  Boston,"  generally  admitted  to  have  originated  the  name  of 
the  State.    The  North  District  nas  some  fifty  houses,  and  about  600  in- 


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308  Commereial  and  Industrial  Cities  af  the  U,  States : 

habitants.    The  only  public  building  is  a  neat  school-house,  erected  in 
1851. 

Ward's  Piggery  (so  called)  is  located  in  the  northern-borders  of  this 
district,  and  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  of  the  kiad  in  the  United  States. 
Fed  by  the  oflfal  of  the  city  of  Boston,  here  are  constantly  to  be  found 
twenty-five  hundred  to  three  thousand  of  the  swine  tribe,  a  ready  sacrifice 
to  the  call  of  the  provision  market.  No  small  portion  of  these  swine  come 
from  the  Western  States.  By  reason  of  the  offensive  odor,  and  fear  of 
unheal thiness,  a  strong  prejudice  exists  against  this  establishment  with  a 
portion  of  the  community  in  its  vicinity. 

The  East  District  is  a  romantic  section  of  the  town,  nearly  surrounded 
by  the  ocean.  Not  large  in  territory,  but  wonderfully  varied  in  surface 
and  form,  to  say  nothing  of  the  indentations  of  its  shores,  that  meet  the 
wanderer's  eye  on  every  side.  On  the  east  are  the  ocean's  waves,  grand 
and  beautiful  at  all  times  to  behold ;  on  the  other  sides,  landscape  scenery 
worthy  the  sketch  of  any  artist.  Neither  is  it  devoid  of  historical  im- 
portance. A  well-written  history  of  Quincy  would  portray  many  events 
of  deep  interest  that  occurred  in  the  early  days  of  Massachusetts.  Most 
of  the  Mount  Wolloston  Farm  lies  in  this  quiet  portion  of  the  town.  The 
extreme  easterly  section  of  this  maritime  district,  called  for  many  years 
past  Hough's  Neck,  for  an  old  settler  by  that  name  is  nearly  environed  by 
the  sea,  is  an  isolated  spot,  but  fertile  land.  Some  four  or  five  families  re- 
side here,  whose  pursuits  are  agricultural.  Germantown  lies  westerly  of 
Hough's  Neck,  and  in  connection  with  it  forms  a  peninsula,  which  is 
joined  to  the  main  land  by  the  Mount  Wolloston  Farm.  It  derived  its 
name  from  emigrants,  who  came  from  diflferent  parts  of  Germany  about 
one  hundred  years  since.  Prior  to  1763,  it  was  called  Shed's  Neck.  We 
are  told  that  a  certain  number  of  enterprising  gentlemen  from  Boston  ob- 
tained from  the  General  Court  a  grant  to  establish  a  lottery,  in  order  to 
build  a  glass-house.  The  company  sent  to  Germany  for  artisans,  who 
were  glass  manufacturers,  and  the  place  ^*  soon  became  a  village."  The 
attempt  to  manufacture  glass  here  was  a  failure  to  all  concerned,  ftnd  a 
severe  disappointment  to  the  poor  foreigners. 

Mr.  Whitney,  in  his  history,  of  Quincy,  says : — "  When  the  GermaM 
landed,  (about  one  hundred  years  since,)  Greneral  Palmer  and  old  Mr. 
Quincy  roasted  an  ox,  and  such  a  merry  time  never  was  heard  of  before 
or  since."  It  has  been  said  that  the  first  vessel  which  ever  wintered  in 
Massachusetts  did  so  in  Town  River,  near  Germantown,  probably  in  1 621-2. 
Here,  in  1789,  the  famou<t  ship  **  Massachusetts,"  whose  keel  was  1 16  feet 
long,  was  launched.  "  She  attracted  great  attention  at  the  time,  and  drew 
to  her  launching  people  from  all  parts  of  the  State.  Sh^  was  built  for 
the  Canton  trade,  where  she  went,  and  was  afterwards  sold."  For  many 
years  past  vessels  have  been  fitted  out  at  this  place  for  the  mackerel,  cod, 
and  whale  fisheries,  and  as  far  back  as  1845,  the  hands  employed  were 
twenty-two,  and  the  amount  of  business  each  season  was  not  far  from 
$10,000. 

By  the  liberality  of  the  late  Captain  Josiah  Bacon,  of  Chelsea,  ns  ex- 
pressed in  his  will,  and  since  materially  aided  by  the  exertions  of  B.  B. 
Forbes,  Esq.,  of  Milton,  well  and  honorably  known  to  the  commercial 
world,  an  asylum  or  retreat  for  invalid  seamen  is  about  to  be  established 
at  Germantown.  A  good  farm  with  suitable  buildings  has  been  lately  se- 
cured, the  location  of  which  is  admirably  adapted  for  this  philanthropic 
purpose. 


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The  Tovm  of  Quincy,  Massachusetts.  S09 

Quincy  Point  District  lies  on  the  south-easterly  portion  of  Quincy,  sep- 
arated from  Weymouth  by  Fore  River,  and  may  be  considered  the  most 
beautiful  part  of  the  town.  It  was  settled  by  enterprising  men,  mostly 
by  such  as  have  led  a  sea-faring  life.  Mr.  Whitney,  in  1827,  says  the 
Point  has  already  become  a  place  of  considerable  business,  and,  for  the 
regularity  of  buildings  and  tastes  displayed  around  them,  is  certainly  not 
equaled  by  any  other  part  of  the  town. 

If  Quincy  Point  was  attractive  in  182*7,  it  is  now  much  more  so.  The 
population  has  increased  three-fold ;  the  number  of  houses  has  more  than 
doubled,  and  many  new  streets  have  sprung  into  existence.  For  navigable 
purposes  it  is  unsurpassed,  having  the  best  wharves  in  Norfolk  County. 
The  shores  are  so  bold  that  a  seventy-four-gun  ship  might  fearlessly  gam- 
bol in  its  waters,  and  slumber  in  safety  at  the  wharves.  The  main  avenue 
fix)m  the  stone  Temple  to  Quincy  Point  Bridge  is  about  two  miles  in  length, 
and  is  called  Washington-street;  of  good  width,  and  lined  on  both  sides 
with  neat  and  often  elegant  residences.  A  more  lovely  ride  cannot  be 
found  than  over  this  avenue  to  Weymouth  and  Hingham. 

Ship-building  is  now  in  successful  operation  hefe,  and  at  the  present 
moment  one  of  1,800  tons  is  in  good  progress,  and  will  soon  be  launched. 
About  sixty  hands  are  now  employed  in  ship-building.  Quincy  Point  is 
the  principal  navigable  depot  of  the  town.  In  1849,  seventeen  vessels 
discharged  at  Quincy  under  register,  nearly  all  of  which  were  from  Nova 
Scotia.  The  coastwise  trade  from  Maine  is  very  large.  Great  quantities 
of  lumber,  coal,  &c.,  find  a  ready  market  at  the  Quincy  wharves.  It  is 
estimated  that  two  million  feet  of  lumber  and  three  thousand  tons  of  an- 
thracite coal  are  annually  imported  into  Quincy.  The  amount  of  naviga- 
tion owned  here  at  present  is  small  in  tonnage,  consisting  mostly  of  light- 
ers for  the  transportation  of  stone  to  Boston  and  elsewhere.  These  vessels 
are  strongly  built,  of  about  100  tons  burden,  in  which  forty  to  fifty  men 
are  constantly  employed.  Granite  is  daily  carted  from  the  neighboring 
ledges  to  the  wharves  here,  and  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the  United  States. 

We  come  now  to  the  Central  District  of  Quincy.  The  district,  as  now 
bounded,  is  not  large  in  territory — perhaps  not  a  mile  square,  yet  compact 
as  any  country  village  should  be,  to  enjoy  rural  beauty  and  comfort.  About 
one-quarter  of  the  inhabitants  of  Quincy  may  be  found  residing  within  its 
borders.  The  main  village  is  here,  with  pleasant  streets  radiating  from  its 
center  fn  every  direction.  The  principal  thoroughfares  are  Adams,  Han- 
cock, Washington,  and  Granite  streets.  These  are  long  and  well  settled, 
and  from  them  ramify  very  many  smaller  streets,  in  each  of  which  will  be 
found  comfortable  and  often  costly  buildings,  besides  places  of  trade  and 
mechanical  pursuits  of  various  kinds.  In  the  center  of  the  village  on 
Hancock-street  are  to  be  found  the  banks  as  follows :— Quincy  Stone  Bank, 
with  a  capital  of  $100,000,  incorporated  March  31, 1886,  Josiah  Brigham, 
Esq.,  President ;  Mount  Wolloston  Bank,  which  received  its  charter  April 
28,  1853,  capital  $100,000,  lion.  Charles  Francis  Adams,  President;  the 
Quincy  Savings  Bank,  incorporated  March  18,  1845,  and  has  been  very 
successful  It  pays  interest  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent  yearly.  The  dividends 
are  made  in  January  and  July,  and  if  not  called  for  under  three  months, 
are  added  to  the  principal  and  placed  on  interest.  After  appropriating 
the  amount  of  the  semi-annual  dividends,  the  surplus  income  is  divided 
every  fifth  year,  and  placed  in  the  same  manner  to  the  accounts  which 
have  existed  for  one  or  more  years  in  equitable  proportion.    The  Quincy 


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310  Commercial  and  Industrial  Cities  of  the  U.  States: 

Loan  Fund  Association,  whose  oflBce  is  in  the  Mount  Wollofeton  Bank,  has 
been  recently  established,  and  is  in  a  prosperous  condition. 

The  Quincy  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company,  incorporated  March  22, 
1861,  has  met  with  unprecedented  success.  It  has  now  insured  over  four- 
and-a-half  million  dollars  of  property,  with  an  accumulated  capital  of 
nearly  $160,000,  and  fast  increasing.  This  office  stands  high  in  public 
confidence.  The  Town  House  is  here,  erected  of  granite  in  1844  at  a  cost 
of  <^20,000,  and  for  architectural  beauty  is  one  of  the  finest  buildings  of 
the  kind  in  Massachusetts.  Its  dimensions  are  about  80  by  50  feet.  The 
basement  is  leased  for  places  of  business  and  trade.  The  second  story 
contains  the  main  hall,  selectmen's  room,  and  a  libraiy  of  3,000  volumes, 
presented  to  the  town  by  John  Adams.  The  other  public  buildings  in  this 
district,  besides  the  large  school-house  on  Coddington-street,  are  the  Uni- 
versalist  meeting-house,  built  in  1833,  and  is  a  good  edifice;  a  Metbodist 
chapel  on  Sea-street,  and  the  Unitarian  church  on  "  Adams's  Temple,"  op- 
posite the  Town  Hall.  This  costly  edifice  was  erected  of  granite  in  1828, 
at  an  expense  of  $34,838.  The  stone  was  taken  from  the  granite  quarries 
given  to  the  town  of  Quincy  for  that  purpose  by  ex-President  John  Adams, 
It  contains  on  the  lower  floor  one  hundred  and  thirty-four  pews,  and  is  in- 
teriorly richly  furnished. 

A  prominent  object  of  interest  to  the  stranger  on  visiting  this  church 
is  a  marble  monument  with  a  suitable  inscription,  on  the  side  of  the  pul- 
pit, erected  by  John  Quincy  Adams  in  memory  of  his  honored  father  and 
moUier.  Under  the  church,  in  stone  vaults,  are  the  remains  of  John 
Adams  and  his  wife,  each  in  sarcophagus.  More  recently  John  Quincy 
Adams  and  his  wife  have  been  placed  there  in  the  same  manner  by  their 
son.  The  four  now  repose  under  the  portals  of  the  church  in-  granite 
coffins. 

About  one-quarter  of  a  mile  east  from  the  Town  Hall  may  be  found  the 
basin  of  Quincy  Canal.  This  company  was  incorporated  in  1826,  Febru- 
ary 26,  and  after  many  delays  and  misgivings  succeeded  in  constructing  a 
canal,  about  140  rods  in  length,  to  Town  Bay,  at  a  cost  of  ^10,000.  The 
wharves  at  its  head  are  capacious  and  convenient  landing  places.  The 
canal,  according  to  the  charter,  is  nine  feet  at  least  in  depth,  fifty  feet  wide, 
and  provided  with  suitable  locks  and  gates  at  its  outlet  The  canal  is  a 
source  of  much  commercial  benefit  to  the  business  community  of  Quincy. 

At  or  near  the  junction  of  Adams  and  Hancock  streets,  on  the  nortljem 
borders  of  the  town,  may  be  seen  on  Hancock  Lot  the  remains  of  an  old 
cellar,  now  almost  obliterated,  over  which  stood  the  house  that  John  Han- 
cock, President  of  the  Second  Congress  and  Governor  of  Massachusetts, 
was  born  in.  This  ancient  house  was  the  residence  of  his  fatlier,  Rev. 
John  Hancock,  minister  of  the  town,  and  after  his  decease  became  the 
property  and  residence  of  his  son,  the  Governor.  Col.  Josiah  Quincy, 
grandfather  of  the  present  Josiah  Quincy,  Sen.,  lived  also  in  this  house. 
About  two  furlongs  north  of  the  Hancock  Lot  is  another  interesting  local- 
ity— the  home  of  John  Adams  and  John  Quincy  Adams,  and  now  the  pa- 
ternal homestead  of  Hon.  Charles  F.  Adams.  The  house  and  out-buildings 
are  ancient  and  plain  to  the  eye  of  the  passing  traveler,  but  no  want  of 
taste  is  manifested  in  the  beautiful  flower-garden  that  partly  surrounds  the 
premises.  The  extensive  lands  belonging  to  this  estate  are  in  high  culti- 
vation. It  is  on  this  farm  that  Mr.  Adams,  the  only  surviving  diild  of 
John  Quincy  Adams,  in  healthful  vigor  at  the  age  of  47,  resides.    Mr. 


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The  Town  of  Quinct/,  Massachusetts,  811 

Adams,  while  a  resident  of  Boston,  was  repeatedly  chosen  to  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature,  and  soon 
became  prominent  and  useful  as  a  legislator.  In  1848,  he  was  the  candi- 
date of  his  party  for  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  and  in  1852,  he 
was  the  opposing  candidate  for  Congress  to  Mr.  Edmund,  receiving  a  large 
vote.  Since  Mr.  Adams's  removal  to^uincy  he  has  been  three  times 
unanimously  elected  at  the  annual  meeting  one  of  the  General  School 
Committee,  and  as  Chairman  of  the  Board  has  very  ably  and  faithfully 
filled  that  office.  There  are  at  least  seventeen  public  schools  in  Quincy, 
and  it  is  no  small  task  to  visit  these,  as  the  laws  of  the  State  require,  by 
some  one  of  the  committee  monthly,  and  by  all  the  board  quarterly.  In 
his  examination  of,  and  address  to,  the  scholars,  he  is  peculiarly  happy, 
and  he  has  richly  won  for  himself  the  respect  of  the  teachers  and  pupils. 
He,  in  truth,  may  be  called  a  friend  to  public  schools.  For  uprightness  of 
character  and  intellectual  cultivation,  he  treads  well  in  the  footsteps  of  his 
illustrious  ancestors. 

The  Quincy  Patriot,  a  neutral  paper  in  politics,  has  been  established  in 
this  town  since  January,  1836.  During  a  large  portion  of  this  period  it 
has  been  under  the  editorial  management  of  Mr.  John  A.  Green,  its  found- 
er. The  Patriot,  like  most  village  newspapers,  has  a  limited  patronage, 
but  is  a  welcome  hebdomadal  to  its  readers.  Mr.  Green  is  the  present 
popular  and  efficient  postmaster  of  Quincy. 

Proceeding  in  order  of  the  districts,  we  now  approach  the  southern  and 
most  populous  section  of  the  town,  known  as  the  South  District.  Small 
in  territory,  it  has  a  population  nearly  as  large  as  the  center  district,  judg- 
ing from  the  annual  returns  of  school  census ;  the  number  of  children 
being  as  large  as  in  the  center.  This  is  a  flourishing  portion  of  Quincy, 
and  embraces  no  small  part  of  the  actual  business  men  of  the  town.  The 
community  as  a  whole  are  industrious,  intelligent,  and  enterprising ;  a  re- 
mark which  will  apply  to  the  citizens  of  all  the  districts.  Connected  with 
the  central  portion  of  the  town,  the  main  village  of  Quincy  may  be  said 
to  extend  to  Braintree.  The  principal  avenues  are  Franklin,  School,  Gran- 
ite, and  Elm  streets — all  thickly  settled.  Besides  these  spacious  thor- 
ouglifares,  we  have  in  this  manufacturing  district  High,  Liberty,  Pearl, 
Gay  streets,  <fe:c.,  well  lined  with  neat  dwellings  or  places  of  business. 
Penn's  Hill,  210  feet  high,  lies  partly  in  this  part  of  the  town  and  partly 
in  Braintree.  A  view  of  the  surrounding  country  from  the  summit  is  very 
fine  and  extensive,  embracing  a  wide  area  of  many  miles  extent  on  every 
side.  Nearly  all  branches  of  business  usually  found  in  country  villages 
are  in  full  operation  in  this  district.  But  the  principal  articles  of  manu- 
facture are  boots  and  shoes.  This  industrial  branch  has  long  since  given 
the  town  much  notoriety.  There  were  manufactured  in  Quincy,  as  far 
back  as  1845,  41,876  pairs  of  boots;  15,605  pairs  of  shoes;  the  whole 
value  of  which  was  1133,273 ;  persons  employed,  301. 

In  1887,  according  to  the  returns  of  the  Selectmen  made  to  the  Legis- 
lature, 27,437  pairs  of  boots  and  18,602  pairs  of  shoes  were  manufactured 
here  in  1836,  valued  at  '$111,881,  and  giving  employment  to  221  persons. 
The  past  year,  ending  April,  1854,  has  been  one  of  great  activity,  and  we 
hope  gain  to  the  shoe  and  leather  dealers  of  Quincy.  One  thousand  liands 
of  both  sexes  have  been  constantly  employed,  and  the  value  of  these  man- 
ufactured articles  has  reached  at  legist  a  half-million  dollars.  Messrs.  Adam 
and  Samuel  Curtis,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  respected  firms  in  Norfolk 


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313  Commercial  find  Industrial  Cities  of  the  U,  States: 

County,  residing  in  the  South  District,  employed  nearly  300  hands  the 
past  year,  mostly  in  the  manufacture  of  boots. 

Within  the  borders  of  this  district  may  be  found  three  large  and  well- 
built  places  of  public  worship,  viz. :  an  Episcopalian,  Congregatiohalist, 
and  Catholic  church.  Besides  a  large  public  school-house,  built  of  stone, 
the  High  School,  erected  in  1861  at  a  cost  to  the  town  of  $7,000,  is  here. 
On  Franklin-street,  at  the  foot  of  Penn's  Hill,  are  the  two  venerable  houses 
in  which  John  Adams,  in  1735,  and  John  Quincy  Adams,  in  1767,  were 
bom.  They  stand  a  few  feet  from  each  other,  the  easterly  being  the  house 
of  John  Quincy  Adamses  birth.  Both  two-story,  and  built  after  the  fash- 
ion of  a  century-and-a-half  since,  heavy-timbered,  with  large  open  fire- 
places, low  studded,  and  plain  finish.  The  exterior  of  both  is  remarkably 
unostentatious.  Connected  with  these  antique  buildings  is  a  large  farm, 
the  property  of  Charles  Francis  Adams. 

In  the  summer  of  1822,  four  years  before  the  decease  of  ex-President 
John  Adams,  the  man  of  whom  Jefl'erson  said  he  was  second  to  Washington 
only,  indeed,  for  our  glorious  independence,  in  consideration  of  his  afi*ection 
for  the  place  of  his  nativity,  gave  to  the  town  of  Quincy  eight  different  par- 
cels of  land,  containing  nearly  two  hundred  acres,  the  income  of  which 
was  to  accumulate  until  a  fund  would  be  realized  sufiScient  to  build  a 
stone  church,  and  after  that,  the  erection  on  the  Hancock  Lot,  over  the 
cellar  of  the  house  in  which  Gov.  Hancock  was  bom,  a  public  classical 
school  to  be  built  of  stone,  "  that  all  the  future  rents,  profits,  and  emolu- 
ments arising  from  said  land  be  applied  to  the  support  of  a  school  for  the 
teaching  of  th^  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  <fec." 

The  "  Temple  "  was  built,  as  we  have  already  shown,  by  large  contribu- 
tions from  the  Keligious  Society,  in  1828.  The  stone  academy  is  not  yet 
built.  The  fund  now  accumulated  from  the  Adams^  fund  is  between  seven 
and  eight  thousand  dollars. 

Pursuing  the  order  that  we  have  adopted,  we  shall  bring  this  sketch  to 
a  close,  by  giving  the  reader  some  account  of  the  West  District  of  Quincy. 
This  is  the  mountainous  part  of  the  town,  embracing  an  area  of  one-third 
of  its  territory.  Until  recently,  being  in  good  part  forests,  it  was  appro- 
priately styled  the  "  Woods'  District"  But  two  public  ways  crossed  its 
borders,  and  these  were  indeed  crooked,  narrow,  and  "  hard  to  travel." 
As  the  granite  business  began  to  develop  itself,  a  change  came  over  this 
wild  and  romantic  portion  of  Quincy.  Inexhaustible  mines  were  found, 
not  of  gold  or  silver,  but,  for  the  real  happiness  of  a  people,  a  better  ma- 
terial. The  basis  of  no  small  portion  of  this  flourishing  part  of  Quincy  is 
sienite^  or  the  finest  granite  in  the  world.  Its  proud  hills  are  everlasting 
monuments  of  the  abundant  presence  of  this  primary  rock.  It  penetrates^ 
according  to  geologists,  to  a  depth  of  three-score  miles,  and  its  visible 
range  is  coextensive  with  the  lofty  hills,  from  three  to  six  hundred  feet  in 
height,  that  pass  from  Quincy  village  to  Milton.  Within  ten  years  many 
of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  Union  have  been  reared  of  Quincy  granite, 
and  in  nearly  all  the  Atlantic  cities  we  behold,  in  costly  edifices,  speci- 
mens of  this  imperishable  material. 

The  quarrying  of  granite  has  changed  this  district  from  a  comparative 
wilderness  to  the  most  active  scenes  of  hard  and  honorable  toil.  A  brief 
period  since,  and  a  stroll  through  this  sylvan,  and  then  remote  part  of  the 
town,  was  in  the  highest  degree  pleasing  to  the  lover  of  nature.  Its  wild 
scenery — its  rugged  hills — ^its  forests  and  meandering  rivulet — were  aa 


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The  Town  cf  Quincy,  Massachusetts.  813 

God  bad  made  them  in  the  primeval  days  of  creation.  But  the  magic 
hand  of  industry  has,  within  a  few  annual  suns,  transformed  this  once  soli- 
tary but  picturesque  region  to  the  habitations  or  business  places  of  at 
least  a  thousand  human  souls.  Dwelling-houses  everywhere  repose  on  its 
hill-sides  and  valleys,  and  the  church  and  school-house  are  in  their  midst 
Scattered  over  this  west  portion  of  the  town  are  to  be  found  the  principal 

?[Qarries  or  ledges  of  granite,  which  have  given  to  Quincy  such  celebrity, 
t  is  preferred  to  all  other  kinds  in  New  England,  probably  from  the  color, 
which  is  darker  and  more  durable.  Hornblende  enters  into  the  composi- 
tion of  Quincy  granite  larger  in  extent  than  that  found  elsewhere  in  the 
United  States — hence  its  peculiar  and  beautiful  color. 

According  to  the  official  returns  of  the  Selectmen  of  Quincy  to  the 
Legislature,  made  in  1837,  the  granite  stone  cut  the  preceding  year  was 
64,590  tons,  valued  at  *248,737,  and  giving  employ  to  633  persons.  The 
statistical  returns  made  in  the  same  way  in  1845,  state  the  ouilding  stone 
quarried  and  prepared  at  $324,500,  employing  626  hands.  The  past  year 
has  been  very  prosperous  for  the  granite  business.  Upon  careful  inquiry, 
I  find  about  1,000  persons  are  now  employed  on  the  Quincy  Ledges.  The 
amount  of  business  done  the  present  year  (1854)  will  exceed  a  half  mil- 
lion dollars. 

The  Granite  Railway,  incorporated  March  4,  1 826,  and  completed  in 
the  autumn  of  the  same  year  at  a  cost  of  $100,000,  lies  principally  in  the 
western  borders  of  Quincy.  A  section  of  the  railroad  touches  Milton,  and 
passes  through  the  Railway  Village  (so  called)  of  that  town.  It  is  memor- 
able for  being  the  first  railroad  built  in  the  United  States,  and  for  some 
time  attracted  much  attention.  The  late  Hon.  Thomas  H.  Perkins,  of 
Boston,  whose  reputation  is  world-wide  as  a  merchant,  was  the  chief  pro- 
jector of  this  then  novel  enterprise.  It  runs  a  course  of  about  three 
miles  from  the  quarries  to  the  wharves  at  Neponset  River,  and  the  cars 
have  always  been  propelled  by  horse-power.  Some  years  since  the  track 
was  relaid  on  a  stone  foundation,  and  is  now  very  substantial.  Since  the 
decease  of  Mr.  Perkins,  the  railroad  and  appurtenances,  consisting  of  ex- 
tensive equipments,  with  60  acres  of  land,  and  some  dozen  houses,  have 
been  sold  to  Messrs.  Thomas  HoUis,  Oliver  E.  Sheldon,  Joseph  B.  Whit- 
cher,  and  George  Penniman,  all  of  Milton,  well  and  favorably  known  as 
large  contractors  of  granite. 

Under  the  auspices  of  these  enterprising  gentlemen  a  new  impulse  has 
been  given  to  business  in  this  vicinity. 


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314  The  Commerce  of  the  Lakes. 

kfl  v.— THK  GOMHBRCE  OP  THE  LIKES: 

THE    COITNTRT   FROM  WHICH    IT   COMES    AXD   IS   TO    COME. 

The  rapid  growth  and  great  value  of  the  Commerce  of  the  Lakes  is  one 
of  the  most  astonishing  facts  in  the  commercial  history  of  the  world.  Mr. 
Andrews,  in  his  report  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  1851,  shows 
that  the  value  of  the  Lake  trade  was  then  greater  than  the  whole  foreign 
Commerce  of  the  country.  Four  years  ago,  when  there  was  but  a  single 
railroa<l  running  out  of  Chicago,  he  gives  the  aggregate  of  that  traffic  at 
$826,000,000.  Twenty  years  ago,  the  Commerce  of  Lake  Michigan  was 
scarcely  worthy  of  notice,  and  Chicago  herself  imported  mast  of  her  pro- 
visions from  Ohio  and  Western  New  York ;  now  her  exports  are  told  in 
millions.  The  trade  of  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario  commenced  a  few 
years  earlier ;  but  the  entire  amount  previous  to  1820  must  have  been 
scarcely  worthy  of  notice,  when  compared  with  its  present  immense 
value.  • 

So  far  as  the  trade  of  Lake  Michigan  is  concerned,  till  within  the 
last  two  years,  it  has  been  derived  from  a  very  small  section  of  country, 
when  we  compare  it  with  the  immense  territory  yet  entirely  undeveloped, 
whose  Commerce  must  inevitably,  for  all  time  to  come,  seek  the  Lake 
route  in  its  transit  to  the  ocean.  It  is  also  very  sparsely  settled,  not  one 
acre  in  ten  having  been  brought  under  cultivation,  and  by  consequence 
where  there  are  now  a  hundred  inhabitants,  the  country  would  very  easily 
sustain  a  thousand.  If  we  take  an  average  of  a  hundred  miles  south  of 
Chicago,  and  a  hundred  and  fifty  miles  north,  by  two  hundred  west,  wo 
shall  include  all  the  territory  whose  products  two  years  ago  sought  the 
Lake  route  from  the  western  side  of  Lake  Michigan.  This  is  a  very  liberal 
allowance,  for  till  recently  a  large  strip  of  this  territory,  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Mississippi,  sought  St.  Louis  for  its  market.  The  territory  we  have 
named  consists  in  all  of  o 0,000  square  miles. 

So  much  for  the  country  from  which  that  portion  of  the  Lake  Com-  , 
merce  which  is  due  to  Lake  Michigan  now  comes.  Taking  our  stand- 
point at  Chicago,  with  a  good  toap  of  the  United  States  before  us,  let  us 
turn  our  eyes  southwest,  west,  and  northwest,  and  endeavor  to  form  some 
definite  ideas  of  the  extent  and  the  productiveness  of  the  country  from 
which  it  is  to  come.  In  order  to  be  sure  that  you  are  not  deceived,  take 
a  pair  of  dividers ;  place  one  foot  on  Chicago  and  the  other  on  New  York, 
and  then  sweep  round  to  the  west.  The  foot  will  rest  on  or  near  the 
mouth  of  the  south  fork  of  the  Platte,  say  nine  hundred  miles  west  of 
Chicago.  Draw  a  line  through  this  point  north  and  south,  and,  though 
we  are  a  long  way  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  call  the  rest  of  tie  coun- 
try south  of  the  Black  Hills,  a  desert  It  will  be  observed  that  all  the 
territory  on  the  Yellow  Stone  and  the  Upper  Missouri  lies  west  of  this 
line. 

For  our  north  and  south  lino  we  begin  at  or  near  Alton,  at  about  the 
thirty-ninth  degree  of  north  latitude,  and  go  up  to  the  northern  boundary 
of  Minnesota  and  Nebraska.  The  total  distance  will  not  vary  much  from 
650  miles.  This  gives  us  an  area  of  territory  of  585,000  square  miles. 
Add  to  this,  115,000  square  miles  for  the  beautiful  country  on  the  Upper 
Missouri  and  the  Yellow  Stone,  and  we  have  700,000  square  miles  of  as 


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The  Commerce  of  the  Lakes.  315 

fine  conn  try  as  can  be  found  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  whose  productions 
andtrade  will  swell  beyond  the  figures  of  the  wildest  fency  the  Commerce 
of  the  Lakes. 

It  may  be  said  that  our  north  and  south  line  reaches  too  far  south.  All 
the  trade,  as  far  south  as  Alton,  will  not  seek  tha  Lake  route,  but  a  large 
portion  of  it  will ;  and  as  you  extend  the  radius  west,  say  to  Independence, 
Missouri,  the  line  becomes  very  direct  through  Quincy  to  Chicago. 

It  is  very  easy  to  repeat  the  figures — 700,000 — which  represent  the 
number  of  square  miles  contained  in  the  territoiy  we  have  named  ;  but  it 
is  a  far  diflferent  thing  to  form  a  definite  idea  of  tke  immense  country 
which  yet  remains  to  be  developed,  west  of  the  Lakes.  Let  us  make  a 
few  comparisons  to  assist  us  in  our  estimate  of  the  future  of  the  great 
Northwest. 

It  should  be  remarked,  however,  that  there  are  many  beautiful  valleys 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains  capable  of  sustaining  a  large  population,  and  more 
fertile  and  beautiful  than  Switzerland,  and  enough  to  form  a  half  dozen 
such  States. 

Add  up  the  number  of  sauare  miles  in  all  the  States  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, except  Wisconsin,  Ilhnois,  and  Florida,  and  you  will  find  that  you 
have  only  700,000.  If  you  are  startled,  as  we  were,  and  can  scarcely  be- 
lieve the  figures, .take  a  newspaper  and  cut  it  in  the  shape  of  the  territory 
we  named  east  of  the  Mississippi  and  lay  it  on  that  west  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan, and  study  the  map  in  every  possible  form,  and  you  will  be  forced  to 
the  conclusion  that  the  Northwest  contains  a  territory  larger  than  the 
twenty-three  older  States  we  have  alluded  to  east  of  the  Mississippi.  These 
States  contain  some  20,000,000  inhabitants. 

But  again,  England,  Ireland^  Wales,  and  Scotland  contain  in  all  115,000 
square  miles,  only  one-sixth  of  the  territory  of  the  Northwest,  and  have 
a  population  of  26,000,000.  Were  the  territory  we  have  named  equally 
populous,  it  could  contain  166,000,000.  Turkey,  Austria,  and  France 
have  in  the  aggregate  671,000  square  miles,  and  a  population  of 
84,000,000.  Need  it  be  wondered  at,  that  in  speaking  of  the  North^^st, 
Western  men  are  obliged  to  use  terms  which  venerable  old  fogies  regard 
as  extravagant  and  even  absurd  ?  The  simple  fact  is  that  this  teriitory  is 
large  enough  to  make  fourteen  States,  of  50,000  square  miles  each,  and  is 
vastly  more  fertile  and  capable  of  sustaining  a  population  many  times 
larger  than  all  the  old  States  of  the  Union. 

A  few  words  as  to  the  resources  of  the  country  under  consideration.  In 
minerals  it  is  specially  rich.  It  contains  the  largest  and  the  riehest  de- 
posits of  lead  and  copper  that  are  known  to  exist  anywhere  upon  the 
globe.  We  need  hardly  say  that  we  allude  to  the  copper  mines  of  Lake 
Superior  and  the  lead  district  of  which  Galena  is  the  center.  Iron  and 
coal  are  ^Iso  found  in  great  abundance. 

In  speaking  of  its  climate  and  productions,  it  should  be  known  that 
the  isothermal  or  climactic  lines  bend  far  away  to  the  north  as  we  go 
west  towards  the  Rocky  Mountains.  If  we  mistake  not  it  is  nearly  as 
warm  at  the  north  bend  of  Missouri  as  it  is  at  Chicago.  Owing  to  this 
fact  and  the  richness  of  the  country,  the  buffalo  range  nearly  up  to  the 
south  line  of  British  America. 

The  agricultural  resources  of  these  700,000  square  miles  are  absolutely 
beyond  the  power  of  man  to  estimate.  It  is  the  opinion  of  some  of  our 
best-informed  men  that  the  great  plains  over  which  the  bufl'alo  now  range 


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316  The  Commirce  of  the  Lakes. 

in  countless  thousands  must,  after  all,  become  the  great  corn-growing  sec- 
tions of  the  Union.  There,  too,  will  be  reared  the  countless  herds  of 
cattle  and  the  hogs  driven  here  to  be  packed  in  beef  and  pork  to  feed 
the  Eastern  States,  with  an  abundance  to  spare  for  all  the  nations  of 
Europe. 

A  few  weeks  since,  we  published  an  article  containing  some  facts  to 
show  that  we  should  ere  many  years  have  six  new  States  west  of  the 
Lakes  as  large,  as  rich,  and  as  populous  as  Ohio ;  but  the  truth  is,  we  had 
not  studied  the  subject  minutely,  and  hence  our  figures  fell  far  short  of  the 
mark.  If  we  include  the  portions  of  our  own  State  and  Northern  Missouri 
already  noticed,  there  is  territory  enough  for  fourteen  States  as  large  as 
Ohio  west  of  Lake  Michigan,  the  bulk  of  whose  Commerce  must  always 
take  the  Lake  route  on  its  transit  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 

Westward,  and  in  all  directions  through  this  magnificent  valley,  our 
railroads  will  penetrate  as  fast  as  the  onward  wave  of  civilization  rolls  over 
them.  That  wave  will  reach  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  on  its  summits 
meet  the  great  Eastern  surge  from  the  Pacific  coast,  within  the  lifetime 
of  the  present  generation.  Thoughts  we  dare  not  utter,  emotions  deep 
and  startling,  crowd  upon  us  as  we  contemplate  this  immense  territory, 
not  to  speak  of  the  East  and  South,  and  the  mighty  States  of  the  Pacific 
coast,  filled  with  intelligent,  enterprising,  happy  freemen. 

Li  view  of  the  above  facts,  we  may  be  excused  for  alluding  to  the  posi- 
tion of  our  favored  city.  The  figures  we  have  given  are  demonstrable 
on  the  plainest  principles  of  evidence,  and  with  all  our  railroads  pouring 
into  the  lap  of  Chicago  three-fourths  of  the  Commerce  of  all  this  fertile 
region,  he  would  be  a  bold  reasoner  indeed  who  would  dare  to  predict 
what  will  be  the  population  of  Chicago  at  the  end  of  the  present  century. 
If  the  Commerce  of  the  Lakes  in  1851  was  more  valuable  than  the  entire 
foreign  trade  of  the  nation,  what  figures  will  represent  its  worth  when 
forty-five  years  shall  have  reared  millions  of  happy  homes  west  of  Lake 
Michigan  ? 

Let  our  merchants,  our  real  estate  owners,  and  our  business  men  gen- 
erally, and  especially  those  who  have  at  heart  the  intellectual  and  religious 
welfare  of  society,  all  answer  these  questions  for  themselves,  and  act  in 
view  of  the  grave  responsibilities  which  the  above  facts  must  suggest  to 
every  ingenuous  mind.  To  those  who  may  be  disposed  to  question  our 
conclusions,  we  commend  a  more  careful  study  of  tne  geography  and  the 
topography  of  the  country  between  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains, and  we  are  quite  sure  they  will  acquit  us  of  all  disposition  to  over- 
state facts  which  must  be  plain  to  every  man  who  will  take  the  trouble  to 
investigate  them. 


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Mercantile  LXbfrwry  AeeoeuOian  of  San  Frandeeo.  ZV! 

irt.  TI.— FIBST  REPttKT  OF  THE  MERCANTILE  lIBRiRT  ASSOCIITION  OF 

SIN  FRANCISCO. 

In  compliance  ivith  a  request  of  the  Mercantile  Library  Association  of 
San  Francisco,  communicated  to  us  through  Frederick  A.  Woodworth, 
the  Corresponding  Secretary  of  that  Association,  we  Jay  the  first  annual 
report  of  the  San  Francisco  Mercantile  Library  Association  before  the 
readers  of  the  Merchants^  Magazine.  It  briefly  sketches  the  history  of 
the  Association,  its  rise,  and  present  condition,  and  furnishes  details  not 
heretofore  published,  which  will  be  of  interest  to  those  who  would  mark 
the  literary  as  well  as  the  commercial  progress  of  the  New  York  of  the 
Pacific : — 

C^enilemen  of  the  Mercantile  Library  Association : — 

In  pre^^enting  this,  the  first  regular  report  of  your  aiisociation,  it  becomes  my 
duty,  as  President,  to  recall  to  your  minds  some  of  the  various  incidents  which 
have  ocarred  since  the  commencement  of  our  enterprise,  as  well  as  to  give,  to 
some  extent,  a  detailed  account  of  our  present  condition.  And  inasmuch  as  this 
is  the  firHt  regular  report  which  has  been  made  of  oar  afi^airs,  notwithstanding 
our  two  year.V  existence,  it  may  be  necessary  to  go  to  our  beginning,  in  order 
that  we  may  place  fairly  before  the  community  the  various  steps  by  which  we 
have  advanced  to  the  position  we  now  occupy,  and  to  which  we  are  mainly  in- 
debted through  the  liberality  which  has  been  extended  to  us  by  a  portion  of  that 
eommunity. 

Jt  seems  to  me  fitting  in  this  place^  and  not  inappropriate  to  this  occasion,  that 
I  should  here  refer  to  Uie  endeavor  on  the  part  of  a  number  of  our  eiiizens  to 
establmh  the  *"  California  Institute"  during  the  fall  and  winter  of  1851  and  1853 
— the  ofiicers  and  directors  were  elected,  comprising  among  their  number  many 
gentlemen  whose  names  now  appear  as  friends  of  our  institution. 

After  having  furnished  rooms  for  the  accommodation  of  readers,  and  expended 
a  considerable  sum  for  reading  matter,  furniture,  &c,  the  enterprise  was  aban-} 
doned,  until  such  time  as  increase  of  numbers  and  interest  should  warrant  its 
friends  in  eneonnteriog  the  heavy  expense  necessary,  at  that  time,  to  such  under- 
taking. 

The  existence  of  our  association,  under  its  present  organization,  dates  from  t 
the  22d  of  December,  1852 — on  which  day  there  assembled  in  the  Common 
Council  Chambers  of  our  city  a  considerable  number  of  persons  friendly  to  the 
formation  of  a  Library  Association ;  deeply  impressed  with  the  importance  of 
affording  to  the  members  of  our  community  the  means  of  such  intellectual  and 
moral  instruction  as  experience  had  taught  them  to  believe  was  derived  from  in- 
stitutions, established  and  carried  on  upon  a  basis  and  of  general  character  similar 
to  such  institutions  in  the  Atlantic  cities.  With  this  general  object  in  view  the  first 
meeting  was  organized.  J.  B.  Crockett,  Bsq.,  was  colled  to  preside,  and  matters 
discussed  relating  to  the  general  interests  of  this  enterprise.  To  this  gentleman 
we  are  under  many  and  continued  obligations  from  our  commencementr— he  has 
ever  been  ready  and  willing  to  aid  us  by  his  counsel  and  encouragement,  as  well 
inhis  character  as  an  able  advocate  as  also  as  in  his  position  as  a  firm  friend  of 
the  institution  to  which  it  has  been  his  pleasure  to  afford  assistance  in  any  man- 
ner calculated  to  promote  its  best  interests. 

At  the  meeting  referred  to  proper  committees  were  appointed  upon  various 
subjects,  to  one  of  which  was  confided  the  duty  of  preparing  an  address  to  the 
people  of  San  Francisco  upon  the  subject  of  the  proposed  association.  This 
address  was  extensively  circulated,  and  a  general  feeling  was  enlisted  in  its  fa- 
vor. In  the  meantime  the  committee  appointed  to  solicit  subscriptions  in  aid  of 
the  enterprise,  reported  f  6,000  pledged,  and  which  could  be  collected  whenever 
it  should  be  required.  Under  such  encouragement  it  was  thought  advisable  at 
once  to  commence  operations,  and  on  the  25th  of  January,  1853,  a  meeting  was 


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318  Mercantile  Library  Aeeodatum  of  San  Francieto. 

called  for  the  election  of  officers,  which  resulted  in  the  return  of  a  full  board  of 
officers  and  directors.  Eighty  votes  were  cast,  and  an  exeellent  feeling  prevailed. 
The  officers  and  directors  were  as  follows: — 

David  S.  Turner,  President;  J.  P.  Haven,  Vice-President;  W.  H.  Stevens, 
Recording  Secretary;  Dr.  H.  Gibbons,  Corresponding  Secretary;  Charles  E. 
Bowers,  Jr.,  Treasurer;  E.  E.  Dunbar,  D.  H.  Haskell,  J.  B.  Crockett,  and  E.  P. 
Flint,  Directors. 

Measures  were  taken  without  delay,  by  proper  committees,  to  secure  rooms, 
furniture,  &c.,  and  the  Committee  on  Books  purchased  from  Brig.-Gen.  Hitch- 
cock, U.  S.  A.,  a  valuable  private  library,  consisting  of  about  2,600  books  and 
pamphlets,  and  with  this  collection  as  a  nucleus  for  future  operations  our  rooms 
were  opened  to  readers,  on  or  about  the  first  day  of  February,  1863. 

Such,  gentlemen,  is  a  brief  history  of  the  origin  of  our  association.  We  have 
progressed  steadily,  though  at  some  times  under  great  embarrassments,  but  our 
community  have  at  all  times  liberally  responded  to  our  applications  for  relief, 
and  through  their  generosity  we  are  able  to  present  to  you,  at  this  moment,  a 
library  of  nearly  4,000  volumes,  a  large  number  of  periodicals,  magazines,  &C., 
regular  supplies  of  newspapers  from  all  parts  of  the  commercial  world ;  our 
rooms  comfortably  furnished ;  free  from  any  pecuniary  obligatioD,  and  with  a 
few  hundred  dollars  in  our  treasury. 

And  now,  gentlemen,  in  view  of  the  success  which  has  attended  our  enterprise, 
have  we  not  cause  to  rejoice  over  it,  and  pour  out  our  hearts  in  gratitude  in  re- 
turn for  the  attainment  of  a  degree  of  prosperity  to  which,  in  our  roost  enthu- 
siastic anticipations,  we  could  not  even  hope  to  have  resized  within  so  brief  a 
period  as  two  years. 

And  while  we  acknowledge  a  kind  overruling  Providence  which  has  attended 
us,  and  upon  all  occasions  ^  waited  upon  our  steps,''  we  should  not  be  unmind- 
ful of  the  kindness  and  liberality  which  has  been  extended  to  us,  as  well  by 
friends  abroad  as  by  our  own  generous  and  warm-hearted  citizens  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. During  the  existence  of  our  association,  some  feeling  of  dissatisfaction 
has  been  expressed  on  account  of  the  distinctive  name  by  which  we  are  known 
— thereby  claiming  that  we  wele  exclusively  of  a  mercantile  character,  and  by  our 
,  organization  excluding  those  of  other  professions  or  occupations.  This  feeling, 
'however,  has  been  entirely  imaginary,  for  it  has  ever  been  the  earnest  desire  of 
all  concerned  to  unite  as  much  as  possible  all  cUisses  of  the  community ;  but  it 
has  happened  that  the  great  proportion  of  membots  has  been  from  among  mer- 
chants and  merchants'  clerks,  and  hence  the  cause  of  its  having  been  organized 
under  its  present  name.  However  this  may  be,  or  whether  or  not  this  feeling 
may  have  given  impulse  to  the  formation  of  a  similar  institution  among  the  me- 
chanics of  our  city,  we  hail  with  pleasure  the  effort  to  organize  and  establish  the 
Mechanics'  Association,  and  bid  them  **  God's  speed."  Wishing  them  every  suc- 
cess in  their  worthy  ^undertaking,  at  the  same  time  givbg  them  full  assuranee 
that  we  will  ever  co-operate  with  them  in  such  measures,  as  shall  tend  to  the 
best  interests  of  all  their  endeavors  to  extend  valuable  infonnation  among  our 
citizens,  while  we  enter  the  lists  with  them  in  generous  and  liberal  rivalry  as  to 
which  shall  be  able  to  effect  most  towards  the  great  object  we  have  in  view. 

It  is  perhaps  questionable,  however,  taking  into  view  the  great  expense  neces- 
sarily attendant  upon  such  an  enterprise,  whether  the  union  of  ail  classes  or 
whether  two  separate  organizations  might  be  the  most  beneficial ;  perhaps,  how- 
ever, it  may  be  most  expedient  that  there  should  be  separate  organizations,  each 
one  acting  in  its  own  sphere,  and  thereby  securing  to  theur  individual  advantage 
some  influences  which  they  might  not  obtain  were  they  consolidated.  The  aim 
and  object  of  our  institution  is  to  place  within  the  reach  of  our  fellow-citizena 
the  means  of  acquiring  useful  information,  of  elevating  their  intellectual  and 
moral  qualities,  as  well  as  to  afford  to  the  younger  meml^rs  a  comfortable,  quiet, 
and  respectable  place  of  resort,  where,  separate  from  the  evil  influences  which 
they  encounter  in  pladies  of  public  amusement,  they  may  at  once  spend  their  lei- 
sure hours  cultivating  their  minds  and  acquiring  those  habito  of  sobriety  and 


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Mercantile  Zibrary  Aesociatum  of  San  Franaseo,  819 

morality  so  essential  to  the  fonnation  of  eharacter  where  character  is  so  vain- 
able  and  so  highly  appreciated  as  it  is  in  our  young  and  prosperous  city. 

Any  measures  which  shall  attain  to  the  accomplishment  of  those  objects, 
whether  it  be  through  the  influence  of  one  or  more  institutions,  will  meet  with 
the  unqualified  approbation  of  our  citizens,  and  will  be  hailed  as  an  indication  of 
a  state  of  things  which  is  to  give  to  our  institutions  and  to  our  standing  as  a 
people  prominence  and  stabilitv  at  home  as  well  as  character,  respectability,  and 
influence  abroad.  The  establishment  of  libraries,  schools,  literary  and  religious 
institutions  is  one  among  the  many  striking  features  of  San  Francisco,  and  de- 
cidedly marks  the  energy  of  our  people ;  and  their  disposition  that  law,  order, 
and  good  conduct  should  be  observed,  and  that  society  should  be  formed  upon  a 
basis  which  gives  character  to  other  communities,  where  experience  has  taught 
the  value  of  institutions  calculated  to  promote  the  moral  and  intellectual  capacr 
ity  of  the  people. 

I  propose  to  give  a  few  moments  to  the  con^eration  of  the  present  condition 
of  our  association,  and  to  our  available  means  for  sustaining  the  heavy  expense 
we  must  necessarily  encounter.  In  pursuing  thiS'  subject,  however,  1  shall  not 
attempt  to  go  into  detail,  but  only  in  brief  give  a  general  idea  of  our  condition. 
The  monthly  expenses  are  about  $600 — say  rent,  $200;  librarian,  $175;  assist- 
ant-librarian, $80;  incidentals,  $145. 

To  meet  this  expense  we  have  472  shareholders  and  subscribing  members, 
paying  each  one  dollar  per  month,  or  $472  per  month,  leaving  a  deficiency  of 
$128,  which  sum  may  be  considered  fully  provided  for  by  the  usual  increase  on 
our  subscription  list 

Our  roll  of  members  at  present  consists  of— honorary,  41 ;  life,  39;  share- 
holders, paying,  302 ;  subscribing  members, .  paying,  170;  total,  552.  Number 
of  bound  volumes,  3,315,  being  an  increase  of  590  volumes  since  the  first  of 
Mav  last.  , 

We  have  many  hundreds  of  magazines  and  periodicals,  not  included  in  the 
above  estimate,  a  large  supply  of  daily  and  weeldv  newspapers  from  various  parts 
of  our  own  as  well  as  other  countries;  in  fact,  through  the  kindness  of  editors 
and  publishers,  our  reading  matter  relating  to  the  current  afiairs  of  the  day  is  as 
complete  as,  in  our  remote  position,  we  could  reasonably  expect  I  cannot  more 
understandingly  bring  to  your  knowledge  the  coVinued  increase  of  our  assocku 
tion  than  by  giving  a  statement  of  the  books  t^en  from  the  library  during  a 
portion  of  the  past  year ;  and  commencing  with  the  opening  of  our  rooms  in  our 
present  location,  we  find  that  there  have  been  delivered  by  the  librarian  to  read- 
ers, who  have  removed  the  same  to  their  residences,  books  as  follows,  thrquffh 
the  several  months  say — March,  103;  April,  172;  May,  166;  June,  244;  July, 
316;  August,  346;  September,  387;  October,  483;  November,  598 ;  December, 
556;  showing  the  remarkable  increase  of  from  or^  hundred  to  more  than ,/be 
hundred  within  a  period  of  ten  months. 

This  fact,  of  itself,  is  a  convincing  proof  of  the  signal  success  which  has  at- 
tended our  efforts  to  create  a  taste  and  disposition  among  our  citizens  to  attend 
our  rooms,  read  our  books,  and  render  us  such  asfistLnce  as  their  presence,  the 
use  of  their  means,  and  their  influence  were  calculated  to  aflbrd  us. 

We  have  derived  much  benefit  from  the  appointment  of  an  agent  in  the  city 
of  New  York-^r.  C.  B.  Norton — who  has  kindly  consented  to  supply  us  with 
new  publications,  and  to  take  charge  of  and  fv)rward  to  us  whatever  may  be  en- 
trusted to  his  care. 

Our  receipts  by  donations  during  the  past  few  months  have  been  quite  large. 
The  following  are  the  names  of  some  of  those  to  whom  we  are  indebted  in  this 
respect — to  all  of  whom,  on  behalf  of  the  association,  I  beg  to  tender  my  grate- 
ful acknowledgement  for  their  liberality  :-^ 

Hons.  Thomas  H.  Benton,  James  Savage,  John  B.  Weller,  Wm.  M.  Gwin,  A. 
C.  Dod^,  R.  C.  Winthrop,  J.  A.  MacDougal,  M.  S.  Latham,  Edward  Everett,  C. 
K.  Crarnson;  Messrs.  Halleck,  Peachy,  Billings  &  Park,  Tilden  &  Little,  Britton 
&  Rey,  De  Witt  &  Harrisson,  Farwell  &  Curtis;  W.  H.  J.  Brooks,  P.  W.  Ma- 
eondray,  William  Wood,  C.  J.  Dempster,  Theo.  Payne,  J.  H.  Purkitt,  H.  C. 


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820  Mereantil^  Library  Association  of  San  Francisco, 

Beahf  H.  C.  Clark,  Washington  Bartlett,  David  S.  Tomer,  Henry  A.  Harrisson, 
W.  H.  Stevens,  A.  Thomas,  Prank  D.  Stewart,  P.  W.  Cornwall,  Wm.  Black- 
bum,  C.  C.  Wianer,  David  Jobson,  G.  W.  Murray,  Jonah  Drake,  Richard  Rising, 
G.  W.  Tickenor,  M.  Bixley,  J.  W.  Sullivan,  P.  C.  EgJin,  J.  S.  Hittell,  J.  Coolidge 
Stone,  A.  G.  Randall,  John  J.  Tayker,  H.  Bt?nham,  Thos.  C.  Downer,  Lawrence 
Phillips,  Edwin  Lewis,  T.  W.  Sutherland,  C.  C.  Southard,  M.  M.  Noih,  H.  La 
Renlrie,  Wm.  Baker,  Jr.,  D.  Hale  Haskell,  Joseph  W.  Finlay,  GJeorge  H.  Davia, 
Wm.  R.  Wadsworth,  Conrey,  J.  P.  Haven,  J.  Smith  Homans,  Luther  Severance, 
L.  L.  Blood,  John  Perry,  Jr.,  Nathan  Seh<^field,  Theo.  A.  Mudge,  James  Holden 
Lander,  Charles  L.  Strong,  A.  G.  Lawrenoe,  P.  A.  Macondray,  P.  C.  Ewer,  Thos. 
Tennent,  J.  H.  feider,  Capt.  John  P.  Schander,  Capt  Wn).  MacMiehael,  Capt.  E, 
S.  Coffin,  Capt.  Creasy,  ship  **  Plying  Cloud,**  Alta  California,  Pacific,  James 
Lenox,  Esq.,  New  York  city,  B.  B.  Burt,  Esq.,  Odwego,  New  York,  C.  C.  Rafu, 
Esq.,  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  by  Josepfi  Frontin,  E^q.,  P.  A.  Woodwonh,  E^q., 
Rev.  W.  A.  Scott,  A.  D.  Bnche,  Esq.,  United  States  Coast  Survey,  Smithsonian 
Institute,  New  York  Society  Library,  ;New  York  Mercantile  Libmry,  together 
with  many  others  whose  names  appear 'on  our  books,  recorded  as  patrons  of  our 
association. 

My  limits  will  not  allow  roe  to  particularize  all  the  individual  favors  we  have 
received  through  the  kindness  of  maay  friends  who  have  materially  assisted  ns 
by  their  donations.  ^ 

The  course  of  lectures  commenced  during  the  past  season  was  not  as  success- 
ful as  we  could  have  wished ;  nor  #ere  they  generally  well  attended,  and  the 
disinclination  for  this  kind  of  instruction  was  such  as  to  induce  a  suj^nsion  of 
the  course,  to  be  renewed  again,  however,  when  the  public  taste  shall  be  more 
in  favor,  and  public  amusements  \^fs  numerous  and  less  attractive  to  our  people. 
The  debates  which  have  been  held'  at  our  rooms  have  oiH^a^ionally  brought  for- 
ward subjects  of  much  interest,  apd  have  generally  been  conducted  with  a  degree 
of  ability  hij^hly  creditable  to  th^se  concerned  in  them,  while  the  nature  of  the 
subjects  introduced  have  stimulated  our  readers  to  a  critical  examination  of  books 
of  reference  and  history,  as  beneficial  to  their  particular  purpose  as  it  was  to  their 
general  stock  of  knowledge  updn  such  subjects  as  might  be  before  them.  I 
should  do  injustice  to  my  own^eelings,  as  well  as  to  the  gentleman  of  whom  I 
am  about  to  speak,  if  I  did  no^allude  to  the  very  efiScient  aid  we  have  received 
from  our  librarian,  Mr.  Horace  Davis ;  and  although  he  has,  to  a  considerable 
extent,  been  relieved  in  his  di/ties  by  his  faithful  assistant,  John  J.  Tayker,  yet, 
when  we  take  into  consideration  that  in  addition  to  his  constant  service  in  the 
libcary  he  has  arranged,  writ/en  out,  and  corre«*.ted  our  catalogue,  which  was  to 
be  compiled  after  a  careful 'examination  of  each  work  in  the  library,  we  shall 
place  proper  estimation  upon  the  value  of  his  service,  this  being  the  first  cata- 
logue, and  without  means  ift  hand,  for  assistance,  which  might  have  been  obtained 
in  other  cities,  rendered  it  a  work  of  much  labor. 

The  establishment  of  libraries  from  the  earliest  days  down  to  our  own  times 
is  a  subject  which  has  engaged  the  attention  of  wise  and  good  men  of  all  coon- 
tries;  and  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  such  institutions  are  especially 
adapted  to  our  own  State  and  people,  and  we  have  before  us  in  the  establishment 
of  our  own  association  a  proof  of  the  favor  with  which  our  cnterprine  is  looked 
upon  by  that  class  of  our  community  of  whose  approbation  we  should  be  proud 
to  be  the  recipients,  akd  whose  encouragement  has  not  failed  to  give  us  strength 
in  our  most  trying  condition. 

In  this  connection  1  beg  your  indulgence  for  a  few  moments,  while  I  digress 
from  the  subject  before  ns  and  notice  matters  bearing  close  analogy  to  that 
which  we  are  now  considering. 

I  conceive  our  public  schools,  public  libraries,  and  oar  public  press  the  three 
great  engines  which  control  the  destinies  of  our  people,  and  give  distisctive  char- 
acter to  ciilzens  of  the  United  States.  In  our  public  schools  our  children  are 
trained  with  such  care  and  with  such  success  that  they  enter  with  a  peculiar  fit- 
ness upon  the  higher  grades  of  intellectual  attainment,  as  they  are  to  be  found 
in  our  public  libraries,  which,  in  the  present  arrangement  of  our  literary  instiUi^ 


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Mercantile  Library  Aseociatian  ftf  San  Franeieeo.  821 

lions,  seem  to  be  so  organized  as  to  be  admirably  adapted  to  the  extension  o[ 
that  condition  of  inteltectaai  acqairement  of  which  our  public  schools  are  only 
preparatory.  And  it  is  through  the  machinery  of  the  public  press  that  the  intel- 
ligence which  is  acquired  in  our  schools  and  libraries  is  disseminated  through  ail 
portions  of  our  country,  giving  chanicter  and  influence  in  a  degree  corresponding 
to  the  extent  and  respectability  which  is  assumed  by  those  having  it  in  charge. 

But  I  return  to  the  consideration  of  our  subject,  and  although  I  am  sensible 
of  the  liberality  with  which  our  efforte  have  been  met  by  our  citizens,  I  cannot 
dismiss  from  my  mind  that  many  of  them  are  not  aware  of  the  value  of  our  as- 
sociation, or  the  extent  of  time  and  exertion  which  has  been  necessary  to  bring 
it  to  its  present  prosperous  condition,  and  will  trust  that  their  liberaliiy  will  be 
continued,  and  their  interest  in  its  welfare  so  increased  as  to  give  a  wiaer  range 
to  ita  usefulness  and  prosperity. 

Some  attention  has  been  given  to  the  subject  of  creating  a  "  Building  Fund,** 
in  order  to  enable  the  association  to  take  the  necessary  steps  towards  procuring 
a  building  adapted  to  our  accommodation,  and  arranged  upon  such  principles  as 
would  not  only  accommodate  our  member:^  but  at  the  same  time  reduce  our  ex- 
penses for  rent,  if  not  even  be  made  to  produce  an  income.  This  subject  is.  of 
great  interest  to  us,  and  will  receive  the  careful  attention  of  those  gentlemen  to 
whom  its  consideration  has  been  committed,  and  I  trust  that  in  their  wisdom 
they  may  be  able  at  no  distant  period  to  bring  the  matter  forward  in  such  man- 
ner as  shall  meet  the  views  of  our  friends. 

Our  institution  at  present  is  but  a  miniature  of  what  it  is  to  be,  and  perhaps 
may  be  thought  of  as  a  matter  of  too  trifling  importance  to  be  the  subject  of  an 
annual  report ;  but  our  desire  is  to  attract  attention  to  our  real  condition  and  to 
the  objects  we  wish  to  accomplish. 

The  education  of  young  men  destined  to  become  merchants,  or  in  any  manner 
connected  with  commercial  pursuits,  is  a  subject  which  should  command  our  first 
attention ;  it  is  through  them  and  by  their  various  associations,  that  our  succes- 
8ors*are  to  be  brought  in  contact  with  people  of  distant  countries,  and  through 
their  means  civilization,  with  its  attendent  blessings,  borne  upon  the  wings  of 
Commerce,  is  to  be  conveyed  to  those  benighted  regions  which  are  yet  without 
the  elevating  influences  of  Commerce — the  delights  of  civilization,  or  the  hopes 
of  immortality,  through  the  glorious  system  of  ChriMtianity.  I  would  now,  in 
conclusion,  ask  your  attention  while  I  refer  to  matters  of  a  personal  character, 
and  to  circumstances  connected  with  my  retirement  from  the  official  position 
which,  through  your  kindness,  I  have  been  permitted  to  occupy  during  the  past 
two  years. 

By  a  wise  provision  in  your  constitution,  I  was  ineligible  to  re-election,  having 
served  the  full  constitutional  term ;  but  were  this  not  so,  I  could  not  consent 
again  to  devote  the  time  necessary  to  a  performance  of  the  duties  requured, 
while  I  was  aware  that  many  others  among  your  members  were  better  calculated 
to  promote  the  interests  of  your  institution,  and  better  able  to  devote  the  time 
necessary  to  a  performance  of  the  duties  devolving  upon  the  president  And  it 
is  matter  of  congratulation  that  your  choice  has  fallen  upon  a  gentleman  in  every 
wav  calculated  to  promote  your  best  interest»— one  who  is  competent,  willing, 
and  energetic,  and  to  whom  you  ma^  look  for  such  attention  as  will  insure  sao- 
eess  and  prosperity  beydbd  that  which  you  now  enjoy. 

Many  of  you  are  aware  that  in  November  of  last  year  I  left  San  Francisco  on 
a  visit  to  the  Atlantic  States,  and  that  at  the  regular  monthly  meeting  previous 
to  my  departure,  my  resignation  as  president  of  your  association  was  brought 
forward,  which,  however,  the  meeting  refused  to  accept,  resolving  at  the  same 
time  that  I  should  retain  my  official  position  and  represent  your  interests  where 
ever  it  should  be  in  my  power  to  promote  measures  connected  with  your  pros- 
perity. This  evidence  of  your  confidence  and  proof  of  your  kindness,  induced 
its  withdrawal,  but  with  the  full  expectation  that  I  should  be  relieved  from  my 
duties  by  the  election  of  a  new  president  at  the  close  of  the  year. 

My  surprise  was  great  at  hearing  of  my  re-election  while  continuing  ipy  visit, 
and  gratified  upon  my  return  here  to  find' the  improvements  which  had  been  ef- 
VOL.  xxxiiu — vo,  la,  21       * 


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922  Mercantile  Library  Aeeociation  of  San  Frandico. 

feoted  during  my  absence ;  the  removal  to  the  rooms  as  ooenpied  at  present,  the 
increase  of  members,  improvement  in  financial  affairs,  and  general  condition  of 
prosperity,  rendered  it  evident  to  me  that  by  jadicions  and  energetic  action,  you 
were  too  firmly  established  to  admit  of  any  doubt  as  to  your  future  success. 

And  now,  gentlemen,  having  partially  and  imperfectly  reviewed  our  transae- 
tions  for  the  past  two  years,  and  being  about  to  take  leave  of  you  in  my  official 
capacity,  and  surrender  into  other  hands  the  execution  of  those  duties  which  I 
have  endeavored  to  fulfil),  I  feel  that  I  cannot  close  my  remarks  without  calling 
to  your  minds  the  improvement  we  di:scover  in  our  association,  in  a  social  view, 
independent  of  our  moral  and  literary  advancement. 

Those  of  you  who  were  among  the  first  in  this  enterprise  will  well  recollect 
how  frequently  it  was  necessary  to  adjourn  our  monthly  meetings  for  want  of  a 
constitutional  quorum,  and  how  small  the  number  of  visitors  at  our  rooms,  as 
compared  with  the  present — indeed  the  most  striking  feature  of  encouragement 
is,  that  we  now  find  our  rooms  well  filled  with  visitors  every  evening,  quiet, 
respectful,  and  attentive,  giving  their  time  and  attention  to  the  cultivation  of 
their  intellectual  faculties,  and  thereby  avoiding  the  dangers  to  which  they  must 
necessarily  be  exposed  by  indiscriminate  participation  in  our  places  of  public 
amusement  and  entertainments,  and  the  many  allurements  connected  therewith. 
This  is  matter  of  great  gratification ;  and  in  a  few  j ears  we  shall  look  back  upon 
our  efforts  in  the  establishment  of  this  institution  with  satisfaction  at  having 
taken  at  least  one  step  towards  improvement  of  the  moral  and  intellectual  con^ 
dition  of  the  citizens  of  our  young  and  enterprising  city. 

I  cannot  refrain  from  giving  expression  to  my  gratefal  feelings  for  the  many 
acts  of  kindness,  the  ever-respectful  attention,  and  the  perfect  obedience  to  rules, 
as  exhibited  towards  me  by  the  members  upon  all  occasions.  This  has  been 
to  me  peculiarly  gratifying,  and  has  so  fastened  upon  my  heart  that  ]  shall  not 
be  unmindful  to  Sie  last  day  of  my  life. 

To  the  Board  of  Directors,  and  to  the  ofiScers  with  whom  it  has  been  my  pri- 
vilege to  be  associated,  I  cannot  find  language  to  give  expression  to  the  great 
gratification  I  have  experienced  during  my  co-operation  with  them— during  all 
the  trials  and  vexations  we  have  passed  through  in  the  establishment  of  this  en- 
terprise we  have  ever  found,  upon  every  occasion,,  that  the  execution  of  a  duty 
called  forth  the  best  feelings  of  all  concerned,  and  no  objection  or  disposition  to 
shrink  from  service  has  ever  been  indulged  in  by  any  member  of  the  Board,  from 
our  organization  down  to  the  present  time. 

It  has  been  by  this  concert  of  united  action  by  the  Board  of  Directors,  a  fixed 
determination  on  their  part  to  succeed  in  our  undertaking,  and  assisted  by  the 
liberality  of  our  citizens,  that  we  find  ourselves  to-day  in  the  enjoyment  of  a 
library  and  rooms  which  would  be  creditable  in  any  Atlantic  city  of  equal  size, 
free  from  debt,  with  money  in  our  treasury,  and  composed  of  members  of  such 
character  and  standing  as  to  give  warrant  to  the  realization  of  our  most  sanguine 
expectations  as  to  the  continued  prosperitv  of  our  institution. 

And  thus,  gentlemen,  however  unworthily  I  may  have  performed  the  duties 
which  your  confidence  has  entrusted  to  my  care,  or  however  nnacceptably  I  may 
have  presented  this  my  report,  the  lost  of  my  official  acts,  with  a  full  and  perfect 
assurance  of  the  continued  and  increasinsr  prosperity  of  your  association,  so  en- 
deared to  me  by  my  connection  with  it  from  its  commeficement,  and  in  the  hope 
that  the  same  unanimity  which  has  prevailed  in  your  councils  during  the  past 
two  years  will  continue  for  the  future. 

With  my  sincere  thanks  to  you  for  your  attention  upon  this  occasion,  I  now 
resign  my  position  into  the  keeping  of  my  worthy  successor,  and  relinquish  to 
him  the  execution  of  those  duties  which,  as  president  of  your  association,  have 
occupied  my  attentiod. 

DAVID  8.  TURNER. 


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Coaisfor  Wettem  Hew  York.  833 


Art.  Tn.— COALS  FOR  WESTERN  NEW  TORI. 

Fuel  is  so  essential  to  our  eyeiy-daj  wants,  so  promotive  of  our  com- 
fort and  happiness,  as  to  exert  an  influence  on  all  classes  of  men,  extending 
to  the  humblest  individual.  It  is  alike  an  important  element  of  individual 
and  national  wealth  and  of  social  and  domestic  enjojmient.  The  commer- 
cial prosperity  and  numerical  strength  of  the  State  will  always  be  im- 
mensely influenced  by  its  price. 

We,  of  Western  New  York,  have  now  reached  a  period  in  our  history 
when  the  employment  of  coals  will  be  no  other  than  a  question  of  cheap- 


For  greater  economy  in  the  transportation  of  coals  from  the  mines  to 
convenient  places  of  deposit,  railways,  rudely  constructed  of  wood,  were 
first  introduced  in  England  about  the  year  1660.  Iron  rails  were  first  used 
in  1776,  at  the  coal  mines  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  at  SheflBeld. 

The  writer  of  this  article  has  no  personal  interest  in  %ny  of  the  coal 
mines,  or  either  of  the  canals  or  railroads  herein  referred  to.  His  only 
object  is  to  direct  public  attention  to  the  subject,  yet  with  ffreat  deference 
to  those  who  are  better  informed  in  all  that  relates  to  this  important  topic 
If  he  shall  communicate  any  interesting  or  useful  information,  or  shall  be 
the  means  of  eliciting  it  from  others,  his  object  will  be  fully  attained. 

The  sources  whence  supplies  of  coals  are  to  be  drawn,  and  the  canals  or 
railroads,  by  means  of  which  they  are  to  be  transported,  are  subjects  which 
may  well  engage  our  attention. 

The  Junction  Canal  being  completed,  and  the  North  Branch  Canal 
Bearly  so,  an  uninterrupted  water  communication  will  be  open,  within  the 
present  season,  probably  about  the  Ist  of  October,  between  Western  New 
York  and  the  great  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the  North  Branch  of 
the  Susquehanna  River  in  the  Wyoming  Valley. 

The  route  of  this  communication  is  through  the  Seneca  Lake  and  Che-    i 
mung  Canal  to  Elmira,  thence  by  the  Junction  Canal,  eighteen  miles,  to    w^ 
Athens,  and  thence  by  the  North  Branch  Canal  of  Pennsylvania,  ninety- 
four  miles,  to  the  coal  fields  near  Wilksbarre ;  thus  connecting  the  system 
of  internal  improvements  of  Pennsylvania  with  the  New  York  and  Erie 
Railroad  and  all  the  canals  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

The  opening  of  this  line  of  communication  will  constitute  an  era  in  the 
history  of  Western  New  York  second  only  in  importance  to  the  opening 
of  the  Erie  Canal. 

The  geologic^  survey  which  was  made  a  few  years  ago  at  the  expense 
of  the  State,  has  entirely  settled  the  question,  if  it  had  not  previously  been 
determined,  that  no  workable  beds  of  coal  will  be  found  in  Western  New 
York,  or  within  the  limits  of  the  entire  State. 

Before  the  geological  survey  had  been  made,  it  was  known  that  in  the 
coal  fields  of  Fennsylvania  nearest  to  our  southern  border,  the  coal  runs 
out  as  the  streams  decline  in  the  north,  and  that  it  would  require  a  total 
height  of  mountain  above  tide-water  exceeding  five  thousana  feet  at  the 
State  line  to  contain  the  coal  measures ;  whereas  the  greatest  altitude  there 
is  only  about  fifteen  hundred  feet  In  addition  to  these  facts  there  are 
others,  resulting  from  the  marked  change  of  geological  strata  which  com- 
mences at  the  extreme  northern  limits  of  the  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania. 

In  the  wise  and  benign  provision  which  Providence  has  made  for  man 


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324  CoaUfor  We$tem  New  York. 

in  the  coal  formations  so  wonderfully  diffused  over  the  face  of  the  earth, 
an  index  is  furnished  in  the  underlaying  and  overlaying  strata  which  are 
everywhere  identical  in  the  coal  hearing  rocks.  These  indications  nowhere 
occur  in  this  State.  It  may  therefore  be  regarded  as  entirely  conclusive 
that  no  coal  will  be  found. 

Within  the  present  year  we  have  seen  notices  in  the  newspapers  <^ 
Steuben  County,  that  coal  had  been  discovered  in  the  town  of  Hornby. 
But  for  reasons  already  stated,  this,  if  not  geologically  impossible,  is  highly 
improbable.  It  may  be  that  a  few  "  pockets  of  coal "  have  been  found  in 
that  region,  yet  it  may  also  safely  be  asserted  that  no  workable  beds  exist 
there^ 

It  appears  by  the  State  survey  that  both  anthracite  and  bituminous 
coals  were  found  throughout  almost  the  whole  series  of  its  transition  and 
secondary  rocks,  but  invariably  in  quantities  too  small  for  useful  or  eco- 
nomical purposes,  and  in  geological  relations  which  differ  entirely  from 
those  of  the  true  coal  measures. 

This  point  being  settled,  the  completion  of  an  unbroken  line  of  water 
communication  between  Western  New  York  and  the  coal  fields  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, may  well  be  regarded  as  an  improvement  of  the  first  importance,  and 
it  is  consoling  to  know  that  the  most  magnificent  development  of  the  coal 
formation  known  in  the  world  is  found  on  our  southern  and  western  bor- 
ders. Western  New  York  can  well  afford  to  pay  tribute  to  her  sister 
States  of  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  for,  supplies  of  coal  and  iron.  It  is  but 
an  exchange  of  commodities,  a  reciprocal  trade  of  great  advantage  to  all 
parties.  Ohio  draws  from  us  large  supplies  of  salt  and  lumber,  and  Penn- 
sylvania requires  not  only  our  salt  and  lumber,  but  large  quantities  of 
gypsum  for  her  wheat  lands  and  agricultural  products  for  her  mining  dis- 
tricts. 

We  have  several  railroads  extending  from  various  places  in  Western 
New  York  to  the  coal  fields.  However  successfully  they  may  compete 
with  canals  in  the  transportation  of  merchandise  and  agricultural  products, 
it  is  quite  certain  that  it  cannot  be  extended  to  coal,  which  must  every- 
where obey  the  inexorable  law  of  cheapness. 

The  time  has  been  when  more  than  fourteen  hundred  teams  were  con- 
stantly employed  for  a  number  of  years  in  transporting  salt  and  plaster 
from  Ithaca,  on  the  Cayuga  Lake,  to  Owego,  on  the  Susquehanna  River, 
for  the  markets  of  Pennsylvania.  But  by  reason  of  the  cheaper  transpor- 
tation of  the  foreign  articles  through  the  canals  extending  up  the  Susque- 
hanna from  tide-water,  this  large  and  once  profitable  business  has  nearly 
oeased.  It  will  now  be  revived  on  the  Seneca  Lake  and  this  new  channel 
of  water  communication,  and  will  furnish  convenient  return  freight  for  the 
boats  employed  in  the  transportation  of  coal. 

The  Wyoming  Division  of  the  North  Branch  Canal  passes  through  sev- 
enteen miles  of  the  coal  lands,  with  numerous  openings  on  its  margin,  af- 
fording the  greatest  facility  for  delivering  the  coal  by  dumping  it  from  the 
mines  into  shutes,  which  convey  it  into  Uie  boats. 

For  a  few  years  past  we  have  been  supplied  with  anthracite  coal  from 
Scranton,  but  at  prices  higher  than  will  rule  in  the  future.  It  has  usually 
been  sold  at  this  place,  Geneva,  at  |6  to  16  60  per  ton  net  The  Wilka- 
barre  coal,  also  anthracite  of  the  best  quality,  will  now  be  brought  here 
in  boats  fh>m  the  mines  at  $8  to  $4  per  ton  at  wholesale. 

The  Blossborg  ooal,  semi-bitaminous,  is  transported  from  the  mines  by 


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Coahfar  Western  New  York.  «26 

the  Coming  and  Blossburg  RR.  to  tlie  village  of  Corning,  at  the  western 
tenninus  of  the  Chemung  Canal,  where  it  is  conveniently  discharged  from 
ibe  cars  into  boats.  The  price  at  Coming  is  |i2  75  per  ton.  Of  all  the 
bituminous  coal  which  now  comes  to  Western  New  York,  none  is  so  good 
as  this  variety  for  working  iron  and  steel,  because  it  contains  more  carbon, 
and  is  more  free  from  the  sulphuret  of  iron.  For  this  reason  a  consider- 
able quantity  b  annually  sold  at  Buffalo  for  the  use  of  blacksmiUis  and 
machmists,  at  an  advance  of  50  per  cent  on  the  price  of  the  rich  bitu. 
minous  coal  of  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio. 

We  shall  also  soon  be  supplied  with  bituminous  coal  from  the  vicinity 
of  Towanda,  on  the  North  Branch  Canal.  Also  two  other  varieties  of 
bituminous  coal,  one  from  Farrensville,  on  the  West  Branch  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna, and  the  other  from  Ralston.  They  will  be  transported  from  the 
mines  to  Elmira  by  railroad;  the  former  117  miles,  and  the  latter  50 
miles. 

Both  of  these  varieties  are  of  approved  quality,  especially  the  former, 
which  is  highly  recommended  for  generating  burning  gas.  The  present 
price  of  this  coal  at  Elmira  is  $6  per  ton,  but  will  be  lower  in  the  icourse 
of  the  present  season,  when  the  railroad,  now  in  progress,  is  finished  to 
the  mines.  The  Ralston  coal,  semi-bituminous,  is  sold  at  Elmira  at  t3  50 
to  $4  per  ton.     This  variety  is  similar  to  the  Blossburg. 

The  Shamokin  anthracite  will  also  be  brought  to  Elmira  by  way  of 
Williamsport,  the  whole  distance  being  187  miles  by  railroad,  and  will  be 
sold  at  Elmira  at  about  $8  50  per  ton. 

To  these  may  be  added  the  bituminous  coals  of  Western  Pennsylvania 
and  Ohio,  which  are  shipped  from  Cleveland  and  Erie  to  Buffalo  and  Os- 
wego. 

The  most  celebrated  of  those  shipped  from  Erie  are  the  Brookfield, 
Mount  Joy,  and  Ormsby.  These  are  transported  from  65  to  90  miles  by 
the  Erie  and  Pittsburg  Canal,  and  are  at  present  sold  at  Erie  at  18  75  to 
$4  per  ton  net ;  present  price  at  Buffalo,  |i5.  They  are  in  much  favor  for 
domestic  uses ;  so  much  so,  that  some  from  the  Brookfield  mines  is  regu- 
larly sold  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

The  Ohio  coals  which  are  shipped  from  Cleveland  are  also  of  superior 
quality.  These  are  from  beds  lying  along  the  Ohio  and  Erie  Canal,  and 
eastward  from  the  lake  50  to  80  miles.  It  is  usually  sold  at  Cleveland  at 
about  $3  to  $4  per  ton,  and  at  Buffalo  at  about  $4  to  |5 — present  price, 
$5.     The  quality  known  as  Bryer  Hill  is  probably  the  best 

It  has  been  estimated  that  twelve  thousand  square  miles  of  the  area  of 
the  State  of  Ohio  is  underiain  by  coal,  and  that  the  workable  beds  will 
yield  thirty  thousand  millions  of  tons. 

The  competition  which  will  necessarily  exist  between  these  several  chan- 
nels will  always  insure  to  Western  New  York  ample  supplies  of  both  an- 
thracite and  bituminous  coals. 

The  prices  of  coal  in  the  Wyoming  Valley  delivered  on  board  of  boats 
last  year  were  as  follows : — Lump  coal,  II  50  per  gross  ton  of  2,240  lbs. , 
No.  1,  large  egg^  |1  76 ;  No.  2,  small  egg,  $1  75 ;  No.  3,  stove,  $1  75  ; 
No.  4,  nut,  ^l  37^;  No.  5,  cbesnut,  81^-  cents;  No.  6,  pea,  50  cents. 

These  are  regarded  by  the  dealers  as  full  remunerating  prices ;  but  this 
season,  owing  to  the  delay  in  completing  the  North  Branch  Canal,  and 
nipplies  exceeding  the  demand,  the  best  lump  coal  has  been  sold,  and  is 
now  selling,  at  one  dollar  per  gross  ton,  and  the  other  qualities  proportioB- 
ably  low. 


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826  CoaUfoT  Western  New  York. 

The  toll  on  the  North  Branch  Canal  for  the  present  year  is  six  mills  per 
mile  per  2,000  lbs.  It  is  expected  that  this  will  be  reduced  for  the  coming 
year  to  four  mills,  which  was  the  rate  charged  in  1854. 

No  rates  have  yet  been  established  for  the  Junction  Canal.  On  the  Che- 
mung Canal  and  all  the  canals  of  the  State  of  New  York  the  toll  is  only 
one  mill  per  mile  on  2,000  lbs.,  and  free  of  toll  when  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  salt  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  enlightened  and  liberal  policy 
of  our  Canal  Board  in  this  particular  may  soon  be  adopted  in  Pennsylva- 
nia and  Ohio,  and  we  cannot  doubt  but  it  will  be. 

If  the  toll  on  the  North  Branch  and  Junction  Canals  are  fixed  at  six 
mills  for  2,000  lbs.,  the  distance  being  110  miles,  the  toll  will  be  66  cents 
from  the  mines  to  Elmira,  and  thence  21  miles  by  the  Chemung  Canal,  2 
cents  and  1  mill  to  the  Seneca  Lake,  making  the  toll  for  the  whole  dis- 
tance between  Wilksbarre  and  Geneva  68.1  cents  per  ton  net ;  but  if  we 
increase  this  to  one  dollar  per  ton,  and  call  the  freight  $1  50,  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  probable  cost  of  this  excellent  coal  delivered  at  Geneva,  as 
before  stated,  at  Id  to  $4  per  ton,  according  to  quality,  may  be  relied  on. 

It  is  desirable  that  the  practice  of  selling  coal  by  the  gross  ton  at  one 
place  and  by  the  net  ton  at  another  should  h^  changed.  In  Pennsylvania, 
at  the  coal  mines,  a  ton  of  coal  is  2,240  lbs.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  anthracite  coal  trade  all  sales  were  made  by  the  bushel.  This  prac- 
tice still  prevails  in  reeard  to  much  of  the  bituminous  coal,  although  nearly 
all  the  varieties  differ  m  specific  gravity. 

Anthracite  coal,  although  purchased  by  the  gross  ton  at  the  mines,  is 
everywhere  in  this  State  sold  by  the  net  ton.  In  Philadelphia  all  sales, 
both  wholesale  and  retail,  are  made  by  the  gross  ton. 

When  coals  are  sold  by  the  chaldron,  a  chaldron  describes  no  uniform 
ascertained  quan^ty  in  pounds,  or  uniform  number  of  bushels.  Our  school 
books  teach  us  that  36  bushels  make  a  chaldron.  In  Boston  a  chaldron 
of  Nova  Scotia  coal  is  represented  by  2,500,  2,700,  2,880,  2,928,  3,000, 
and  3,360  lbs.,  although  prior  to  the  reciprocity  treaty  the  duty  was  uni- 
formly collected  on  2,880  lbs.  In  addition  to  the  inconvenience,  not  to 
say  loss,  which  this  want  of  uniformity  occasions  to  dealers  and  consumera, 
it  is  the  cause  of  great  discrepancies  in  the  published  statements  of  the 
coal  trade.  In  England,  and  generally  in  Europe,  uniformity  has  been  es- 
tablished by  law. 

Anthracite  coals  are  now  transported  by  railroad  from  Scranton,  in 
Pennsylvania,  to  Ithaca,  in  this  State,  a  distance  of  121  miles,  and  deliv- 
ered there  at  13  80  to  $4  20  per  ton  net.  The  distance  from  Ithaca  to 
Sodus  Bay,  on  Lake  Ontario,  is  70  miles,  36  miles  of  it  on  the  Cayuga 
Lake.  The  cost  of  transportation  for  the  whole  distance  may  be  estimated 
at  80  cents  per  ton,  making  the  whole  cost  at  Sodus  Bay,  when  the  Sodus 
Canal  is  finished,  $4  60  to  $5  per  ton.  But  we  may  safely  deduct  at  least 
50  cents  per  ton  from  this  estimate  on  all  coals  passing  through  the  Seneca 
Lake  to  the  same  point,  as  the  transportation  of  these  will  be  by  water, 
with  the  additional  advantage  of  return  freights  of  salt  and  plaster  for  the 
interior  of  Pennsylvania,  and  agricultural  products  for  the  mining  dis- 
tricts. 

There  will  be  a  large  and  annually  increasing  northern  and  western  out- 
let for  the  Scranton  or  Lackawanna  coal  by  the  Chenango  Canal,  the  Syr- 
acuse and  Binghamton  Railroad,  the  Syracuse  and  Oswego  Railroad,  the 
Oswego  Canal,  and  the  Rome  and  Watertown  Railroad. 


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CcaUfvr  Wtzi/sm  JKTew  York.  827 

In  1860,  the  T>opulation  of  the  State  was  3,007,304.  Western  New 
York,  or  so  much  of  the  State  of  New  York  as  lies  west  of  the  easterly 
bounds  of  the  counties  of  Jefferson,  Oneida,  Madison,  Chenango,  and 
Broome,  contains  about  one-half  of  the  area,  and  half  the  population  of 
the  whole  State,  and  will  in  all  probability  in  a  few  years  require  as  much 
coal  as  is  at  present  consumed  in  both  sections. 

I  believe  it  is  true  that  nearly  all  the  estimates  which  heretofore  have 
been  made  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia  of  the  probable  colisumption 
of  coals  have  fallen  short  of  actual  results.  That  we  shall  have  a  like  ex- 
perience in  Western  New  York  is  more  than  probable.  We  live  in  an 
age  the  progress  of  which  is  not  to  be  measured  by  examples  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  past ;  but  I  will  leave  these  estimates  for  a  period  not  far  dis- 
tant, when  they  can  be  fortified  by  ascertaining  facts  which  will  everywhere 
surround  us. 

In  respect  to  this  important  article  we,  of  Western  New  York,  are  just 
in  the  dawn  of  a  new  era,  that  will  date  from  the  completion  of  the  sev- 
eral canals  and  railroads  herein  referred  to,  and  the  introduction  of  coals 
at  low  prices. 

The  probable  quantity  that  will  pass  through  the  Seneca  Lake  after  the 
present  year  will  be  an  interesting  inquiry.  That  it  will  greatly  exceed 
the  supplies  which  will  come  through  all  other  channels  is  quite  certain,  for 
the  reason  that  the  topographical  formation  of  the  country  forbids  the  con- 
struction of  any  other  communication  by  water  from  this  part  of  the  State 
with  the  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania. 

As  yet  we  have  no  reliable  data  for  such  an  estimate.  That  it  will  be 
very  large  there  cannot  be  a  doubt  It  is  equally  certain  that  it  will  exert 
a  most  favorable  influence  on  the  value  of  property  and  all  the  various  in- 
terests of  this  already  highly  favored  region. 

Coal  has  happily  been  defined  hoarded  labor.  In  our  climate,  as  in 
England,  it  ranks  among  the  necessaries  of  life. 

It  has  been  estimated,  by  highly  intelligent  persons,  that  in  ^ve  years 
fix>m  the  completion  of  this  line  of  water  communication,  at  least  400,000 
tons  of  anthracite  coal  will  be  required  to  supply  the  deihand  for  the  Lakes 
Ontario  and  Erie,  to  be  used  in  venerating  steam  for  navigation,  and  for 
consimaption  in  various  ways  in  me  vast  region  bordering  on  those  lakes. 

To  some  this  may  seem  extravagant,  but  a  much  larger  quantity  than 
this  is  annually  transported  from  the  mines  near  Wilksb^e  to  the  city  of 
New  York  by  a  single  company.  In  1854,  the  Pennsylvania  Coal  Com- 
pany sent  613,000  tons,  and  will  exceed  this  quantity  in  the  present  year. 

The  completion  of  the  Sodus  Canal  between  the  Erie  Canal,  at  Clyde, 
and  Sodus  bay,  on  Lake  Ontario,  would  greatly  facilitate  the  coal  trade 
between  Wilksbarre  and  the  chain  of  lakes,  the  St  Lawrence,  Canada,  <feo. 
It  would  not  be  hazarding  much  to  say  that  the  tolls  on  coal  alone  will 
justify  the  early  completion  of  that  canal. 

The  coals  of  Ohio  and  Westeili  Pennsylvania  are  all  bituminous,  but 
anthracite  coal  is  preferred  in  lake  and  river  navigation,  and  for  the  smelt- 
ing of  iron. 

In  1820,  the  entire  anthracite  coal  trade  of  the  United  States  was  only 
365  tons;  in  1853,  it  was  6,105,000  tons.  The  increased  demand  and 
consumption  has  everywhere  kept  pace  with  the  increased  facilities  for 
transportation.  A  quarter  of  a  century  ago  not  more  than  one  thousand 
tons  of  anthracite  were  annually  mined  in  the  United  States ;  now  the  in- 


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328  OodUfor  We$Um  New  York. 

crease  alone  is  more  than  a  thousand  tons  per  day,  and  rapidlj  ooinponnd- 
ing  upon  that  With  these  facts  before  us,  and  the  new  elements  dailj 
introduced  into  the  problem  of  future  demand,  who  shall  solve  it  ? 

Without  dwelling  on  the  importance  of  coid  in  a  national  point  of  view, 
I  will  briefly  quote  from  a  few  eminent  British  writers  to  show  the  vital 
influence  it  has  had  on  the  prosperity  of  Great  Britain,  and  certainly  will 
have  on  this  country. 

McCulloch  says  ^  it  is  hardly  possible  to  exaggerate  the  advantages  Eng- 
land derives  from  her  vast  beds  of  coal " — that  her  coal  mines  are  the 
principal  source  and  foundation  of  her  manufacturing  and  conmiercial 
prosperity. 

Another  writer.  Porter,  says  **  her  coal  mines  are  the  source  of  greater 
riches  than  ever  issued  from  the  mines  of  Peru  " — "  that  but  for  the  com- 
mand of  coal,  the  inventions  of  Watt  and  Arkwright  would  have  been  of 
,  small  account" 

Another  writer  says  that  coal,  by  the  agency  of  steam,  has  enabled  Great 
Britain  to  undersell  the  world  in  her  manu&ctures. 

Dr.  Buckland  says  the  amount  of  work  done  in  England  by  means  of 
coal  is  supposed  to  be  equivalent  to  that  of  between  three  and  four  hun- 
dred millions  of  men  by  direct  labor.  And  we  are  almost  astounded  at 
the  influence  of  coal,  and  iron,  and  steam  upon  the  fate  and  fortunes  of  the 
human  race. 

Mr.  Page,  in  his  evidence  before  Parliament,  said  ^  the  manufacturing 
interests  of  this  country,  colossal  as  is  the  fabric  which  it  has  raised,  rests 
principally  on  no  other  base  than  our  fortunate  position  in  regard  to  the 
coal  formations.  Should  our  coal  mines  ever  be  exhausted  it  would  melt 
away  at  once." 

In  the  United  States  no  fears  need  be  entertained  of  exhausting  our 
coal  mines.  On  either  side  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  we  have  more 
coal  than  has  yet  been  found  in  the  whole  of  Europe.  The  Ohio  or  Ap- 
palachion  coal  field  is  the  largest  in  the  world.  Indiana  has  one-fifth  and 
Illinois  not  less  than  three-fourths  of  her  entire  area  occupied  by  the  car- 
boniferous strata.     # 

It  only  remains  for  our  government  to  foster  home  industry  to  insure  to 
us  all  the  advantages  which  have  been  realized  in  Great  Britain.  Her  ex- 
perience proves  that  the  amount  of  mineral  coal  in  a  country  is  the  meas- 
ure of  its  material  greatness  and  prosperity.  The  uses  to  which  her  coals 
have  been  applied  Ornish  the  true  exponent  of  her  great  wealth,  power,  and 
resources. 

And  it  seems  most  providential  that  the  discovery  of  the  uses  of  coal 
was  reserved  for  an  age  in  which  it  was  most  essential.  The  history  of 
the  uses  of  coal  in  the  United  States  belongs  to  the  present  generation, 
and  had  scarcely  any  existence  anterior  to  the  year  1 820.  J^ow  a  wide 
field  is  open  before  us  for  the  development  of  those  economic  applications 
in  its  use,  which  in  late  years  have  be^  so  remarkable  in  all  that  rdates 
to  scientific  and  mechanical  progress 

Coals  are  far  more  important  to  the  world  than  gold  and  silver,  because 
they  accomplish  more  for  man ;  not  only  in  extending  the  comforts  and 
refinements  of  life,  but  in  wonderfully  advancing  science.  Commerce,  and 
navigation,  the  industrial  arts,  trades,  and  manu&ctures.  And  by  the  gen- 
eration of  steam  th^  have  practically  annihilated  time  and  space,  and  are 
rapidly  carrying  knowledge  and  civilization  to  the  remotest  comers  of  the 


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Commerce  and  Beeoureee  of  Finland.  329 

habitable  globe.  The  prodigiotu  moral  influence  which  it  is  destined  to 
exert  defies  all  estimates. 

Among  the  many  influences  which  mark  the  age  in  which  we  live,  none 
is  more  potent  than  this.  We  almost  realize  in  it  the  power  of  the  fabled 
ei^le,  ever  pressin^f  upward  and  onward  with  an  eye  that  never  winks,  and 
wing  that  never  tires.  z. 

Gbnxva,  Auguei^  1855. 


Art.  Tm.— GOIHBRCB  AND  BE80UKGE8  OF  FINLAND. 

•KMEAraiOAL  POnnOM^lTt  EBLATIOMt  TO  THB  RVtflAM    IlinEB— POPVLATIOM— aOVSBllMIIIT-- 
TBAOB  ABO  OOMM BECB— MAMVrAUTUEBt— BLOCKADB  Or  FOETB— MET  Or  BBUXMaPOEB,  BTC. 

Finland  (capital  Helsingfors)  is  situated  between  latitude  59°  48'  and 
70®  6'  north,  and  longitude  21°  and  82°  east;  bounded  north  by  Lapland, 
east  by  the  governments  Archangel  and  Olonotz,  south  by  the  Gulf  of 
Finland  and  government  of  St  Petersburg,  and  west  by  the  Gulf  of  Both- 
nia. It  has  an  area  of  136,000  square  miles,  with  a  flat  surface,  and  is 
traversed  in  the  center  by  a  chain  of  low  hills,  separating  the  basins  of 
the  White  Sea  and  the  Baltic^    The  coast  of  Finland  is  deeply  indented. 

For  the  following  information  touching  the  trade,  Commerce,  manufac- 
tures, and  resources  of  Finland,  we  are  indebted  to  a  correspondent  of  the 
Department  of  State : — 

**  Finland,  elevated  to  the  rank  of  a  grand  dochy  by  the  Swedish  king  Joban 
IlL,  belonged,  as  it  is  generally  known,  to  Sweden  until  the  year  1809,  after  the 
war  of  which  vear  it  Mi  under  the  Russian  scepter.  The  emperor  of  Russia  is 
grand  duke  of  Finland.  The  emperor  is  represented  by  a  Senate  at  Helsingfors, 
consisting  of  fourteen  members  His  Majesty,  the  Emperor  Nicolai,  guarantied, 
as  the  Emperor  Alexander  did  before  him,  the  Lutheran  religion  and  the  Swedish 
fundamental  laws  of  the  country,  in  a  manifesto  of  December  12, 1826.  Fin- 
land has  a  population  of  about  one  million  and  three-quarters ;  the  Swedish  and 
the  finlandian  are  spoken,  and  Helsingfors  is  the  capital  of  the  country. 

**  Agriculture  iv  the  princiDal  business  of  the  majority  of  the  inhabitants.  The 
manner  in  which  it  is  carried  on  is  very  singular  in  some  regards.  1  hope  in  my 
next,  when  I  have  gathered  some  necessary  details,  to  treat  of  this  subject 

**  The  Commerce  is  pretty  flourishing  in  proportion  to  the  width  and  situation 
of  the  country ;  the  fleet  consistinff  of  about  600  vessels,  of  which  the  greater 

Cxi  carries  on  the  trade  with  Sweden,  Russia,  and  Grermany.  Many  sail  on  the 
editernuMtan,  a  dozen  go  to  Brazil,  and  a  few  to  the  East  Indies.  The  princi- 
pal articles  of  export  are  wood  products,  such  as  planks,  beams,  potash,  rosin, 
tar,  pitch,  fire-wood,  d^. ;  and  products  of  cattle  breeding,  such  as  black  cattle, 
sheep,  hogs,  butter,  cheese,  tallow,  and  skins ;  further,  herrings,  salmon,  urease 
of  sea-dogs,  fur-skins,  game,  dLc.  The  principal  articles  of  import  are  tobacco, 
sugar,  coffee,  tea,  cotton,  salt,  copper  and  other  metals,  haddock,  stock  fi»h.  pig- 
ment, wine,  anack,  rum,  fruits,  spices,  silken,  linen,  and  stuffs,  glass,  porcelain, 
drugs,  dLc. 

**  Ajs  to  the  industry,  three  cotton  manuflurtories  occupy  the  first  place.  One 
of  these  is  conducted  on  a  very  large  scale,  with  a  thousand  workmen.  These 
manufactories  have  the  privilege  to  export  their  productions  to  Russia,  and  con- 
sume a  considerable  quantity  of  cotton,  which  hajB  been  imported  from  England. 
I  am  this  moment  negotiating  with  the  manu&ctories  for  theur  drawing  the  cot- 
ton diiectiy  from  America*  as  more  advantageous  for  themselves;  and  I  hope 


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they  will  pareae  the  same  counie  with  tobacco,  which  has  been  bought  up  in  a 
large  quantity  in  Bremen  and  Hamburg,  at  second  hand.  Here  are,  alao,  three 
manufactories  of  steam-engines,  twenty  tobacco,  eight  cloth,  seven  porcelain, 
nine  paper,  five  leather  and  tan  manufactories,  &c  These  manufactories  employ 
foreign  masters  and  workmen  to  the  number  of  160,  for  the  most  part  Bnglish- 
men.  Seven  docks  are  much  occupied  with  ship-building,  of  which  two,  for  the 
most  part,  have  orders  for  the  Russian  government 

^  The  blockade  of  the  ports  at  the  Baltic  Sea  by  the  enemy's  fleets  stopped, 
in  the  year  1854,  all  communication  by  sea  between  Finland  and  foreign  coun- 
tries. Late  in  the  autumn  there  arriv^,  however,  in  Finland  some  vessels  from 
Lubeck,  loaded  with  coffee,  suc^ar,  spirits,  and  wine. 

**  Between  northern  Finland  and  Sweden,  and  between  Helsingfors  and  St. 
Petersburg,  along  the  coast,  communication  was,  on'  the  contrary,  very  lively. 
From  Sweden  there  were  brought  in,  principally,  salt,  coffee,  sugar,  and  wine- 
even  cotton,  tob&cco,  indigo,  and  other  raw  productions  fbr  the  manufactories. 
In  the  month  of  November,  as  the  blockade  discontinued,  the  port  of  Stockholm 
was  visited  by  eighty  Finnish  vessels. 

"The  port  of  Helsingfors  was,  in  the  year  1864,  visited  by  1,689  vessels, large 
and  small,  with  a  tonnage  of  31,922  Swedish  lasts,  (100  Swedish  lasts  equal  to 
240  English  tons,)  and  by  3,136  boaU.  With  these  Were  brought  in  16,881 
cords  of  wood,  16,027  barrels  of  salt,  4,898  barrels  of  salt  fish,  8,221  barrels  of 
rye,  &c.,  &c. ;  and  from  St  Petersburg,  249,282  mats  with  meal,  of  which  227,779 
were  for  the  army.** 


JOURNAL  OF  MERCANTILE  LAW. 


COLLISION  BETWEEN  ▲  SLOOP  AND   THE  STEAMBOAT  EMPIRE  STATE. 

In  the  United  States  District  Court,  New  York.  In  Admiralty,  before  Judge 
IngersoU.    Jedediah  Chapman  and  others  vs.  the  Steamboat  Empire  State. 

This  libel  is  filed  by  the  owners  of  the  sloop  New  York  against  the  steamboat 
Empire  State,  to  recover  damages  which  they  have  sastained  by  a  collision  be- 
tween their  sloop  and  the  Empire  State,  whksh  took  place  in  the  month  of  July, 
1863.  The  collision  occurred  at  a  little  before  six  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  at  a 
point  in  the  East  River  a  little  to  the  east  of  Pot  Rock,  in  Hell  Gate,  at  about 
the  middle  of  the  river,  between  Nesro  Point,  on  Ward's  Island,  and  Woolsey's 
Dock,  near  the  bath-house  on  Long  Island  shore.  The  sloop  was  loaded  with  a 
cargo  of  coal  on  freight,  and  the  collision,  soon  after  it  took  place,  caused  her  to 
sink  with  the  coal  on  board. 

She  was  bound  from  New  York  up  the  Sound  to  New  Haven.  Tlie  steamer 
was  also  bound  from  New  York  up  the  Sound  to  Fall  River.  The  guards  of 
the  steamboat  came  in  contact  with  the  main  rigging  of  the  sloop  as  she  was 
passing  her  on  the  starboard  side,  which  forced  out  her  bolts,  thereby  causing 
an  opening  in  the  side  of  the  sloop,  by  which  she  soon  filled  with  water.  The 
wind  at  the  time  was  light  and  baffling,  and  was  from  the  eastward  of  south, 
and  was  at  the  rate  of  m>m  one  to  two  knots.  The  tide  was  flood,  at  the  rate 
of  from  four  to  seven  knots.  At  the  time  the  sloop  was  heading  with  the  tide 
firom  a  place  nearly  opposite  Negro  Point  to  a  point  near  WooUey's  Dock,  on 
the  Long  Island  shore. 

From  the  time  the  boat  was  opposite  Hallet's  Point  the  sloop  had  not  altered 
her  course.  From  Negro  Point  the  tide  sets  over  to  Woolsey's  Dock.  Often 
there  will  be  two  contrary  whirls  of  the  tide  near  the  place  where  the  collision 
happened.  When  the  two  vessels  came  together,  the  sloop  was  not  far  from 
the  middle  of  the  turn  tide.  The  sloop,  .when  she  was  approaching  near  to 
Negro  Pointy  was  seen  by  the  captain  aiid  pilot  of  the  boat,  before  the  boat 


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piased  Hallet*B  Poiot.  The  sloop  had  a  little  steerage  way  on  her.  From  the 
time  the  sloop  was  first  seen  by  the  boat  she  continued  to  keep  her  coarse. 
When  the  sloop  was  first  seen  by  those  having  charge  of  the  management  of 
the  boat,  they  assumed  that  she  could  bear  away  aAer  passing  Negro  Point,  and 
hog  the  shore  of  Ward's  Island.  Whether  she  could  or  not  in  season  to  have 
got  out  of  the  way  of  the  steamboat,  with  the  wind  light  and  baffling  as  it  was, 
and  the  tide  strong  as  it  was,  does  not  satisfactorily  appear.  She  did  not,  however, 
hug  the  shore  of  Ward's  Island,  but  kept  on  witliont  altering  her  course  in  the 
turn  tide.  When  the  pilot  of  the  boat  first  saw  the  sloop,  before  the  boat  passed 
Hallet's  Point,  he  made  up  his  mind  to  pass  the  sloop  on  her  starboard  side,  and 
directed  the  movements  of  the  boat  with  that  view.  In  passing  Hallet's  Point, 
the  boat  was  slowed,  and  approached  the  sloop  nearly  in  her  w&e,  towards  her 
starboard  side. 

As  the  boat  came  near  the  sloop,  the  engine  of  the  boat  was  stopped.  The 
headway  which  she  had  on  brought  her  uporoadside  to  the  sloop.  The  bells  of 
the  boat  were  then  rung  to  go  ahead,  and  in  passing  the  sloop  the  boat  crowded 
the  sloop ;  her  guards  pressed  against  the  standing  rigging  of  the  sloop  with 
such  force  that  the  injury  was  occasioned  which  caused  her  to  sink.  The  cap- 
tain of  the  boat  thought  he  could  pass  the  sloop  without  touching  her,  and  sup- 
posed at  the  time  that  he  had  so  done.  At  the  time  the  bells  of  the  boat  were 
rung  to  go  ahead,  the  boat  was  drifdng  with  the  tide  towards  the  shore,  and 
there  was  danger  that  she  would  have  gone  on  shore  if  she  had  continued  to 
drift  with  the  tide. 

The  boat  could  have  passed  the  sloop  in  safety  on  her  larboard  side,  if  the 
captain  of  the  boat,  when  he  passed  Hallet's  Point,  had  directed  the  movements 
of  the  boat  with  that  view.  He  did  not,  however,  so  direct  her  movements, 
supposing  that  the  sloop  would  hug  the  shore  of  Ward's  Island,  though  the  cap- 
tain of  the  sloop  gave  no  indications  that  he  would  do  so.  The  ordinary  course 
of  ifavigation  for  sailing  vessels  in  |^oing  up  the  Sound,  with  the  wind  from  a 
point  east  of  south,  was,  after  passing  Negro  Point,  to  bear  away  some  if  they 
eould. 

The  captain  of  the  sloop  did  not  see  the  boat  until  the  boat  had  passed  Hallet's 
Point  and  was  approaching  near  the  sloop.  The  sloop  was  in  no  fault,  unless 
her  keeping  her  course  in  the  turn  tide  is  to  be  considered  as  a  fault. 

In  the  case  of  the  Jamaica,  steam  ferryboat.  New  York  hegal  Observer^  vol. 
3,  p.  242,  the  district  judge,  in  giving  his  opinion,  says :  **  A  steamboat  having 
had  a  sailmg  vessel  in  full  view,  time  enough  to  have  avoided  her,  is  to  be  hela 
responsible,  prima  facie,  for  steering  clear,  without  requiring  the  latter  to  do 
anything."  In  the  case  under  consideration,  the  steamboat  had  the  sloop  in 
full  view  before  the  boat  came  up  to  Hallet's  Point,  and  in  time  to  have  avoided 
her,  by  pursuing  a  different  course,  and  the  sloop  did  nothing  but  keep  her 
eonrse. 

In  the  case  of  the  Naugatuck  Transportation  Company  vs,  the  steamboat 
Rhode  Island,  tried  before  Judge  Nelson,  which  was  a  case  of  collision  happen- 
ing near  the  pla'je  where  this  collision  occurred,  the  judge,  in  giving  his  opinion, 
remarks  as  follows :  *^  Upon  the  evidence  I  should  feel  bound  to  hold  any  vessel 
responsible  for  a  collisi^  that  occurred  in  attempting  to  pass  another,  while 
struggling  in  this  dangerous  strait,  there  being  no  fault  on  the  part  of  the  leading 
vessel." 

It  is  claimed  on  the  part  of  the  Empire  State,  that  after  she  came  near  the 
sloop  she  could  not  back,  or  remain  witli  her  engine  motionless,  and  that  the 
only  course  she  could  pursue  with  safety  to  herself  was  to  go  ahead.  The  re- 
marks of  Judge  Nelson  in  the  case  of  the  Rhode  Island  are  a  sufficient  answer 
to  this  claim.  He  says :  *^  The  pretext  set  up  for  exposing  the  Naugatuck  to 
the  hazard  is,  that  the  slowing  or  stopping  the  Rhode  Island  after  she  had  pa8se4 
Flood  Rock,  would  greatly  endanger  her  own  safety  and  the  safety  of  the  live4 
of  the  passengers.  The  answer  is,  if  this  be  admitted,  it  was  her  own  fault  that 
she  was  brought  into  the  dilemtiia.  The  Naugatuck  was  seen  in  time  to  have 
avoided  it    Neglecting  to  avoid  it  subjects  the  Rhode  Island  to  all  the  conse- 


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quences  that  followed."  And  as  there  was  no  fault  on  the  part  of  the  sloop  in 
this  case — her  keeping  her  course  while  close-hanled  not  being  considered  a 
fkult— the  Empire  State  must  be  hoiden  responsible  for  all  the  consequeneee 
which  followed  the  collision. 

The  answer  of  the  court,  therefore,  is,  that  the  libelants  recover  the  damage 
which  they  have  sustained  by  the  collision,  and  that  it  be  referred  to  a  commis- 
sion to  ascertain  and  report  what  the  damage  is. 

For  libelants,  Mr.  Morton  and  Mr.  Haskett;  for  claimants,  Mr.  Lord. 

rROMISSORY  ROTES — MAKERS   AKD  IMDORSERS. 

In  the  city  court  of  Brooklyn,  (New  York,)  before  Judge  Greenwood.  Jane, 
1864.    Kelsey  &  Kelsey  vs,  Bradbury. 

A  man  named  Cox  made  a  note,  payable  to  Rouse,  or  order.  He  indorsed  it 
to  Elliot  and  Hoiden.  The  indorsees  obtained  a  judgment  upon  it  against  the 
maker  and  indorser.  The  latter  paid  the  judgment,  received  back  the  note^  and 
transferred  it  to  the  defendant,  who  sets  it  up  against  a  demand,  upon  which  the 
plaintiffs  sue  as  assignees  of  the  maker.  It  is  contended  by  the  plaintiffs'  coun- 
sel that  the  note  was  merged  in  the  judgment,  so  that  it  was  no  longer  the  sub- 
ject of  an  action,  or  capable  of  being  transferred  by  the  indorser. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  if  the  indorser  had  paid  the  note  before  judgment, 
although  after  maturity,  he  could  have  recovered  upon  it  against  the  maker,  or 
put  it  again  in  circulation,  (1  Cowen,  387,  Havens  i;*.  Huntington,  Leavit  rs. 
Putnam,  3  Comst  R.,  494,)  payment  would  not  have  extinguished  the  note. 

So,  after  judgment  against  maker  and  indorser,  the  latter  may  purchase  and 
take  an  assignment  of  the  judgment,  as  against  the  maker,  and  enforce  it  against 
him.  (Corey  vs.  White,  3  Barb.  S.  C.  R.,  12.)  But  here  the  indorser  did  not 
take,  and  perhaps  could  not  have  obtained,  an  assignment  of  the  judgment,  and 
the  question  is,  what  is  the  efi^t  of  the  judgment  upon  the  rights  of  tlvs  indorser, 
or  of  a  new  indorser,  as  to  the  remedies  upon  the  note  itself.  In  Corey  ts. 
White,  uh.  sup.t  the  court  say : — "  A  judgment  extinguishes  merely  the  liabilitiea 
of  the  defendant  to  the  plaintiff,  and  leaves  unaffected  the  liability  of  the  prior 
parties  to  the  defendant."  A  judgment  against  the  indorser  alone  would  not, 
therefore,  affect  the  liability  of  the  maker  to  him. 

All  that  the  indorser  would  have  to  do  would  be  to  pay  the  judgment,  and  then 
by  repossessing  himself  of  the  note  he  would  become  again  invested  with  all 
the  rights  against  the  maker  which  he  before  had.  It  would  be  the  same  in 
effect  as  if  the  indorser  had  paid  the  note  before  judgment ;  for  the  court  ob- 
serves in  the  same  case: — '*  A  judgment  has  no  greater  effect  in  extinguishing  a 
demand  than  paymenC  It  is  settled  by  the  case  to  which  I  have  last  referred, 
that  a  recovery  in  a  joint  action  under  the  statute  against  the  several  parties  to  a 
promissory  note,  has  no  effect  on  the  contract  which  exists  between  them,  a$ 
among  themsehesy  although  the  plaintiff  in  the  acUon  could  not  afterwards  sue 
either  of  them. 

Then  suppose  the  maker  in  this  case  had  been  sued  separately  to  judgment, 
and  the  indorser  had  paid  the  judgment,  and  received  back  the  note,  how  could 
the  rights  of  the  indorser  against  the  maker  have  beeH  prejudiced  t  The  judg- 
ment would  have  been  extinguished  by  the  payment,  but  not  the  indorser's  de- 
mand against  the  maker.  The  indorser*s  right  of  action  on  the  note  would  have 
been  merged  and  gone,  but  not  the  indorsee's,  for  that  of  the  latter  is  not  de- 
rived from  the  indorsei^s,  but  arises  from  his  relation  to  the  maker  upon  the  note. 
There  is  a  wide  difference  between  the  merger  of  a  demand  of  a  particular  party 
and  a  merger  of  the  note  itself,  upon  which  demands  of  other  parties  depend. 

The  mucer  cannot  be  prejudiced  by  holding/this  doctrine.  He  has  never  paid 
the  note,  nor  is  there  any  judgment  remaining  against  him,  for  that  haa  been  ex- 
tinguished by  the  payment  by  the  indorser. 

That  the  effect  of  a  joint  judgment  is  the  same  as  if  separate  suite  had  been 
brought,  is  settled  b^  the  case  of  Corey  and  White. 

The  precise  question  here  raised  has  not,  that  I  am  aware,  been  determined  in 


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this  State,  bnt  I  am  referred  to  the  case  of  Preat  vs.  Van  Aradalen,  6  Halst,  194, 
as  an  aatboritj  in  favor  of  the  pUinti£  Taat  case  arose  from  an  appeal  from  a 
judgment  in  a  justice's  court,  which  had  been  affirmed  in  the  Common  Pleas. 
The  opinion  of  the  court  is  brief^  and  the  decision  is  put  on  the  ground  that  by 
the  judgment  against  the  m«iker,  the  note  had  passed  in  remjvdicatam.  The 
case  of  Bean  vs.  Smith,  2  Mason,  268,  is  referred  to  by  the  court  as  sanctioning 
the  doctrine.  I  have  examined  that  case,  and  find  that  it  was  a  judgment  credi- 
tor's bill  to  set  aside  fraudulent  conveyances.  One  of  the  minor  questions  raised, 
was  as  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court,  and  Judge  Story,  in  his  very  able  opinion 
which  he  delivered  in  the  case,  says  upon  the  point,  what  is  obviously  correct, 
(although  it  was  not  necessary  to  the  decision  of  the  case,)  that  the  course  of 
action  having  passed  into  rem  judicaiam^  the  defendant  could  not  go  behind  the 
judgment  to  inquire  how  the  case  would  have  stood  as  to  jurisdiction  upon  the 
cause  of  action  itself.  In  other  words,  that  this  matter  was  res  judicata  between 
the  parties. 

With  perfect  respect  for  the  court  which  decided  the  case  in  New  Jersey,  I 
confess  that  I  am  unable  to  see  the  analogy  between  the  two  cases ;  nor  do  I 
perceive  how  a  judgment  between  indorsee  and  maker  is  res yt/(^fca/a  between 
Indorser  and  maker.  There  is  no  priority  between  indorser  and  indorsee -so  far 
as  the  indorser's  right  of  action  against  the  maker  is  concerned,  for  that  right  of 
action  grows  out  of  the  relation  between  the  two  latter  created  by  the  note. 
There  is  no  indorsement  back  to  the  indorser.  Nor  has  the  indorser  any  agency 
in  obtaining  the  judgment  against  the  maker.  How,  then,  does  the  doctrine  of 
res  judicata  apply  ] 

In  the  present  case,  the  note  was  passed  to  the  indorsees  (who  obtained  judg- 
ment) for  value,  upon  the  responsibility  of  the  indorser,  as  well  as  that  of  the 
maker,  and  the  indorser  was  morally  and  legally  bound  to  them  as  much  as  the 
maker  was.  The  indorser  paid  the  judgment,  and  received  back  the  note,  and 
this,  I  think,  placed  him  apon  the  same  footing,  as  respects  the  maker,  upon 
which  he  was  before  he  passed  the  note  away.  Perhaps,  as  before  intimated,  if 
he  had  desired  an  assignment  of  the  judgment,  he  could  not  have  obtained  it.  The 
note  was  not  an  accommodation  note,  aa  between  maker  and  indorser,  and  there 
may  be  a  question  whether  an  action  could  be  maintained  by  the  latter  for  money 
paid  to  the  use  of  the  former.  The  note  is  now  in  the  hands  of  a  holder  who 
took  it  for  valye  from  the  indorser,  having  no  knowledge  that  a  judgment  was 
once  obtained  upon  iL  The  maker  has  no  valid  defense  to  it,  other  than  the 
purely  technical  one  to  whkh  I  have  referred,  and  that,  I  think,  cannot  prevail. 

Equity,  as  applicable  under  the  code  and  commercial  polky,  both  favor,  I  think, 
the  doctrine  contended  for  bv  the  defendant  With  these  views,  I  must  adhere 
to  the  ruling  at  the  trial,  and  if  I  should  err,  leave  my  error  to  be  corrected  by 
the  Supreme  Court.    New  trial  denied. 

THB  CORN  TRADE — FALLING  OP  A  STORE — LIABILITT  OF  OWNER. 

Larmour  vs.  Waring.  Tlie  plaintiff  in  this  case  was  a  merchant  and  an  im- 
porter of  [ndian  corn,  and  required  a  loft  or  store  for  the  storing  of  a  quantity  of 
corn.  The  defendant  represented  that  he  had  a  loft  such  as  would  safely  hold 
250  tons,  trusting  in  which  the  plaintiff  agreed  on  and  took  the  loft.  It,  how- 
ever, did  not  turn  out  to  be  sufficiently  strong  to  hold  250  tons.  The  issues  to 
go  to  the  jury  were — 

1st.  Whether  the  loft  was  let  to  the  defendant  on  the  representation  that  the 
same  was. capable  of  carrying  250  tons.  2d.  Whether  it  was  in  a  state  at  the 
time  so  let  as  to  be  capable  of  carrying  250  tons.  3d.  Whether  the  end  of  the 
stores  fell,  as  alleged  in  the  plaint,  in  consequence  of  the  bad  construction,  or,  as 
the  defendant  alleged,  in  consequence  of  negligent  and  improper  storing.  And, 
further,  whether  the  defendant  bad  appropriated  eighty  tons  of  com,  the  property 
of  the  plaintiff. 

Verdict  for  the  plaintiff,  £285  15s.  3d.  damages  and  costa.  Exceptions  were 
taken  to  the  verdict  on  the  ground  that  it  was  contrary  to  evidence,  and  the  case 
will  consequently  be  tried  in  the  courts  above. 


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COLLISION — BABK  PALERMO  AND   STEAMSHIP  TBLBGRAPH. 

Jadicial  Committee  of  Privy  Council,  July  13, 1854.  Before  Sir  John  Dodson, 
Sir  John  Patteson,  and  Sir  Edward  Ryan. 

This  was  an  appeal  from  a  decree  of  (he  High  Court  of  Admiralty  in  a  cause 
of  damage  which  had  been  brought  on  behalf  of  tlie  bark  Palermo  against  the 
steamship  Telegraph.  Th6  collision  between  them  occurred  about  10  p.  m.,  on 
the  28th  of  November,  1853,  in  Belfast  Lough,  the  Palermo  being  at  anchor  near 
to  Grey  Point,  with  her  head  to  the  south,  and  with  her  starboard  side  towards 
Belfast.  The  Telegraph  was  proceeding  from  Belfast  to  Liverpool.  It  was  ad- 
mitted that  the  Palermo  did  not  comply  with  the  regulations  which  require  all 
sailing  vessels  to  anchor  in  roadsteads  or  fairways  to  exhibit  a  constant  bright 
light  at  the  masthead  from  sunset  until  sunrise.  The  question  at  issue  there- 
fore was,  whether  this  non-compliance  was  not  the  cause  of  the  collision  which 
occurred.  The  Palermo  stated  that  the  light  was  hoisted  in  the  mizen  rigging. 
On  the  part  of  the  Telegraph  it  was  alleged  that  no  light  was  visible,  that  if  it 
had  been  exhibited  at  the  masthead  it  must  have  been  seen  in  time  to  avoid  the 
collision,  and  that,  if  exhibited  at  all,  it  was  on  the  Inrboard  mizzen  rigging. 
The  Trinity  Masters  having  advised  the  learned  judge  of  the  court  below  that, 
looking  at  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  if  any  comparison  was  to  be  drawn  be- 
tween the  two  positions,  the  light  was  more  visible  on  the  larboard  mizzen  rig- 
ging than  it  would  have  been  at  the  masthead,  he  pronounced  for  the  damage, 
against  which  the  present  appeal  was  interposed. 

Dr.  Addams  and  Mr.  Forsyth  were  heard  for  the  appelants.  Dr.  Haggard  and 
Mr.  Willes  for  the  respondents. 

Sir  John  Pattison,  in  delivering  the  judment  of  their  lordships,  said  that  the 
sole  question  for  determination  was,  whether  or  not  the  light  had  been  properly 
placed  on  board  the  Palermo.  It  was  quite  clear  that  there  had  been  a  depart- 
ure from  the  admiralty  regulations,  and  no  special  reason  had  been  assi^cd  for 
it.  Their  Lordships  had  great  difficulty  in  understanding  how  the  Trinity  Mas- 
ters could  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  a  light  was  more  visible  on  the 
larboard  mizzen  ngging  than  on  the  masthead.  Their  lordships  had  had  the 
assistance  of  gentlemen  fully  conversaift  with  matters  of  that  sort^  and  they 
were  decidedly  of  opinion,  in  which  their  lord^ips  concurred,  that  the  TriniW 
Masters  had  taken  an  entirely  wrong  view  of  the  case.  By  a  light  being  placed 
at  the  masthead  must  be  understood  the  vei^  top  of  the  mast,  so  that  it  would 
be  visible  all  round  the  horizon.  It  was  quite  apparent  that  the  collision  was 
occasioned  by  a  breach  of  the  Admiralty  regulations,  and,  that  being  so,  by  the 
act  of  Parliament  the  owners  of  the  Palermo  were  not  entitled  to  recover.  The 
decree  of  the  court  below,  therefore,  must  be  reversed,  and  the  Palermo  must  be 
condemned  in  the  costs,  both  in  that  court  and  in  the  court  of  appeal. 

CHABTER-PARTT — CLAIM  FOR   NOT  RECEIVIIfG  A  FULL  CARGO. 

A  question  of  much  importance  to  shipowners  and  charterers,  was  recently 
(January,  1855)  heard  in  the  Court  of  Equity,  (Liverpool,  England,)  before  Mr. 
Baron  Martin,  and  a  common  jury,  in  the  case  of  Cuthbert  rs.  Cumming,  in 
which  the  plaintiff  claimed  from  the  defendant  the  sum  of  £>IZ9  8  3,  as  com- 
pensation for  his  ve&sel  not  having  received  a  full  cargo.  The  facts  of  the  case, 
as  we  find  them  in  the  Liverpool  Albion^  are  as  follows : — 

A  charter-party  was  made  in  Liverpool  between  Wm.  Cuthbert  and  Anthony 
Cumming,  for  a  voyage  between  Liverpool  and  Trinidad,  of  the  brig  Agnes,  of 
the  harden  215  tons,  to  take  out  a  carffo  free,  and  to  return  home  with  a  cargo 
of  sugar,  molasses,  or  other  lawful  produce ;  freight  to  be  paid  on  the  homew^ 
carffo,  at  the  rate  of  958.  ner  ton  net  at  the  Queen*a  beam.  The  vessel  arrived 
In  Liverpool  about  the  end  of  July,  and  discharged  the  fgJlowing  produce : — 
170  hhds.  sugar,  32  tierces  ditto,  108  barrels  ditto,  196  puncheons  molasses,  52 


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Jcwmal  €f  Mercantile  Lavf,  dd5 

bAs«  cocoa,  and  1,636  cattle  horns;  net  weight  delivered  251  tons  9  lbs.  odd. 
^en  in  Trinidad  the  captain  agreed,  by  letter,  to  take  on  board  all  barrels  fur- 
nished for  broken  stowa^  at  ^.  per  ton.  After  discharging  the  vessel,  the 
plaintiff  first  sent  in  a  claim  for  29  tons  of  sugar,  and  afterwards  for  50  tons,  to 
the  defendant,  without  any  previous  notice  oi  the  vessel  having  arrived  with  a 
deficiency,  so  that,  if  defendant  had  been  liable,  he  had  not  even  the  opportunity 
afforded  him  of  having  the  stowage  surveyed,  on  the  plea  that  the  charterer  was 
compelled  to  find  bags  of  cocoa,  and  barrels  of  sugar,  as  broken  stowage,  not- 
withstanding the  charterer  had  refused  to  insert  a  cUnse  to  that  effect  when  the 
charter  was l)eing  negotiated.  At  the  examination  of  the  captain  and  mate  they 
both  swore  that  the  vessel  could  have  carried  from  forty  to  fifty  tons  more  than 
she  discharged,  having  three  feet  of  space  between  the  top  tier  and  deck,  although 
she  had  stowed  four  heights  of  sufrar  In  a  hold  of  fifteen  feet  eight  inches ;  and 
they  also  swore  that  the  vessel  had  discharged  a  full  load  of  three  hundred  and 
twenty  tons  of  coals  in  bulk.  Messrs.  Scrutton,  Thompson,  Ballard,  and  Captain 
Collin,  brokers  and  shipowners,  in  London,  and  Mr.  Longton,  of  Liverpool,  were 
examined  as  to  the  custom  of  the  trnde,  and  they  proved,  that  unless  a  special 
clause  was  inserted  in  a  charter-party,  that  broken  stowage  was  part  of  the 
agreement,  the  shipowners  could  not  compel  the  charterer  to  furnish  the  vessel 
with  broken  stowage,  Mr.  Scrutton  proving  that,  in  a  charter  of  this  same  vessel, 
for  a  full  and  complete  cargo  of  sugar,  molasses,  and  other  produce,  she  came 
home  without  a  full  cargo  of  suffar,  without  a  single  tierce  or  barrel  for  broken 
stowage,  and  the  net  weight  landed  was  only  219  tons  of  sugar;  independent  of 
this,  Mr.  Longton  proved  the  vessel  had  never  before  discharged  the  same  weight 
•f  sugar  and  molasses  on  any  former  voyage  to  the  West  Indies.  After  hearing 
the  ar^ments  on  both  sides  as  to  the  custom,  the  learned  baron  agreed  that;  if 
the  evidence  of  the  custom  be  that  the  merchant  satisfies  such  a  contract  as  the 
one  in  question,  by  fur^iishing  as  many  hogsheads  of  sugar  and  puncheons  of 
molasses  as  can  be  stowed  in  the  shin,  was  admissible,  and  the  custom  legal,  and 
was  proved,  the  ship  was  duly  loaded ;  if  the  custom  was  not  legal,  and  the  evi- 
dence  was  not  admissible,  the  verdict  should  be  for  the  plaintiff  for  the  amount 
claimed,  with  leave  to  move  for  a  verdict,  or  for  a  nonsuit.  A  nominal  verdict 
for  the  amount  claimed  was  then  taken  for  the  plaintiff,  and  the  question  will 
now  be  brought  before  the  judges.  The  learned  baron  thought  that  the  merchant 
would  satisfy  his  contract  by  supplying  any  of  the  articles  he  pleased,  some  or 
one  of  them.  He  desired  the  counsel  to  state  to  the  judges,  if  he  should  not  be 
present,  that  it  was  his  wish  a  rule  should  be  granted.  The  learned  baron,  in 
speaking  of  customs^  also'  said  that,  if  a  custom  at  Liverpool  was  put  upon  a 
foreign  merchant,  it  would  excite  very  great  surprise. 

SALVAGE — BIGHT  OF  ACTION  FOR. 

Lipson  vs.  Harrison  and  another.  The  right  to  sue  in  a  court  of  common  law 
for  salvage  must  be  founded  on  an  implied  contract;  and,  therefore,  where  the 
facts  of  the  case  do  not  warrant  any  such  inference,  the  action  will  not  lie.  One 
of  several  salvors  cannot  sue  for  his  share  of  salvage. 

This  was  an  action  tried  before  Justice  Wightman,  at  the  Liverpool  Assizes. 
At  the  trial  the  plaintiff  was  nonsuited,  leave  bein^  reserved  to  move  to  set  aside 
the  nonsuit,  and  to  enter  the  verdict  for  the  plaintiff.  It  appeared  at  the  trial 
that  the  plaintiff,  being  a  common  sailor,  had  sailed  from  Liverpool  to  Africa  in 
the  ship  Swiftsure  in  that  capacity,  on  a  voyage  from  Dverpool  to  the  coast  of 
Africa,  and  that  whilst  the  ship  was  lying  in  the  Bonny  River,  on  the  African 
coast,  in  January,  the  intelligence  came  on  the  evening  of  the  14ih  that  the  ship 
Lady  Worsley,  of  which  the  defendants  were  owners,  was  stranded  on  the  bar 
at-the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  in  great  danger.  The  plaintiff  was  that  eveninff 
ordered  by  the  master  of  the  Svtd^sure  to  go  next  morning  to  the  vessel,  which 
he  did,  together  with  the  surgeon  and  six  seamen  of  the  ship's  company  in  one 
boat,  and  the  master  of  the  Lady  Worsley  and  others  with  him,  proceeded  in 


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886  Jtmmal  of  MtreanHle  Law. 

two  other  boate.  The  plaintiffs  boat  got  first  to  the  vessel,  and  found  her 
stranded  with  aJl  her  sails  set,  the  crew  having  left  her ;  he  then,  with  the  others, 
cut  her  mants,  and  ultimately  succeeded  in  getting  her  into  deep  water. 

The  declaration  was  for  money  payable  for  the  salvage  of  a  certain  bark  laden 
with  ffoods,  of  which  the  defendants  were  owners,  ami  which  was  struck  and 
stranded  on  a  certain  bar,  and  by  the  plaintiff  saved,  got  off,  and  delivered  to  the 
defendants.    There  was  no  count  for  work  and  labor. 

At  the  close  of  the  plaintiff's  case,  it  was  contended  for  the  defendants— 
1st,  that  an  action  did  not  lie  for  salvage;  2dly,  that  if  it  did,  the  principals  of 
the  Swiftsuro,  as  owners  thereof,  were  the  parties  to  sue  in  this  case ;  and  3dly, 
that  if  the  action  lay,  it  ought  to  be  brought  by  all  the  salvors,  and  not  by  the 
plaintiff  alone.    Rule  reiust^ 

SHIP,  MASTEE    OF — BORROWIIfO    MONEY — FLEDGING  THE   CREDIT  OF   OWNER — 
WHEN  JUSTIFIED  IN. 

Edwards  ts.  Havill.  When  a  ship  has  taken  her  cargo  on  board,  and^is  ready 
to  start  on  her  voyage,  but  is  wind-bound  at  the  port  of  loading,  which  is  one 
day's  post  from  the  residence  of  the  owner,  and  the  captain  borrows  money  on 
her  owner's  credit,  for  the  purpose  of  procuring  necessary  provisions  for  the 
ship,  the  jury  may  properly  infer  that  there  was  a  necessity  for  the  master  to  bay 
the  provisions  with  ready  money. 

This  was  an  action  for  money  lent.  At  the  trial  before  Justice  Talfourd,at  the 
Bristol  Assizes,  it  appeared  that  the  plaintiff  was  a  broker  carrying  on  business 
at  Newport,  in  Monmouthshire,  and  that  the  defendant  was  a  mason  at  Exeter. 
The  defendant  was  the  owner  of  a  vessel  called  the  Dart,  which  he  had  bought 
of  a  person  named  Pearce,  who  at  the  time  of  the  transaction  in  question  was 
captain  of  the  vessel.  In  January,  1853,  Pearce  was  at  Newport  with  the  vessel, 
and  she  there  took  a  cargo  for  Ireland.  The  ship  was  wina-bound  in  the  river 
at  Newport  for  about  a  fortnight,  and  Pearce  borrowed  the  money  of  the  plain- 
tiff with  which  to  buy  provisions  for  the  ship.  This  money  the  plaintifi^  now 
sought  to  recover  from  the  defendant  It  appeared  that  Exeter  was  one  day's 
post  from  Newport 

A  verdict  was  found  for  the  plaintiff,  leave  being  reserved  to  move  to  set  it 
aside,  and  enter  one  for  the  defendant.    Rule  refused. 

USX7RT  ON  RAILROAD  BONDS. 

The  following  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York,  in  the  case  of 
Bank  against  Edwards,  settles  the  question  in  regard  to  the  plea  of  usury  on 
railway  bonds  issued  in  that  State: — 

As  to  the  usury.  It  is  well  established  that  this  is  a  personal  defense,  and  can- 
not be  set  up  by  a  stranger  to  the  transaction.  (Reading  agt  Weston,  7  Conn. 
413.  Le  Wolf  agt  Johnson,  10  Wheat,  367.)  The  Chancellor,  in  Cole  agt 
Savage,  (10  Paige,  683.)  attempted  to  overturn  this  rule  upon  the  strength  of 
the  Revised  Statutes  (1  R.  S.  772)  and  the  sUtute  of  1837.  (Sess.  L.  of  1837, 
page  487  section  4,)  and  to  extend  the  defense  beyond  the  ^  borrower  **  and  bia 
sureties,  heirs,  devisees,  and  personal  representatives,  and  confers  it  also  upon 
subsequent  grantees  of  premises,  subject  to  a  usurious  mortgage.  But  the 
Court  for  the  Correction  of  Errors,  in  Post  act  Bank  of  Utica,  (7  Hill,  391^ 
overruled  his  decision,  and  even  under  our  peculiar  statutes,  confined  the  defense 
to  those  persons  only  who  were  bound  by  the  original  contract  to  pay  the  sum 
borrowed.    (Livingston  agt  Harris,  11  Wend,  329.) 

Also,  it  is  not  competent  for  a  subsequent  mortgagee  to  set  up  usury  in  the 
first  lieu.  That  is  a  personal  defense,  confined  to  the  borrower,  his  sureties, 
heirs,  devisees,  and  representatives,  or  to  those  persons  only  who  are  bound,  by 
the  original  contract,  to  pay  the  sum  borrowed. 


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Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review.  887 

BANKRUPTCY  Uf  IBELAHD. 

The  Freeman  s  Journal  (Irish)  publishes  a  most  important  decision,  (McKibbm 
w.  Northern  Bank,)  which  wa«  pronounced  recently  (1855)  by  the  Lord  Chan- 
cellor, iu  the  matter  of  R.  McKibbin,  a  bankrupt,  upon  an  appeal  from  the  de- 
cision of  Commissioner  Macan  by  the  Northern  Banking  Company.  The  bank 
claimed  to  be  mortgagees  not  only  of  the  bankrupts  mill,  but  of  the  machinery 
in  it,  the  assignees  contending  that  the  machinery  being  chattels,  and  in  the  order 
and  di!«poKitiun  of  the  bankrupt,  belonged  to  them,  the  assignees,  in  whose  favor 
the  Commi«*8ioner  decided.  The  Chancellor,  however,  r3ver8ed  the  decision, 
stating  that  the  question  was  not  whether  the  machinery  could  be  removed  with- 
out injury  to  the  building,  but  whether  it  was,  for  trade  purposes,  part  of  the 
erection,  which  would  l^  valueless  without  it,  and  on  these  and  other  grounds 
be  decided  that  the  mortgage  of  the  bank  over  the  machinery  was  perfectly  good. 


COMMERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW. 


•BiriBAL  COffDinON  Of  THS  COUNTRT— PBflCBIPTIOIf  OF  THB  iJtCOMIN*  CBOPB— PBlCBf  OF  PROVIB- 
ION*— 8T4TB  or  TBB  MONBT>KABBBT— BAILBOaD  BBCBim  PUB  JOLT  AMP  PBOK  JANUARY  ItT— 
PORKION  BXCUANOB—BBVltlON  OP  THB  TaBIPP — MBBCANTILB  CBBDIT— PIRB-PROOP  BUItDINOS^ 
TBB  BA^K  MOVICMBNT— BBCBlPTt  OP  OOLD  AMD  DKPOtlTS  AT  THB  NBW  TORB  At»AT  OPPICB  AMD 
PBIL4DBLPHIA  MIRT— IMPOBTB  AT  BBW  TOBB  POB  JULY  AHD  flHCB  JANUaBY  liT— IMPORTB  OP  DRY 
•00D8— Cash  DCTIBS  BBCBIVBD  AT  RBW  YOBX— BXPOBTB  PBOM  MBW  YOBK  FOR  TBB  MONTB  OP 
JULY  AND  PROM  JAMUABY  ItT— BXPOBTB  OP  DOMBBTIC  PRODUCB—TOB  PLACB  TBB  UMITBD  STATBI 
ABB  TO  TaBK  in  PXBDINO  TBB  WOBLD.  ETC. 

The  news  from  the  old  world  is  still  unfavorable,  but  in  most  parts  of  our 
own  country  the  accounts  are  very  cheering.  It  is  now  settled  that  the  crops 
are  very  large  throughout  the  breadth  of  the  land.  Wheat  has  been  damaged 
in  many  sections  by  the  prevalence  of  wet  weather  during  the  period  of  harvest- 
ing, and  in  some  instances  the  product  of  entire  fields  hjis  grown  or  sprouted,  so 
as^l  be  unfit  for  choice  flour.  Throwing  this  entirely  aside,  we  believe  there  is 
enough  sound  wheat  for  the  consumption  of  this  country,  with  a  larger  surplut 
for  export  than  ever  before  known.  Rye  is  also  abundant,  and  only  small  por- 
tions were  damaged  in  harvesting.  Oats  are  unusually  heavy.  Some  fields  in 
the  SUite  of  New  York  are  represented  as  yielding  nearly  100  bushels  to  the 
aere,  and  everywhere  this  grain  has  turned  out  remarkably  well.  Indian  corn 
promi:»es  nobly.  The  growth  has  been  unprecedented,  and  the  ear  now  filling  is 
beyond  all  caHualties  except  a  hail-storm  or  an  early  frost.  Neither  of  these  are 
likely  tu  prevail  universally,  so  that  the  abundance  of  this  cereal  is  almost  be- 
yond a  contingency.  Potatoes  have  done  remarkably  well,  and  the  yield  will  be 
enormoas.  The  weather  has  been  quite  favorable,  and  the  production  will  be 
fully  one-third  above  the  average  in  the  same  ground,  while  the  breadth  planted, 
owing  to  the  extravagant  prices  of  the  last  two  yeans  is  nearly  one- third  greater 
than  u*!U.il.  A  few  years  ago  the  average  price  of  potatoes  as  dug  from  the 
fields  throughout  New  England,  was  25  cents  per  bushel  When  the  price  of 
lota  delivered  along  the  channels  of  transportation  rose  to  50  cents  per  bushel, 
the  production  was  said  to  be  the  best  business  known  in  agriculture.  Last  year 
the  retail  price  in  market  rose  up  at  one  time  to  $2  per  bushel,  while  the  farm- 
ers along  the  Long  I.<)land  Sound  obtained  $1  37j  a  %\  50  per  bushel,  as  they 
came  from  the  field.  This  year  the  rot  has  made  iU  appearance  in  many  places, 
but  no,  great  fears  are  entertained  of  extensive  damage  from  this  cause,  so  that 
potatoes  must  become  cheap  as  soon  as  the  plenty  produces  its  legitimate  effect. 

VOL.  xxxiii. — KO.  ui.  22 


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838  Commercial  Chronicle  and  JReview. 

All  eyes  fure  now  turned  to  tbe  forei^  harvests,  and  especiallj  to  Great  Britain, 
and  the  precarious  weather  reported  creates  some  excitement  among  speculators 
here.  This  is  the  last  bulwark  of  high  prices.  If  the  English  crops  should  fail, 
or  become  damaged,  a  brisk  demand  will  be  realized  for  our  produce,  and  the 
heavy  decline  in  value  now  anticipated  may  be  prevented.  Meantime  the  new 
grain  crops  comes  forward  very  slowly.  Millers  are  afraid  to  buy  at  high  rates 
for  fear  of  a  loss  on  the  flour,  and  farmers  are  afraid  to  offer  a  concession  lost 
they  should  lose  the  benefit  of  an  active  foreign  trade.  The  grass  crop,  which 
was  thin  during  the  early  part  of  the  season,  filled  up  toward  the  close,  and  will 
prove  ample  for  all  demands.  We  have  been  thus  particular  in  regard  to  the 
crops,  because  the  question  is  so  intimately  connected  with  all  of  our  financial 
and  commercial  interesta. 

The  demand  for  money  since  our  last  has  been  more  active.  Temporary  loans 
have  been  easily  obtained,  but  time  contracts  have  brought  full  legal  rates,  and 
there  has  been  a  more  general  call  for  capital.  Letters  of  credit  have  also  been 
in  demand,  and  there  is  eveiy  indication  of  a  greatly  extended  business  during 
the  next  year.  The  country  seems  to  have  nearly  recovered  from  the  very  gen- 
eral stagnation  witnessed  during  the  closing  months  of  the  last,  and  the  early 
part  of  the  current  year,  and  there  is  cverjrwhere  a  more  hopeful  prospect  So 
long  as  the  increased  commercial  activity  does  not  divert  the  attention  of  the 
people  from  agricultural  pursuits,  there  is  no  danger  to  be  apprehended  from  it, 
but  the  entire  monopolization  of  the  loose  portion  of  our  laborers  by  the  vaii- 
ous  rmlroad  enterprises  during  the  years  1852  and  1853,  contributed  largely 
toward  the  subsequent  reaction  in  our  career  of  prosperity. 

The  important  railroads  throughout  the  country  have  earned  handsome  divi- 
dends,  and  the  prospect  for  all  of  them  for  the  coming  twelve  months  is  univers- 
ally promising,  owing  to  the  large  quantity  of  produce  required  to  be  cteed. 
The  following  will  show  the  comparative  receipts  of  tbe  principal  thorou^Kres 
during  the  month  of  July  in  this  and  the  last  year : —  ^^ 

BXOXIPTS  m  JULT. 

18§J.  1851. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio,  Main  Stem $270,850  $269,144  Inc.  $1,708 

**     Washington  Branch..  81.059  80,229  loc  880 

Chicago  and  Rock  Island 96,692  82,286  Inc.  14,456 

Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh 69,102  86,648  Inc.  22,469 

Cleveland  and  Toledo 46,166  80,487  Inc.  16,719 

Chicago  and  Mississippi 68,678 , 

Erie 875,206  407,270  Dec  82,064 

Galena  and  Chicago 182,182  98,956  loc.  88,178 

Hudson  River 119,496  185,168  Dec.  15,668 

Harlem 105,108  89,886  Inc.  15,767 

Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati 28,875  16,408  Inc.  11,972 

nimois  Central 1 88,988  

Macon  and  Western 28,489  20,298  Inc.  8,146 

Milwaukie  and  Mississippi 47,177  85,556  Inc.  1 1,621 

Michigan  Southern  and  Northern  Indiana. .  158,658  144,498  Inc.  9,166 

Michigan  Central 188,282  128,882  Idc.  59,850 

New  York  Central 466,478  425,766  Inc.  40,707 

Norwich  and  Worcester 26,002  25,645  Inc.  857 

New  York  and  New  Haven 76,087  78,261  Dec  2,174 

Ohio  and  Pennsylvania. 62,866  75,626  Dec  18,260 

Pennsylvania  Central 807,516  209,299  Inc  98,217 

Reading 408,276  890,174  Inc  18,101 

BtooiDgtOQ 21,626  28,722  Dec  2,196 


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It  will  be  seen  that  the  above  shows  an  increase  in  a  large  majority  of  cases. 
The  Galena  and  Chicago  has  been  operated  for  209  miles,  against  186  for  the 
same  time  last  year.  We  also  annex  a  statement  showing  the  comparative  re- 
ceipts upon  most  of  the  above  roads  for  the  seven  months  ending  July  31st:— 

18SS.  18S4. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio,  Main  Stem $2,157,157  .  $2,191,943  Dec  $34,786 

"      Washington  Branch..  250,578  212,212  Inc.     38,866 

Chicago  and  Rock  Idland 675,695  634,872  Inc.     40.828 

Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh 295,377  268,264  Inc.     32,118 

Cleveland  and  Toledo 488,924  864,420  Inc.   124,504 

Erie 8,020,556  2,978,428  Inc.     42,188 

Galena  and  Chicago 1,080,530  619,172  Inc.   461,858 

Hudson  River 1,074,057  1,063,225  Inc.     10,882 

Illinois  Central 650,287  

Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati 204,800  136,268  Inc.     68,532 

Macon  and  Wesfem 176,694  175,370  Ina       1,324 

Milwaukie  and  Mississippi 804,91 1  21 1,061  Inc.     91,848 

Michigan  Southern  and  Northern  Indiana. .  1,338,088  1,0A8,695  Inc.   249,398 

Michigan  Central 1,461,921  984,170  Inc.   477,751 

Kew  York  Central 8,538.801  2,994,824  Inc.   588,977 

Norwich  and  Worcester 161,872  176,176  Dec    14,808 

Ohio  and  Pennsylvania 639,941  520,985  Inc   118,956 

StoDiogton 143,892  158,336  Dec      9,444 

With  three  exceptions,  two  of  them  comparatively  unimportant,  the  above 
show  a  steady,  and  in  many  cases  a  very  large  increase  upon  the  business  of 
the  preceding  year. 

Foreign  exchange  has  been  in  good  demand,  notwithstanding  the  large  fall- 
ing off  in  imports,  and  prices  have  continued  above  the  specie  point  Many 
bill  drawers  are  now  selling,  however,  looking  to  cover  their  bills  before  ma- 
turity at  a  considerable  decline  from  rates  now  current. 

The  proposed  amendments  to  the  tariff  will  receive  far  more  attention  in 
the  next  Congress  than  it  did  in  the  last,  and  we  trust  the  united  wisdom  of 
our  legislators  will  at  last  hit  upon  a  scheme  for  revenue  likely  to  be  perma^ 
nent  Nothing  short  of  a  free  list  for  raw  materials,  especially  for  wool  and 
raw  silk,  will  give  any  satisfaction  to  the  great  mass  of  our  thinking  men^ 
After  this  is  secured,  a  revenue  tariff  sufficient  for  an  economical  administration 
of  the  government  will  be  simple  enough,  and  all  that  is  required. 

There  have  been  very  few  failures  among  any  class  of  merchants  during  this 
year,  and  mercantile  credit  is  higher  than  ever  before.  This  is  beginning  to 
be  better  understood  abroad,  and  investments  in  business  paper  are  now  sought 
after  by  foreign  capitalists. 

A  very  large  amount  of  property  is  lost  every  year  by  fires,  and  we  need 
something  more  than  insurance  to  prevent  a  recurrence  of  such  disasters.  The 
remedy  is  a  total  change  in  our  system  of  building.  The  present  structures, 
ased  either  as  dwellings  or  offices,  are  almost  like  tinder-boxes,  a  single  spark 
safficing  for  their  entire  destruction.  The  price  of  insurance  would  in  a  little 
time  pay  double  the  increased  cost  of  a  safe  building,  and  we  hope  the  time  is 
not  far  distant  when  a  new  order  of  things  will  prevail. 

The  banks  throughout  the  country,  being  generally  well  fortified  with  specie^ 


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have  been  enabled  to  extend  their  discount  lines  safely^  and  are  thus  consider- 
ably expanded.  The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  weekly  statements  of  the 
New  York  city  banks : — 

WXEKLT  AYERAOES  NEW  TOBK  CITT  BANKS. 

Loans  and 

Date.                Capital.  Dlscoaoia.  Specie.           Clrcolatloo.  Deposlta. 

Jan.    6,  I860  $48,000,000  $82,244,706  $18,596,968  $7,049,982  $64,982,168 

Jan.  18 48,000,000  88,976,081  15,488.525  6.686,461  67,808,898 

Jan.  20 48,000,000  85,447,998  16,872,127  6,681.866  69,647,618 

Jan.  27.....  48,000,000  86,654,657  16,697,260  6,789,828  20,186.618 

Feb.    8 48,000,000  88.146,697  17,489,196  7.000,766  72,928.317 

Peb.  10 48.000.000  89,862,170  17.124,891  6,969,111  78.794,842 

Feb.  17 48,000,000  90,860,081  17,889,086  6,941,606  75,198,636 

Feb.  24 48,000,000  91.690,504  16,870,876  6,968.662  74,644,721 

March    8....  48.000,000  92,886,126  16,581,279  7.106,710  76,968,844 

March  10...  48,000,000  92,831,789  16,870,669  7,181,998  76.269,484 

March  17...  48,000,000  92,447,845  16,988,982  7,061,018  76,624,227 

March  24...  48,000,000  93,050,778  16.602,729  7,462,281  76,289,923 

March  81...  47,688,416  98,634.041  16.018.106  7,887,633  76,600,186 

AprU     7  ..  47,866,666  94,499.394  14,968,004  7,771.634  77,818,908 

April  14...  47,866.666  94,140,899  14,890,979  7,623,528  77,282,242 

April  21...  47,855,665  93,632,893  14.366.041  7,610,124  76,744,921 

Apra28....  47,866,665  92,505,951  14,282,424  7,610,986  76,219,961 

May    6 47,856,666  93.093,248  14,326,050  8,087,609  78,214,169 

May  12 47.856,665  91,642,498  14,586.626  7,804,977  75,850.592 

May  19 47,866,666  91,676.600  16,225,066  7,688,630  77,861,218 

May  26 48,684,780  91,160,518  16,814,632  7,489,637  76,766,740 

June    2 48,684,780  91,197,658  16,397,674  7,656,609  76,343,236 

June    9 48,684,730  92,l09,u97  16.005.156  7.602,668  77,128,789 

June  16 48,633,880  98,100,885  14,978,668  7,462,161  77,894.464 

June  23 48,638,880  94,029,425  14,705,629  7,H35,66S  79,118,185 

June  80 48,688,380  95,573,212  15,641,970  7,394,964  81.903,966 

July    7 48,688,880  97,862,491  16,881,098  7,748,069  86,647,249 

July  14....  48,833,880  98,521,002  16,676,606  7,616,724  86.664,186 

July  21 48,883,380  99,029,147  16,918,999  7,407,086  82,079,690 

July  28 48,838,380  99,083,799  16,920.976  7,409,498  81,625.788 

Aug.    4.....  48,838,880  100,118,669  16,298,868  7,642.908  83,279,990 

Aug.  11 48,883,380  100,774,209  16.280,669  7,714,401  83.141.320 

Aug.  18. 48,833,880  101,154,060  14,649,246  7,610,106  81,948,671 

This  is  the  first  time  this  year  that  the  total  of  loans  and  disconnta  have  ex- 
ceeded $100,000,000,  but  an  unusually  large  proportion  of  the  amount  conmts 
of  loans  on  call.  We  annex  a  continuation  of  the  weekly  averages  of  the  Bos- 
ton banks  :— 

July  17.  July  34.  July  31.  ADg08t6.        August  14. 

Capital $82,710,000  $32,710,000  $82,710,000  $82,710,000  $82,710,000 

Loans  and  discounts..    64,270,081     64,820.406     68,601.712    68,884,618     68,490,482 

Specie 8,220.702      2,97 1,237       2,768,664      2,792,364      2,989.978 

Due  from  other  banks  8.019,938  8.354,861  7.880,987  7,865,896  7,429,420 
Due  to  other  banks..       6,726,199      6,612.890      5,961,664      6,986,877       5,980,427 

Deposits 16.449,738     16,447,704     14,664,817     14,767,044     14,768,471 

Circulation 7,602,687       7,813,765       7,288,836      7,860,098       7,819,861 

The  receipts  of  gold  from  California  continue  large,  but  an  unusually  large 
portion  is  received  in  bars,  and  shipped  without  being  deposited  at  either  the  As« 
say  Office  or  the  Mint,  while  large  amounts  are  forwarded  to  Europe  directly 
from  Panama.  The  following  will  show  the  deposits  at  the  New  Yoric  Assay 
Office  for  the  month  of  July,  1855  :•— 


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DXFOfiira  AT  THX  AfiSAT  OFnOK,  HBW  TO&K,  FOB  TBB  MOUTH  OF  JULT. 
„      .  Gold.  Silver.  TotaL 

Foreign  coina. $1,700  |l ,900  $8,600 

Foreign  buUioo 17,000  9,700  26,700 

Domestic  bullion 1,697,000  12,800  1,709,800 

Total  depoeita $1,716,700        $24,400  $1,740,100 

Total  deposita  payable  in  bars. $1,722,000 

Total  depoeits  payable  in  coins 18,100 

Gold  bars  stamped ^ $1,786,512 

Of  the  deposits  of  gold,  $35,000  were  in  California  Mint  bars. 

The  Philadelphia  Mint  is  now  partially  closed  for  very  extensive  repairs.  The 
deposiU  of  gold  there  for  the  month  of  July  amounted  to  $221,380,  and  the 
purchases  and  deposits  of  silver  to  (436,000,  making  a  total  deposit  of  the  pre- 
cions  metals  for  the  month  equal  to  $657,330.  The  coinage  for  tlie  month  was 
$280,380  in  gold,  and  $156,000  in  silver,  making  a  total  of  $436,380,  consisting 
of  69,788  pieces. 

The  imports  from  foreign  ports  since  our  last  have  been  much  larger  t^an  for 
the  preceding  month,  but  show  a  decline  as  compared  with  last  year.  The  total 
receipte  at  New  York  for  July  are  $3,919,403  less  than  for  July,  1864,  $3,769,660 
less  than  for  July,  1Q63,  but  $3,366,690  larger  than  for  July,  1862,  as  will  ap- 
pear from  the  following  comparison  :— 

FOailGN  mPOBTS  AT  NBW  YOBS  FOB  JULT. 

1861.    18$}.    18S4.     18SS. 

Entered  for  consumption $11,468,117  $16,726,648  $14,268,797  $18,008,485 

Entered  for  warehoueing 428,919       2,080,908       8,968  678      2,481,766 

Freegoods 916,164      1,072,602      1,812,917         799,671 

Specie  and  bulb'on 160,067         199,464         198,068  69,085 

Total  entered  at  the  port $12,942,267  $20,078,607  $20,228,860  $16,808,947 

Withdrawn  from  warehouse 1,096,800      1,702,448         686,882      2,029,164. 

The  total  imports  at  New  York  since  January  1st  are  $30,786,349  less  than 
for  the  same  period  of  last  year,  $33,658,654  le^s  than  for  the  same  period  of 
1853,  but  $10,018,492  greater  than  for  the  same  period  of  1852.  We  annex  a 
comparison  showing  the  general  summary  for  the  periods  referred  to : — 

FOKEIGN  UCFOBTS  AT    MKW   TOBK  FOB    8XVBN    M05TBS    FBOM  JANUABT   IST. 

1862.    18§l.     18i4.    18§S. 

Entered  for  coosamptioD   $68,498,029  $98,668,807  $84,701,111  $68,906,280 

Entered  for  warehousing 6,461,668     13,687,689     17,690,828     16,264,647 

Freegoods 8,259,989       9,669,118     11,044,201       8,662,298 

Specie  and  bullion 2,028,248       1,099,616       1,606,090         628,161 

Total  entered  at  the  port  .. .  $74,287,884  117,916,080  116.041,726  $84,266,876 
Withdrawn  from  warehouse.       9,622,677       8,227,102     11,844,876     14,270,284 

The  falling  off  in  the  entries  for  warehousing  are  especially  noticeable,  while 
the  withdrawals  both  for  the  month  and  the  last  seven  months  have  largely  in- 
creased. This  shows  that  the  stock  in  warehouse  must  have  decreased,  and  also 
proves  that  the  imports,  being  wanted  for  immediate  consumption,  have  not  gone 
beyond  the  general  demand.  Of  the  decline  in  imports  as  noticed  above,  about 
twu-thirds — a  much  larger  proportion  than  usual — have  been  in  dry  goods.  The 
total  receipts  of  this  description  for  the  month  are  $2,660,107  less  than  for  July 
of  last  year,  $3,458,149  less  than  for  July,  1853,  but  $1,431,107  greater  than 
for  the  same  month  in  1852.  The  following  will  show  the  comparison  for  the 
month  noticed : — 


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342  Commercial  Cfhronicle  and  Beview. 

nCPOftTS  OF  FOREION  D&T  GOODS  AT  NEW  TOAK  IN  JULY. 
BNTERU)  FOE  OONBUMPnON. 

1851.      18$].       im.      im. 

Manufactures  of  wool $2,187,187  14,097,250  |3,164.898  13,683,267 

Maoufaotures  of  cotton 1,089,786  1.847,216  1,761,617     1,004,456 

Manufactures  of  silk 8,074.265  4,824,918  8,625,618     8,468.938 

Manufactures  of  flax 488,686  7 19,307  690,664       690,767 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 6»0,596  669,761  687,207       671,008 

Total  entered  for  consumption  .  17,370,869  $12,068,447    $9,769,899  $8,608,406 

WITHDRAWN  FROM  WAREHOUSE. 

185i  \m.         1854.         1855. 

Manufactures  of  wool $287,484  $681,260  $631,968  $860,944 

Manufactures  qf  cotton 96,970  98,256  237,989  121,677 

Manufactures  of  silk 149,894  238,066  862,628  255.660 

Manufoctures  of  flax 82,064  18,967  89,000  89.888 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 12,416  82,796  62,100  48,168 

Total $628,278       $914,824    $1,818,670     $861,161 

Add  entered  for  consumption 7,870,869    12,068,447      9,759,899    8,608,406 

Total  thrown  on  the  market .. .  $7,898,647  $12,972,771  $11,078,669  $9,869,667 

XNTKRXD  FOR  WAREHOUSING. 

1851.   -  1851.    1854.    1855. 

Manufactures  of  wool $126,628  $273,786  $1,086,553  $224,725 

Manufactures  of  cotton 72,226  119,021  884,278  101.494 

Manufactures  of  silk 180.624  144,791  488,477  214,669 

Manufactures  of  flax 16,299  9,488  86,708  74,186 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 21,666  21,121  79,791  45,124 

Total $367,828       $568,206    $2,068,7 1 2     $660,098 

Add  entered  for  consumption 7,870,869    12,068,447      9,769,899    8,608,406 

Total  entered  at  the  port $"7,787,697  $12,626,658  $11,828,611  $9,168,604 

The  total  receipts  since  January  Ist  at  the  same  port  are  $20,584,600  less  than 
for  the  corresponding  seven  months  of  last  year,  $22,697,226  less  than  for  the 
same  time  in  1853,  and  $269,901  less  than  for  the  same  time  in  1852 : — 

IMPORTS  OF  FOREIGN  DRT  GOODS  AT  PORT  OF  NSW  TORE  FOR  SEVEN  MONTHS,  FROM  JAM*T  IfiT. 
ENTERED  FOR  00N8UMPTI0N. 

1851.     1853.    1854.    1855. 

Manufactures  of  wool $7,464,841  $14,918,222  $11,908,761  $7,864,810 

Manufactures  of  cotton .  6,716,788      9.469,017  10,240,642  4.664.781 

Manufactures  of  silk 12,242.781     20,679,464  17,166,878  11.267,784 

Manufactures  of  flai^ 8,423,990      4,918,867  4,803,671  2,915,356 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods. 2,492,465      8,366,611  8,436,176  2,789.646 

Total '. $81,889,806  $58,837,071  $47,060,118  $29,492,826 

WITHDRAWN  FROM  WAREHOUSE. 

1853.    185S.     1854.    1855. 

Manufactures  of  wool $1,079,188  $1,164,664  $1,906,670  $1,642,617 

Manufactures  of  cotton 1,126,786  701,490  1,782,060  1.772,868 

Manufactures  of  silk 1,401,176  1,008,872  1,798,661  1,838,438 

Manufactures  of  flax 615,523  -149,641  666,446  872,100 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods. ^89,266  247,548  261,881  678,745 

Total  withdrawn $4,460,888    $8,271,700    $6,814,617    $6,699,748 

Add  entered  for  consumption  . . .     31,389,805    63,837,071    47,060,118    29,492,326 

Total  thrown  npon  the  market.  $86,800,698  $66,608,771  $68,864,780  $86,092,078 

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KfTlBID  FOR  WAKEaOmaQ. 

mi  1851.  1854.  18$$. 

Maoufactoree  of  wool |916,188  |1,664,251  18,181,860  $1,262,861 

Hanufactures  of  cotton 640,864  861,092  1,878,648  1,096,280 

MaoufactoresofsUk 1,652,118  1,115,648  2,888,213  1,641,274 

Haoofacturesofflaz 228,779  190,745  '576,698  696,792 

Miacellaneoas  dry  goods 222,545  262,912  284,071  586,861 

Total 18.654,489     14,084,548    |8,258,880    $5,282,068 

Add  entered  for  consumpUon.. . .     81,889,805    58,887/)71    47,050,1 18    29,492,825 

Total  entered  at  the  port $84,994,294  $57,421,619  $55,808,998  $84,724,898 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  that  the  decline  has  been  general  in  all 
descriptions  of  dry  goods,  although  comparatively  heaviest  in  cotton  fabrics. 

The  cash  revenue  has  not  fallen  off  in  the  same  proportion  as  the  imports, 
because  the  duties  are  not  collected  on  the  actual  receipts  at  the  port,  but  on 
the  goods  thrown  upon  the  market  The  following  will  show  the  comparative 
total  for  the  month,  and  since  the  opening  of  the  year: — 

0A8B  DUTUS  aEOXIYKD  AT  HKW  TOBK. 

18SS.      18$l.      18$4.      18$$. 

In  July $8,240.787  18    $4,640,107  15    $4,075,745  78    $8,787,85196 

Previous 6 months..     14,260,812  88     21,167,829  60    19,787,960  76     14,299,945  71 

Total  since  Jan.  let.  $17,491,100  06  $25,807,486  66  $28,788,706  54  $18,087,287  66 

The  above  shows  that  the  total  receipts  for  cash  duties  in  July  were 
0258,403  83  less  than  for  July  of  last  year,  and  $853,765  20  less  than  for 
July,  1853,  whDe  they  were  $546,564  72  greater  than  for  July,  1852.  The 
total  since  January  1st  is  $5,696,418  88  less  tban  for  the  same  period  of  last 
year,  $7,720,148  99  less  than  for  the  corresponding  period  of  1853,  but 
9596,187  60  greater  than  for  the  same  time  in  1852.  There  is  still,  howeveri 
a  large  surplus  in  the  Sub-Treasury,  and  the  total  is  once  more  increasing.  The 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  has  again  advertised  to  redeem  a  portion  of  the  pub- 
lic debt 

The  exports  for  the  month,  exclusive  of  specie,  are,  unexpectedly,  larger  than 
for  the  same  time  of  last  year,  the  total  being  $104,155  above  the  total  for  July, 
1854;  it  shows,  however,  a  decrease  of  $1,286,716  as  compared  with  July,  1853, 
but  an  increase  of  $1,044,601  as  compared  with  July,  1852.  When  the  small 
quantity  of  produce  at  the  seaboard  is  taken  into  consideration,  the  large  ex- 
ports are  certainly  a  matter  of  surprise.  The  total  shipments  of  specie,  by  a 
singular  coincidence,  are  about  the  same  as  for  July  of  last  year  :-^ 

KZFORTS  FEOK  MKW  TOEK  TO  FOREIGN  PORTS  FOR   THS    MONTH  OF  JULY. 

18$!.  18$3.         18$4.  18SS. 

Domestic  produce $2,965,542  $4,882,957  $8,768,661  $8,960,767 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 20,769  818.192  262,080  185,667 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable).. .  826,782  447,201  281,788  210,820 

Specie 2,971,499  8,924,612  2,922,462  2,928,824 

Totel  exports $6,288,582    $9,667,962    $7,174,981    $7,279,958 

Total,  ezdnsive  of  specie 8,812,088      5,648,850      4,262,479      4,856,684 


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344  Oommerdal  Cfkronicle  and  Beview. 

The  exports,  exclusiye  of  specie,  since  January  Ist  are  only  $1,779,946  leas 
than  for  the  same  period  of  last  year,  are  83*983,370  larger  than  for  the  same 
period  of  1853,  and  $8,388,819  more  than  for  the  same  period  of  1852,  as  will 
appear  from  the  annexed  comparison : — 

■XPOETS  FROM  NEW  TORK   TO   FORXIGN  PORTS  FOR  BEYZN  MONTHS  FROM  JANUARY  IST. 

18$2.  18$l.  18M.  18». 

Domestic  produce. $25,111,868  $80,805,247  $84,966,101  $80,298,181 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 541,978       1,010,669         964,608       8,289,114 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable)..  2,745,307      2,488,181      2,686,709      8,200,172 

Specie 16,595,608     12,579,594     19,108,819     19,998,119 

Total  exports $48,994,166  $46,888,691  $57,675,782  $56,785,586 

Total,  exclosive  of  specie 28,898,648    88,804,097     88,567,418    86,787,467 

We  do  not  think  that  the  exports  for  August  will  fall  very  largely  behind  the 
total  for  August  of  last  year;  while  the  imports  for  August  will  probably  show 
a  further  very  material  decline,  as  the  corresponding  month  of  last  year  was  one 
of  very  large  receipts.  After  August,  we  look  for  a  large  increase  both  of  im- 
ports and  exports,  but  especially  in  the  former,  down  to  the  close  of  the  calendar 
year. 

We  annex  a  comparative  statement,  showing  the  relative  shipments  of  some 
of  the  leading  articles  of  produce  since  January  1st: — 

KXPORTS   OF   ORRTAIN   ARTICLES  OF   DOMBSTIO   PRODUOR    FROM  NSW   TORK    TO    FORXfON 
PORTS  FROM  JANUARY   IST  TO  AUOUST  20tH: — 


Aehes — pots . . .  .bbls. 

pearls 

Beeswax .lbs. 


18S4.  18S5. 

5,884  7,876 

799  1,768 

190,488  125,050 


Bread>iiuff9-~ 

Wheat  floor  .  .bbls.  712,089  268,612 

Rye  flour 10,091  16,017 

Com  meal 6 1 ,768  85.447 

Wheat bush.  1,546,402  88,350 

Rye 316,168  5,139 

Oats  84,287  12,111 

Corn 2,518,088  2,782.485 

Candles— mold..boxe8  85,484  84,259 

sperm 4,080  8,907 

Coal .tons  16,775  6,178 

Cotton ..bales  226,591  185,279 

Hay 2,996  8,704 

Hope 629  7,816 


18S4.  18Si 

Naval  stores.... bbla.    411,679  480,711 

Oils— whale gaJJs.    124,673  157.242 

sperm 291.488  550,292 

lard 21,981  60,141 

linseed 8,618  7,430 

Provisions — 

Pork bbls.       65,017     118,075 

Beef. 44.135       61.055 

Cut  meats, lbs. .  ..14,867.041 14,791,752 

Butter 1,599,676     440,101 

Cheese 1,418,038  2.004,389 

Lard 9,966,268  5,747,658 

Rice trcs      18,013        11,982 

Tallow lb8.8,R08.069  1,107,455 

Tobacco,  crudcpkgs  25,840  21,282 
Do.,  manufactureilbs.1,876,277  3,094.762 
Whalebone 947,937  1,261,645 


The  above  presents  some  interesting  features.  The  exports  of  wheat  flour 
have  been  only  about  one-third  of  the  total  for  the  corresponding  period  of  last 
year.  The  clearances  of  wheat,  which  for  the  same  time  last  year  reached  one 
million-and-a-half  of  bushels,  are  this  year  less  than  one  hundred  thousand 
bushels.  The  exports  of  Indian  corn  have  increased.  Pork  and  beef  have  also 
been  shipped  in  larger  quantities,  and  cheese  has  gone  forward  more  freely* 


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Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review,  845 

With  our  wide  extent  of  territory  and  cheap  lands,  we  ought  to  contribute 
largely  toward  fumiahing  food  for  the  world.  This  we  shall  do,  doubtless,  more 
in  the  fature  than  we  have  done  in  the  past.  We  have  hitherto  been  too  indif- 
ferent in  this  country  in  regard  to  the  reputation  of  our  shipments  of  produce. 
Pork,  beef,  and  bacon  have  been,  in  many  instances,  badly  prepared  for  market* 
and  even  our  cereal  grains  have  been  shipped  in  too  green  a  state  to  keep  during 
the  voyage.  Our  shippers  are  now  becoming  more  sagacious,  and  we  shall  soon 
take  the  place  in  this  branch  of  trade,  for  which  the  soil  and  climate  of  the  coun- 
try peculiarly  fit  us. 


irSW  TORI  OOTTOIV  MARKET  FOR  THE  MOUTH  ENDING  AUGUST  24. 

riBPikRBD   POR  TBI  MBftCBikNTS*  M^OiLZIlTC  BT  DBLHOBN  k,  PRBOBEICKSOIT,  BROKKR8,l(BW  YORK. 

Under  the  influence  of  freer  receipts,  improved  prospects  for  the  growing 
crops,  and  declining  markets  abroad,  our  market  since  the  close  of  our  last  re- 
port on  the  20th  ult.  has  been  "  flat,  stale,  and  unprofitable.''  But  little  interest 
has  been  manifested  for  the  article— our  own  spinners  have  bought  only  sufficient 
for  their  immediate  wants.  With  speculators,  the  inducement  to  purchase  has 
not  been  sufficient,  owing  to  the  absence  of  general  export  demand,  and  the  few 
purchasers  to  be  found  in  the  city  during  the  summer  months.  The  quantity 
shipped  abroad  during  the  post  month  has  been  krge,  but  it  was  principally  on 
Southern  account,  and  from  first  hands  here.  The  quantity  in  the  hands  of  our 
own  manufacturers  is  represented  to^be  small,  while  the  weekly  takings  by  the 
trade  from  the  Liverpool  market  show  that  spinners  abroad  arc  far  from  being 
well  stocked.  The  foreign  advices  of  the  past  month  were  disappointing  in  their 
character.  It  was  certainly  expected  that  prices  would  advance  under  the  rapid 
decrease  in  exports  and  decreasing  stocks  here,  while  the  accounts  hence  of  the 
growing  crop  were  not  of  so  favorable  a  character  (owing  to  the  great  quantity  of 
tain)  as  to  induce  spinners  to  reduce  their  stocks  on  hand,  in  hopes  of  bting  re- 
lieved by  early  receipts  of  the  new  crop ;  yet  with  these  prospects  and  consump- 
tion not  impaired,  prices  abroad  have  declined  id.  a  |d.  per  lb. 

The  first  bale  of  the  new  crop  was  received  at  New  Orleans  on  the  26th  July 
from  Texas,  and  graded  inferior.  Last  year  at  the  same  time  and  place  the  first 
bale  of  the  crop  just  closing  was  also  received.  The  receipts  of  new  cot  on 
this  year  have  been  4,000  bales  at  New  Orleans  alone.  Early  receipts,  however, 
form  but  a  poor  criterion  on  which  to  form  a  judgment  in  regard  to  the  extent 
of  the  crop. 

.  The  sales  for  the  week  ending  July  27th  were  estimated  at  4,500  bales.  The 
increased  firmness  on  the  part  of  holders,  owing  to  favorable  foreign  advices, 
checked  the  demand,  and  buyers  were  not  disposed  to  go  on  at  the  aJvance 
asked.  With  but  little  on  sale  the  market  closed  firmly  at  the  following  quota- 
tiona : — 

paioia  ADOPTso  jult  27th  fo&  tub  following  quautibs  :— 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.O.it  Texts. 

Ordinary H  H              H               H 

Middling -...         11  Hi  llf              Uf 

MiddliDgfair U*  12  12i              12* 

Fair 12^  12^  12*              18^ 

Large  transactions  took  place  during  the  week  ending  August  3d,  principally 

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846  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 

on  Southern  account — the  salee  being  estimated  at  10,000  a  12,000  bales,  at  a  slight 
improvement  in  price  on  the  lower  and  upper  grades.  Much  confidence  was  felt 
in  a  higher  range  of  prices,  and  holders  at  the  close  were  indifferent  about  sell- 
ing even  at  the  annexed  rates,  at  which  the  market  closed  firm  i-^ 

PaiOES  ADOPTED  AUGUST  8d  FOa  TBI  FOLLOWIKO  QUALTTIXB : — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.O.Jt  Texas. 

Ordinary 9f  9f  9f              10 

Middling U\  llj  llf              llf 

Middiingfair 12  13^  12|              12f 

Fair 12i  12i  18                18^ 

The  market  for  the  week  ensuing  was  sustained  with  much  firmness,  the 
transactions  being  limited  to  9,000  bales  by  the  small  amount  on  sale.  '  The 
bulk  of  the  week's  operations  were  for  •  export  and  on  speculation.  The  pur- 
chases for  the  home  trade  being  only  for  their  immediate  wants  consisted  of  a 
few  hundred  bales.  Our  own  spinners  have  operated  sparingly  during  the  past 
two  months,  and  must  become  free  purchasers  of  the  new  crop  now  about  being 
received.    The  following  are  the  rates  at  which  the  market  closed  firmly : — 

PEICBS  ADOPTXD  AUGUST  IOtH  FOK  THB  FOLLOWDCO  QUALITIES: — 

upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.  O.  k,  Texas. 

Ordinary 10  10  10  10^ 

Middling : Hi  llf  llf  nt 

Middiingfair 12i  12f  12f  18 

Fair 12f  12J  ISJ  18f 

For  the  week  ending  August  17th  the  inquiry  was  limited,  the  sales  not  ex- 
ceeding 5,000  bales.  Holders,  however,  offered  no  inducements  to  purchasers, 
believing  that  the  small  stocks  both  here  and  at  the  receiving  ports  would  be  re- 
quired at  an  enhanced  price  before  any  accumulation  of  the  new  crop  would 
materially  affect  prices.  This,  together  with  the  calculation  that  a  good  cotton 
crop  is  difficult  to  be  made  out  of  a  wet  season,  offered  no  inducement  for  them 
to  part  with  their  stocks,  even  under  the  unfavorable  foreign  advices  to  hand. 
The  week  closed  quiet  at  the  following  quotations: — 

PEIOBS  ADOPTED  AUGUST   17tH  FOE  THE  FOLLOWING  QUALITIES: — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.O.JtTexai. 

Ordinary. 9i              9f  H              lOf 

Middling llf  Ui  Hi              Hf 

Middiingfair 12f  12f  12f              13 

Fair I2i  12|  18f              ISf 

The  market  for  the  week  closing  at  date  ruled  rather  heavy,  the  sales  not  ex- 
ceeding 4,000  bales,  at  prices  a  shade  in  favor  of  buyers.  The  cotton  year  clos- 
ing on  the  1st  September,  is  also  a  point  with  many  to  clear  out  old  stocks,  pre- 
paratory to  a  recommencement  on  the  new  crop.  The  market  closed  quiet  at 
the  following  :— 

PRIOES  ADOPTED  AUGUST  24TH   FOE  THB  FOLLOWING  QUALITIES: — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.  O.  k,  ToxaSi 

Ordinary 9f  9f  H  10 

Middling 11  llf  llf  llf 

Middiingfair 12f  12f  12f  12f 

Fair 12f  12i  18  18f 


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Jowmal  of  Bcmhing^  Currency ^  and  Finance. 


847 


JOURNAL  OF  BANKING,  CURRENCY,  AND  FINANCE. 


COVDITIOIV  OF  THE  BANKS  15  THE  CITT  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Mr.  GiOEGB  D.  Lyman,  the  efficient  maoager  of  the  Cleariog  House  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  has  furnished  for  publication  the  following  complete  table,  showing  the 
moTement  of  the  banks  of  the  city  since  the  weekly  statements  were  ordered  by  law 

of  the  State  of  New  York.  In  a  future  number  of  the  Merchant^  Magazine  we  shall 

give  a  similar  statement  of  the  banks  in  Boston  since  the  act  of  Massachusetts  took 

effect:^ 

Arenge  amount  ATerage  Ayerage  ATernge      ^ 

of  loans  aod  amonntof  amount  of  amount  of     *<^ 

dlfcouDts.  specie.  circulation.  deposits. 

August         6,1858*....  197,889,017  19,746,4(^2  $9,510,466  $58,418,756 

18 95,562,277  1(),654.618  9,451,945  58.166,713 

20 98,866,970  11,092,552  9,414,696  58,817,718 

27 92,886,954  11,819,(»49  9,427,191  57,481,808 

September    8..... 91,741,838  11,268,049  9,554,294  57,502,970 

10 91.108,847  11.880,698  9,597,886  57,645,164 

17 90,190,589  11,860,286  9,566,728  57,612,801 

24 90,092,766  11,840,925  9,477.541  58,812,884 

October         1 90,149,540  11,281,912  9,521,666  57,968,661 

8 89,128,998  10,266,602  9,678,458  57,986,760 

16 87,837,273  11,880,172  9,464,714  69,068,674 

22 85,867,981  10,803,254  9,888.548  55,748,729 

29 88,400,821  11.866.672  9,800,350  58.885.462 

November     6 88,092,680  11,771,880  9.492.168  66,500,977 

12 82,882,409  12,828,676  9,287,629  56,201,070 

19 83.717,622  18,691,824  9.151,448  57,446,424 

26 84,802,580  18,848.196  9,082,769  58.678,076 

December     8 85.824,756  12,880,772  9,188,586  58,485.207 

10 86,708,028  12,498.760  9.076,704  67.838,076 

17 87.865,073  12.166,020  8,989,880  68,312,478 

24 87,760,628  11,981,270  8,867,261  68,145,831 

31 90,162,106  11,058,478  8,927,018  58,968,976 

January        7,  1854 90,138,887  1 1,506.124  9.075,926  60.886,362 

14 90,010,012  11,894,458  8,668,844  68,896,956 

21 90.068,788  11,455,166  8,606,286  59.071,252 

28 89,769,466  11,117,958  8,642,677  68,289,577 

February      4 90,649,577  11.684,658  8,996,676  61,208,466 

11 91,434,022  11,872,126  8,994,088  61,028,817 

18 92.698,086  11,742,884  8,964,464  61,826,669 

26 98,529,716  11,212,693  8,929,814  61,298,646 

March            4 94.568,421  10,560,400  9,209,880  61,975,675 

11 94,279.994  9,832,488  9,187,656  60,226,588 

18 93,418,929  10.018.466  9.255,781  61,098.606 

25 92.972.711  10,182,246  9,209,406  59,168,178 

April              1 92,825.024  10,264,009  9^95.820  59,478,149 

8 92,551,808  10,188.141  9,718,216  60,286,889 

16 91,686,274  11,044,044  9.588,998  60,826,191 

22 90.876,840  10,526,976  9,868,864  69,225,902 

29 90,245.049  10.951,158  9,877,687  60,719,881 

May               6t 90,789,721  11,487,040  9,828,008  68,865,610 

18 90,245.928  12,882,068  9,507,797  i  64.208,671 

20 90,886,728  12,118.048  9.480.018  63.382,661 

27 90,981,974  10,981,531  9,284,807  61,628,670 


'  \ 


*  First  statement  made  under  the  law  requiring  the  banks  to  make  a  weekly  statement 

t  From  this  date  the  statement  has  been  made  up  at  the  Clearing  Hoose  la  a  tabular  form,  and 


fomiahed  to  the  press. 


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348  Journal  of  Banking,  Currency,  and  Finance, 

Avenige  amonnt          ATerage  Average  Average 

ofluaoaand  amount  of  amoantof  amount  of 

discounts.  specie.  circulation.  depoMta. 

June              8* $91,916,710  110,281.969      $9,881,714  $71,702,290 

10 91.016,171  9,617,180  9,807,889  72,496,869 

17 90.068,678  10,018,167  9.144,284  71,969,106 

24 88.761,962  9,628,876  9,009,726  69,698.724 

July               1 88,608.691  11,130.800  9,068,268  71.457.984 

8 88,847,281  12.267,818  9,196.767  72.718,448 

15 90.437,004  16,074,098  8.887,681  76.227,888 

22..    92,011.870  16,720.809  8,768,289  76.969.082 

29 92,688.679  16.886,864  8,766,777  74.790,656 

August         6 98.728,141  14.468,981  9,124.648  76,878,487 

12 93,486,067  18,622,028  8.917,179  74,626.889 

19 92.880.108  14.268.972  8,866,628  73,884.668 

26 91,447.076  14,896.072  8,811,869  78,781,179 

September    2 91,891,188  14,714,618  8,984,682  72,866,727 

9 91,628.244  14.446.817  8.968,707  73.881,285 

16 91,689.782  14,484.269  8,820,609  74,467.701 

28 92.096,911  12,982,886  8,802,628  72.988,468 

80 92,102.018  12,042,244  8.712,186  71,795,428 

October         7 91,880,626  10,680.617  8.918.492  70.286.610 

14 88,618,986  11,180,377  8,684.188  69,141.697 

21 87,092,810  10,820,168  8.497,666  66,627,886 

28 84.709,236  9,826.768  8,181,938  62,792.687 

November     4 83.869.101  10,004,686  8.238,126  62,229.011 

11 82,717,062  10.472,688  8,197,444  61.662.887 

18 82,191,994  10,801.682  7,877,604  62,181,007 

26 81,699,706  10,200,988  7,718,168  60,884,199 

December      2 81,678,428  10,488,888  7,849.289  62,962,588 

9 80,598,686  10,484.601  7,480,888  60,278.866 

16 80,946,663  11.471,841  7,261,111  61.867,098 

23 80,721.224  11,490.496  6,914,866  68,981,704 

80 81,668,637  12,076,147  7,076,880  62.828,020 

Jmuary.      6.1855....  82,244,706  18,696,968  7.049,982  64,982.168 

18 88,976,081  16.488.626  6,686,461  67,808,398 

20 86.447.998  16.872.127  6,681,365  69,647,618 

27 86,654,667  16,697,260  6,689,828  70,186,618 

February      8 88.146,697  17,489,196  7.000,766  72,923.817 

10 89,862,170  17,124,891  6,969,111  78,794.842 

17 90,860.081  17.889.086  6,941,606  76,19&,636 

24 91,590,605  16,870.875  6,968,562  74.544.721 

March            8 92.886.125  16,681,279  7,106.710  76.968.844 

10 92.881.789  16,870,669  7,181.998  76,259,489 

17 92.447,845  16,933,938  7,061,018  76,522,227 

24 93,050,778  16,602,729  7,462,281  76,289,928 

81 98.684,041  16.018.106  7.887.688  75.600.186 

April             7 94,499,894  14,968,004  7.771,684  77.818.908 

14 94,140,899  14.890,979  7.623,628  77.282.242 

21 93,632.898  14.866,041  7,610.124  76,744,921 

28 92,606,961  14,282.424  7.610,985  75,219,961 

May               5 98,093.248  14.326.060  8,087.609  78.214.169 

12 •       91.642.498  14,685,626  7.804.977  76.860,692 

19 91.675,500  16.225,056  7.688,680  77,851.218 

26 91.160.518  3  6.814,581  7,489,687  76,766,740 

June              2 91.197.662  16,897.674  7,656,609  76,848,286 

9 92,109.097  16.006.156  7.502,568  77.128,789 

16 98,100.885  14.978,559  7.462.161  77.849,464 

28 94,029,425  14,706,629  7,836,668  79.118,186 

80 96.686.424  15.640,146  7,896.119  81.9C4.878 

July              7 97.862,491  15,881,092  7,743.069  86,647.249 

14 98,521,002  16.676,606  7,516,724  85.664,186 

21 99,029,147  16,918,999  7,407,086  82,079,690 

28 99.088.799  15.920,976  7.409.498  81.625.788 

*  GouBtrj  bank  balanoea  induded  in  depoaila  by  aU ;  preTloui  to  this  date  only  by  a  few 


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Journal  of  Banking^  Currency,  and  Finance,  349 

It  18  DOW  two  years  since  the  statements  were  commenced,  and  the  following  will 
show  the  total  addition  of  the  weekly  averages  for  the  year  ending  July  28, 1856, 
compared  with  the  total  for  the  previons  year : — 

18S4.  im. 

Loans $4,690,181,881  $4,683,097,192 

Specie 696,818,662  786,616,884 

Circulation 479,876,178  402.419.678 

Deposits 8,199,800,899  8,776,839,284 

The  following  is  the  yearly  average  for  each  of  the  above  items  for  the  years 
named.    Year  ending  Jaly  28 : — 

im.  1855. 

Loans $90.1 95,806  $90,069,561 

Specie 11,477,186  14,144.527 

Circulation 9,228,888  7,738,840 

Deposits 61,584,623  72,602,679 

The  above  shows  that  while  the  average  of  loans  for  the  year  ending  July  28, 1856, 
is  a  little  less  than  for  the  year  ending  at  the  same  time  in  1854,  the  average  of  specie 
has  very  largely  increased,  and  the  circulation  has  dimmished. 


CONDITION  OF  THE  NEW  ORLEANS  BANKS. 

In  the  Merchant^  Magazine  for  July,  1855,  (vol.  xzxiil,  page  90,)  we  gave  a  table 
(which  we  compiled  from  the  ofl^cial  statement  of  the  Louisiana  Board  of  Currency) 
showing  the  condition  of  the  banks  in  New  Orleans  for  the  weeks  ending  Saturday, 
May  19  and  June  2, 1865;  also  a  comparative  statement  for  the  four  weeks  ending 
May  12,  May  19,  May  26,  and  June  2.  We  now  compile  from  the  same  official  source 
similar  statements  for  each  succeeding  week,  commencing  with  the  week  ending  June 
9th,  and  cloeiog  with  the  week  ending  July  7th,  1855  \-~ 

ACnVK  MOVEMENT — LIABILITIES. 
WEEK  ENDING  JUNE  9.  WEEK  ENDING  JUNE  16. 

^Dtte  die-  Due  dls* 

tant  and  Unt  and 

Banks.                       Circulation.     Deposits,    local  banks.  Circulation.  Deposfts.  local  banks. 

Bank  of  Louisiana.      $988,144  $2,468,210  $494,186  $893,989  $2,608,669  $659,241 

Louisiana  State...     1,090,880     2,909.768     838,787  1,091,750  2,796,105     296,849 

Canal 929,856        898,170     200,691  914,810  911.829     206.660 

Oitisens' 2,141,246     2,801,160       28,600  2,176.080  2,723.806       84,586 

Mech.<k  Traders'..        863,870       700,885       40,808  846,610  706.149       62,286 

Union 690,190       415,008     182,958  662,025  607,682     149,812 

Bontbem 228,640       191,288         1,200  213,600  197.947         1,200 

Kkof  N.Orleans.        687,686       720,287       81,641  628,886  729,624       22,981 

Total $6,810,409  11.089,6211,268,670  $6,716,599  11,081,110  1,321,454 

RESOUaOES. 

Banks.  Specie.      W-6«j  paper.  Exchange.     Sppole.  W-A«j  paper.  Exchange. 

Bank  of  Louisiana.  $1,918,246  $2,435,895  $461,513  $2,000,972  $2,427,9ul  $476,158 

Louisiana  State...  1,690.267     8,269,291  142,188  1,504,828  8,196,921     161.462 

Canal 749,468     1.694,977  766.869       718,628  1,604,256     728,258 

Citizens' 1,625,180     8,397,167  598,132  1,691,635  8,836.943     698.132 

Mech.  A  Traders'..  288,689     1,079,470  61,009        812,846  1,042.281       61,098 

Union 192,768        676.121  866,812        215,057  676,2«6     424,895 

Southern 148,027        293,486  675,228        182.288  251.944     696.697 

B'k  of  N.Orleans.  886,156     1,038,996  77,786       250.220  1,067,288     134,696 

ToUl $6,949,896  18,888,4018,088,619  $6,880,974  18,609,800  3,115,279 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


850 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currency,  and  Finance. 


Specie. 

Circulation 

Deposits 

Short  loaot 

Exchange 

Due  distaot  banks. 


OOXPABATiyB  STATXM  KNT  FOfi  FOUR  WUSfl. 

Jane  9.          June  9.  DecrMse.      Jane  :  6. 

17,386,601  $6,949,896  1487,206  $6,830,974 

6,920,424     6,810,449  110.016  6.716,699 

11,814,728  11,089.621  726,101  11,081,110 

14,198,024  18,888.401  809,628  18,609.800 

8.469,060  8,088,619  420,431  8,116,279 

1,166,006  1,268,670  282,881  1,821,464 

LONG  AND  BHORT  LOAMS. 


Jane  9.  Deereete* 

$6,949,896  $118,422 

6,810,449  94,060 

11,089,621  8,611 

18,888,401  280,601 

8,088,619  ♦76,680 

1,268,670  ♦67,784 


June  2 $21,100,887 

June  9 20,864,928 


Total  dec  for  week. 


$286,414 


June  16 $20,922,718 

June    9 20,864.923 


Total  dec.  for  week. 


$67,790 


AOTIYE  MOYEMBNT — LIABILITIES. 


BankBi 
Bank  of  Louisiana. 
Louisiana  State . . . 

Canal 

Citizens* 

Mech.  <&  Traders*.. 

Union 

Southern 

B*k  of  N.  Orleans. 

Total 

Banks. 
Bank  of  Louisiana. 
Louisiana  State.  .*. 

Canal 

Citizens* 

Mech.  <&  Traders'  . 

Union 

Southern 

B*k  of  N.Orleans. 


WEEK  ENDING  JUKE  30. 

Dae  dis- 
tant and 
Circalatlon.    Deporits.  local  banks* 
$896,714  $2,466,304  $662,626 
1,041,776     2,632,178     886,898 
911,696        722,181     169,841 
2,174.400     2,646.810       46,978 
866.436        637,424       28,821 
670,680       496,888       66,606 
214,946        193,410         1,200 
499,480       683,680       82,166 


Clrcalatloa. 

$894,969 

1,089,010 
886,626 

2,169,126 
849,396 
666.966 
210,798 
606,346 


XMDINQ  JULT  7. 

Daedi^ 

tantaad 

Deposits,  local  banks. 

$2,304,024  $667,887 

2,684,260     882,826 

716.968 
2,268,468 
788,114 
898,987 
178,971 
666,768 


170.084 
63,970 
81,608 

104,001 
28,200 
81.006 


$6,686,842  10,816,166  1,218,121  $6,622,147  $9,884,471  1,824,677 

EESOUBOES. 

9(Ma3r  paper.  Exchange. 


Bpede. 

$1,971,782 

1,466,624 

604.387 

1,763,891 

801,061 

184,128 

179,071 

221,816 


$2,299,202  $444,281 
8,062,672     196,844 
1,618,760 
8,118,088 

989,916 

620.168 

188.996 

946,882 


696.613 
436,604 
148.976 
414,976 
676,467 
142,866 


Specie. 
$1,966,771 

1,680,086 
617,147 

1,489,898 
848,084 
168,660 
149,926 
288,721 


9MM.y  paper. 

$2,269,222 

8,009,163 

1,666,980 

8,047,977 

816,619 

626,647 

189,461 

888,897 


Exchanfs. 

$886,891 
164,216 
638,986 
481,686 
166,068 
886,647 
649,808 
124,816 


Total $6,672,196  12,678,687  2,968,066  $6,498,687  12,407,8812,776,461 


OOMPAKATIYE  STATEMENT  FOE  rOCE  WEBKE. 


specie.  •••••.•••< 

Curculation 

Deposits 

Short  loana 

Exdiange. 

Due  distant  banks 


June  30. 

$6,672,196 

6,666,074 

10,816,166 

12,678,637 

2.968,066 

1,218,121 


Jane  S3. 

$6,741,686 

6,686,842 

10,764.117 

13,129,418 

8,269,966 

1,284,269 


Decrease. 
$69,890 

29,762 
487,961 
460,776 
816,899 

66,188 


Jane  30. 
$6,672,196 

6,666,074 
10,816.166 
12,678,687 

2,968,066 

1,218,121 


July  7. 

$6,498,637  $187,668 
6,622,147  42,927 
9.884,471  482,686 

12,407,831  270,806 
2,776.461  177,696 
1,824,687  ♦106,666 


LONG  AND  SHORT  LOANS. 


June  80 
June  28. 


$20,868,209 
20,684,496 


June  80 $20,868,209 

July   7 20.264.486 


Total  dec.  for  week..  $226,286  Total  dec  for  week. .  $108,728 

For  the  purpose  of  fbrther  comparison  we  give  the  condition  of  the  banks  of  New 
Orleans  for  the  week  ending  Saturday,  July  7, 1866,  and  the  week  ending  Saturday, 
July  8, 1864,  as  follows  :— 

July  8, 1854.    July  7, 1855.  July  8, 1854.     Jaly7, 1855. 


Specie 

Circulation.. 


$7,616,916 

6,798,919 

18,101,221 


$6,498,637 
6,622,147 
12,407,881 


Deposits $10,887,606    $9,884,471 

Exchange 8,086,921       2,776.461 

Due  dist.  banks.      1,086,940       1,824,687 


Increase. 


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Journal  of  Bcmkmg^  Ourrency^  and  Finance.  861 

lliis  thowa  in  some  items  oooddormble  Tariation;  say  in  specie  a  decrease  of 
$1,117,287 ;  in  loans  of  $698,890 ;  in  depomts  of  $658,185 ;  in  exchange  of  $310,460   '„ 
in  oollection  accounts  an  increase  of  $240,747 ;  or  a  difiference,  say  decrease  in  exchange 
balances  of  $551,000  at  the  present  time. 


8BMI.A1V9UAL  DIVIDEITDS  ON  STOCKS  19  BOSTON. 

The  following  dividends  (according  to  the  report  of  Joseph  G.  Martin,  Stock  Broker, 
Boston,)  were  payable  at  the  dates  given  in  July,  1855,  all  in  the  city  of  Boston,  ex- 
cepting the  Peterboro  and  Shirley  Railroad,  at  Oharlestown,  and  the  Worcester  and 
Nashua  Railroad,  at  Worcester,  but  a  large  portion  of  these  are  owned  in  Boston  or 
the  immediate  vicinity.  The  dividend  of  the  Berkshire  Railroad  is  a  quarterly  one 
at  7  per  cent  per  annum,  at  which  the  road  is  leased  to  the  Housatonic  Railroad. 

Tlie  dividends  of  January,  1855,  are  also  given  for  comparison,  but  such  corporations 
as  have  passed  two  or  more  dividends  are  omitted.  Among  these  are  the  Boston  and 
Providence,  Eastern,  Fitchburg,  and  Manchester  and  Lawrence  Railroads,  and  the 
Ohicopee,  Middlesex,  New  England  Worsted,  Nashua,  Salmon  Falls,  and  Middlesex 
Manufacturing  Companies. 

The  6  per  cent  dividend  of  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  in  January  last,  was  for 
the  year  previous,  and  payable  in  stock.  The  present  is  a  cash  one — the  first  semi- 
annual dividend  ever  declared  by  the  company,  which  is  intended  to  be  continued,  in- 
stead of  annual  payments  as  heretofore. 

The  Peterboro  and  Shirley  Railroad,  in  Massachusetts,  pays  a  cash  dividend  of  2 
per  cent,  par  $100 ;  and  all  scrip  of  the  25  per  cent  stock  dividend,  declared  some 
months  since,  must  be  converted  into  shares  and  entered  on  the  books  of  the  corpora* 
tiou  before  July  10,  in  order  to  obtain  their  cash  dividend. 

The  dividend  of  the  Douglass  Ax  Company  is  for  a  year  on  $300,000,  the  capital 
having  been  increased  from  $120,000. 

The  dividend  of  the  North  American  Insurance  Company  is  for  five  months,  the 
time  of  making  up  the  six  months'  accounts  being  changed  from  June  80  to  May  81. 

The  Worcester  and  Nashua  Railroad  has  resumed  dividends,  after  having  passed 
one  in  January  last,  in  order  to  pay  off  some  maturing  liabilities,  and  they  will  prob- 
ably now  be  contmned  regularly. 

BAILBOAD  OOMPAMm. 

Dividends,  Amonnt, 

Parable.                          Stocks.  Capital.  Jan.  *55.  July, '55.  July,*S5. 

July  15    Berkshire $820,600  If  If  $5,609 

2    Boston  and  Lowell 1,800,000  .  8  54,800 

2    Boston  and  Maine 4,165,700  4  8  124,671 

2    Boston  and  Worcester 4,500,000  8  8  185,000 

Cape  Cod shares  9,000  ^8  .           

2    Cheshire 2,158,200  .  2        In  bonds 

2    Lexington  and  W.  Cambridge,  preH  120,000  8  8  8,600 

2    Lexington  and  W.  Cambridge,  old.  120,000  2^  2^  8,000 

17    Michigan  Central 6,021,900  *6  4  240,876 

2    New  Bedford  and  Taunton... 800,000  8  8  15,000 

2    Old  Colony  and  Fall  River* 8,016,100  8  8  90,468 

10    Peterboro  and  Shirley 840,000  .  2  6,800 

2    Pittsfield  and  North  Adams 450,000  8  8  13,500 

Providence  and  Worcester 1,500,000  8  .            

2    Stoughton  Branch 85,400  4  4  8,416 

2    Taunton  Branch 250,000  4  4  10,000 

5     Western 5,150,000  8  Z\  180,250 

2    Worcester  and  Nashua. 1,800,000  .  2  86,000 

Total  dividends. $928,075 

*  Pajable  In  stocks. 


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Journal  of  Banking j  Currency^  and  Finance, 


MANUFACTURING  OOMPAMIXS. 


Pajabk). 

July  16 

2 

Stocks. 
Bates 

Capital. 

$800,000 

2,000 

140.000 

800,000 

2,000 

2,900 

1,800,000 

700,000 

1,000,000 

400,000 

1,250.000 

Diridendf, 
Jan.  *55.  July,  *55. 
8           4 
.       $18 
12 
6 
$10 
$80 

4  4 
2 

5  6 
8          4 

Amount, 
July,  f5. 
$82,000 

Cocheco shares 

86,000 

2 
10 

Contoocook 

Douglass  Ax 

18,800 
18,000 

Lancaster  Mills shares 

liowell ..•..  .shares 

Manchester  Print. 

*        2 

Naumkeai? 

Perkins* 

28,000 
20,000 

2 

Sandwich  Glass 

20,000 

2 

Stark  Mills 

50,500 

Total  dividends 

$220,800 

Jnly    2 
2 
2 

INTKREST  ON 

Albany  city,  1866 

BONDS. 

$140,000 
1,000,000 
About 
About 
426.000 
780,000 
About 

89,600 
860,000 
500,000 
About 

"  iVV.OOO 

28,000 

About 

About 

966JB00 

2i 

8 
8 

8 

8 
8 

8 
8 

2* 

8 
8 
8 

8 

$4,200 

Albany  6*8,  Western  Railroad 

Boston  city  stock 

80.000 
87,000 

8 
2 
2 

Boston  and  Providence  Railroad.. . 
Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad. . . 
Cheshire  6*8 

8,000 
12,750 
21,906 

2 

Concord  and  Montreal 

6,000 

2 

Dorchester  and  Milton 

1.185 

2 
2 

Grand  Junction,  1st  mortgage 

MasAacbusetts  State  5's 

10.500 
12.500 

2 

Michigan  Central 

26,000 

2 
2 

2 
2 

Norwich  city 

Did  Colony  and  Fall  River 

Peterboro  and  Shirley 

Portland  city  6*8 

1,500 

5,250 

702 

15,000 

2 

United  States  Loan 

50.000 

2 

Vermont  <&  Massa.  6*8,  July,  1856. . 
Total  dividends 

28,704 

^265.197 

MISOBLLAnEOUB. 

July    2    American  Insurmnce  Company $800,000        8          8          $24,000 

8     East  Boston  Dry  Dock  Company  .            250.000        8          81            8.750 

2    Franklin  Insurance  Company 800,000        6          6             18,000 

2    North  American  Insurance  Comp'y           200,000        6          4              8,000 
2    United  States  Hotel  Company....           280,000        2          2              4,600 

RTOAPITULATION. 

Mltcellaneoos.               Interest  on  bonds.           Manuflactnring  bonds.        Railroad  dividends. 
$63,350                         $265,197                          $220,800                        $923,075 

The  following  are  the  totals  for  July  and  January  in  each  of  the  years  1854  and 
1855 :— 

January,  1854.                     July,  1854.                     January,  1855.                     July,  1855. 
$1,472,422                    $2,240,680                    $1,917,772                   $3,021,440 

ASSESSED  TALUE  OF  PROPERTY  m  CONNECTICUT. 

In  the  MerchanW  Magazine  for  July  1855,  volume  zzxiti.  page  92,  we  published  a 
table  showing  the  several  items  of  assessment  in  the  whole  State  for  the  years  1863 
and  1854.  That  table,  however,  did  not  embrace  railroad  stock  and  some  bank  stock. 
From  the  grand  list  of  the  State  of  Connecticut  for  the  Ist  of  October,  1864,  prepared 
by  the  Controller,  and  from  the  returns  of  the  several  Town  Clerks,  we  are  enabled 
to  make  the  following  extracts  and  comparative  exhibit  of  the  assessed  value  of  the 
yarious  items  of  the  several  counties,  as  follows  :^- 

*  Payable  on  demand. 


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Jimmal  of  Bctnkinff,  Currency^  and  Finance,  353 

DwelllDg'boiuet.  Bnk  and  Ifech.  k.  mlH 

CooDttes.                          No.  Value.  ins.  siock.  Merchandiie.  operalluns. 

Hartford 11.519  f  12,498,498  $4,014,878  |2,22tf,646  $2,470,816 

New  Haven 10,197  14,048,191  5,895,012  1,986.191  2,993.948 

NewLoodoo 7,064  7,680,lb7  2,279,797  685,877  450,408 

Fairfield    11,203  10,064.021  2,084,407  1,186.200  1,269,098 

WiDdham 6,098  2,091,649  677,988  186,140  330,648 

Litchfield 7,688  4.459.866  1,661,720  879,492  1,076,145 

MiddleMX 4.490  8,796,948  1,276.844  816,866  414.524 

ToUaud 8,463  1,776,952  896,845  117,080  978,162 

Total 67,267       $66,852,707     $17,685,481       $6,918,981      $9,678,748 

The  total  value  of  horses  in  the  State  is  $2,828,268;  of  neat  cattle,  $6,150,921 ' 
carriages,  $887,276;  clocks  and  watches,  $484,095;  of  pianos  and  musical  instru. 
mcDts,  $303,91 1 ;  railroad,  city,  and  other  bonds,  $6,978,61 1.  The  total  value  of  prop- 
erty in  the  State  is  $208,739,831. 


THE  SAV  FRANCISCO  MINT. 

In  February,  1848,  gold  was  discovered  at  Sutter's  Mill  The  gold  produce  for  the 
six  following  years  we  have  estimated  at  8,  26,  40,  66,  63,  and  68  millions  respective- 
ly, amounting  in  all  to  $260,000,000,  of  which  $220,000,000  were  coined  at  the  United 
States  Mints  on  the  Atlantic  before  the  let  of  January.  1854,  leaving  $40,000,000 — 
nearly  one-f>izth  of  the  whole  amount  estimated  to  have  been  coined  here — carried  to 
foreign  lands,  or  to  remain  uncoined  in  the  hands  of  the  miners.  The  whole  amount 
of  money  coined  at  the  United  States  Mints  since  their  establishment  has  been 
$881,000,000,  of  which  considerably  more  than  one  half  was  gold  from  California. 
More  than  $60,000,000  have  been  coined  in  this  city,  but  a  large  amount  of  it  has 
been  recoioed  at  the  United  States  Mints.  The  only  private  coining  establishment 
now  in  operation  here  is  that  of  Kellogg  <&  Richter,  which  is  doing  a  very  heavy  busi- 


The  large  amount  of  our  gold  produce,  the  distance  of  California  from  the  Atlantio 
mints,  and  the  high  cost  of  making  remittances,  made  it  early  a  matter  of  importance 
to  have  a  mint  in  San  Francisco;  but  it  wae  not  until  the  8d  July,  1852,  that  an  act 
was  passed  for  its  establishment  The  contract  for  the  erection  of  the  building  wae 
not  taken  within  due  time,  and  on  the  3d  March,  1868,  the  time  for  receiving  proposals 
was  extended.  Finally,  during  the  last  summer  arrangements  were  made,  though  the 
building  provided  for  was  far  from  being  such  a  one  as  California  deserved.  It  was 
commenced  last  fall  on  Commercial  street,  near  Montgomery,  and  is  sixty  feet  square 
and  three  stories  high,  of  brick,  and  fire-proof. 

The  following  is  a  sketch  of  the  gold  coining  process — for  the  silver  coining,  thougti 
some  of  it  will  be  done,  is  of  comparatively  little  importance.  The  mint  will  go  into 
operation  on  Saturday,  and  will  be  prepared  to  coin  $80,000,000  yearly,  or  aboat 
$98,000  daily. 

DEPOSIT  ROOM. 

The  first  room  in  the  regular  order  of  the  business  of  the  mint  is  the  deposit  room. 
Here  the  metal  is  taken  and  weighed,  and  a  receipt  given.  The  scales  are  very  large 
and  nice,  aiid  cost  in  Boston  about  $1,000.    The  gold  is  then  taken  to  the 

MXLTINO  EOOV, 

Where  each  deposit  is  melted  separately  in  a  black- lead  crucible,  and  upon  the  melted 
mass  saltpeter  and  soda  are  thrown  and  stirred  round  to  oxydize  the  base  metals,  and 
the  gold  and  more  Aerling  metals,  thoroughly  mixed,  are  cast  into  a  bar.    After  being 
taken  to  the  weigh  room  and  wtighed,  it  is  ready  fur  the 
VOL.  xxxiu. — NO.  in.  23 


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Z54  Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Fuumee, 

A88AT  DXPAETXSNT. 

TIm  aatftyer,  with  a  chisel,  chips  off  a  comer  from  the  bar,  aod  the  diip  is  melted 
and  cast  into  a  battoo,  to  give  a  ronod  form,  so  that  it  may  be  easily  rolled  oat.  It 
is  rolled  into  a  ribbon  aod  filed  down  until  it  weighs  exactly  ten  grains,  weighed  by  a 
scale  which  turns  at  the  thousandth  part  of  a  grain.  The  ribbon  is  rolled  up  with 
sheet  lead,  placed  in  a  cup  called  a  cupel,  made  of  calcined  bone  ashes,  and  placed  in 
a  heat  sufficient  to  melt  the  gold,  and  the  base  metals,  copper,  tin,  etc,  are  absorbed 
by  the  porous  material  of  the  cupel,  or  carried  off  in  ozydation.  The  gold  is  theo 
pure,  except  an  admixture  of  silver,  and  perhaps  a  little  iridium  or  platinum.  The 
button  is  again  rolled  out  into  a  ribbon  about  as  thick  as  ordinary  letter  paper,  and 
boiled  in  nitric  acid,  which  diseoWes  the  silver  aod  leayes  the  gold  pure,  which  is 
weighed,  and  the  amount  which  it  has  lost  gives  an  exact  measure  of  the  quaotity  of 
impurity  in  the  original  bar.  Thus,  if  the  piece  assayed  weighs  nine  grains,  then  nine- 
tenths  of  the  bar  is  pure  gold  ;  and  the  clerk  of  the  deposit  room  can  immediately 
give  a  certificate  of  the  amount  of  coin  due  the  depositor. 

OaANULATXNO  MKLTINO  EOOM. 

After  the  bars  hare  been  assayed  they  are,  as  a  general  rule,  thrown  in  together 
indiscriminately  as  the  property  of  the  mint  The  first  process  in  the  granulating 
room  is  to  melt  the  gold  with  twice  the  weight  of  silver,  aod  while  melted  i(  is  poured 
into  water  mixed  with  a  little  nitric  acid,  and  the  metal  falls  to  the  bottom  of  the  tub 
in  fine  grains.  The  granulated  gold  is  taken  out  and  cast  into  large  stone  or  porcelain 
pots,  holding  about  fifteen  gallons  of  nitric  acid.  These  pots  sit  in  hot  water  heated 
by  steam,  and  the  boiling  acid  soon  leaves  the  gold  pure  from  all  silver,  copper,  lead, 
tin,  sine,  or  other  base  metals. 

It  is  taken  out,  filtered,  washed,  dried,  and  again  taken  to  the  melting  room,  where 
it  is  melted  with  one-ninth  its  weight  of  copper,  which  makes  it  the  standard  alloy  of 
nine  hundred  thousandths  fine.  No  silver  is  used  in  the  alloy.  The  gold  thus  alloyed 
is  run  into  bars  a  foot  long,  an  inch  thick,  and  of  the  proper  width  for  coin,  from  an 
inch  and  a  half  for  double-eagles  down  to  half  an  inch  for  dollars.  The  bars  are  de- 
livered over  to  the  coiner. 

DEAWIIfQ  AND  OOTTD^a  EOOM. 

The  coiner's  first  process  is  to  put  the  bars  through  the  rolling-mill,  which  has  two 
heavy  rollers  of  cast-»teel,  ten  inches  long  and  eight  uiches  in  diameter,  rolling  to- 
gether. The  bars  are  thus  rolled  out  a  number  of  times,  until  they  are  nearly  the 
proper  thickness  for  the  coin.  The  rolling-miil  is  made  so  that  the  bars  can  be  roUed 
out  to  any  thickness.  The  bars,  when  rolled  out  several  times^  become  somewhat 
brittle,  and  are  then  taken  to  the 

ANNEALING  EOOM. 

This  room  contains  a  furnace  of  brick  work,  with  long  chambers  to  reoeiye  the  bara* 
which  are  placed  in  copper  tubes,  and  heated  to  a  cherry  red.  The  gold  is  thus  made 
softer  and  more  ductile,  and  is  again  taken  to  the  rolling-mill  and  rolled  sufficiently, 
and  again  annealed  previous  to  being  drawn.  The  bars  cannot  be  rolled  out  to  an  ex- 
actly equal  thickness,  and  to  secure  exactness  in  this  respect  the  bar  is  drawn  throogh 
an  orifice  in  a  piece  of  steel,  and  this  orifice  being  somewhat  smaller  than  the  bar  aa 
foiled,  reduces  the  whole  to  the  same  exact  width  and  thickness.  The  bar,  not  quite 
so  thick  as  the  coin,  is  taken  thence  to  the  cutting  machine,  which,  by  a  punch,  eota 
off  from  the  bar  round  pieces,  a  little  longer  than  the  intended  coin.  Theee  piecea 
are  called  blanks.  The  blanks  are  carried  to  the  annealing  room,  and  washed  with 
aoap  and  water.    They  are  then  taken  to  the 


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Jmi/nal  of  BoMmg^  Currently  and  Jf^mance*  855 

ADJOmMO  EOOM. 

Here  eadi  blank  is  weighed  separately,  and  made  the  exact  weight  for  the  eoin.  If 
too  heavy,  the  blank  is  filed  down;  if  too  light,  it  ia  thrown  into  a  box  to  be  remelted. 
The  work  in  (his  room  is  done  entirely  by  ladies. 

OOIMINQ  AMD  MILLWO  BOOIC. 

The  adJQsted  blanks  are  run  through  the  milling  machine,  which  compresses  the 
ilank  to  the  exact  diameter  of  the  coin,  and  raises  the  edge.  The  purpose  of  making 
the  edge  thicker  is  to  make  the  coin  pile  neatly,  to  protect  the  figures,  and  to  improve 
the  general  appearance.    About  two  hundred  and  fifty  blanks  are  milled  in  a  minute. 

The  milled  blanks  are  carried  back  to  the  annealing  room,  placed  in  an  air-tight 
cast-iron  box,  and  placed  in  the  furnace  to  be  annealed,  so  that  they  may  take  the  im- 
pression welL  When  they  are  at  a  cherry  red  they  are  taken  out  and  poured  imme- 
diately into  water  with  a  little  sulphuric  acid.  This  softens  and  cleans  the  gold.  The 
blanks  are  taken  out,  washed  with  cold  water,  put  into  hot  water  again,  taken  out, 
mixed  in  with  saw-dust,  which  is  then  sifted  off,  and  the  blanks  are  dried  and  per- 
fectly clean.  « 

They  are  again  taken  to  the  coining  and  milling  room,  and  stamped.  Th^  coining 
machine  is  elegant  and  massive.  The  blanks  are  placed  in  a  tube  or  pipe,  and  from 
this  the  machine  takes  them  one  by  one,  puts  them  between  the  dies,  stamps  them, 
throws  them  out  of  the  die,  and  carries  them  down  into  a  box,  and  they  are  then  de- 
livered to  the  Treasurer,  and  are  ready  for  circulation. 

Such  are  the  main  features  of  the  process.  The  treatment  of  silver  is,  of  course 
somewhat  different  The  difference  between  the  United  States  com  and  the  Califor- 
nia coin  is,  that  the  latter  is  alloyed  with  silver,  the  former  with  copper.  The  Oali- 
fomia  gold  contains  a  good  deal  of  silver,  and  it  is  troublesome  and  expensive  to  sep- 
arate it  from  the  gold ;  besides,  it  is  more  difficult*  to  make  a  copper  than  a  silver 
alloy.  The  California  coin  being  one-tenth  silver,  is  worth  more  than  the  United 
States  coin,  and  a  premiom  is  paid  for  it  at  the  United  States  mints.  There  are  aboot 
seventy-five  cents  worth  of  silver  in  a  hundred  dollars  of  California  coin.  The  copper 
is  a  much  better  alloy,  being  harder,  more  durable,  and  more  beautifuL 

All  the  machinery  is  of  the  best  quality,  having  been  manufactured  under  the  su- 
pervision of  George  Eckfblt,  of  the  Philadelphia  Mint  It  has  been  put  up  under  the 
direction  of  John  M.  Eckfelt  The  officers  of  the  mint  are  Dr.  Birdsal,  Superintend- 
ent; John  R.  Snyder,  Treasurer;  CoL  Harasthy,  Assayer;  John  Heuston,  Melter  and 
Refiner ;  and  John  M.  Eckfolt,  Coiner,   s^bont  thirty  men  will  be  constantly  employed . 


THE  FREE  AID  CHARTERED  SYSTEMS  OF  BAIKIIIO  COMPARED. 

BT  J.  THOMPSON,  BAMKSft,  OP  MBW  TOaX. 

We  commence  by  defining  the  two  systems . — 

J^M  i^anlrtfi^.— Full  permission  for  any  individual  or  assodatioo  to  bank,  by  com- 
plying with  general  laws ;  those  general  laws  requiring  ample  security  deposited  with 
the  State  authorities  for  all  issues  of  currency.  Engraving  and  printing  only  on  order 
from  the  State  officer ;  circulating  notes  received  through  the  State  authorities,  se- 
cured, registered,  and  countersigned;  periodical  reports  of  condition;  specie  payments, 
or  liquidation  by  the  State  officer. 

Ohmrter^d  i^anirtft^.— Special  privileges  granted  to  certain  individuals,  with  power 
to  make  a  currency  without  security,  and  in  many  of  the  States  without  Umit;  and, 
generally  speaking,  the  stockholders  and  officers  of  these  dose  corporations  are  exempt 
from  any  liabilify  on  their  corporate  indebtedneen 


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356  Jmnmal  of  B<mkinff,  Current,  and  Finance, 

The  practical  working  of  the  two  Bjttems  is  illustrated  by  reoeot  failiiree,  as 
ibUows : — 

OHARTKRSD  BA1IK8. 

Lewis  Ooanty  Bank,  New  York Worthiest. 

Shipbailders*  Bank,  Maine - Worthless. 

Ef.stern  Bank,  West  Kiliingly,  Connecticut Worthless. 

People's  Bank,  Pnterscn,  New  Jersey Worthleea. 

Bank  of  Milford,  Delaware Worthless. 

Erie  and  Kalamazoo  Bank,  Michigan. 25  cents. 

Bank  of  Circleville,  Ohio • 60  centa. 

Cochituate  Bank,  Boston 50  cents. 

FRBB  BANKS. 

Knickerbocker  Bank,  New  York  City Par. 

Eighth  Avenue  Bank,  da 98  cents. 

Empire  City  Bank,  do. Par. 

Bank  of  Bainbridge,  Penn  Yan,  New  York Par. 

Wheat  Growers*  Bank,  New  Jersey 90  cents. 

Merchants'  Bank,  New  Jersey 90  cents. 

Oshkosh  City  Bank,  Wisconsin Par. 

Germania  Bank,  Wisconsin Par. 

And  five  in  Illinois All  par. 

We  have  not  included  broken  banks  in  the  Southern  States,  partly  because  the 
chartered  banks  that  have  failed  there  were  of  the  most  extreme  wild-cat  diaracter, 
and  partly  because  no  Southern  free  bank  has  failed.  Thus,  we  clearly  prove  that 
the  free  banking  system  is  decidedly  the  least  likely  to  throw  a  loss  on  the  public. 
We  will  now  look  at  the  feasibility  or  adaptation  of  the  two  systems  of  banking  to 
the  wants  of  the  community. 

In  the  State  of  New  York  both  systems  are  in  active  operatioa  The  Bank  «f 
Commerce,  Republic,  Metropolitan,  (bo,  were  organized  under  the  free  banking  law. 
The  Bank  of  New  York,  Pheniz,  Mechanics',  4&C.,  reorganized  under  the  free  law 
when  their  charters  expired.  The  Manhattan,  Merchants',  ikc,  are  close  corpora- 
tions, their  charters  not  havmg  expired.  The  same  parallels  may  be  drawn  between 
the  State  banks— a  portion  of  the  best  are  under  each  systeoL 

Had  we  space,  we  would  take  up  the  bank  reports,  and  show  that  the  banks  under 
the  two  systems  are  equally  liberal  in  accommodatione  to  the  public 

In  the  State  of  New  York,  the  free  banking  system  being  engrafted  in  the  coustitu- 
tion,  must  root  out  the  corporation  system  as  fast  as  their  charters  expire.  In  Con- 
necticut and  New  Jersey  the  friends  of  doe^  corporations  liave  secured  majorities  id 
the  legislatures,  and  by  giving  charters  to  the  free  banks,  have  virtually  repealed  the 
free  banking  law.  In  lUinois  and  Wisconsin  the  free  is  the  only  banking  law.  lo 
Vermont^  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Tennessee,  both  systems  prevail ;  and  in  Massachusetts^ 
New  Hampshire,  Maine,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  Carolinas,  and  Georgia,  the 
close  charter  system  prevails. 

The  three  States  that  have  the  greatest  interest  in  fostering  the  free  banking  sys- 
tem are  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  Missouri  The  first  has  a  debt  of  forty  millions, 
one-half  of  which  would  be  held  by  her  own  citizens  if  it  were  made  the  basis  of  ber 
currency.  The  benefit  of  paj^ing  interest  on  State  debts  to  its  own  citizens,  instead 
of  drawing  off  the  amount  every  six  months  into  the  pockets  of  foreigners,  must  be 
the  subject  of  another  article.  Virginia  needs  some  machinery  thai  will  place  and 
sustain  her  stocks  at  par,  in  order  to  finish  her  programme  of  internal  improvements ; 
the  adoption  of  the  free  banking  system  is  the  only  thing  she  can  do  to  accomplish 
this.    The  same  may  be  said  of  Mit»ourl 

In  re  chartering  the  Bank  of  England,  the  British  government  engrafted  the  free 
bank  feature,  by  requiring  the  issue  department  to  hold  consols  or  bullion  to  the 


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Journal  of  Bankin^^  Currmey^  and  Fm&me,  357 

MBocmt  of  drculatioo  oatotaDding.  This  wm  a  meatare  of  oonttmunate  policy.  The 
people  look  opoo  oooeols  as  better  Uiad  aoy  other  paper  security,  because  the  bank 
holds  millioos  on  millions  of  them. 

The  fact  that  two-thirds  of  the  entire  debt  of  the  SUte  of  New  York  b  held  by  the 
Bank  Department  for  aooount  of  banks,  in  which  the  wealth,  talent,  interest,  and 
pride  of  the  entire  State  is  involved,  places  her  credit  on  a  par  with  the  best  on 
earth.  Foreigners  often  say,  ^  No  danger  when  so  many  of  your  own  citizens  are 
interested." 

In  Missouri,  Yiiginia,  North  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  the  banks  are  owned  and  used  by 
a  few  who  are  already  rich  and  selfish.  The  public  works  of  these  States  are  the 
desire  and  pride  of  the  whole  population.  The  banks  never  assist  in  prosecuting  those 
works.  There  is  wisdom,  then— there  is  a  necessity  in  shaping  the  banking  laws  for 
the  benefit,  as  well  as  for  the  safety  of  the  people  at  large.  Not  one  in  a  hundred  of 
the  people  of  aoy  State  has  an  interest  in  the  banks,  except  to  know  the  notes  (money) 
which  they  hold,  and  on  which  the  bank  gets  interest,  are  good.  Every  person  who 
puts  a  banknote  into  his  pocket  helps  the  bank.  Let  the  laws,  then,  be  so  made  as 
to  compel  the  banks  to  do  something  beneficial  to  the  State. 


THE  MIHT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

8ILVSE  FOE  OOINAGK  PAID  FOE  IN  SILVBE  COINS  ONLT  AT  THE  MINT. 

Pbiladblpoia,  Jaly  33, 1855. 

The  Director  of  the  Mint  gives  notice,  in  pursuance  of  an  authorization  from  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  in  consequence  of  the  present  accumulation  of  silver 
coin  at  the  Mint,  that  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  August  next,  and  until  further 
notice,  the  purchases  of  silver  for  coinage  will  be  paid  for  in  silver  coins  only,  and  not 
in  gold. 

The  silver  offered  for  purchase  will  be  weighed,  melted,  and  assayed,  as  usual,  and 
the  standard  weight  determined  therefrom,  in  ounces  troy,  to  the  hundredth  part  of 
the  ounce,  and  will  be  paid  lor  (at  at  present)  at  the  rate  of  $1  22|  per  standard 
ounce.  He  receipt  given  at  the  first  weighing  must  be  presented  by  the  seller  or  his 
order,  and  usually  payment  may  be  expected  on  the  day  following  the  date  of  receipt, 
or  the  second  day  followrog. 

For  the  information  of  bullion  dealers,  country  banks,  Ac,  it  may  be  stated  that,  ac- 
cording to  the  above  rate  of  purchase,  the  yield  of  various  classes  of  coin  or  bullion 
will  be  about  as  follows  \-~ 

Five-franc  pieces,  each |0  99 

Mexican  and  South  American  dollars 1  06^ 

Old  Spanish  dollars 1  06 

Bevolutionary  or  **  hammered**  dollars,  (often  mistaken  for  the  trne  Spanish 

dolUr), 1  01 

Half-dollar  of  the  United  States,  coined  before  1837 0  62 J 

The  same  since  1887,  to  the  last  change  of  standard  in  1858 0  62^ 

Quarter-dollars  are  proportionally  less  productive  of  premium,  while  dimes  and 
halfdimee,  coined  before  1887,  have  lost  rather  more  by  wear  than  the  premium 
would  make  up;  those  coined  since  1887,  to  1863,  will  average  a  premium  of  8^  per 
cent  on  their  nominal  value. 

German,  Swedish.  Danish,  and  Norwegian  crowns,  each $1  11 

Old  French  crowns 1  14 

German  florins. 0  41^ 

Prussian  and  Hanoverian  thalers. 0  72 

American  plate,  best  manufacture,  |1  20  to  $1  22  per  ounce. 
Genuine  British  pUte,  %l  26  per  ounce. 


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358  Jcmmal  of  Bankmg,  Ourttney^  and  Fm<me$. 

These  regQlatioot  will  take  effect  at  the  bnuddi  of  the  mint  at  New  OfleaiM  when 
the  parohaee  of  eilfer  ie  resamed  at  that  nifltitiitioD,  of  which  Dotioe  will  be  gireo  bj 
the  Buperiotendeot 

At  Sao  Francieoo  the  purchases  maj  be  paid  for  in  gold  or  silTer,  at  the  option  of 
the  Superintendent  thereat,  until  a  sufficient  supply  of  silTer  bullioo  is  reoeifed  to 
meet  the  puUic  demand  for  silver  ooin  at  that  institution. 

JAMBS  ROdS  BNOWDEN,  DIreetor  Unltad  StetM  iUat 


TAXATIOil  OF  IirCORPOSATED  C0MPAHIB8  III  HBW  YORK. 

There  is  a  law  of  the  State  of  New  York  for  remission  and  commutation  of  taxes 
of  iocorporated  companies.  It  is  under  the  provisions  of  title  4,  chap.  18,  part  1,  of 
the  Revised  Statutes,  as  amended  July  21,  1858. 

The  act  of  July,  1858,  provides  **  that  moneyed  or  stock  corporations  authorixed  to 
make  dividends  on  their  capital,  and  not  in  the  receipt,  during  the  preceding  year,  of 
net  profits  or  clear  income  equal  to  6  per  cent  on  such  capital,  after  deducting  the  as- 
sessed value  of  their  real  estate,  shall  be  allowed  to  commute  by  paying  dividends 
directly  to  the  treasurer  of  the  county  a  sum  equal  to  5  per  cent  on  their  actual  net 
profits  or  clear  income." 

To  entitle  corporations,  however,  to  this  privilege  of  commutation,  the  necessary 
proof  must  be  submitted  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors. 

It  appears  from  this  that  the  Committee  on  Annual  Taxes — John  Kelly  and  Henry 
Hoffmire— made  a  report  to  the  Board  of  Supervisors,  July  18, 1865,  growing  oat  of 
applications  under  the  law  for  relief,  which  report  was, published  in  some  of  the  pa- 
pers, in  which  they  state  as  follows : — 

*"  Since  the  operation  of  this  law  would  virtually  exempt  a  large  amount  of  oorpo- 
ration  capital  hitherto  subject  to  taxation,  your  committee  concluded  to  consult  with 
R.  J.  Dillon,  Corporation  Counsel,  and  suomit  the  affidavits  for  his  examination  and 
report  The  affidavits  attached  have  been  returned  by  the  Corporation  Counsel,  as 
Justifying  the  remission  of  the  tax,  or  the  commutation  thereof  In  all  cases  in  which 
net  profit  or  dear  income  has  been  received,  that  amount  is  made  subject  to  commu- 
tation ;  but  where  no  profits  or  income  have  been  received,  the  assessment  must  be 
stricken  from  the  assessment  rolls.** 

Under  this  decision  of  the  Corporation  Counsel,  the  said  committee  submitted  two 
resolutions— the  first  allowing  the  following  named  incorporations  to  commute  by  pay- 
ing 6  per  cent  on  their  net  annual  profits  or  cle^r  income  during  the  preceding  year, 
via. :— The  Sun  Mutual  Insurance  Company,  on  $80,000 ;  the  Atlantic  Bank,  on  $16,554 ; 
the  New  York  India-Rubber  Company,  on  $1,000;  and  the  New  York  Balao'*e  Dock, 
on  $5,000.  The  other  resolution^that  the  following  incorporations  be  struck  from  the 
assessment  rolls,  not  having  be^n  in  receipt,  during  the  preceding  year,  of  any  net 
profits  or  dear  income  whatever,  via  :-»The  Union,  New  York,  Commercial,  Aator, 
and  Mercantile  Insurance  Companies,  the  Hamilton,  St  Marks,  and  People's  Fire  In- 
•urance  Companies,  the  United  States  Mail  Steamship  Company,  the  Third  and  Sixth 
Avenue  Railroads,  the  South-street,  Dry  Dock,  Grand,  Bowery,  and  South  Ferry 
Stage  Companies,  the  Blank  Book  Ruling  and  Paging  Company,  Qas  Regulator  Com- 
pany, Knickerbocker  Life  Insurance  Company,  Knickerbocker  Ice  Company,  East 
River  Bank,  and  St  Nicholas  Insurance  Company. 


TBE  BANK  OF  CBARLBSTOH. 
The  annual  report  of  this  institution  has  been  published,  from  whidi  it  appears 
that  the  net  profits  of  the  bank  for  the  year,  deducting  current  expenses,  amount 
to  $256,182;  dividends  declared,  $252,864 ;  surplus,  12,068. 


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Journal  of  Banking^  Cfurreney,  and  Finance.  369 

Th«  present  number  of  ttockbolders  amount  to  2,018,  held  as  follows: — 

By  individuals  in  their  own  names $1,910,000 

By  widows,  gtuirdians,  executors,  Ac 262,600 

By  banks  and  incorporated  bodies 988,800 

Amounting  in  all  to $8,160300 

A  great  reduction  in  circulation  has  occurred  within  the  last  two'  years.  On  re- 
ferring to  the  reports  of  the  two  preceding  years,  it  appears  that  at  similar  periods  of 
the  year  they  had  in  circulation— 

In  1868 $2,111,000 

And  in  1864 1.876,000 

And  by  the  present  report,  they  have  only 666,000 

Showing  a  reduction  within  the  above  periods,  of 1,466,000 

CITT  nUAlVCBS  OF  8AV  FRANCISCO. 

DBBT. 

10  per  cents  ef  1861 .• $1,600,000 

Less  sinking  fund 126,069 

$1,882,961 

7  per  cents  school,  of  1864 60,000 

8  per  cent  scrip,  unfunded 60,000 

10  pw  cento  fire,  of  1866 200.000 

Mortgage  on  City  Hall 27,000 

FloaUng  debt  to  be  funded 1,600,000 

Total  to  July,  1866 $8,819,941 

RXSOUaOKS. 

Taxables,  $62,000,000. 

Tax  list,  $1,118,000,  good  for    800,000 

licenses «...  120,000 

Fines  and  wharf  rento 26,000 

Annual  total   $946,000 

Interest  on  debt $278,600 

Sinkingfund 76,000 

City  expenses 821,400 

Contingencies 1 10,000 

186,000 

Annual  surplus $161,000 


BRITISH  REVENUE  IN  1854  AND  1865. 
We  give  below  an  abstract  of  the  net  produce  of  the  revenue  of  Great  Britain  in 
tfie  years  ended  dOth  of  June,  1864,  and  1866,  showing  the  increase  and  decrease : — 


Boorees.  1855* 

Customs    £21,242,796 


Years  ended  June  30, 


Excise. 

Stamps 

Taxes  

Property  tax  . 
Post-office.... 
Crown  lands.. 
Miscellaneous. 


16,976,897 

7,187,892 

2,987,289 

11,466,171 

1,289,424 

270,672 

901,904 


1854. 

£20,284,869 

16,206,880 

6,916,820 

8,160,666 

6,870,600 

1,247,000 

826,000 

960,672 


Year  ended  Jane_30, 1855. 

iDcreaM. 

£968,426 

1,770,017 

271,672 


6,086,671 


228,426 

V,676 
64,428 
64,668 


Total  ordinary  revenue. 
Deduct  decrease  .... 
Increase  on  the  year. 


62,212,894        64,470,806 


8,086,686 
'  844,098 
7,741,688 


844,098 


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300  Commercial  Hegulatians, 


COMMERCIAL  REGULATIONS. 


THE  BIGHTS  OF  CONSULS  AND  COMMBRCIiL  AOBlfTS. 

Notwithstanding  the  somewhat  vague  speculations  of  Vattel  and  some  other  conti- 
nental authors,  on  the  question  whether  consuls  are  quasi  ministers  or  not,  (Vattel, 
IhoU  de8  Oent,  1  iv.,  ch.  8 ;  De  Cussy,  ReglemenU  Conndairea,  sec.  6  ;  Moreuil,  Agent$ 
ConnUaires,  p.  848 ;  Borel,  De$  Oonsula,  ch.  3,)  it  is  now  fully  established  by  judicial 
decisions  on  the  continent,  and  by  the  opinions  of  the  best  modem  authorities  there, 
that  consuls  do  not  enjoy  the  diplomatic  priyileges  accorded  to  the  ministers  of  for- 
eign  powers ;  that  in  their  personal  affairs  they  are  justiceable  by  the  local  tribunals 
for  offenses,  and  subject  to  the  same  recourse  of  execution  as  other  resident  foreigners ; 
and  that  they  cannot  pretend  to  the  same  personal  inviolability  and  exemption  from 
jurisdiction  as  foreign  ministers  enjoy  by  the  law  of  nations.  (FcbUx,  1,  ii,  tit  2  ch.  29 
sea  4  ;  Dalloz,  Die.  de  Jurispr^  HL  Agents  Diplomatiquet^  No,  86  ;  Oh,  dt  Marteiut 
Guide  Diplomat,^  s.  88.) 

In  truth,  all  the  obscurity  and  contradiction  as  to  this  |>oint  in  different  authors  arise 
from  the  fact  that  consuls  do  unquestionally  enjoy  certain  privileges  of  exemption 
fbom  local  political  obligation ;  but  still,  these  privileges  are  limited,  and  fall  very 
far  short  of  the  right  of  ex-territoriality.  (Masse,  Droit  Commercial^  tome  1,  Nos- 
488,  489.) 

Thus,  in  the  United  States  consuls  have  a  right,  by  the  constitation,  to  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  Federal  courts  as  against  those  of  States.  They  are  privileged  from  polit- 
ical OP  military  service,  and  from  personal  taxation.  In  some  cases  we  have,  by 
treaty,  given  to  consuls,  when  they  are  not  proprietors  in  the  country  and  do  not  en- 
gage in  Commerce,  a  domiciliary  and  personal  immunity  beyond  what  they  possess  by 
the  general  public  law ;  and  the  extreme  point  to  which  these  privileges  have  been 
carried  in  any  instance,  may  be  seen  in  the  consular  convention  of  the  23d  of  Pebro- 
ary,  1858,  between  the  United  States  and  France.    (Session  Acts,  1853-4,  p.  114.) 

A  consul  is  not  such  a  public  minister  as  to  be  entitled  to  the  privileges  appertain- 
ing to  that  character,  nor  is  he  under  the  special  protection  of  the  law  of  nations.  In 
civil  and  criminal  cases,  where  not  otherwise  provided  by  treaty  stipulations,  he  is 
subject  to  the  laws  of  the  country  in  which  he  resides.  (I  Kent,  44  ;  Opinions  of  At- 
torneys-General ;  Ex.  Doc.  No.  55, 2d  session  81st  Congress,  pp.  265,  et  teg. ;  De  Clercq» 
Formulaire^  tome  2,  pp.  82,  88.) 


BUSINESS  flOUBS  AT  THB  CUSTOM-HOUSES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Jambs  Gutheib,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  under  date  June  15  th,  1855,  has 
prescribed  the  following  regulation  in  regard  to  the  hours  for  official  business  at  the 
several  custom-houses  in  the  United  States,  to  go  into  effect  at  each  port  from  the 
date  of  its  receipt : — 

"  The  custom-houses  at  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Charleston,  New 
Orleans,  and  San  Francisco  shall  be  open  for  the  transaction  of  business  with  mer- 
chants and  others  from  nine  o'clock,  A.  M.,  to  three  o'clock,  P.  M.,  and  the  office  hours 
for  the  functionaries  belonging  to  said  ports  shall  be  from  nme  o'clock,  A.  M.,  to  four 
o'clock,  P.  M.,  and  until  the  business  of  the  day  shall  be  accomplished,  according  to 
the  requirements  of  the  collector  of  the  port 

**  The  custom-houses  at  each  of  all  the  other  ports  shall  be  open  for  the  transaction 
of  business  during  the  same  hour^,  and  the  functionaries  shall  keep  the  same  official 
boors  if  the  businese  shall  require  it^" 


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Commercial  BegvlaHona.  361 

£ITftT  OF  MEECHAHDISE  WITflOUT  IIVOICE. 

The  WashiDgtoD  Union  states  on  the  authority  of  the  Treasuiy  Department,  that 
in  all  cases  hereafter  where  the  importer  desires  to  enter  on  appraisement,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  an  invoice,  under  the  second  section  of  the  act  of  Ist  March,  1823,  he  will 
make  a  written  application  to  the  collector,  ander  oath  or  affirmation,  setting  forth  the 
circumstances  under  which  the  merchandise  was  imported,  and  the  cause,  if  any  known 
to  him,  why  the  invoice  is  not  produced ;  and  before  any  such  entry  can  be  allowed, 
the  merchandise  must  be  sent  to  the  appraisers*  store,  or  to  a  bonded  warehouse,  for 
examination  by  the  appraisers,  who  will  call  upon  the  importer  for  the  exhibition  by 
him  of  any  letters,  accounts,  or  other  documents  he  may  have  in  regard  to  the  impor- 
tation, and  examine  him  on  oath  or  affirmation  touching  any  matter  or  thing  which 
they  may  deem  material  in  ascertaining  the  true  market  value  or  wholesale  price  of 
the  merchandise  thus  presented  for  entry.  The  answer  to  these  interrogations  shall 
be  in  writing,  under  oath  or  affirmation,  and  subscribed  by  the  importer,  and  shall  be 
transmitted,  with  a  report  of  the  case,  by  the  appraiser  to  the  collector,  who  will  for- 
ward the  same  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  who,  from  information  placed  from 
time  to  time  in  his  possession,  as  well  in  regard  to  particular  importation  as  the  gen- 
eral Commerce  of  Uie  country,  may  often  advise  collectors  of  facts  and  circumstances 
not  otherwise  known  to  them,  which  might  enable  those  officers  to  exercise  a  more 
careful  and  intelligent  discretion  in  such  cases. 

No  entry  by  appraisement  without  invoice  will,  therefore,  be  permitted  until  the 
case  has  been  submitted  to  the  department,  and  its  views,  and  the  facts  which  it  may 
think  proper  to  communicate,  received,  except  b  cases  of  perishable  goods,  and  where 
the  merchandise  does  not  exceed  one  hundred  dollars  in  value,  the  application  of  the 
importer  being  made  under  oath ;  in  which  case  the  collector,  if  he  thinks  it  expedient, 
may,  under  the  direction  conferred  on  him  by  the  second  section  of  the  act  of  1st 
March,  1828,  admit  to  entry  on  appraisement  without  submitting  the  same  to  the  de- 
partment. 

It  not  unf^eqnently  happens  that  articles  are  imported  for  the  personal  use  of  the 
importer,  and  not  as  merchandise,  which  might  be  exposed  to  injury  m  the  process  of 
opening,  examining,  and  re-packing  in  the  public  store ;  but  which,  nevertheless,  ought 
not  to  be  delivered  without  examination.  In  such  cases  the  collector,  if  he  thinks  it 
expedient,  will  direct  the  proper  officer  of  the  customs  to  examine  the  package  or 
packages  at  the  residence  of  the  owner,  or  at  such  other  proper  place  at  the  port  as 
be  may  designate.  In  no  case,  however,  can  snch  examination  be  omitted  without  the 
special  permission  of  the  department 


OF  UNCUIMED  GOODS  BY  OWNER  OR  CONSIGNEE. 
The  Washington  Union  states  on  the  authority  of  the  United  States  Treasury  De- 
partment, that  all  goods  unclaimed  by  the  owner  or  consignee  at  the  expiration  of  the 
period  allowed  by  law  for  the  discharge  of  the  vessel  in  which  the  same  may  have 
been  imported,  shall  be  sent  by  the  collector  to  stores  owned  or  leased  by  the  United 
States,  (of  the  first-class,)  if  there  be  any  at  the  port  If  there  be  no  such  stores, 
then  said  goods  shall  be  deposited  in  a  private  bonded  warehouse,  the  collector  paying 
to  the  proprietor  the  storage  and  labor  for  the  time  the  merchandise  remains  in  the 
warehouse  unclaimed,  and  charging  the  same  on  the  goods,  if  sold,  or  entered  in  pur- 
suance of  law.  The  owner  or  consignee  of  goods  thus  sent  to  the  public  store,  and  of 
which  no  entry  has  been  made,  may,  at  any  time  thereafter,  within  the  period  provided 
by  law,  be  allowed  the  privileges  herein  granted  to  bonded  merchandise,  on  making 
due  entry  thereof  for  warehousing. 


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862  Commercial  BegulatiofM, 

€(JSTOM.HOnSB  RIGUUTIONS  III  REGARD  TO  PASSENQERS'  BAGGAGE. 

Oo  the  arrival  of  any  steamer  from  Europe,  the  collector  is  required  to  detail  an 
experienced  entrj  clerk,  \7ho,  with  a  similar  clerk  to  be  designated  by  the  naTal  offi- 
cer, and  an  assistant  appraiser  or  examiner,  to  be  detailed  by  the  appraisers,  shall,  to- 
gether with  the  inspector  on  board,  examine  all  the  passengers'  baggage,  appraise  the 
dutiable  value  of  the  same,  and  assess  the  duty,  if  any.  The  duty  thus  assessed  ia 
to  be  entered  by  the  co]lector*8  clerk  in  a  record  to  be  kept  of  such  examination,  to- 
gether with  the  value,  description  of  the  articles,  and  amount  of  duty. 

This  record  is  to  be  checked  with  the  initials  of  the  three  clerks  and  inspector,  and 
the  amount  of  duty  to  be  paid  collected  by  the  collector's  clerk,  who  is  required  to 
deposit  his  book  and  the  money  received  with  the  cashier,  as  "*  the  entry  of  passengers* 

baggage  per  steamer ,  from ,"  which  amount  of  duties  and  entry  is  to 

go  into  the  cashier's  daily  receipts  in  the  same  manner  as  any  other  entry  of  merchan- 
dise for  consumption.  After  the  examination  and  collection  of  duty,  if  any,  the  deliv- 
ery of  baggage  is  to  be  made  to  the  respective  owners  by  the  inspector  on  board, 
under  the  general  baggage  permit,  it  being  understood  that  the  assignment  of  clerks 
above  mentioned  is  made  under  that  permit,  to  see  that  it  is  properly  executed ;  and 
no  baggage,  with  or  without  special  permit,  except  when  authoriied  by  this  Depart- 
ment, is  to  be  delivered  without  an  examination  by  all  these  officers. 

Should  any  passenger's  baggage  contain  dutiable  articles  to  the  value  of  over  $500, 
they  are  to  be  sent  to  the  appraiser's  store  for  regular  entry  and  appraisement,  as 
provided  by  law.  This  regulation  is  issued  by  the  Department  to  prevent  any  delay 
to  passengers  from  having  small  articles  in  their  baggage  which  may  be  subject  to 
duty,  and  does  not  apply  to  any  articles  of  merchandise  regularly  packed,  or  to  sam- 
ple packages,  which  must  in  all  cases  go  to  the  appraiser's  store. 


OF  THE  AUTflfiJVTICATIOJI  OF  SHIPS'  PAPERS  AT  BUEIOS  ATRES. 

DcrAftTHKirr  or  Statb,  Wmhiiiotoii,  June  1 1, 18Sfw 
The  following  translation  of  a  decree  of  the  government  of  Buenos  Ayres  relating 
to  the  authentication  of  ships'  papers,  is  published  for  general  information : — 

[tbanslatioit.] 
DtPAftTMKiiT  or  TBS  TBKAtVRT,  BvBNOB  Atkki,  JsDiiary  31, 1855. 
All  measures  heretofore  adopted  for  compelling  captains  of  vessels  sailing  fhun  for- 
eign ports  where  there  are  consuls  of  this  country  to  have  their  papers  authenticated 
by  such  consuls,  having  proved  ineffectual,  and  the  government  desiring  to  make  the 
conveniences  of  Commerce  harmonize  with  the  obedience  which  said  captains  owe  to 
the  fiscal  regulations  which  have  here  been  violated  with  impunity,  it  has  resolved 
and  decreed : — 

Art.  Ist  The  custom  houses  of  the  State  shall  give  entry  to  vessels  arriving  from 
ports  where  there  are  consular  agenu  of  the  State,  even  when  they  do  not  bring  with 
them  papers  authenticated,  as  they  should  be,  by  said  agents. 

2d.  lu  the  case  mentioned  in  the  preceding  article,  the  captains  of  said  vessels  shall 
be  obliged  to  pay  double  the  consular  fees  which  they  ought  to  have  paid  in  the  port  of 
their  departure,  which  amount  shall  be  received  by  the  collector,  he  paying  one- hall  into 
the  treasury,  and  depositing  the  other  half  in  bank  to  the  credit  of  the  consul  to  wbom 
it  belongs. 

8d.  This  fine  of  a  double  fee,  established  in  the  preceding  article,  will  begin  to  be 
imposed  five  months  after  the  publication  of  this  decree,  the  regular  consolar  fees  be- 
ing collected  in  the  meanwhile. 

4th.  Let  this  be  communicated  to  those  whom  it  may  concern ;  let  it  be  puUisbed 
and  inserted  in  the  Regittro  Official. 

I&SNBO  PORTKLA. 

A  true  copjr— J.  W.  Pvbhtb,  Ohtof  dark. 


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Oommereial  Regulation.  368 

ElAMIVATIOll  or  0BU08  BT  THE  CO8T0M.H0U8S  AUTHOBITIBS. 

To  carrj  folly  ioto  effect  the  provisioos  of  the  act  of  Jnoe  2dth,  1&48«  "*  to  preyeot 
the  importation  of  adalterated  and  sparious  drugs  and  medicioee,"  collectors  of  cos- 
toDM  will  require,  in  all  cases  of  entrj  of  **  drugs,  medicines,  medicinal  preparations* 
ioduding  medical  essential  oils  used  wholly  or  in  part  as  medicine,**  either  for  ware- 
house or  consumption,  that  all  the  articles  named  in  the  entry,  and  accompanying  in- 
▼oice  or  inToices,  be  taken  possession  of  and  sent  to  the  appraiser's  store,  or  some 
eoorenient  warehouse,  there  to  be  fully  examined  and  tested  by  the  examiner  of 
drugs  in  the  manner  required  in  said  act  A  return  is  required  to  be  made  by  that 
officer,  and  approved  by  the  appraisers,  that  the  goods  have  been  examined  and  found 
fit  for  use  as  medicine,  before  the  duty  accruing  on  said  goods  can  be  received  by  the 
eollector,  or,  if  the  same  be  warehoused,  before  they  can  be  withdrawn  for  transporta- 
tion or  consumption. 

If  these  drugs,  ^  form  part  of  an  invoice,  a  separate  entry  may  be  made  of  such 
portion,  and  the  remainder  entered  under  the  usual  provisions  of  law,  to  avoid  the 
dday  required  in  the  examination  of  the  drugs. 

Should  the  drugs,  Ac,  or  any  part  thereof,  on  examination  as  provided  in  the  act 
referred  to,  be  found  unfit  for  use  as  medicine,  the  entry  of  such  part,  or  the  whole,  if 
all  be  so  returned,  shall  be  charged  to  the  warehouse  form,  and  the  goods  be  exported 
from  warehouse,  or  destroyed  by  the  eollector,  as  provided  in  said  act. 


OF  PAS8EN6BB8  IV  TES8ELS  COMIVO  TO  THB  CITT  OF  NEW  TOBK. 
The  following  act  to  amend  **  An  act  concerning  passengers  in  vessels  coming  to 
the  city  of  New  York,**  passed  May  5th,  1847,  was  passed  April  18th,  1866,  is  pub- 
lished in  the  Merchant  Magazine  for  the  information  of  all  parties  interested  in  its 
provisions: — 

The  People  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  Senate  and  As8emhly,do  enact 
MifoUowe : —  • 

Section  1.  The  persons  hereafter  becoming  chargeable  upon  any  dty,  town,  or 
county  within  this  State,  for  the  payment  of  any  expense  of  whose  maintenance  and 
Bupi>ort  incurred  by  any  such  city,  town,  or  county,  it  b  made  the  duty  of  the  Com- 
missioners of  Emigration  to  provide  by  the  **  Act  concerning  passengers  in  vessels 
coming  to  the  city  of  New  York,"  passed  May  6th,  1847,  or  any  act  amendatory 
thereof,  shall  be  deemed  and  taken  to  uiclnde  all  persons  otherwise  within  the  descrip- 
tion and  provisions  of  such  act  or  acts,  who  are  or  shall  become  the  inmates  of  any 
almshouse,  lunatic  asvlum,  workhouse,  hoepital,  nursery,  house  of  refuge,  asylum  for 
juvenile  delinquents,  house  of  correction,  penitentiary,  jail,  bridewell,  or  prison,  under 
commitment,  sentence,  or  conviction,  by  any  officer  or  officers,  court  or  magutrate, 
under  any  law  of  thb  State,  as  vagrants  or  disorderly  persons. 

Sec  2.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 


OF  SEIZUBES  FOB  IfiFBACnOB  OF  TAB  BBVEHUB  UWS. 
Cdlectoffs  of  customs  are  required  to  report  all  oases  of  seiaures  made  for  infractioDS 
of  the  revenue  laws  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  within  three  days  after  such 
teisures  shall  have  been  made,  specifying  in  such  report  the  property  seiaed,  for  what 
offense,  and  how  and  on  what  terms  it  is  kept,  and  a  brief  statement  of  the  facts  and 
oircumstaoces  giving  rise  to  the  seixure.  This  report,  it  should  be  distinctly  under- 
stood, is  to  be  made  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  is  not  to  supersede  the 
report  now  required  to  be  made  by  collectors  to  the  Solicitor  of  the  Treasury  in  re- 
gard to  fines,  penalties,  forfeitures,  and  seixures,  which  will  continue  to  be  made  as 
heretofore. 


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864  (JommercuU  Regulationi. 

PORTS  OF  E5TRY,  ETC.,  ON  THB  BORDERS  OF  CAIADA« 

Od  the  2d  day  of  July,  1855»  F&anklin  Piebob,  President  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  issaed  the  foUowiog  proclamation: — 

•  Whereas  the  act  of  Congress  of  the  28th  September,  1850,  entitled  **  An  act  to  cre- 
ate additional  collection  districts  in  the  State  of  California,  and  to  change  the  existing 
district  therein,  and  to  modify  (he  existing  c<»llection  districts  in  the  United  States, 
extends  to  merchandise  warehoused  under  bond  the  privilege  of  being  exported  to  the 
British  North  American  Provinces  adjoining  the  United  States,  in  the  manner  pre- 
scribed in  the  act  of  Congress  of  the  Sd  of  March  1846,  which  designates  certain  frao- 
tier  ports  through  which  merchandise  can  be  exported,  and  further  provides  **  that 
such  other  ports,  situated  on  the  frontiers  of  the  United  States,  adjoining  the  British 
North  American  Provinces,  as  may  hereafter  be  found  expedient,  may  have  extended 
to  them  the  like  privileges  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasory, 
and  proclamation  duly  made  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  specially  desig- 
nating the  ports  to  which  the  aforesaid  privileges  are  to  be  extended  f — 

Now,  therefore,  I,  Franklin  Pierce,  President  of  the  United  States  of  America,  in 
accordance  with  the  recommendation  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  do  herebi^  de- 
clare and  proclaim  that  the  ports  of  Rouse^s  Point,  Cape  Vincent,  Suspension  Bridge, 
and  Dunkirk,  in  the  State  of  New  York ;  Swanton,  Alburg,  and  I&land  Pond,  in  the 
State  of  Vermont;  Toledo,  in  the  State  of  Obio,  Chicago,  in  the  State  of  Illinois; 
Miiwaukie,  in  the  State  of  Wisconsin ;  Michilimackinac,  in  the  State  of  Michigan : 
Eastport,  in  the  State  of  Maine  ;  and  Pembina,  in  the  Territory  of  Minnesota,  are,  and 
shall  be,  entitled  to  all  the  privileges  in  regard  to  the  exportation  of  merchandise  in 
bond  to  the  British  North  American  Provinces  adjoining  the  United  States  which  are 
extended  to  the  ports  enumerated  in  the  7th  section  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  the  8d 
of  March,  1845,  aforesaid,  from  and  after  the  date  of  this  proclamation. 


OF  THE  IBTSPECTIOff  OF  FLOUR,  BEEF,  AHfD  PORK  15  JEFFERSOlf ,  LA. 

The  following  act  of  the  Legislature  of  Louisiana  was  passed  in  1866,  and  approved 
March  16th,  in  the  same  year : — 

AN  ACT  RELATIVE  TO  INSPECTION  OP  FLOUR,  BEEF,  AND  PORR  IN  TBS  PARISH  OF  JEFFERSON. 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representativet  of  the  State 
of  Louisiana  in  General  Aisembly  convened^  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Qovemor 
to  appoint  a  suitable  person  to  be  flour,  beef,  and  pork  inspector  in  and  for  the  parish 
of  Jefferson. 

Seo.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  said  inspector  shall  be  entitled  to  the  same  lees 
as  are  now  allowed  to  the  inspector  of  flour,  beef,  and  pork  in  and  for  the  city  of  New 
Orleans. 

SEa  8.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  he  shall  have  and  exercise  the  same  rights,  priv- 
ileges, and  powers  as  are  conferred  by  the  several  laws  of  this  State  upon  the  inspec- 
tors of  floor,  beef,  and  pork  for  the  city  of  New  Orleans. 

Ssa  4.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  all  laws  contrary  to  the  proviaons  of  this  act, 
and  all  laws  on  the  same  subject  matter,  except  what  is  contained  in  the  Civil  Code 
and  Code  of  Practice,  be  repealed. 


CUSTOM-HOUSE  APPRAISEMENT  OFHCB. 

All  commnnications  and  papers,  whether  invoices,  appraisement  orders,  damage 
warrants,  or  others,  passing  between  the  custom-house  proper  and  the  appraisers,  are 
required  to  be  transmitted  by  an  officer  of  the  customs  or  an  official  messenger ;  nor 
shall  any  importer,  agent,  or  any  other  person  than  one  in  the  employment  of  the  cos- 
toms,  be  admitted  to  the  appraiser's  office  without  a  written  permission  from,  or  ac- 
companying a  principal  appraiser.  From  the  places  or  rooms  in  the  appraiser's  de- 
partment in  which  merchandise  is  examined,  under  the  law  reguUting  appraisemsDls, 
all  persons  are  required  to  be  excluded  except  the  officers  and  employees  of  the  ois- 
toms  or  appraisers,  whose  duties  under  the  law  and  instmctions  of  the  Secretary  of 
tlie  Treasury  require  them  to  have  access  to  those  rooms  or  places. 


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,  SEA  FREIGHT  HOT  A  DUTIABLE  CHARGE. 

Upon  consideratioD  of  the  tariff  act  of  1846,  as  amended  by  the  first  section  of  the 
act  of  the  Sd  of  March,  1851,  and  the  several  decisions  of  United  States  courts  upon 
said  acts,  it  is  deemed  proper  to  declare  that  when  goods  are  shipped  from  the  coun- 
try of  their  production,  and  it  shall  appf  ar  to  the  collector  by  the  bills  of  lading,  or 
other  satisfactory  proof,  that  they  were  intended  for  importation  into  the  United  Statef , 
whether  by  direct  or  indirect  yoyage,  by  sea,  through  ports  of  another  country,  by  one 
or  more  shipments,  uo  part  of  the  said  freight  from  the  country  of  their  production  to 
the  United  States  shall  be  added  to  the  value  of  the  said  goods  to  make  op  the  duti- 
able value.  If  the  practice  at  any  port  has  been  different,  the  collector  at  such  port 
will  make  known  this  decision  to  the  appraisers,  in  order  that  their  practice  shall  here- 
after conform  to  the  above  construction.  Collectors  will,  also,  on  application  of  the 
parties,  examine  the  cases  of  this  class  in  which  freight  has  been  added  to  the  duti- 
able value,  and  duties  thereon  have  been  paid  under  protest,  and  report  the  fucia  in 
each  case,  and  the  amount  of  the  excess  of  duty  paid,  in  order  that  the  department 
may  take  the  necessary  action  for  the  return  of  the  excess. 


COMMERCIAL  STATISTICS. 


SHIP-BUILDIVQ  IN  PHILADELPHIA. 
From  a  lengthy  history  of  ship-building  in  1864,  giving  the  names,  tonnage,  and 
bailder  of  each  vessel,  the  following  summary  is  compiled : — 

/ LAUNOHVn. X      / OK  STOCKS. v 

Vessels.       Tuonage.  Vessels.  Tunosge. 

T.Bireley 18            1,429  2  600 

VaughanALinn 1             1,600  1  1,200 

WilliamCmrop 4            2,496  2  2,919 

Hillroan  <&  Streaker 6               634  .  .... 

BireleyALiun 4              728  .  .... 

John  K  Hammitt 1               240  .  .... 

llVandosen 1               120  1  120 

Reaney,  Neafie  <&  Co 2               263  1  246 

Stewart  A  Walters 4            1,060  2  466 

Total 86            8,867  9  6,440 


COMMERCE  WITH  CUBA. 
The  increase  of  the  trade  of  the  United  States  with  the  port  of  Havana  over  that 
of  all  other  nations,  notwithstanding  the  bad  feeling  that  has  existed  between  the  two 
countries,  is  truly  wonderful.  The  Havana  Mercanlile  Report^  of  the  7th  of  August, 
g^vee  a  statement  of  the  number  of  vessels,  their  tonnage,  and  the  nations  to  which 
they  belong,  which  entered  the  port  of  Havana  during  the  first  six  months  of  the  ten 
years  last  past  The  increase  in  the  total  tonnage  for  the  first  six  months  of  the  year, 
from  1846  to  1866,  is  a  trifle  more  than  100  per  cent  While  the  American  tonnage 
has  increased  more  than  200  per  cent,  the  Spanish  and  Britbh  is  nearly  stationary. 
For  the  first  six  months  in  1846,  the  American  tonnage  employed  in  this  trade  was 
71,722;  the  Spanish,  66,628 ;  and  the  British,  82,969.  The  total  number  of  vessels 
which  entered  that  port  during  the  six  months  ending  July  1st,  1866,  was  1,080,  of  a 
tonnage  of  864,988 ;  and  of  these,  670,  of  a  tonnage  of  281,484  were  American, 


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S^6 


Commereial  StoHitios, 


58,888  SpaniBli,  and  82,165  British.  Tho  Froncfa  tonnage  hat  increased  from  1,761 ,  in 
the  first  six  months  of  1846,  to  8,260,  for  the  same  period  of  1854,  and  23,288,  more 
than  two- thirds  of  the  British,  in  1855.  In  the  tonnage  of  other  nations— Belgian, 
Dutch,  Danish,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  and  o^ers — there  has  been  no  material  increase. 

We  give  in  this  connection  a  statement  of  the  exports  of  sugar  from  Havana  and 
Matansas,  in  each  of  the  last  five  years,  as  follows : — 

xxpoaTs  or  sugar  in  bozss  raoM  Havana  and  matansas. 

1861.   1862.  m%,       18fi4.   186S. 

United  states 280,720  249,248  149,574  154.886  197,179 

Great  Britttin 82,702  9,655  14,858  67,410  42,058 

Ck>wes  and  a  Market 281.652  150,090  225^18  274,872  218,280 

Baltic 101.654  85,617  89,886  15,486  28,968 

Hamburg  and  Bremen 20,969  82,529  15,171  44,277  88,688 

Holland 6,974  11,156  8.826  7,980  10,992 

Belgium 15,009  22,451  11.626  24,908  21,817 

Spam 72,812  102,729  81.750  81.880  196.848 

Prance 25.882  48,077  50,680  67,580  118,808 

Trieste  and  Venice 14.068  82,080  29,682  41,866  19,785 

Leghorn  and  Genoa 5,218  2,500  7,507  8,428  5,568 

Other  parts 10.285  7,420  5.889  4,787  15,256 

Total 767,440    698,502    685,861     787,765     908,177 

COMMERCE  OF  BRITISH,  IRISH,  AND  SCOTCH  PORTS. 
The  proportionate  trade  of  the  various  ports  of  England,  according  to  the  London 
5tm,  is  not  generally  known,  and  the  comparison  is  in  some  respects  curious.  If  ton- 
nage were  to  decide  the  question,  London  would  stand  above  Liverpool ;  bnt  when 
exports  are  brought  under  notice,  the  latter  stands  almost  doubly  as  high  as  the 
former.  The  tonnage  inwards,  and  the  declared  value  of  British  and  Irish  exports  in 
1854  were  as  follows: — 


Tonnage.  Exports. 

London 2,667,828  £22.8»0,872 

Liverpool 2,190,404  46,719,177 

Hull .....  604,818  10,008,122 

Bristol 162,588  751,718 

Newcastle 441,198  1,521.551 

Southampton..  262,276  2,884,U1 


Tonnage.  Exports. 

Leith 185,586  £527,697 

Glasgow 125,481  4,905,557 

Greenock 144,152  554,508 

Dublin 71,602  41.474 

Cork 87,828  148,096 

Belfast 58,887  28,756 


The  extraordinary  amount  in  lavor  of  Liverpool  must  arise  mainly  from  its  prox- 
imity to  the  textile  manufacturing  districts,  and  the  great  trade  with  the  United 
States. 


IMPORTATIOBT  OF  6UA50  INTO  GREAT  BRITAIH. 

The  imports  into  Great  Britain  of  guano,  as  far  as  can  be  ascertained  from  official 
documents,  since  the  commencement  of  the  trade  in  1841,  have  been  as  follows  : — 


rears. 

1841.. 

1842.. 

1848.. 

1844.. 

1845.. 

1846.. 

1847., 


Tons. 

2,881 

20,8  U8 

8,002 

104.251 

288.800 

89.220 

82,892 


Years. 

1848.. 

1849.. 

1850.. 

1851.. 

1852.. 

1868.. 

1854.. 


Tons. 
71,416 
88,488 
116,926 
248.014 
129.889 
128,166 
201,628 


Total 1,554,915 

The  imports  for  1854  embrace  only  eleven  months. 


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Commercial  Statistics,  307 
HAVIOATfOV  AT  8AV  FRANCISCO. 

8TATBMBNT  OF  THB  TONNAGE  ARRIVING    AT  TBB    PORT  OP  SAN  FRAN0I80O,  FOR  THE  FIRST 

BIX  MONTHS  OF    1866,  OOMPARBD  WITH  A- 0ORRB9P0NDINO   PERIOD  OF    1864  : — 

> 1855. >      , 18S4. , 

VMsela.       Tons.  VeMels.       Toot. 

ERAtern  domestic  ports 76        81,466  97         90,680 

PAGi6c  dumestio  ports. 470        96,788  48        24,614 

GreRtBritain 19          9,863  29         17,787 

GootioeDt  of  Europe 16          6,072  12          6,661 

Vancoover's  Island 7           1,662  12          2,196 

RussiAO  possessions 4          1,696  8          1,018 

Ohili 10          4,028  26         11,147 

Peru 2             248  8             426 

Mexico 10          1,469  14          2,818 

SaDdwich  Islaods 29          6,801  20          8,071 

Other  Pacific  isles 18          1,766  11          1,842' 

Panama 12        22,806  19        26,920 

Central  America „.         16        16,907  18        16,891 

Rio  de  Janeiro 8          1,660  2             466 

China ^...         20          8,728  80        16,660 

Australia 12          8,281  18          6,111 

Whaling  voyages 4  742  .,  

Other  ports 8          2,416  6          1,811 

Totol 781       266,160  868      226,674 


THE  BRITISH  FISHERIES. 

The  report  of  the  commissioners  for  the  British  fisheries  for  the  year  1 864  is  just 
out  The  herring  fishery  of  1854  presents  a  few  features  calling  for  remark.  The  gross' 
catch  during  the  year  amounted  to  746,86 1^  barrels,  being— from  various  adverse  cir- 
cumstances— less  by  168,449^  barrels  than  the  catch  of  1868,  which  was  a  most  re- 
markable one.  The  quantity  of  herrings  cured  in  1864  was  686,562^  barrels,  and  the 
quantity  branded,  211,844  barrels.  The  proportion  of  the  quantity  branded  to  the 
quantity  cured  was  higher  than  in  1853,  indicating  improved  and  more  careful  curing  ; 
and  the  quantity  exported  actually  exceeded  in  1864  what  had  been  known  in  any 
previous  year,  having  amounted  to  861,696|  barrels,  or  19,06d  more  than  the  export 
of  1853.  The  increase  of  export  indicates  a  growing  confidence  in  the  superiority  of 
Scotch-cured  herrings.  The  demand  was  steady  throughout  the  year,  at  high  prices, 
in  the  face  of  the  Russian  war. 

The  returns  of  the  cod  and  ling  fisheries  indicate  an  increase ;  the  gross  produce 
was  167,762^  ewt  and  6,166^  barrels,  being  an  increase  of  900^  cwt  and  1,044  bar- 
rels over  the  cure  and  produce  of  1868. 

The  fishhigs  thus  reported  on  were  fortunately  accompanied  with  few  fatal  acci- 
dents to  the  men  employed ;  but  those  that  did  occur  show  the  necessity  of  forming 
places  of  refuge  on  different  parts  of  the  coast  for  fishing  boats  only,  which  might  be 
done  if  Parliament  would  vote  a  more  liberal  sum  than  the  £8,000  at  present  voted 
for  the  erection  of  harbors.  The  improvement  in  the  habits  and  characters  of  the 
fishers  is  discernible,  but  slow.  Many  difficulties  have  been  experienced  by  the  Board 
in  administering  the  act  against  trawling. 

In  1854, 10,891  boats,  manned  by  40,869  fishermen,  and  boys,  were  employed  in 
the  shore  curing  department  of  the  fisheries,  and  the  total  number  of  persons  engaged 
in  the  fisheries  reported  on  was  67,884,  being  a  decrease  on  1868  of  83  boats,  686 
fishermen,  and  2,796  persons  in  the  total  number  employed.  The  tonnage  employed 
in  carrying  salt  amounted  to  32,649  tons,  and  the  number  of  hands  to  2,404.  The 
tonnage  employed  in  exporting  amotmted  to  42,964  tons^  and  the  number  of  hand*  to 


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8,499.  The  tonnage  of  fishing -boats  was  72,414 ;  the  number  of  square  3rard8  of  net- 
ting employed  in  the  fisheries,  77,210,671 ;  the  number  of  yards  of  linen,  80,519,664; 
and  total  value  of  boats,  nets,  and  lines.  '£687,420. 


PRICES  OF  FLOUR  IBT  PHILADELPHIA  FOR  SIXTY  TEARS. 

The  following  table  shows  the  average  prices  of  flour  in  the  Philadelphia  market  in 
June  of  each  year  from  1795  to  1856,  inclusive :~ 


1856 

110  12 

1885 

$6  25 

1815 

....   $8  76 

1864 

....    8  72 

1884 

....    6  50 

1814 

....    6  75 

1858 

4  62 

1888 

....    5  62 

1818 

....    8  25 

1852 

....    4  20 

1882 

....    6  00 

1812 

....    8  50 

1851 

....    4  25 

1881 

....    5  60 

1811 

....   10  12 

1860 

....    6  27 

1880 

....    4  62 

1810 

....    9  00 

1849 

....    4  55 

1829 

....    6  62 

1809 

....    6  25 

1848 

5  44 

1828 

....    4  50 

1808 

....    5  00 

1847 

....    8  25 

1827 

...;   5  00 

1807 

. . . .    7  26 

1846 

8  91 

1826 

4  87 

1806 

....    8  00 

1845 

....    4  25 

1826 

5  26 

1806 

. ...   11  00 

1844 

4  10 

1824 

1828 

5  87 

....    7  50 

1804 

....    7  00 

1848 

6  00 

1808 

....    6  25 

1842...  ^. 

6  50 

B  00 

1822 

6  87 

1802 

....    7  00 

1841 

1821 

. . . .    4  00 

1801 

11  50 

1840 4  76 

1820 

....    4  76 

1800 

. ...   10  00 

1889 

....    6  25 

1819 

....    6  00 

1799 

. . . .    9  50 

1888 

7  62 
....    9  18 

1818 

....   10  26 

1798 

. ...    6  75 

1887 

1817 

....   11  26 

1797 

8  50 

1886 

6  81 

1816 

....    9  00 

1796 

. ...   12  50 

COMMERCE  OF  KERTCH. 
The  distance  from  Yenikale  to  Kertch  is  about  nine  miles,  across  a  verdant  plain 
Ktrtch  is  completely  built  of  stone,  and  the  houses  are  handsome.  It  contains  a  pop- 
ulation of  about  ten  thousand  souls.  It  was  a  place  only  of  slight  importance  when 
it  was  ceded  by  the  Porte  to  Rufsia  in  1774,  but  it  soon  after  recovered  its  original 
splendor,  to  the  detriment  of  Theodosia,  the  ancient  Kafia.  All  the  Commerce  car- 
ried on  at  Theodosia  was  removed  by  the  Russian  government  to  Kertch,  where  all 
vessels  bound  to  the  Sea  of  Azoff  were  compelled  to  undergo  a  quarantine  of  four 
days.  The  larger  vessels  had  their  cargoes  brought  to  them  in  lighters  from  Taganrog 
or  from  Rostof ;  but  those  of  lighter  draught  of  water  crossed  the  bar  and  loaded  at 
Taganrog.  On  their  return  tbey  were  obliged  to  transfer  half  their  cargoes  at  Teni- 
kale  into  lighters,  and  to  re  ship  it  at  Kertch,  after  having  passed  over  the  shallows 
Notwithstanding  these  difficulties,  the  Commerce  of  Kertch  and  of  the  Sea  of  Asoff 
rapidly  increased,  and  in  1851  not  fewer  than  1,000  vessels  entered  the  Sea  of  Aaoff 


EXPORT  OF  PORTER  FROM  DUBLIN. 

The  Dublin  Freeman's  Journal  has  compiled,  with  a  considerable  amount  of  labor, 
the  following  statement  of  the  total  export  of  Porter  for  twelve  months,  from  the  6th 
of  May,  1854,  to  the  4th  of  May,  1865  :- 


Arthur  Guinness,  Sons  &  Co. 

Robert  Manders  <&  Co 

Joseph  Watkins  <&  Co 

John  D'Arcy  A  Son 

P.  <&  J.  Sweetmaii 

Brenan,  Price  <b  Ca 

Fiodlater  4  Co 


Hhds. 
42,866 
19,068 
6,662 
6,018 
4,919 
4.418 
2,808 


N.  CaffreyA  Sons.. 
Edward  Smith  wick. 
Jameson,  Pirn  &  Co. 

Lynch  <&  Co 

W.  Cairns 

WoolseyACo 


Hhds. 
839 
800 
667 
169 
128 
68 

87.906 


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369 


BRIMSTONE  TRADB  OF  SfCILT. 
The  export  of  brimstone -from  Sicily  to  Earope  and  the  United  States  in  1858  and 
1864  id  gi?en  in  the  following  table : — 

, 18SJ. >  , 18M. . 

Jan.  to  July  to  Jan.  to  July  to 

June.  Dec  TotaL  June.  Dec  Total. 

England cantan     8H6,522  227.272  663.749  676.U94  219,215  895,809 

North  France 76,838  82,282  168,116  90.977  61.870  162,347 

South  France 176,198  76,808  262.601  96,095  67.168  162.258 

Rest  of  Kanipe 104.712  181,858  286.670  225,819  70,507  2rf6.82e 

United  Sutea 26,604  10,278  85,877  60,408  84,205  84,608 

Total 718,864     627,998  1,246,857  1,137»888     452.456  1,690,848 


SUGAR,  COFFRE,  AND  IIDIOO  IN  JAFA. 

THE  rOLLOWIHO   ARE  TBI  KSTIMATBD  OROPli  OF  JAVA  rOE  THK  LAST  TBAE  I— 

Private 

accuuiit 

CoflTee  picola  84.800 

Sugar 776,000 

Indigo 828,400 


Govern- 

Total 

Total 

menu 

ItfM, 

1853. 

993.000 

1,077.800 

748,296 

860,000 

1,635.000 

1,683.000 

682,700 

961,100 

987,000 

RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 


TAXABLE  VALUE  OF  RAILROADS  IN  OHIO. 

TABULAE  8TATBICBNT  EXHIBITING  THE  TAXABLE  TALUATIOIf  AT  WHICH  THE  PEOriBTT  OF  TSX 
BAILaOAD  OOSIPANIBS  OK  OHIO  WAS  BMTEEED  ON  THK  DIJPLIOATB  OP  1854,  TOOKTHKE  WITH 

THB  AMOtJ.MT  OF  TAXK8  OBAEORD  THEREON,  IN  THE  SEVERAL  COUNTIES  IN  WHICH  RAIL- 
EOAOS  ARE  LOCATED,  DISTINQUISHINQ  BETWEEN  THE  TAXES  FOE  STATE  PUEPOSES  AKD 
THOdE  ASSESSED  UNDER  A  LEVY  BT  TOWN,  CITT,  OE  OOUNTT  AUTHORITY. 

Taxea  for  oooQ- 
Total  Cltj,  ty,  township, 

Goontles.  taxable  town,  and         road,  bridge,   - 

TaluaUon.         State  toxee.         borough  tax.          poor,  Slc  Total  taxes. 

Allen '    $179,711       $637  V7  4          |5  86  2       $1,548  74  ?  $2,192  08  8 

Ashland...         1U3,815         86>)  54  8                68  4           669  28  0  988  85  7 

Aahtttbula..         861,894      1,284  72  4          20  88  9        1,818  96  9  8,124  08  3 

Athens    ...            9,887           85  09  8                48  6             80  61  7  116  20  1 

Belmont  ...           75.229         267  06  8         866  86  1  683  42  4 

Butlt-r. 475,255       1,687  15  6         146  66  7        1,142  74  8  2.975  47  0 

OarroU*  ...           64.737         229  81  6                  9  4           176  69  0  406  60  0 

Obainpaign..        889.984       1,206  94  8           60  00  0         1,227  06  2  2.494  00  6 

GUrk 541,719       1,923  10  2         751  7L  2         1,845  15  6  4,519  96  9 

Clermont...          76,846          271  02  8           49  54  8           288  97  7  609  55  8 

Clinton*. ..         252,211          895  84  9           17  16  2           992  49  8  1,906  00  8 

Columbiana.         596,806      2,116  88  6         128  61  6        2,041  82  6  4,281  82  7 

Coshocton..           51,800          188  89  0         800  810  484  20  0 

Crawford....        838.682       1,202  14  8         126  62  1         2,104  49  9  8.483  16  8 

Cuyahoga...      1,456,818      5,171  70  4     8,007  58  8        5.166  61  9  18,845  90  6 

Darke 841,399       1,211  96  6           46  20  0         1,781  87  7  8,010  08  8 

Defiance  ...           12.012           42  64  2            8  88  7           119  58  7  171  06  6 

Delaware  ..         871.535       1,818  94  5          81  51  0        8,089  15  0  4,489  60  6 

Erie 745,^27       2,645  66  6         783  97  2         4,448  610  7,878  18  8 

FairtieM* . .         103,522         867  60  8          14  96  4           888  84  0  760  80  7 

Fajrette..  ..           70.991         252  01  8           17  41   1           851  44  8  628  87  7 

Franklin  ...         887.112      2,971  74  7        401  95  6        2,464  48  8  5,839  18  6 

Fulton 46,878         166  39  9         762  93  4  918  88  8 

Gttaoga.....               500             177  6                  2  4               160  6  8  40  6 
VOL.  xxxni. — ^NO.  ui.                     24 


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870 


Bailroadj  Ccmalj  and  Steamboat  StatUUof. 


Counties. 

Greene 

Guernwy  •  • 
Hamilton  .. 
Bartcock . .  • 
Hardin  .... 
Harrison.. . . 

Henry 

Highlund .. . 
Hiicking..... 
Hulmeo..... 

Huron. 

Jackeon 

Jffferfton.... 

Knox* 

Lake 

L  twrence. .. 
Licking*... 

Lo^an 

Lorain 

Lucas 

Ma<ison*  ,. 
Mahoning... 
Marion  .... 
Mercer  ...• 

Miami 

Montgomery 
Monow... .. 
Muskingum . 
Ottawa..... 
Pttulding.  ..• 

Perry 

Pickaway.. . 
Portage..,, 
Preble*.... 
Putnam..., 
Kicbland... 

Boss 

Banduhky..  • 

Scioto. 

Seneca  .... 
Shelby  .... 

Stark 

Summit... . 
TruBibull  .. 
Tuscarawas . 

Uiiion 

Vauwert ... 

Vinton 

"Warren  .... 
Wushingtoo. 
"Wayne  .... 
l^illiams... 

"Wood 

'Wyandot... 


Total 

tsxiibFe 

TaliiatiOB. 

$488,850 

201,608 

1,500.965 

85,818 

899.899 

265,868 

19,188 

42,160 

11,580 

1*20,558 

825,082 

148.472 

886,854 

195.954 

881,882 

82,428 

64  8,'!  54 

482.974 

870,252 

504,420 

298.758 

125,929 

268  987 

12,000 

219,786 

787,2HO 

818.6*26 

610.798 

268.820 

1,580 

84,510 

97.159 

209.150 

420,720 

1.850 

798.050 

817.645 

606,178 

187,725 

202,144 

198,624 

497,410 

875,777 

(»,200 

804  028 

188,971 

26.057 

17.002 

450.612 

27.461 

557,845 

7,468 

149.561 

296.458 


State  taxes. 

$1,715  89  2 

715  85  8 

6,828  42  6 

125  86  1 

1.417  86  6 

906  65  6 

68  12  5 

149  66  8 

41  10  9 
606  46  4 

2.929  04  1 

527  07  6 

1.878  88  2 

695  68  6 

1.858  90  6 

292  61  1 

2.808  07  6 

1,714  55  7 

8.089  89  4 

1.790  69  1 

1,0«0  59  0 

447  04  7 

954  90  6 

42  60  0 
780  06  2 

2.794  66  6 

1.181  11  8 

1,81."^  88  8 

952  58  6 

5  42  2 

122  51  0 

844  91  4 

742  48  2 

1,498  65  6 

4  79  2 

2.815  82  7 

1,127  28  5 

2,151  98  2 

666  42  4 

717  61  1 

706  11  6 

].7ti5  SO  6 

1,834  01  8 

22  01  0 

1,079  28  2 

658  09  9 

92  60  2 

60  85  7 

1.599  67  2 

97  48  7 

1,978  67  6 

26  49  4 

5X0  94  1 

1.062  42  6 


City, 

town,  and 

boiMugli  tax. 

$481  90  4 

54  19  8 
8,667  11  0 

11  61  6 

22  m  0 


6  94  6 
161  46  6 


96  69  0 

21  83  8 

78  10  8 

122  87  0 

185  86  4 

667  99  8 

78  88  0 

1,142  06  0 

88  00  0 

2  19  1 

24  64  0 

76  ii'o 

1,817  67  6 

600  72*6 
11  79  0 


49  81  8 
81  85  6 


848  51  1 

87  80  0 

862  41  4 

68  01  7 

78  77  7 

9  10  8 

14  81  8 

Sb4  75  9 

1  00  0 


7  99  6 

6  07  6 

92  6 

22  88 
68  84 

1 
0 

159  00  0 

Taxes  of  eoiin- 

ty.iowiMhip, 

.road,  brltlHe, 

poor,  &e. 

$1,470  68  7 

784  94  4 

12,456  78  1 

146  64  8 

2,428  72  0 

1,116  00  1 

178  22  8 

160  45  4 

84  74  0 

1.028  22  8 

4,576  48  7 

887  12  2 

1,666  81  4 

767  85  6 

1,689  67  6 

867  88  6 

2.444  76  2 

1.677  26  4 

4,226  84  1 

5.9&6  40  6 

1.072  78  2 

669  18  0 

988  68  8 

66  4U  0 

1,296  54  2 

1.990  41  8 

1,158  85  6 


1,769  41  2 

1,979  77  5 

28  27  8 

122  89  4 

882  65  0 

1.014  02  4 

1,621  94  9 

9  72  0 

2,788  61  0 

1.822  45  8. 

4,846  87  5 

627  29  9 

875  18  7 

1,283  80  6 

1.862  66  6 

1,846  16  8 

27  86  0 

1,504  47  8 

888  86  7 

277  26  8 

105  89  6 

1,896  81  6 

128  66  0 

1,696  92  5 

55  97  0 

2.182  47  8 

1,656  68  2 


Total  taxes. 
$8.6'«8  48  S 

1.654  49  0 
21,452  81  7 

282  62  4 

8.868  68  6 

2,022  66  7 

241  84  8 

810  12  8 

76  84  9 

1.655  68  8 

7.656  98  Z 
1.864  19  8 
8,186  88  6 

1.486  88 
8.116  58 

788  35 
4.988  69 
4,059  81 
7,894  61 
8.889  14 
2.166  87 
1.018  41  8 
1,9(.8  18  Z 

99  00 

2.158  19 

6,602  76 

2.289  97 

4.088  47 

2,944   10 

28  71 

245  40 

7^7  88 

1.888  86 

8,115  60 

14  61 

6.902  44  8 

2.487  64  S 
6.860  72  I 
1.261  74  0 
1.666  52  6 
1  997  62  4 
8.6SS  28  4 
8,044  98  0 

50  87  0 

2,588  76  0 

1,549  46  8 

875  84  5 

166  67  8 

8496  98  7 

143  97  8 

8,788  84  0 

82  46  4 

8.872  41  4 

2.708  05  8 


ToUl,  1854.  $28,878,877  $84,770  01   4  $21,581  21  6  $115,770  90  2  $222,122  18  1 
ToUl,  1858.    17.591.898     89,718  68  6    I2,b04  12  8     100,2x5  94  6     202,748  70  4 

Id  the  counties  marked  that  (*)  the  penalty  of  60  per  oent  ia  ioduded  in  the  tax- 
able ▼aloatioo. 


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JUuIroady  Canal^  and  Steamboat  SiaH$iks.  3)1 

FRE10EIT  OYER  THS  PfiMSTLFAHIi  RAILROAD. 
We  compile,  from  the  official  etateroent,  tbe  entire  tonnage  of  the  PemisjlTtnia 
Railroad  fur  1868  and  1864.    We  Uke  tbe  toUl  of  eadi  claw  of  freight^  from  first  to 
ibarth,  botb  inclueive.    The  toaoage  is  gireii  in  pounds : — 

COMPARATITI  STATBMCMT  Of  THE   FBMNSTLYAIflA  BAILROAD  TONNAOV  FOB  1868  AND  1864. 

Bent  from  Phlladefphta  ReoeWed  at  Philadelphia 

s  to  PiUttbuivh.  I'rom  PitUtoofKh. 

18^4.  1861.  1864.  im. 

Total  first  class 46.982,640  48.044.036  8,487.666  2,268.401 

second 22,977.912  17,086.824  11.087.660  8.984,118 

tiard 8.667,662  6,816.885  21.101,680  9,280,964 

fourth 17,657.124  2,207,778  72,026,149  67.151,181 

During  year 89,986.838        77,674,604      107,651,906      77,674,604 

Sent  from  Phi]ad«lph<a  Received  si  PhUadetphIa 

k>  way  sUiiuns.  from  way  atmluDii. 

18)4.  1861.  1864.  1861. 

Total  first  class 6,897.800  4.650.423  2,016,897  2,049.486 

second • 8,707.412  9,833,668*  4.710,706  1.971,958 

third 6,934,798  8,844,904  3,526.209  6.041,400 

fourth 6.0h2,008  8,476,290  85,679,»84  7,580,264 

Duringyear 26.682.018      21,305.285       95,983,156      87,593,158 

The  increase  over  1858,  it  will  be  perceived,  is  enormous— tbe  freight  sent  frem 
Philadelphia  to  Pittf>burgh  showing  an  increase  of  12,260.784  pounds;  to  way  stations 
an  iocrea»e  of  4,926,788  pounds;  from  Pittsburgh  to  Philadelphia  29,977,801  pounds; 
and  from  way  stations  58,839,998  pounds — total  increase.  107,504,766  pounds.  The 
tonnage  between  tbe  different  way  stations  exhibits  an  increase  of  78,422,579  pounds 
— making  a  grand  total  of  180,927,845  pounds  freight  more  carried  on  the  road  in 
1854  than  in  1858. 


BARIffNOS  OF  RAILROADS  IJS  1854  AIVD  1855. 

The  following  is  a  comparison  of  the  earnings  of  some  twenty  different  railways  for 
tbe  first  six  months  of  tbe  years  1854  and  1855 : — 

\m  1864. 

Bellefontaine  and  Indiana $184  428  $111,214  Inc.   $28,209 

BiUiimore  Mnd  Ohio 1,886,807  1,922.799  Dec    S6,49a 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Washington  Branch. . .         219.519  181,983  Inc.     87,586 

Chicago  and  (lock  Uland 579.008  552,636  Inc.     26.867 

Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh 236,275  226,621  Inc.       9,654 

ClevelHud  and  Toledo 442,768  888.988  Inc.    108.786 

New  York  and  Erie 2,645.350  2,571,168  Inc.     74.197 

Oalvna  and  Chicago 898.398  526.015  Inc.   872  383 

Hud:M»o  River. .« 954.562  928.1)72  Inc.     26,490 

Illinois  Cfotral 516.900  New 

ludiiuiapolis  and  Cincinnati 176,438  1 1 9.865  Inc.     56.568 

Michigan  Central  1.278,689  86(»,788  Inc.   417,901 

Michigan  Southern  <fr  Kortbem  Indiana  ....      1,184.480  944,202  Inc.   240.228 

Milwaukie  and  Mi«<siB8ippi 256,91 9  125,425  Inc.     80.494 

Macon  and  Western  . .' 158.255  165,077  Dea     11JB22 

New  York  and  Harlem 502,619  452.876  Inc.     49.748 

New  York  Cfntral 8,067,528  2,669,058  Inc.   498.470 

Norwich  and  W«rt-cesUr 185.870  150,580  Dec     15,160 

Ohio  and  Pennsylvania 577.675  445,859  Inc.   182,216 

Pacific  (MitMuuri) 76.864  

SUNjington 122,866  128,614  Dec.      6,248 

With  few  exceptioos^  it  will  be  seen,  tbera  has  been  a  eoosiderable  increaaf  as  ooa- 
pared  with  last  year. 


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3^2  Hailroady  Canal,  and  Steamboat  StatUUa, 

THE  COOTSACT  SYSTEM  Off  TR  IVEW  TORI  CAWALS. 

Daring  ibe  past  winter  William  J.  MoAlpixk,  E^^  late  State  engineer,  and  other 
assoctatee,  made  a  proposition  to  the  Senate  to  keep  the  canals  of  the  State  in  repair 
for  |70«».000  per  annum;  $432,000  less  than  the  codt  of  repairs  for  the  previous  year. 
This  general  proposition  was  not  accepted,  but  a  partial  trial  of  the  system  has  been 
made  on  section  No.  1  of  the  Erie  OAual.  Thia  section,  eighteen  miles  long,  has  now 
been  under  trial  since  the  openifig  of  the  canal  this  season,  under  responsible  cootract- 
ors,  and  has  been  found  to  operate  in  the  most '  satisfitctory  manner.  The  repairing 
for  this  section  during  each  of  the  previous  three  years  cost  flOO.OOO,  and  the  contract 
was  taken  to  keep  it  in  repair  for  five  years  for  |4S,000  per  annum — saving  to  the 
State  $57,000  each  year.  This  section  has  been  kept  in  better  condition,  and  boats 
have  experienced  less  delay  and  trouble  in  passing  the  locks  than  during  any  former 
year. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  a  recent  report  of  the  State  Oanal  Board  on  the 
contract  system,  and  shows  what  its  members  think  of  it : —  . 

**  The  continually-increa^ng  cost  of  the  canal  repairs  admonishes  us  that  this  lavish 
expenditure  must  be  arrested,  and  greater  economy  exercised  in  their  management^ 
or  their  revenues  will  be  soon  entirely  swept  away. 

**  The  results  of  the  experiment  of  letting  the  repairs  by  contract  are  thus  far  of 
the  moet  encouraging  character,  and  affords  strong  sroonds  of  hope  and  belief  that  it 
will  ultimately  be  found  to  be  the  only  system  under  which  the  canals  of  our  State 
can  be  made  productive  of  revenue." 


KIII6SW00D  TUffilEL  OF  THE  BALTIMORE  AUD  OHIO  RAILROAD. 

This  tunnel  is  4,100  feet  in  length,  cut  through  slate  rock,  the  excavation  being  28 
feet  in  width,  to  accommodate  two  tracks.  The  side  walls  are  of  solid  masonry,  laid 
in  cement,  and  extend  ten  feet  above  the  tracks.  About  8,000  feet  of  the  tunnel  will 
require  arching.  For  more  than  2,000  feet  the  side  walls  are  now  completed,  and  are 
being  rapidly  extended  for  the  remaining  l/)00  feet  The  ardi  is  to  be  composed  of 
brick  for  the  greater  portion,  and  of  iron  for  some  1,800  feet  The  iron  arching  is 
already  nearly  completed,  about  1,000  feet  having  been  placed  in  the  weakest  and 
most  troublesome  parts  of  the  work.  The  greater  portion  of  the  weak  section  of  the 
tunnel  which  had  been  interrupting  the  business  of  the  road  during  the  month  of 
Joly  is  embraced  in  this,  and  is  now  permanently  secured.  The  iron  castings  which 
form  the  arch  are  in  two  pieces,  each  three  feet  wide,  and  strengthened  by  broad  lati- 
tadinal  ribs.  Each  piece  weighs  one  ton,  making  some  900  tons  of  iron  in  the  1,800 
feet    This  forms  a  very  substantial  as  well  as  a  novel  ceiling. 


MERCHAHDISE  IH  BOND  TO  PASS  OV  THE  GREAT  WE8TERV  RAILROAD. 

The  Washington  Union  states,  on  the  authority  of  the  Treasury  Department,  that 
merchandise  in  bond  may  be  allowed  to  pass  over  the  Great  Western  Railroad,  fh>m 
the  port  of  withdrawal  to  its  port  of  destination  in  the  United  States,  through  that 
part  of  Canada  between  Niagara  and  Detroit,  only  in  United  States  bonded  cars, 
«onhtructed  and  secured  in  the  manner  hereinafter  prescribed ;  the  cars  to  be  locked 
on  their  departure  from  the  port  of  withdrawal,  the  collector  at  that  port  retaining 
one  key,  and  unlocked  only  at  the  port  of  destination,  the  collector  of  the  latter  being 
provided  with  another  key.  The  conductors  appointed  as  inspectors  of  the  revenue 
by  the  collectors  at  Detroit  and  Niagara,  under  the  authority  heretofore  given  by  this 
Department,  to  take  charge  of  baggage  and  freight  ctrs  in  transit  over  the  Oanaditn 
•ectioo  of  the  roate  fromrooe  port  to  another  in  the  United  States,  wiH  have  also  the 


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Journal  of  Insurance.  873 

charge  of  the  United  States  bonded  care,  and  will  be  reqaired  to  see  that  the  locks 
and  faBtenioge  remain  undisturbed,  and  will  be  provided  with  a  manifest,  as  required 
in  other  cases  of  transportation  in  bond,  to  be  delivered  to  the  collector  at  the  port  of 
destination,  and  on  which  they  will  duly  certify  that  the  bonded  cars  have  not  been 
opened,  nor  any  access  to  their  contents  had  on  the  route. 


JOURNAL    OF   INSURANCE. 


UW  OF  IBTSCRAVCE  COUPAIIIES  Iff  HEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

The  following  act  in  relation  to  insurance  companies  in  the  State  of  New  Harop- 
Bhire  was  paseed  at  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature  of  that  State,  and  approved  by 
the  Governor  July  11th,  1856.  It  takes  effect  from  and  after  its  passage,  and  is  of 
course  now  in  force : — 

AN  ACT  IN  BILATION  TO  IN8UBAN0I  OOMPANim. 

SxonoN  1.  Be  it  enacted,  dtc^  That  the  directora  of  any  insurance  company  incor- 
porated by  the  laws  of  this  State  may  appoint  such  agent  or  agents  for  the  purpose 
of  taking  applications  for  insurance,  as  they  may  from  time  to  time  deem  expedient, 
under  the  following  limitations  and  directions: — 

Sbo.  2.  Such  directors  before  appointing  any  sneh  agent  or  agents,  shall  fix  and 
limit  the  fees  to  be  paid  to  him  or  them  by  the  applicdnts  fur  the  taking  of  applica- 
tions, and  the  cash  premium  to  be  paid  by  the  applicant  for  insurance  and  in  pay  for 
the  policy ;  and  every  policy  issued  upon  an  application  shall  state  the  fees  for  the 
application,  amount  for  the  policy, and  cash  premium  that  should,  by  the  rules  so  fixed 
by  the  directors,  be  paid  prior  to,  or  on  receipt  of  such  policy. 

Sso.  8.  The  directors  shall,  upon  appointing  any  agent  or  agents,  prescribe  to  him 
or  them  the  town  or  towns  in  which  he  may  take  applications,  and  shall  specify  the 
same  in  the  citmmission  issued  to  him,  and  no  agent  shall  be  permitted  to  take  any 
application  except  in  the  town  or  towns  named  in  his  commission,  nor  shall  any  com- 
pany appoint  more  than  two  agents  in  a  county  to  take  applications  other  than  in  the 
town  in  which  the  agent  resides. 

Sec.  4.  Every  agent  appointed  by  any  board  of  directors  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act  shall,  t>efore  taking  any  application,  give  a  bond  to  the  company,  with  good 
and  sufiittient  sureties  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  directors,  conditioned  fur  the  payment 
of  all  premiums  due  from  the  agent  to  the  company,  and  to  repiy  upon  demnnd  any 
further  or  larger  fees  received  by  him  than  the  rules  of  said  directors  prescribe  ;  and 
such  bond  may  be  sued  in  the  name  of  such  c«)in|iany  fir  the  benefit  of  any  perfton 
Irom  whom  any  money  has  been  taken  contrary  to  said  rules,  and  if  any  company  shall 
neglect  to  take  such  bond  from  any  agent,  said  company  shall  be  directly  liable  to  the 
person  from  whom  such  agent  shall  take  any  money  contrary  to  said  ru1e<i,  and  the 
form  of  action  in  such  cases  may  be  assumpsit  for  mouey  had  and  received,  or  a  special 
action  on  the  case,  at  the  election  of  the  party. 

Sko.  6.  Any  corporation  or  individual  that  shall  violate  any  of  the  provisions  of  this 
act  shall,  for  each  offense,  in  addition  to  the  liabilities  before  specified,  be  sulject  to  a 
fine  of  not  less  than  $50  nor  more  than  $200. 

Sec.  6.  No  policy  issued  by  any  insurance  company  upon  any  application  taken  by 
any  such  agent  shall  be  void  by  reason  of  any  error,  mistake,  or  misrepresentation, 
ODless  it  shall  appear  to  have  been  intentionally  and  fraudulently  made ;  but  said  com- 
pany may,  in  any  action  brought  against  them  on  said  pt^licy,  file  in  offt^;t  any  claim 
for  damages  which  they  shall  have  actuully  suffered  thereby,  and  the  jury  may 
deduct  from  the  claims  of  the  plaintiff  the  amount  of  said  damages  as  ihey  shall 
find  it. 

Sio.  7.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act  are 
hereby  repealed. 


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3f  4  J[cumal  €f  Insurance^ 

TAXES  OH  INSURAilCS  COMPAIIES  15  OHIO. 

TABULAR  STATBVSIIT  SXIIBITIKO  THE  TAXABLK   TALUATION  AT  WBIOH  THE   PBOFEBTT  OV 

THE  1N6UBAN0B  OOMPANIGS  Of  OHIO,  ANP  Of  TUB  A<9BNCJBS  OF  FORBION  IMSUBAMOE  OOM- 

PANIE8,  WAS   BNTKEED  ON  TUB  DUPUOATE    OF    1864,  TOOETUBE  WITH  TUB  AMOUNT  OF 

TAXES  OHAEOED  THEEEON  IN   TUB  SKVBEAL  OOUNTIBS   IN  WHICH  BAID  0OMPAMB8  AND 
AOENOIBB  AEE  LOCATED,  DlSTINOUlttUINO  BETWBBN  THE  TAXES  FOB  STATE  PUEFOSBS  AND 

THOSE  ASSESSED  UNDER  A  LEVY  BY  TOWN,  CITY,  AND  COUNTY  AUTHORITr : — 

TouU  City,  town,  Taxes  for  couoiv, 

Uxable  and  borough  township,  road, 

Coonttes.  Yaluadua.      State  taxes.  uxes.  pour,  etc  Total  taxes.  . 

Ashland $2,600  $8  87  6  $10  00  0  $18  60  0  137  87  5 

Ashtabula 2,464  8  74  7  9  82  7  18  67  4 

Athens 140  49  7  10  5  174  8  2  84  6 

BrowD 2,200  7  86  9      '      16  40  0  16  29  S  38  66  2 

Butler* 4,747  18  86  2  27  78  5  9  17  8  68  816 

Champaign 66,680  201  14  8  '  169  98  0  184  14  5  656  26  8 

Olark 4.714  16  78  8  87  712  14  87  9  68  82  4 

CkrmoDi 6,604  28  08  9  5  61  8  17  61  S  46  22  0 

Columbiana 14,009  49  78  8  9  80  6  94  66  2  164  10  0 

Cuj^ahoga 166,704  688  24  9  1,864  17  0  847  97  8  2,800  89  7 

Erie* 24,216  85  96  6  94  60  4  172  88  6  862  86  6 

Fairfield* 6,708  28  79  6  14  24  4  86  42  1  74  46  1 

Franklm 26.429  98  82  2  86  89  2  104  89  7  284  11   I 

Himilton 508,422  1,787  14  8  8,231  96  9  8,418  00  1  8,482  11  8 

Harrison 104  86  9  10  4  66  2  1  12  5 

Highland. 240  85  2  24  0  99  6  2  08  8 

JefiE^nwn 8,820  18  54(1  1146  0  24  68  9  49  66  0 

Knox 1,691  5  64  6  6  86  4  6  44  6  18  85  6 

Lake 8,182  1129  6  1118  8  8  48  1  80  86  6 

Lawrence 687  2  26  0  8  60  8  8  82  1  9  58  4 

Licking 2,278  8  08  7  15  77  8  10  014  88  87  4 

Logan 200  710  50  0  144  0  2  65  0 

Lucas 80,080  284  28  4  1,199  24  6  797  86  6  2,280  89  6 

Medina 4,184  14  67  5  18  89  7  88  07  ft 

l&iami .  8,142  1115  2  10  67  0  ^     82  85  0  54  17  2 

Montgomery...  5,182  18  89  6  84  45  9  10  62  1  68  47  6 

Moskmgum.....  19,777  70  21  8  142  89  1  84  05  6  296  66  6 

Pickaway 2,198  7  78  6  6  57  9  14  68  4  28  94  9 

Portage 940  8  38  6  8  76  0  8  99  5  11  09  1 

Preble 678  2  88  8  2  019  4  17  4  8  58  1 

Eichland* 5,204  18  47  8  86  42  7  15  87  5  70  27  6 

Ross 14,632  5194  6  6146  4  94  87  4  207  77  4 

Sandusky 484  176  7  8  19  4  2  66  5  7  616 

Scioto 8,174  1126  6  26  97  8  7  77  9  46  02  8 

Seneca 100  86  5  76  0  410  1516 

Stark 9,478  88  64  6  87  910  48  88  7  119  89  6 

Summit 2,966  10  49  0  11  66  4  11  81  6  82  45  9 

TrumbuU 1,614  6  87  8  8  02  8  7  10  4  16  510 

Tuscarawas.....  533  189  2  3  012  4  90  4 

Warren 1,486  5  27  2  7  46  8  12  78  6^ 

Washington 1,263  4  44  8  10  64  4  5  76  9  20  86  1 

Wayne* 667  2  86  7  2  00  I  5  78  6  10  10  4 

Wood 864  8  06  7  12  96  0  19  89  7  86  42  4 


Total  in  1864.  $990,928  $8,617  79  4     $7,122  29  2     $5,690  12  7    $16,880  21  8 
Totalml868.    897.064   4,674  ^$  5        7,161  75  9        5,885  98  8      17,112  68  0 

In  the  coontieB  marked  thus  (*)  the  penalty  of  50  per  cent  is  included  in  the  taxaUii 
valuation.  ^^^ 

THE  IffSURANCB  LAW  OF  KEOTUCKT. 

BROM  THE  8TATDTB  LAW  ADOPTED  IN  1840  AND  REVISED  IN  1850. 

Ssa  1.  The  tax  on  an  agent  of  any  insurance  company  or  association  of  individuals, 
acting  without  the  authority  of  an  act  of  incorporation  granted  by  the  Commonwealtli 

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SkttisHei  qf  P&ptUaiion^  etc.  8)5 

of  Kentucky,  to  effect  insaraoce  fts^mt  loss  or  damaee  of  an  j  Irind  to^life  or  property, 
00  w^ter  ur  oo  Un  I,  in  or  out  of  tbU  Oiimm  mvrealth,  in  any  way  or  manner,  or  on 
agencies  to  jo^raot  annuities,  shall  be  two  dollari  and  fifty  cents  npon  each  one  hun  Ired 
doll  era  of  the  premium  rec-^t^ed  or  agreed  to  be  received  by  sach  agent  or  other  per- 
eoQ  fi>r  him  for  insurance  effected  or  up  m  policies  gr  mted. 

Sco.  2.  The  asrents  referred  t<V  in  the  foregoing  section  shall,  on  the  first  Mondays  in 
May  and  Ifavember  in  each  year,  file  with  the  Clerk  of  the  County  Court  of  the  countr 
in  which  he  resides  and  tran^ets  business,  a  true  and  correct  lift  and  statement  of  all 
tuch  premiums  received  or  agreed  to  be  received  within  the  six  months  next  preceding, 
Terifidd  by  his  path  before  the  clerk,  and  p  ly  to  the  clerk  the  tax  aforesaid. 

Tbe  agent  or  person  who  violates  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  and  the  preceding 
■action,  or  fails  to  comply  with  the  same,  besides  the  amount  of  tax,  shall  forfeit  and 
l>ay  one  thousand  dollars;  and  the  principals  of  such  agents  shill  also  be  liable  to  the 
ike  penalty,  and  may  be  proceeded  agiinst  by  proper  remedies  in  law  or  equity, 
whereby  to  secure  and  compel  the  payment  of  the  same. 


Ei 


STATISTICS  OF  POPULATION,  &c. 


RESULTS  OF  THE  CElfSUS  OF  GREAT  BRITiI]l. 
RUMiaa  viiL 
GBfflBAL  BXSULTt  Or  THE  Oimua. 

The  inquiry  exhibits,  up  to  the  present  time,  the  area  and  the  population  of  every 
county,  town,  parish,  township,  or  place,  having  a  defined  boundary,  at  the  date  of 
each  of  the  six  censuses  that  have  been  taken  smce  the  year  1801,  as  well  as  the  pro- 
portions of  the  sexes  and  the  rate  of  increase  of  the  p«)pulation.  The  constituent  parts 
of  the  English  family  are  then  indicated,  as  well  as  the  proportional  numbers  of  fami- 
lies to  dwellings.  The  distribution  of  houses  and  of  towns  of  various  orders  over  the 
country  is  shown ;  the  populations  of  the  towns  and  of  the  country  are  separately  enu- 
merated. The  density  and  proximity  of  the  population,  on  the  hypothesis  of  equal 
distribuiioQ,  are  set  forth.  The  origin  of  the  territorial  divisions  is  discussed.  The 
population  of  each  of  the  islands  in  the  British  archipelago  is  stated.  An  account  is 
rendered  of  the  changes  and  the  population  of  the  ancient  sub  iivisions  of  the  country ; 
their  irregularities  are  pointed  out ;  and  the  iniptness  of  the  hundred,  for  modern  pur- 
poses, is  recognized.  The  subdivision  of  the  counties  into  districts,  or  unions,  and  sub- 
districts,  under  the  acts  f  jr  the  amendment  of  the  poor  law  and  for  the  registration  of 
births  deaths,  and  marriages,  is  described,  by  which,  with  the  addition  of  the  small 
districts  which  were  allotted  to  each  enumerator  in  taking  the  census,  a  series  is 
fiormed  of  nine  orders  of  territorial  division,  each  including  all  that  precede  it — house, 
enumeration  district,  township  (or  parish,)  subdistrict,  district  (or  union,)  county,  di- 
vision, country — as  England  and  Wales,  or  Scotland,  and,  finally,  Great  Britain. 

The  moi>t  important  result  which  the  inquiry  ei^tablishes  is  the  addition,  in  half  a 
century,  of  ten  millions  of  people  to  the  Britisih  population.  The  increase  of  popula- 
tiou  in  the  half  of  this  century  nearly  equals  Uie  increase  in  all  preceding  ages ;  and 
the  addition  in  the  last  ten  years  of  two  millions  three  hundred  thousand  to  the  ia- 
habitants  of  these  isUuids,  exceeds  the  increase  in  the  last  fifty  years  of  the  eighteenth 
century. 

Contemporaneously  with  the  increase  of  the  population  at  home,  emigration  has 
proceeded,  since  1750,  to  such  an  extent  as  to  people  large  States  in  America,  and  to 
give  permanent  possessors  and  cultivators  to  the  land  of  large  colonies  in  all  the  tem- 
perate regions  of  the  world,  where,  by  a  common  language,  commercial  relations,  and 
the  multiplied  reciprocities  of  industry,  the  people  of  the  new  nations  maintab  an  in- 
dissoluble union  with  the  parent  country.  Two  other  movements  of  the  population 
have  been  going  on  in  the  United  Kingdom — the  immigration  of  the  population  of 
Ireland  into  Great  Britain,  and  the  constant  fiow  of  the  country  population  into  the 
towns.  The  current  of  the  Celtic  miration  is  now  diverted  from  these  shores,  and 
chiefly  flows  in  the  direction  of  the  United  States  of  America,  where  the  wanderers 
find  friends  and  kindred.  The  movement  of  the  country  population  to  the  towns 
went  on  unnoticed  by  the  earlier  writers,  and  it  has  never  yet  been  clearly  exhibited ; 


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876  Statistics  of  Population,  etc. 

• 
bat  it  is  believed  that  the  tables  of  the  birthplace  of  the  inhabitaDts  of  the  towns  and 
coanlries  will  determine  its  extent  and  chariicter.  It  b  a  peculiarity  of  this  move- 
ment  in  these  latter  times  that  it  Is  directed  to  new  points,  where  the  towns  engage 
in  a  manufacture  as  one  vast  undertaking,  in  which  nearly  the  whole  population  it 
concerned,  as  well  as  to  the  county  towns  and  to  London. 

Amidst  all  these  great  and  unexampled  changes  in  the  population,  two  questions 
arise  of  great  importance :  **  Can  the  population  of  Great  Britain  be  sustained  at  the 
rate  of  emigration  which  is  now  going  on,  and  which  will  probably  be  continued  for 
many  years !"  To  assist  in  solving  this  problem,  the  new  question  of  **  matrimonial 
condition  "  will  enable  us  to  show,  in  the  final  publication,  the  comparative  numbers 
of  unmarried  and  married  men  and  women  in  the  country  at  each  age  of  life  in  each 
district  The  solution  of  a  different  question  of  equal  difficulty  and  importance.  **  Can 
the  population  of  England  be  profitably  employed  T  will  be  facilitated  by  the  new 
classification  of  the  people  at  each  a^e,  according  to  their  occupations. 

It  is  one  of  the  obvious  physical  effects  of  the  increase  of  population,  that  the  pro- 
portion of  land  to  each  person  diminishes ;  and  the  decrease  is  such  that  within  the 
last  fifty  years  the  number  of  acres  to  each  person  living  has  fallen  from  6.4  to  2.7 
acres  in  Great  Britain ;  from  four  to  two  acres  in  England  and  Wales.  As  a  counter- 
Tailing  advantage,  the  people  have  been  brought  into  each  other's  neighborhood ;  their 
average  distance  from  each  other  has  been  reduced  in  the  ratio  of  8  to  1) ;  labor  has 
been  divided;  industry  has  been  organized  in  towns;  and  the  quantity  of  produce, 
either  consisting  of  or  exchangeable  for  the  conveniences,  elegancies,  and  necessaries 
of  life,  has.  in  the  mass,  largely  increased,  and  is  increasing  at  a  more  rapid  rate  than 
the  population. 

One  of  the  moral  effects  of  the  increase  of  the  people  is  an  increase  of  their  mental 
activity,  as  the  aggregation  in  towns  brings  them  ottener  into  combination  and  col- 
lision.  The  population  of  the  towns  is  not  so  completely  separated  in  England  as  it 
is  in  some  other  countries  from  the  population  of  the  surrounding  country ;  for  the 
walls,  gates,  and  castles  which  were  destroyed  in  the  civil  wars,  have  never  been  re- 
built, and  the  population  has  outgrown  the  ancient  limits,  while  stone  lines  of  demar- 
cation have  never  been  drawn  around  the  new  centers  of  population;  tolls  have  been 
collected  since  a  very  early  period  in  the  market-  places,  but  the  system  of  octroi,  in- 
volving the  examination  by  customs  officers  of  every  article  entering  within  the  pre- 
cincts of  the  town,  has  never  existed.  The  freemen  in  £ome  of  the  towns  enjojed,  an- 
ciently, exclusive  privileges  of  trading,  but  the  freedom  could  always  be  acquired  by 
the  payment  of  fines;  and  by  the  great  measure  of  Municipal  Reform  (1885)  every 
town  has  been  thrown  open  to  settlers  from  every  quarter.  At  the  same  time,  too, 
that  the  populations  of  the  towns  and  of  the  country  have  become  so  equally  balanced 
in  number — ten  millionsand-a-half  against  ten  millions- and-ahalf— the  union  between 
them  has  become,  by  yie  circumstances  that  have  led  to  the  increase  of  the  towns, 
more  intimate  tlian  it  was  before ;  for  they  are  now  connected  together  by  innumerable 
relationships,  as  well  as  by  the  associations  of  trade. 

It  will  be  seen  in  the  final  publication,  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  population  in 
the  market  towns,  the  county  towns,  the  manufacturing  towns,  and  the  metropolis, 
was  born  in  the  country  ;  and  that  in  England  town  and  country  are  bound  together 
not  only  by  the  intercourse  of  Commerce  and  the  interchange  of  mtelligence,  but  by  a 
thousand  ties  of  blood  and  affection. - 

The  town  and  the  country  populations  are  now  so  intimately  blended,  that  the  same 
administrative  arrangements  easily  apply  to  the  whole  kingdom. 

The  vast  system  of  towns,  in  whicn  half  the  population  lives,  has  its  peculiar  dan- 
gers, which  the  high  mortality  and  the  recent  epidemics  reveal.  Extensive  sanitary 
arrangements,  and  all  the  appliances  of  physical  as  well  as  of  social  science,  are  neces- 
sary to  preserve  the  natural  vigor  of  the  population,  and  to  develop  the  inexhaustible 
resources  of  the  English  race.  The  crowding  of  the  people  in  houses  in  close  streets, 
and  the  consequent  dissolution  of  families,  arising  out  of  defective  house  accommoda- 
tion, are  evils  -vhich  demand  attentive  consideration. 

The  activity  of  the  intelligence  and  religious  feelings  of  the  people  has  led  to  an 
increased  demand  for  instruction  and  for  places  of  public  worship,  llie  extent  to 
which  this  demand  has  been  met  has  hitherto  been  imperfectly  known,  and  is  not 
easily  determined ;  but  we  believe,  that  as  far  as  the  inquiry  can  be  prosecuted  in  a 
statistical  form,  the  returns  ref  pecting  schools,  literary  institutions,  churches,  chapels, 
and  congregations,  will  throw  much  light  upon  the  educational  institutions  and  the 
■piritual  condition  of  the  people  of  Great  Britain. 


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Statistics  of  PopuJatum^  etc.  877 

SMIGBlTIOiV  FROM  GREAT  BRITAIV. 

It  appears  by  Uie  Fifteeoth  Oeueral  Report  of  the  Colonial  Land  and  Emiprration 
Oommieaiooers,  dated  SOtk  of  August,  1854,  lately,  printed  by  order  of  the  British 
Parliament,  that  daring  the  forty  years  between  January,  1816,  and  December,  1854, 
the  whole  number  of  emigrants  who  left  the  United  Kingdom  was  4,11 6,958,  of  which 
iramber  nearly  three-fifths  emigrated  during  the  last  eight  years,  and  nearly  one-third 
in  the  last  four  years. 

The  total  number  who  emigrated  in  1864  was  less  than  in  the  two  preceding  years. 
The  following  table  will  show  the  destinations  to  which  the  emigration  has  fallen  off, 
and  the  extent  of  the  decrease : — 

British  North  United  Auatrallan  Other 

Yean.                                                  America.  Stales.  Coloiites.  plHcen.  TotaL 

1862 , 32.878  244,261  87,881  8,749  868,764 

1863 84,622  230,886  61,401  8.129  829,937 

1864 43,761  193,066         83,287  8,866  823,429 

The  great  decrease  is  in  the  emigration  to  America,  and  almost  entirely  in  the  num- 
ber of  Irish.  01  the  emigrants  who  left  the  United  Kingdom  in  1863,  there  were 
192,609  Irish,  but  in  1864  only  160,209. 

The  Commissioners  examine  the  causes  of  this  falling  off  in  the  Irish  emigration.  A 
decrease  to  some  extent,  they  say,  might  ha?e  been  expected  under  any  circumstances, 
from  the  reduction  which*  took  place  in  (he  population  between  1841  and  I860,  viz.: 
from  8,176,134  to  6,616,796,  followed  by  an  emigration  in  the  next  three  years,  which 
must  have  left  the  population  uf  Ireland  at  the  beginning  of  1864  at  little  more  than 
6,000,000.  But  this  does  not  sufficiently  account  for  the  change.  The  decrease  can- 
not, it  seems,  be  explained  by  any  falling  off  in  the  funds  applicable  to  emigration,  as 
the  Commissioners  found  that  the  amounts  remitted  through  the  banke^  and  mer- 
chants, who  supplied  him  with  inibrmation  on  the  subject,  were  in  1864  larger  than  in 
any  previous  year.  The  Commissioners  reproduce  the  returns  since  they  first  obtained 
them — •*  a  testimony  of  generosity  and  self-denial  unparalleled  in  the  world."  The 
amounts  were  in — 

1848.    1849.    1850.    1851.    18J!.     18SJ.     1851. 

£460,000    £640,00(»    £967.000    £990,000    £1,404,000     £1,439,000     £1,730,000 

The  real  causes  of  the  decrease  are  to  be  found,  the  Commissioners  believe,  "*  m  the 
improved  position  of  the  laboring  classes  in  Ireland ;  and  secondly,  though  in  a  less 
degree,  in  the  diminution  of  employment  in  the  United  States,  arising  from  ihe  recent 
commercial  crisis,  and  to  some  extent  also  in  the  operations  of  the  '  Know  Nothing  ' 
party." 

The  Commissioners  infer  that  the  secondary  causes  alluded  to  have  had  some  effect 
in  stopping  emigration,  from  the  effect  they  produced  on  those  who  had  already  reached 
the  United  States.  **  In  former  years  the  human  current  flowed  only  one  way  ;  b  the 
last  year  a  considerable  return  current  has  set  in."  During  1864,  the  number  of  emi- 
grants who  returned  from  the  United  States  to  Liverpool  alone  amounted  to  no  less 
than  12,678. 

With  respect  to  the  general  emigration  to  Australia,  it  appears  that  there  sailed 
from  Great  Britain  for  Australia  in  1864,  exclusive  of  ships  chartered  by  the  Com- 
missioners, 162  passenger  ships,  carrying  35,949  passengers.  In  addition  to  which, 
there  were  871  ships,  (not  carrying  a  sufficient  number  to  bring  them  under  the  Pas- 
sengers* Act,)  carrying  6,228  passengers. 

The  emigration  carried  on  to  the  Australian  Colonies  by  the  Board  of  Commission- 
ers, and  at  the  expense  of  the  government,  in  1864,  was  as  follows:— 127  ships, car- 
rying 41,066  passengers.  The  total  emigration  to  Australia  in  1864  was  88,287  aoub, 
conveyed  in  650  ships. 


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S^B  Nuutioal  IntelUpenes. 

POPDUTIOV,  DWEIXmOS,  AID  FAMILIES  Iff  KEW  TOBK. 

The  following  table,  made  up  from  the  returns  of  the  Marshals,  exhibits  the  Dom- 
ber  of  people,  dwellings,  and  families,  and  the  average  number  of  families  to  each 
dwelling  in  the  several  wards  of  the  city  of  New  York :— 


Av.  No, 

At.  No. 

(umilies 

fomilies 

to  a 

toa 

Ward 

B.  Popalailoii.  DwelllDgs.  FarolUes.  house. 

Warda. 

Popnlatfon.  Dwelllnga. 

Families,  house. 

^ 

18.268 

699 

2,708 

8* 

12. 

18,461 

1,776 

2,808         H 

2.' 

8.249 

298 

448 

li 

18. 

26,298 

1,787 

6.471         8i 

8. 

7,000 

.  •  •  • 

. . .  • 

14. 

24.000 

.  •  •  • 

....         •  • 

4. 

28,660 

1,177 

4,690 

*'i 

16. 

23,776 

2,269 

8,685         1{ 

5. 

21,661 

1.691 

4.246 

H 

16. 

40,680 

8,059 

8,180         H 

6. 

28.689 

1,270 

6,099 

H 

17. 

60,962 

8,479 

12,626         8t 

•7. 

82606 

2,488 

6,861 

2* 

18. 

89,861 

2,689 

7,661         8 

8. 

84,612 

2,660 

7.109 

n 

19. 

40,000 

•  • .  •' 

....         •  • 

9. 

87,069 

8,849 

7,788 

} 

20. 

46,925 

2,927 

10,096         8| 

10. 

26,000 

.... 

.  • .  • 

• . 

21. 

20,476 

2,865 

6,065         2f 

11. 

68,834 

2,498 

11,087 

H 

22. 

28,078 

2,882 

4,867         2i 

The  average  number  of  persons  to  a  family  in  the  respective  wards  may  be  ascer- 
tained by  dividing  the  population  by  the  families.  Thus,  for  example,  in  the  Seven- 
teenth Ward,  the  largest  in  population,  numbering  60,952  souls,  according  to  the  re- 
turns, there  are  8,479  dwellings  and  12,626  families^-whicfi  averages  some  eighteen 
people,  and  four  families  to  each  house,  and  about  Awe  persons  to  each  family.  In 
this  ward,  however,  as  in  some  others,  there  are  dwellings  whose  occupants  may  be 
counted  by  fifties  and  by  hundreds,  crowded  together  as  on  shipboard.  In  the  Fifteenth, 
the  aristocratic  ward,  par  excelUnee,  the  people  number  28,776,  the  houses  2,269,  and 
the  families  8,686,  being  an  average  of  about  three  families  to  every  two  bouses,  and 
something  over  an  average  of  six  persons  to  each  family. 


NAUTICAL  INTELLIGENCE. 


PUBLICATIOV  RESPECTING  THE  MARKING  OF  THE  WESER  CHANNEL. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Bremen,  referring  to  the  publication  of  the  20th  of 
July  last,  respecting  the  alteration  in  the  marking  of  the  channel  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Weser,  hereby  informs  all  whom  it  may  concern  that  the  alteration  of  the  first  Weeer 
Key  Buoy,  announced  in  said  publication,  has  taken  place : — 

"The  Weser  Key  Buoy,  lying  in  the  mouth  of  the  Weser,  (the  first  buoy  on  enter* 
ing,)  and  which  was  formerly  painted  red,  has  been  taken  away,  and  in  the  place 
thereof  a  buoy  of  similar  form  and  designation,  but  painted  black,  haa  been  laid 
down." 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  farther  informs  all  whom  it  may  concern  that,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  laying  down  of  buoys,  which  has  lately  been  completed,  the  following 
alterations  have  taken  place  in  the  marking  of  the  channel  of  the  Weser  >— 

**  a.  The  first  white  outside  buoy  in  the  new  channel,  which  was  marked  No.  1,  and 
which  lay  at  the  extreme  point  of  the  red  lands,  has  been  removed. 

**  6.  In  place  thereof  a  oUck  buoy  has  been  laid  down,  but  somewhat  more  to  Um 
northward  and  further  inwards." 

This  buoy  is  marked  A,  and  lies  in  seven  fathoms  at  low  water.    The  bearinga 
thereof  are  as  follows : — 
The  steeple  of  Wangerooge,  S.  W.  by  W.  i  W.     The  red  A,  or  Pear  Booy,  3.  W. 


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JfauHcal  Intelligence.  879 

by|W.    TbechurchatWBn8eo,S.b3r  W.4  W.    The  White  Buoy,  Na  1,  S.  E.    The 
Weaer  Key  Buoy,  W.  |  N. 

Ships  coming  from  the  northward,  and  sailing  towards  the  Black  Buoy,  marked  A, 
will  hare  to  steer  their  course  south-east  from  this  buoy  through  the  new  channel. 

"e.  The  white  buoys,  formerly  marked  with  Nosl  2,  8, 4,  and  6,  are  now  nuurked 
with  Nfie.  1.  2,  3.  and  4. 

**d.  North-easterly  from  the  White  Buoj,  No.  1,  (formerly  Na  2,)  lying  in  the  new 
channel,  a  black  buoy  has  been  laid  down.*^ 

This  buoy  is  marked  B,  and  lies  in  six-and-a-half  fathoms  at  low  water.  The  bear- 
ings are  as  follows : — 

The  steeple  of  Wangerooge,  W.  8.  W.  i  W.  The  White  Buoy,  No.  1.  a  W.  |  W, 
The  church  at  Btinsen,  S.  S.  W.  i  W.    The  Black  Buoy  A,  W.  N.  W.  i  W. 

The  soundings  are  in  English  measure. 


PRI5CES  CHA55EL|  ENTRANCE  TO  THE  THAMES. 

Trinitt  HoDfB*  LoMDOH,  Msj  30,  1855. 
It  having  been  considered  advisable  that  the  alterations  hereinafter  specified  should 
take  place  in  the  positions  of  the  light  vessels,  and  also  in  the  buoya^^e  of  the  Princes 
Channel,  notice  is  hereby  given  that  the  same  will  take  place  on  or  about  the  first  of 
August  next;  that  is  to  say,  as  respecta  Light  Vesseb,  the  Tongue  Light  Vessel  will 
be  removed  about  seven  cables  N.  W.  by  W.  from  her  present  position ;  and  the  Gird- 
ler  Light  Vessel  about  three  cables  S.  i  W.  from  her  present  position,  juid  on  the 
sane  Une  of  bearing  from  the  Maplin  Light  as  at  present.     And  as  respects  the 
buoyage — a  buoy,  colored  red,  to  be  called  **  West  Oirdler,"  will  be  laid  on  the  S.  W. 
end  of  the  Girdier  Sand ;  and  a  buoy,  checkered  black  and  white,  to  be  called  ^  East 
Tongue,"  will  be  laid  on  the  east  end  of  the  Tongue  Sand,  as  a  day  mark  for  the  en- 
trance  to  the  Queen's  Channel 
Further  particulars  will  be  published  as  toon  as  the  said  alterations  have  been  car- 
•ried  into  effect  By  order, 

J.  HERBEnT,  decretary. 


niED  LIGHT  AT  GIJON,  NORTH  COAST  OF  SPAIN. 

The  Spanish  government  has  given  notice  that  on  the  16th  June  last,  1865,  a  fixed 
light,  of  the  natural  color,  wimM  be  exhibited  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Hermitage  of 
Santa  Catallna,  near  the  entrance  of  the  port  of  Gijon,  in  the  province  of  Ovledo,  od 
the  north  coast  of  Spain. 

The  height  of  the  light  is  170  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  it  will  be  visiUe 
from  the  deck  of  a  ship  from  ten  to  twelve  miles  in  clear  weather.  The  position  of 
the  light  tower  is  in  latitude  48°  86'  18"  north ;  longitude,  6°  87'  46"  west  of  Green- 
wich. 

'  JOHN  WASHINGTON,  Hydrograpber. 

BrDaooRAFHic  OpncB,  ADMiaALTV,  LoirDON,  July  10, 1856. 

This  notice  affects  the  following  Admiralty  Charts :— Bay  of  Biscay,  Na  64 ;  Gijon 
Bay,  Na  77  ;  and  Spanish  Lighthouse  List,  No.  165,  (a.) 


FIXED  U6HT  AT  MARSEILLE,  SOUTH  COAST  OF  FRANCE. 

The  French  government  has  given  notice,  that  on  and  after  the  Ij^th  August  next, 
a  fixed  red  light  will  be  exhibited  on  the  tower  recently  erected  on  the  southern  head 
of  the  mole  of  the  Port  de  la  Joliette,  at  Marseille.  The  light  stands  at  an  elevation 
of  81  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  will  be  visible  at  a  distance  of  8  miles,  io 
clear  weather.  The  tower  is  in  latitude  48®  17'  66"  N.,  longitude  b^  21'  26"  W.  of 
Greenwich. 

JOBN  WASHINGTON,  Hydrographer. 

flTDaooaApHXo  Opnoa,  Admiralty,  London,  July  St7, 1855. 

This  notice  affects  the  following  Admiralty  Charts: — Mediterranean,  General,  No. 
2,168;  Palamos  to  Ventimiglia,  No.  1,188;  Banduff  to  Riou  Isle,  No.  149;  Port  of 
Marseille,  No.  160; — also  Mediterranean  Lighthouse  List,  81a. 


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380  Journal  of  Mining  and  Manufactures, 

THE  MARITIME  DISASTERS  OF  1854. 

E.  Merriam,  the  indefatigable  gatherer  of  facts  and  figures,  has  been  employed  for 
seven  months  in  compiling  the  accounts  of  shipwreck  and  loss  of  life  and  property  on 
the  ocean  in  the  year  1664 — his  manuscript  pages  already  number  1«245,  exclusive  of 
those  of  a  large  volume  covered  by  the  Index.  The  number  of  vessels  which  have 
been  lost  or  injured  are  6,882,  exclusive  of  steamers  and  boats  upon  the  lakes  and 
rivers  yet  to  be  added,  which  will  probably  swell  the  aggregate  to  about  6,000.  The 
loss  of  life  has  been  very- great,  and  will  exceed  9,000  persons,  and  the  loss  of  proper- 
ty may  be  set  down  in  the  round  sum  of  forty  millions  of  dollars. 

The  several  and  respective  cases  of  loss  are  being  classified  and  arranged  under 
separate  heads,  embracing  losses  by  fire  from  lightning,  from  spontaneous  combustion, 
and  from  other  causes,  loss  by  ice,  by  collision,  by  steam,  Ac 


JOURNAL  OF  MINING  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


THE  LIFE-SHIP— PROPOSED  TO  BE  PATENTED. 

2b  Freeman  Hunt,  Editor  Merchants^  Magazine: — 

Sir  : — It  k  established  in  the  history  of  marine  architecture,  that  the  first  or  simple 
principle  of 'floating  bodies  is  immutable  as  a  law  in  nature,  and  can  be  subjected  to 
DO  change,  whether  we  consider  the  raft,  the  canoe,  the  river  boat  or  the  baiige, 
when  navigation  in  its  infancy  was  limited  to  the  mouths  of  rivers  and  the  indented 
bays  or  creeks  of  a  home  coast,  or  contemplate  the  noble  fleets  of  commercial  enterprise 
equipped  to  encounter  the  stormy  seas  and  oceans  of  the  world.  In  all  the  same 
principle  remains,  and  that  is  aerostation  ib  its  weight,  volume,  and  active  resistance  • 
of  any  force  to  which  it  could  be  subjected. 

Air  although  invisible  b  known  to  be  a  substance  possessing  the  properties  6f  matter* 
It  is  impenetrable,  ponderable,  compressible,  dilatable,  and  in  every  state  perfectly 
elastic.  It  acquires  force  in  proportion  to  its  compression ;  and,  unlike  all  other  bodies, 
its  elasticity  is  increased  in  proportion  to  its  weight,  when  brought  in  contact  with 
any  resisting  body.  It  is  816  times  lighter  than  its  own  bulk  in  water.  At  a  meao 
temperature,  1,000  cubic  inches  weighs  805  grains;  and  it  is  remarkable,  that  while 
it  presents  itself  as  the  most  powerful  and  secure  agent  of  navigation  under  control, 
that  it  has  never  been  studied  but  in  connection  with  the  construction  of  a  ship's  sails: 
science  dire<:ting  all  its  energies  to  improvement  in  the  huU^  so  far  as  relates  to 
strength,  capacity,  and  symmetry,  without  reference  to  that  available  power  which, 
akillfully  employed,  not  only  affords  a  positive  and  reliable  security  to  ship,  cargo 
and  human  life,  but  also  a  sensible  reduction  in  the  wear  and  tear  of  sails  and  rigging, 
and  a  greatly  increased  speed  in  traversing  the  waters. 

It  is  not  contemplated  to  question  strength  and  beauty  of  model  on  which  practical 
akill  and  science  have  been  so  successfully  elaborated,  more  particularly  in  our  own 
country,  with  an  ardency  and  zeal  unrivaled,  but  to  point  out  the  means  by  whidi 
those  majestic  works  of  mechanic  art  may  be  protected  in  their  strength,  against  the 
destructive  storms  and  tempests  of  elemental  warfare — a  protection  only  to  be  found, 
in  a  graduated  diminution  of  resistance ;  that  is,  by  infusing  a  lifefulness  to  the  ship's 
timbers ;  in  other  words,  a  power  of  respiration,  corresponding  with  the  action  of  the 
wind  upon  the  sails,  or  motive  power  of  the  steam  engine. 

It  is  self  evident  on  inquiry  into  the  nature  of  causes  and  effects,  that  nothing  can 
be  more  erroneous  than  the  system  of  counterbalancing  buoyancy  by  ballast,  without 


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Journal  of  Mining  and  Manufactures,  S81 

aoy  adequate  proTisioo  of  a  ooanterrailing  power,  bj  which  its  downward  or  BinkiDg 
pressure  in  excess,  might  be  checked  or  restrained  in  a  heavy  swell  of  the  sea,  with  a 
strong  gale  straining  on  the  canvas.  The  object  of  ballast  is  to  reduce  so  much  of 
buoyancy  as,is  necessary  to  seat  the  floating  body  with  a  consistent  draught  or  hold 
upon  the  waters,  securing  a  trim  riding  under  sail,  preventive  of  pitching  and  rolling 
in  stress  of  weather,  and  keeling  over  in  a  storm.  Now  these  are  the  real  objects  of 
ballast  and  the  balancing  of  cargo ;  and  it  must  be  admitted  on  all  hands,  by  nautical 
men,  that  the  means  are  not  perfectly  adequate  to  the  end.  Ballasting  is  necessary, 
but  the  positive  counteraction  of  its  baneful  influences  imperative:  to  which  I  have 
directed  my  attention  for  many  years.  By  my  process,  which  is  that  of  aerostation 
by  certain  horizontal  cylinders  so  placed  as,  in  connection  with  the  kelson,  to  form  a 
perfect  triangle,  and  certain  stancheons  so  arranged  fore  and  aft  as  a  lifting  power, 
with  certain  other  auxiliary  aids  not  stationary,  but  immediately  available  under  any 
emergency.  All  those  ends  can  be  answered  which  will  expedite  sailing  or  steaming 
under  any  stress  of  weather,  with  the  most  perfect  security  against  foundering  at  sea, 
by  collision,  or  wrecking  on  shore  with  the  loss  of  cargo  and  life. 

In  the  firbt  place,  my  horizontal  cylinders  are  so  disposed  of  as  to  become  suspen- 
Mve  and  adjustive ;  and  they  will  prevent  the  possibility  of  the  ship  or  other  vessel 
pitching  or  rolling  in  a  storm.  Preserving  a  due  and  equal  balancing  power,  their 
action  must  be  consistent  with  the  natural  laws  of  elasticity  and  fluidity,  immutable  to  . 
change,  as  found  in  the  rebound  or  regressing  motion  of  antagonistic  bodies  impinging 
on  each  other  and  retreating  with  elas^c  force. 

In  the  second  place,  that  elasticity,  which  is  in  fact  buoyancy  restored  without  di- 
minishing the  ship's  necessary  draught,  assimilates  the  action  of  the  hull  with  the  wind 
in  the  sail,  and  available  to  the  orders  of  the  ship's  master,  either  of  crowding  or 
taking  in  sail  as  circumstances  may  require. 
'  In  the  third  place,  a  sailing  ship  so  constituted  and  appointed  could  not  fail,  head 
wmds  and  dead  calms  alone  excepted,  of  making  the  shortest  trips  by  a  reduction  of 
at  least  one  third  of  the  ordinary  passage  in  fair  weather.  Argument  in  this  matter 
is  supererogatory  :  the  diminution  of  the  resisting  power  producing  as  of  consequence, 
a  proportional  increase  in  speed. 

It  is  now  nearly  twenty  years  since  I  built  the  first  life-boat  that  ever  floated  on 
the  waters  of  New  York  Bay.  My  object  then,  however,  was  not  a  mere  boat,  but  an 
exhibit  of  my  theory  of  supplying  the  ship  itself  with  its  own  means  of  safety  under 
the  most  afflictive  storms,  and  the  preservation  of  human  life  by  a  less  equivocal 
means  than  that  of  boats,  with  the  disastrous  consequences  too  frequently  attending 
them  in  the  hour  of  danger  and  alarm.  I  have,  since  that  period,  at  repeated  intervala, 
enlarged  and  improved  upon  my  original  design. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

WILUAM    BARLE. 

THE  USE  OF  UME.WATER  IN  MAKING  BREAD. 
It  has  lately  been  found,  says  Dr.  Sheridan  Muspratt,  in  his  new  work  on  chemistry, 
that  water  saturated  with  lime  produces  in  bread  the  same  whiteness,  softness,  and 
capacity  uf  retaining  moisture,  as  results  from  the  use  of  alum ;  while  the  former  re- 
moves all  acidity  from  the  dough,  and  supplies  an  ingredient  needed  in  the  structure 
of  the  bones,  but  which  is  deficient  in  the  cerealia.  The  best  proportion  to  use  is, 
five  pounds  of  water  saturated  with  lime,  to  every  nineteen  pounds  of  flour.  No 
change  is  required  in  the  process  of  baking.  The  lime  most  effectually  coagulates  the 
gluten,  and  the  bread  weighs  well ;  bakers  must  therefore  approve  of  its  introduction, 
which  is  not  injurious  to  the  system,  like  alum,  <&c.  A  large  quantity  of  this  kind  of 
bread  is  now  made  in  Munich,  and  is  highly  esteemed. 


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382  Journal  of  Mining  and  J£anu/aeturt$. 

THB  COAL  FIELDS  OF  ARKAV8AS. 
Dr.  Sbuhard,  of  Fort  Smith,  and  the  wellknowo  geologist  of  Captain  Marcy's  ex- 
peditions, publishes  in  the  Fort  Sntith  Herald  the  following  statement  in  relation  to 
the  extent  of  the  Arkansas  Coal  Field,  which  extends,  according  to  his*  obeerTatioDr» 
to  Fort  Belknap,  four  hundred  and  fifty  miles  fVom  Fort  Smith.  The  great  Arkansaa 
Pacific  Railroad  will  run  immediately  through  this  inexhaustible  field  of  coal: — 

I.  On  Poteau  Rl?(r  several  seams  have  been  discofrered.  Thickness  and  character 
unknown. 

8  OtMid  coal  is  found  in  the  greatest  abundance  on  Bayouceil  (Brazil)  Creek.  In 
eharacier  it  is  the  same  as  that  found  near  Fort  Smith ;  thickness  of  seams,  from  ^?e 
to  eight  ff  et 

8.  In  the  Narrows,  about  sixty  miles  west  of  Fort  Smith,  bituminous  coal  and  of 
good  quality — thickness  of  Beanin,  from  one  to  two  feet. 

4.  Near  Ga^ne's  Creek,  ninety  miles  west  of  Fort  Smith— character  bituminous,  coal 
of  fair  quality  and  very  abundant 

6.  Six  miles  west  of  the  last  locality  a  seam  of  good  coal,  one  foot  thick,  has  been 
discovereii. 

6.  Twelve  miles  west  of  Oaine's  Creek,  several  seams  have  been  found — character, 
bituminous;  thickness  of  seams,  firom  one  to  two  feet 

7.  Eight  miles  west  of  Mr.  BlackburnV,  quality  good — thickness  of  seams,  over  ten 
feet. 

8.  Twelve  miles  east  of  Botrgy  Depot,  quality  good — thickness  of  reams  unknown. 

9.  Twenty  miles  north  of  Boggy  Depot,  an  extensive  outcrop  of  the  very  best  char- 
acter of  bituminous  coal  has  been  dibcovered — thickness  of  seams,  from  five  to  eight 
feet.  ^ 

lU.  Six  miles  east  of  Red  River— quality  good;  thickness  of  seams  unknown. 

II.  Between  Fort  Wabhita  and  Fort  Ai buckle — quality  good;  thickness  of  seams 
onknown. 

12.  Twelve  miles  west  of  Preston,  Texas,  good  coal  has  been  discovered,  and  of 
thickness  sufiicient  to  justify  the  working. 

18.  Thirtv  miles  we>t  of  Prei-ton— q||a'ity  good;  thickness  of  seams  unknown. 

14.  Ninety  miles  west  of  Prestou— tliicknet-s  of  heams  ui  known;  quality  go«»d. 

15.  On  the  Bnts'is  Hiver,  at  Fort  Belknap,  Texas,  an  extensive  outcr<ip  occurs — 
ooal  of  the  very  best  quality ;  thickness  of  seams,  from  ten  to  fifteen,  aiid  protmbly 
twenty-five  feet 

THE  GROWTH  AND  MANIFACTURE  OF  FUX  IN  BELGIUM* 
The  linen  industry  is  the  most  ancient  branch  of  Belgian  manufactures.  It  bat  had 
numerous  vicissitudes,  but  nevertheless  remains  one  of  the  most  impctrtaot  sources  of 
wealth  to  that  country.  It  possesses  the  advantage  of  obtaining  the  chief  portion  of 
its  raw  material  at  hi  me.  In  1846,  ti  hen  the  In^t  agricultural  leturns  were  collected, 
there  were  74,698  acres  under  fiax,  or  f<ne*eighth  of  the  entire  arable  lands  of  Bel- 
gium. The  produce  was  estimated  at  465,918  bubhels  of  seed,  and  11,405  tons  of 
fiber.  Hemp  was  grown  to  the  extent  of  4.800  acres,  yielding  1,S01  tons  of  fiber, 
and  48,100  bu^hels  of  seed.  According  to  the  best  authorities,  the  culture  of  flax  has 
increased  one- sixth  since  1846. 

Formerly,  weaving  was  carried  on  exclusively  in  the  cottages  of  the  weavers,  bnt 
of  late  years,  in  Flanders,  factories  have  been  e8tabli>hed,  where  the  w«  avers  come 
daily  to  work,  and  this  system  is  found  to  work  well  both  as  to  the  quantity  executed 
and  the  quality  of  the  weaving. 

By  the  census  of  1846,  it  appears  that  the  number  of  persons  employed  in  the 
Belgium  lintn  manufactures  was  60,028,  as  follows: — 

Men 18.568  I  Boys. 8.862 

Women 7,848  |  Gills 20,193 

The  total  wages  paid  amounted  to  £864.405.  The  average  earnings  of  the  men 
wms  8d.  per  day  ;  of  women,  4|d. ;  of  boys,  4d. ;  and  of  girla,  Sfd. 


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Journal  of  Mming  and  McmufacturtB.  888 

TAB  AMBRICAir  ?£RD  AUTIQUE  MARBLE, 

We  letrn  from  the  Oreen.  Mountain  Freeman  that  at  the  October  SessioD  of  the 
Legtslature  (id  1863)  of  Vermoot,  a  compaDj  was  iocorporated  under  the  ab«ive  name 
iat  the  purpose  of  working  marble  in  Roxbury.  There  are  as  fioe  marbles  in  Ameri- 
ca as  there  are  io  the  world,  and  we  have  do'  doubt  but  American  works  in  marble 
will  yet  be  more  extensive  than  all  the  rest  of  the  world  put  together. 

The  difference  between  Verd  and  other  Vermont  marbles,  however,  was  not  at  that 
time,  nor  is  it  even  now  generally,  but  vefy  imperfeelly  understood.  It  id  described 
by  the  editor  of  the  Freeman  as  being  like  no  other  marble  in  Vermont,  like  no  other 
in  the  United  States,  and,  indeed,  it  is  like  no  other  known  quarry  in  the  world.  It  is 
the  green  antique  marble — the  verd  antieo  of  the  Italians,  the  same  that  has  been 
found  in  the  ruins  of  the  Orecian  or  Roman  temples;  but  from  what  part  of  the  East- 
ern Ountinent  it  was  brought,  or  whether  any  more  remains  in  its  original  hicality,  is 
at  this  day  wholly  unknown.  The  discovery  of  such  a  splendid  marble,  therefore, 
was  no  ordinary  occurrence,  and  led  very  naturally,  as  soon  as  the  existence  of  such  a 
quarry  was  clearly  afcertained  by  the  discoverers,  to  the  furmation  of  the  company 
IB  question.  The  quarry  was  first  found,  il  is  said,  by  a  gentleman  from  Bethel,  in  an 
examination,  probably,  of  the  well  known  Serpentine  Ledge,  which  lies  on  the  railroad 
in  Roxbury,  nearly  a  half  mile  south  of  this  quarry,  but  which  is  altogether  a  different 
thing.  Serpentine,  however^  is  one  of  the  components  of  the  verd  antique  marble, 
and  limestone  the  other — a  combination  that  takes  the  highest  possible  polish,  and 
then  presents,  with  its  irregular  sprays  of  white,  on  a  field  of  green,  much  the  appear- 
ance of  the  dark  green  ice  of  a  newly  froaen  pond,  fractured  by  a  slight  blow  from 
tbe  bead  of  an  az. 

The  editor  of  the  Freeman  informs  us  that  he  visited  this  remarkable  quarry,  and 
tbe  works  put  in  operation  by  the  company  to  avail  themselves  of  its  valuable  pro- 
ducts. There  are  now  about  twenty  five  bands  in  employment  in  blasting  and  getting 
out  tbe  stime  from  the  ledge,  trucking  it  down  on  their  wooden  railway  to  the  factory, 
fifteen  or  twenty  rods  distant,  and.  attending  tbe  machinery,  which  consists  of  five 
gangs  of  saws  and  polibhers,  driven  by  a  thirty-five  horse  power  steam-engine.  We 
were  fthown  by  tbe  kind  and  intelligent  superintendent,  Mr.  Rundlett,  a  great  variety, 
of  specimens  ot  all  khapes  and  sices,  and  in  all  the  different  steps  of  manufacture, 
from  the  rough  block  to  the  mirror  like  surface  of  the  polished  cenotaph  or  table. 
Am«>ng  this  waii  a  table,  four  feet  square  and  about  two  inches  thick  only,  which  was 
worked  to  meet  the  order  of  the  Governor  Qeneral  of  Canada,  and  which,  we  will 
Tenture  to  say,  will  b  ^  pronounced  equal  in  finish  and  beauty,  to  say  tbe  least,  to  any 
marble  table  to  be  found  either  in  America  or  Europe. 

These  marbles  readily  sell  at  %\  per  foot  surface;  and  as  the  demand  for  them  in- 
creases as  fast  as  the  knowledge  of  them  extends,  and  as  the  quarry  seems  inexhaust- 
ible, this  establishment  must  soon  be  an  important  and  noted  ooe,  alike  advantageous 
» to  tl»e  State  and  the  enterprising  company,  under  whom  the  works  are  being  so  per- 
•everingly  prosecuted. 

ALUMIfiUAl,  OK  FREilCH  SILVER. 

Tbe  public  have  been  interested  lately  ref^pecting  a  new  method  of  obtaining  in 
large  quantities  from  that  most  abundant  of  deposits— common  clay— a  metal  which 
rivals  in  beauty  with  silver,  and  surpasses  it  io  durability,  not  to  mention  other  quali- 
ties. Tbe  discoverer,  fur  so  we  must  call  him,  is  Mr.  Sainte-Clair  Deville.  Alluminum, 
which  hitherto  existed  only  in  small  quantities,  and  esteemed  rather  as  a  curiosity, 
can  now  be  produced  in  quantities  sufficient  and  cheap  enottgh  to  replace  copper,  and 


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884  Statistics  of  Agriculture,  etc. 

even  iron  in  many  respeclB,  and  thus  place  **the  new  silver  **  superior  in  some 
points  to  the  real  article,  into  such  common  use,  as  to  suit  the  means  of  Uie  poorest 
persons. 

The  Nationcd  Intelligencer  learns  from  Paris  that  the  members  of  the  Academy  of 
Science  and  the  numerous  auditory  were  loud  in  their  admiration  and  surprise  at  the 
beauty  and  brilliancy  of  many  ingots  of  aluminum,  presented  by  Mr.  Dumas,  the 
celebrated  chemist.  It  was  impossible  to  believe  they  were  not  silver  until  taken  into 
the  hands,  when  their  extraordinary  lightness  at  once  proved  the  contrary.  That  a 
metal  should  weigh  so  little  seemed  almost  incredible. 

The  price  of  aluminum  a  short  time  since  in  France  was  about  the  rate  of  gold  I 
but  owing  to  recent  dbcoveries,  reducing  the  expense  of  extracting  it,  the  cost  of  pro- 
duction was  now  about  one  hundred  times  less ;  and  there  was  little  doubt  that  the 
effect  of  competiiion  in  its  manufacture,  together  with  the  advantage  of  throwing  it 
open  to  the  industrial  resources  of  the  world,  would  be  to  reduce  the  price  as  low  aa 
five  francs  the  kilogramme,  or  about  forty  cents  a  pound. 


STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE.  &c. 


THE  TAR518H  TREK  OF  TEXAS. 

A  letter  has  been  received  from  a  correspondent  in  Texas,  in  whi<^  he  alludes  to  a 
varnish- tree  which  they  have  cultivated,  and  eays  that  they  are  ignorant  of  the  manner 
of  obtaining  the  varnish  from  it  Believing  the  varnish-tree  of  which  he  speaks  to  be 
the  same  as  the  rhu9  verniei/era  of  Japan,  the  Union  gives  the  method  recommended 
at  the  Patent  Office,  as  given  by  Thunberg. 

The  very  best  Japan  varnish  is  prepared  from  this  tree,  which  grows  ro  great  abun- 
dance in  many  parts  of  that  country,  and  is  likewise  cultivated  in  many  places  on  ac- 
count of  the  great  advantages  derived  from  it.  This  varnish,  which  oozes  out  of  the 
tree  on  being  wounded,  is  procured  from  stems  that  are  three  years  old,  and  is  re- 
ceived in  some  proper  vessel  At  first  it  is  of  a  lightish  color,  and  of  the  consistence 
of  cream,  but  grows  thicker  and  black  on  being  exposed  to  the  air.  It  is  so  transpa- 
rent when  laid  pure  and  unmixed  upon  boxes  or  furniture,  that  every  vein  of  the  wood 
may  be  seen. 

For  the  most  part  a  dark  ground  is  spread  underneath  it,  which  causes  it  to  reflect 
like  a  mirror,  and  fur  this  purpose  recourse  is  frequently  had  to  the  fine  sludge  which 
is  got  in  the  trough  under  a  grindstone,  or  to  ground  charcoal ;  occasionally  a  red  sub* 
stance  b  mixed  with  the  varnish,  and  sometimes  gold- leaf  ground  very  fine.  This  var- 
nish hardens  very  much,  but  will  not  endure  any  blows,  cracking  and  flying  almost 
like  glass,  though  it  can  stand  boiling  water  without  any  damage.  With  this  the  Jap- 
anese varnish  over  the  posts  of  their  doors,  and  most  articles  of  furniture  which  are 
made  of  wood.  It  far  exceeds  the  Chinese  and  Siamese  varnish,  and  the  best  is 
collected  about  the  town  of  Jassino.  It  is  cleared  from  impurities  by  wrmging  it 
through  verj  fine  paper ;  then  about  a  hundredth  part  of  an  oil  called  toif  which  ia 
expressed  from  the  fruit  of  bignonia  toinentoBo^  is  added  to  it,  and  being  put  into 
wooden  vessels,  either  alooe  or  mixed  with  native  cinnabar,  or  some  black  substance, 
it  is  sold  all  over  Japan.  The  expressed  oil  of  the  s^eds  serves  for  candles.  The  tree 
is  said  to  be  equally  poisonous  as  the  thus  venenata,  or  American  poison  tree,  com- 
monly called  the  swamp  sumach. 


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888  Postal  Department. 

THE  SORGHO  SUCRE :  A  RIVAL  OF  THE  SUOAR-CAHB. 

We  published  \u  a  former  number  of  the  Merchants^  Afagazine  some  account  of  this 
newly  discovered  plant,  and  now  give  the  opinion  of  Count  David  de  Bauregard,  who 
transmitted  the  report  of  the  French  Agricultural  Oommission  at  Toulon  to  the  French 
consul  at  Cork,  in  Ireland.  This  opinion  was  sent  to  Hon.  James  Buchanan,  United 
States  Minister  to  England,  by  Mr.  B.  James  Hackett,  from  whom  it  was  received  hj 
the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Patents : — 

**  I  hasten  to  forward  you  by  this  post  the  report  drawn  up  by  the  Agricnltaral 
Commission  at  Toulon  respecting  the  holciis  saccharatus,  an  article  introduced  into 
France  from  China  in  the  year  1851,  by  Mr.  De  Montigny,  the  French  consul  at 
Shanghai  No  new  feature  has  appeared,  but  I  continue  to  think  that  the  plant  is 
one  of  the  most  valuable  which  exist ;  that  it  will  yield  the  greatest  advantage  not 
only  in  Europe,  wherever  the  climate  permits  the  late  maize  to  grow  to  perfection, 
but  even  under  the  tropics,  where  it  m:iy  replace  with  advantage  the  sugar-cane,  be- 
cause it  will  there  grow  three  crops  in  the  same  space  of  time  as  is  required  for  one 
of  the  sugar-cane,  and  that  besides  it  is  more  exempt  from  the  injuries  of  the  white 
ant,  which  destroy  its  rival." 


POSTAL  DEPARTMENT. 


STATISTICS  OF  POSTAOE  15  THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

The  following  is  a  comparative  statement  of  the  amount  received  for  letter  postage 
at  the  principal  cities  in  the  United  States,  during  the  years  ending  81st  March,  1853 
and  1865.    To  make  it  more  intelligible,  the  population  in  1850  and  the  increase  per 

cent,  are  also  given  :-<- 

PopulaUon,  Letter  postage.  Inc'te 

Post-offices.  1S50.  1S53.  1855.  p.o. 

Boeton.  Massachusettts 186,881  $149,272  64  $188,822  88  23 

New  York«  New  York 515,647  455,188  05  564,580  34  26 

Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 121,876  151,96170  179.669  79  18 

BalUmore,  Maryland 169,054  86,578  98  107,840  11  24^ 

Washington,  Dist  of  Columbia. .  40,001  26,449  26  80,045  50  13^ 

New  Orleans,  Louisiana 116,875  74,804  52  77,819  80  6 

St  Louis,  Missouri 77,860  82,041  87  46,021  52  45 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 1 15,485  58,046  05  76,514  80  38^ 

Chicago,  Illinois 29,968  20,521  94  44,892  48  116 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  increase  on  letter  postage  is  much  greater  in  Northern  cities 
than  in  Southern.  A  statement  of  the  amount  of  postage  on  letters  sent  to  the  re- 
epective  offices  named,  and  there  to  be  remailed  and  sent  to  other  offices,  shows  the 
same  disparity,  as  follows : — 


I8f}.  18SS. 

Boston $250,887  04  $813,494  88 

New  York.....  781,878  25  918.971  64 

Buflfala 87.002  08  112,200  91 

Philadelphia..  71,489  26  95,991  90 

Baltimore ....  86,256  04  48,648  46 

New  Orleans..  68,897  78  68,264  22 


185}.  mi. 

St  Louis 86,211  81  89,461  22 

Louisville....  48,825  84  56,284  06 

Cincinnatii....  50,098  77  62,880  29 

Cleveland....  61,202  64  88,616  8S 

Indianapolis..  50,841  20  76,659  22 

Chicago 141,202  64  282,876  90 


WHY  LETTERS  ARE  NOT  RECEIYED. 

Recent  investigations  in  the  city  of  New  York  ehow,  says  the  Washbgton  Union^ 
that  the  removal  of  postage  stamps  from  letters,  and  then  dr(»pping  the  letters  unpaid 
into  the  office,  ii  practiced  there  to  a  great  extent,  chiefly  by  the  lads  with  whom  they 
are  sent  to  be  mailed.    The  stamps  thus  fraudulently  acquu-ed  are  exchanged  for 


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Postal  Department.  389 

fhiita  or  other  refireefanMnte,  and  then  resold  below  their  legal  value  to  ench  as  are 
willing  to  buy.  Ooe  individual  has  thus  bought  from  the  proprietor  of  a  single  fruit- 
stand  some  sixty  or  seventy  of  these  stamps.  Letters  thus  deposited,  bearing  no  evi- 
dence of  prepayment  of  postage,  are  of  course  not  mailed ;  and  the  public,  as  well  as 
those  immediately  interested,  blame  the  Post- Office  Department  because  they  fail  to 
reach  those  to  whom  they  are  addressed. 

€OHP£VSATION  OF  POSTMASTERS  IN  THE  UJflTED  STATES. 

When  the  commissions  and  allowances  of  a  postmaster  taken  together  (as  charged 
in  his  quarterly  account)  «>xceed  |500  in  amount,  he  is  required  to  render,  with  his 
quarterly  account,  an  account  to  be  called  the  commission  account ;  stating  on  the  one 
side  the  amount  of  the  commissions  and  allowances,  and  on  the  other  his  own  com- 
pensation for  the  quarter,  as  limited  by  law,  and  the  incidental  expenses  of  his  office 
necessarily  and  actually  incurred  during  the  quarter.  The  proper  vouchers  and  re- 
ceipts mu.st  accompany  the  charges  for  incidental  expenses,  and  must  specify  distinctly 
the  several  objects — whether  for  rent,  fuel,  light,  stationery,  Ac. — and  the  names,  ages, 
sex,  and  rate  of  compensation  and  time  paid  for,  of  each  and  every  person  employed 
as  assistant  or  clerk.  If  the  amount  of  the  commissions  and  allowances  fall  short  of 
the  amount  of  the  compensation  and  expenses,  the  postmaster  has  no  claim  on  the 
United  States  for  the  deficiency ;  and  if  the  amount  exceed  such  compensation  and 
expenses,  the  postmaster  is  required  to  add  the  excess  to  the  balance  to  be  acknowl- 
edged by  him  as  due  the  United  States  on  his  quarterly  return  for  the  same  quarter. 


REGULATIONS  AS  TO  FOREIGN  LETTERS. 

When  a  postmaster  finds  that  a  vessel  is  ready  to  sail,  by  which  it  will  be  conven- 
ient to  send  letters  to  their  place  of  destination,  he  should  carefully  examine  all  such 
letters,  and  see  that  there  are  none  among  them  destined  to  another  place.  He  should 
then  count  them,  and  enter  their  number  in  a  bill.  If  there  are  few  letters,  and  no 
mail-bag  is  furnished  for  them  by  the  QQaster  of  the  vessel,  the  postmaster  muy  make 
them  into  a  bundle  like  a  common  mail,  taking  care  to  inclose  the  certificate  with 
them,  and  sealing  the  wrapper  with  the  office  seal.  If  a  bag  is  furnished,  the  string 
is  required  to  be  sealed  with  the  office  seal ;  and  if  there  are  many  letters,  and  no 
bag  is  furnished  by  the  master  of  the  vessel,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  postmaster  to  furn- 
ish one,  and  charge  it  to  the  department. 


CORRECTED  FROOF-SHEETS. 
The  Union  learns  from  the  Department  that  the  postage  charged  for  corrected 
proof-sheets  sent  by  mail  is  the  same  as  pamphlet  postage,  in  case  the  corrections  are 
only  those  of  typographical  errors.  If  new  matter  is  introduced  by  the  corrections^ 
or  any  notations  made  by  which  information  is  asked  or  conveyed,  or  instructions  given 
in  writing,  the  sheets  are  subject  to  letter  postage. 


NEWSPAPER  POSTAGE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  Union,  speaking  on  the  authority  of  the  Post-Office  Department,  says  : — 

*'  In  determining  newspaper  postages,  the  distances  are  to  be  computed  from  the  office 
of  publication,  and  by  tne  route  over  which  the  mail  is  carried,  and  not  from  the  coun- 
ty line  of  the  county  in  which  the  paper  is  published.  The  postage  is  chargeable  by 
the  newspaper,  not  by  the  sheet,  and  if  two  or  more  newspapers  are  printed  on  one 
sheet,  full  postage  must  be  charged  on  each." 


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390  Mercantile  MiseeUanies. 


MERCANTILE  MISCELLANIES. 


CHARACTER:  A5  ESSAY  FOR  MERCHAITS. 

[bT  BIOHaRD  IMITH,  BIQ.,  KDITOR    OP  TIHC   CIHCIRRATI  PRICB   CURRKMT.] 

lo  buBioess  traoaactioDs  there  is  for  most  articles  a  measure  of  value,  and  the  im- 
portance of  property  to  the  possessor  is  usually  estimated  by  the  price  thus  arrired 
at.  Mouey  is  the  standard  legal  commodity  by  which  value  is  determined  and  ex- 
changes effected,  and  the  preference  that  is  gi?en  to  money  over  all  other  articles  that 
compose  property  or  the  basis  of  wealth,  renders  it  easy  for  the  possessor  of  the  former 
to  secure  anything  real  or  personal  that  may  be  desired.  Thus  everything  of  a  mate- 
rial nature  is  regarded  as  liable  to  change  of  ownership— all  are  saleable  and  pur- 
chaseable  commodities ;  and  it  is  for  this  reason  that  iprsperty  is  of  itself  not  sufficient 
to  secure  to  the  possessor  peace  or  happiness.  Although  there  is,  to  a  certain  extent, 
a  connection  between  mind  and  matter,  there  are  some  things  peculiar  to  the  former, 
which  are  not  subject  to  the  control  of  the  latter,  and  these  are  essentially  necessary 
to  happiness.  Without  them  life  proves  a  burden,  and  the  possessor  incapable  of  en- 
joying anything,  however  well  calculated  it  may  be  in  itself  to  secure  temporal  enjoy- 
ment Their  character  being,  as  remarked,  essential  to  happiness,  and  not  being  ob- 
tainable for  money,  they  are  exceedingly  precious ;  still,  in  many  cases,  the  slender 
cord  by  which  they  are  held  is  often  trifled  with,  and  few  realize  their  full  importance 
until  they  have  permitted  them  to  depart 

Among  the  features  to  which  we  have  referred,  the  reader  will  readily  discover 
OHAEAOTKa  as  standing  most  prominent  This,  to  a  man  of  business,  and  indeed  to 
every  person,  is  as  dear  as  life  itself— and  one  that  should,  therefore,  be  guarded  with 
as  much  care  as  the  other ;  sometimes  people,  who  are  devoid  of  a  good  character,  be- 
come possessed  of  wealth,  and  the  latter  secures  for  them,  in  many  cases,  a  poeitioQ 
in  society  to  which  they  never  could  have  attained  if  compelled  to  rely  for  promotioo 
on  merit.  But  this  at  best  is  but  a  forced  position,  and  the  respect  rendered  in  such 
cases,  proves  merely  nominal  The  place  is  held  entirely  by  the  strength  of  dollars, 
and  in  the  event  of  this  failing,  the  feelings  of  contempt  that  were  previously  sup- 
pressed, are  manifested  without  restraint ;  and  even  if  the  money-power  should  con- 
tinue to  the  end  of  life,  the  memory  of  the  characterless  rohn  would  be  buned  with 
his  body,  and  his  epitaph,  if  written  at  all,  would  refer  to  one  whose  absence  could 
not  be  lamented ;  or  its  sentiments,  if  otherwise  expressed,  would  be  in  keeping  with 
the  principles  upon  which  in  life  he  was  respected.  But  feelings  of  genuine  respect 
ean  only  be  rendered  to  the  man  whose  character  is  unstained.  Such  respect  as  is 
awarded  to  the  possessor  of  an  unspotted  character  is  not  purchaseable,  nor  does  it 
require  a  pecuniary  effort  to  command  it  As  well  might  a  human  being  lift  bis  voice 
in  derision  of  nature,  when  arrayed  in  all  her  splendor,  as  attempt  to  withhold  respect 
from  an  honest  man.  To  the  latter  nothing  in  the  world  can  be  compared ;  such  a 
character  approaches  nearer  than  anything  else  to  the  perfection  of  the  Creator,  and 
it  therefore  tends  to  secure  to  man  that  unalloyed  happiness  enjoyed  by  the  fother  of 
our  race  when  in  his  perfect  state. 

Character  should  therefore  be,  as  already  remarked,  carefully  guarded.  No  amount 
of  prosperity  can  compensate  for  a  character  lost  in  the  pursuit  or  acquirement  of 
wealth.  Yet  how  few,  comparatively,  succeed  in  so  guarding  it ;  and  how  many  sac- 
rifice it  for  that  which  cannot  in  any  degree  compensate  for  it  Stand  aside  from  the 
bottling  scenes  of  business  lor  a  few  years.    Mark  the  young  man  at  he  aotert  tlic 


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Mercantile  MisceUanies.  801 

arena  of  mercaotile  life.  He  commencet  with  buoyant  hopes  and  pure  intentions ; 
but  as  he  falls  in  with  what  are  termed  the  "customs  of  trade,**  he  begins  to  compro- 
mise that  strict  integrity  with  which  he  commenced  the  world,  and  step  by  step  he 
descends,  and  finally  he  emerges  from  active  life  with  a  character  deeply  spotted,  and 
a  mind  terribly  barrassed.  To  avoid  this  end  requires  a  purity  and  steadfastness  of 
purpose,  and  apparent  sacrifices  in  the  beginning  and  throughout  the  entire  course  of 
business.  The  grasping  deeires  and  avaricious  propensities  peculiar  to  the  age  are  the 
main  difficulties  in  the  way  of  sustaining  a  good  character.  These  evil  features  lead 
men  to  cast  not  only  their  property  but  their  standing  into  the  scale  of  chance,  and  in 
■uch  cases  if  both  do  not  disappear  together,  the  latter  rarely  rises.  Business  may  be  . 
conducted  on  strictly  correct  principles,  but  this  can  rarely  be  done  under  the  influ- 
ence of  an  bsatiable  desire  for  wealth.  This  b  the  great  besetting  sin  of  business 
mea  It  induces  them  to  misrepresent  in  selling,  to  deceive  in  accordance  with  the 
various  unhealthy  customs  of  trade,  which  countenance  a  departure  from  the  rules  of 
strict  integrity,  and  tolerate  stealing  on  a  small  scale  in  almost  every  shape,  except 
that  of  extracting  money  directly  from  a  customer's  pocket.  There  is  but  little  differ- 
ence, morally^  between  stealing  direct  and  selling  wood  for  merchandise,  or  taking  ad- 
Tantage  in  any  way  of  parties  whose  confidence  may  induce  them  to  trust  their  inter- 
ests or  property  to  the  care  of  another.  Yet  in  almost  innumerable  shapes  the  latter 
is  practiced,  and  so  general  have  these  practices  become  that,  as  already  intimated 
they  are,  by  common  consent,  classed  among  the  customs  of  trade.  But  custom  can 
never  make  wrong  right;  and  in  the  practice  of  such  acts  it  were  unavailing  to  refer 
for  justification  to  the  course  of  others.  To  sustain  a  good  OHAaAorsR,  therefore,  the 
man  of  business  must  be  unyielding  in  his  opposition  to  everything  wrong,  whether 
contrary  to,  or  in  accordance  with,  the  rules  tolerated  by  custom  or  common  permis- 
sion. 

COUNTINO-ROOM  EDUCATION. 

In  looking  over  the  life  of  Alexander  EEamilton,  by  Dr.  Renwick,  says  our  cotem- 
porary  of  the  Philadelphia  Merclutnt,  we  were  struck  with  a  just  acknowledgment 
made  by  the  distinguished  writer  respecting  the  influence  of  counting-room  education. 
It  is  seldom  that  literary  men  have  a  favorable  word  to  say  of  tlie  initiatory  depart- 
ment of  mercantile  life,  and  all  who  have  read  the  introduction  to  Hawthorne's 
**  Scarlet  Letter,"  have  met  a  good  specimen  of  the  severity  with  which  day-bouk  and 
ledger  life  can  be  treated,  as  though  it  were  adverse  to  everything  dignifying  and 
noble.  But  in  the  Life  of  Hamilton,  by  Dr.  Renwick,  we  have  an  admission  no  less 
remarkable  than  just  It  appears  that  in  early  age  Hamilton's  father  became  embar* 
rassed  in  his  pecuniary  matters,  and  the  son  looked  about  him  for  self-maintenance. 
A  situation  was  secured  for  him  in  a  commercial  house  in  St.  Oroix,  and  he  entered 
the  counting-room  of  an  eminent  merchant 

He  advanced  so  rapidly  in  the  acquirement  of  the  knowledge  of  business  affairs  and 
the  tact  of  ^ood  management,  that  while  very  young  most  important  trusts  were  com- 
mitted to  his  keeping.  But  mercantile  affairs  did  not  suit  him,  and  those  fine  abilities 
which  he  afterwards  displayed  were  permitted  to  find  a  fitting  sphere  of  rapid  de- 
velopment Means  to  pursue  classical  studies  were  furnished  him,  and  the  world 
knows  that  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  influential  minds  of  America  was  that  of  Alex- 
ander Hamilton.    Dr.  Renwick  says : — 

**  We  cannot,  however,  but  consider  his  early  introduction  to  the  business  of  a 
counting-house  as  having  a  favorable  influence  on  his  subsequent  career.  The  habits 
of  order  and  regularity  in  a  well-conducted  commercial  establishment  are  never 
forgotten,  and  are  applicable  to  every  possible  pursuit  Nor  is  the  exercise  of  mer^ 
oantUe  correspondence  without  its  value  in  a  literary  point  of  view.  To  those  with 
little  previous  education,  or  who  have  nut  an  opportunity  of  improving  themselves 
afterward,  this  exercise  may  communicate  no  elegance  of  style,  but  where  the  use  of 
language  has  once  been  attained,  the  compression  of  thought  and  conciseness  of  ex* 
presdon  on  which  merchants  pride  themselves,  give  a  terseness  and  precision  of  di&> 
tion  which  those  educated  in  any  other  prolession  can  rarely  equaL" 


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392  Mercantile  Miscellanies, 

Now  this  18  high  praise,  coming  as  it  did  from  within  the  walls  of  a  college.  It  is 
a  broad  view  of  counting-room  education,  and  suggests  many  ideas  that  it  would  be 
well  to  dwell  upon.  Too  many  minds,  especially  those  inclined  to  literary  porsoitB, 
regard  the  counting-room  merely  as  a  sort  of  magician's  retreat,  where  the  art  of 
changing  the  dollar  into  a  double  eagle  is  taught  and  learned — where  the  faculties  of 
the  mind  are  trained  into  a  sort  of  dray-horse  business,  and  what  is  learned  there  has 
to  them  no  more  connection  with  any  other  portion  of  life  than  the  blotter  has  with 
the  prayer-book.  They  see  the  clerk,  his  pen  and  ink,  his  invoices  and  his  books,  his 
letters,  and  they  deem  the  copying-pre»s  a  capital  invention  to  break  up  the  monotony 
of  the  pen-and-ink  life  of  the  poor  drudge.  As  to  the  training  of  the  faculties,  the  de- 
veloptoent  of  habits  of  order  and  regularity,  the  stern  discipline  of  the  moral  fwwers, 
the  aids  afforded  to  induce  a  ready,  clear,  concise  expression  of  what  must  be  said,  and 
kindred  matters— these  are  all  overlooked,  and  they  must  be  indebted  to  some  dis- 
cerning and  comprehensive  mind  for  any  means  of  seeing  how  a  counting-room  educa- 
tion may  exert  a  "favorable  influence**  on  any  subsequent  career.  We  have  frequently 
been  struck  with  the  rapid  advances  made  by  those  who  have  left  mercantile  life  fcr 
the  bar  or  the  pulpit,  attributable  only  to  the  tact  by  which  they  were  able  to  seise 
opportunities  promptly — tact  developed  in  the  counting-room,  where  emergencies 
sometimes  stir  a  man*8  soul  as  no  college  examination  or  trial  sermon  ever  roused  up 
human  nature. 

Much  of  the  results  of  which  we  have  been  speaking  depends  on  the  aims  with  which 
the  counting-room  is  entered  by  the  young  man.  If  the  young  man  goes  in  as  to  a 
treadmill,  only  a  treadmill  will  he  find.  He  will  shirk  everything  beyond  the  simplest 
routine  of  prescribed  duties.  The  boundary  of  his  vision  will  be  exceedingly  limited ; 
and  instead  of  seeing  in  him  the  promise  of  the  intelligent,  influential,  and  honored 
merchant,  you  behold  almost  certain  evidence  that  he  will  never  attain  to  anything 
beyond  the  narrowest  conception  of  mercantile  life,  and  will  furnish  a  good  model  for 
the  satirist  who  hates  everything  like  Commerce,  because  it  suggests  the  possession  of 
money,  which  he  has  not. 

It  is  a  good  sign  of  the  times  that  so  increased  and  improved  have  become  the  fa- 
cilities for  preparatory  commercial  education.  Commercial  institutes  and  colleges  are 
increasing  m  all  our  large  cities.  In  these  the  young  man  finds  his  ideas  of  counting- 
room  life  radically  changed.  He  discovers  that  the  more  accomplishments  he  can 
carry  to  the  desk,  the  better  the  promises  of  true  success ;  and  instead  of  the  old  no- 
tion of  confining  attention  to  book-keeping  and  penmanship,  we  have  now,  in  these 
educational  establishments,  professors  and  lecturers  on  commercial  geography,  com- 
mercial law,  political  science,  Ac,  and  such  an  education  is  imported  as  impresses  the 
student  with  the  great  fact  that  no  enlargement  of  his  mental  acquirements  can  fail 
to  be  of  use  to  him  in  the  long  run  of  mercantile  life.  We  are  beginning  to  bring  back 
the  agcient  idea  of  the  merchant  when  he  was  deemed  the  paragon  of  accomplish- 
ments, furnished  with  all  forms  of  knowledge,  and  holding  himself  bound  to  acquit 
himself  nobly  not  only  in  possessing  a  comprfjhensive  knowledge  of  the  little  world 
about  him,  but  also  of  the  greater  world,  with  all  its  diversities,  bringing  from  afar 
knowledge  that  poured  the  best  light  on  things  near. 

Every  day  the  ideal  of  the  true  merchant  is  increasing  in  dignity  and  attraction. 
The  "  almighty  dollar  '*  is  no  symbol  of  him ;  but  treaties,  laws,  courtesies,  and  ameni- 
ties, binding  discordant  nations  and  peoples  in  bands  of  amity,  makins?  the  int^resta  of 
Commerce  far  better  for  man's  regard  than  the  fortunes  of  war.  And  however  we  be- 
hold the  confusion  of  war  now  impeding  the  progress  of  mankind,  it  is  to  the  merchant 
that  we  owe  the  most  potential  influence  to  preserve  peace  where  it  is  now  enjoyed, 
and  to  hasten  the  end  oi  wars  where  they  are  raging. 


STICK  TO  A  LEGITIMATE  BUSINESS. 

Well  directed  energy  and  enterprise,  says  the  Merchant,  are  the  life  of  American 
progress,  but  if  there  is  oue  lesson  taught  more  plainly  than  others  by  the  great  iail- 
ures  of  late,  it  is,  "  safety  lies  in  sticking  to  a  legitimate  business.**  No  mao — mer- 
diant,  trader,  or  banker — has  any  moral  right  to  be  so  energetic  and  enterprising  as 
to  take  from  his  legitimate  business  the  capital  which  it  requires  to  meet  any  emer- 
gency. When  a  crowd  of  creditors  stand  vainly  waiting  for  their  dues,  it  is  little  com- 
fort to  them  to  be  told  **  Well,  one  thing  must  be  remembered,  and  that  is,  the  money 
has  been  wide  spread  to  aid  important  enterprises  1**    The  old  maxim — *'  Bejutt  be- 


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Mercantile  Miscellanies,  393 

fore  yon  are  generous  "—comes  up  at  snch  times  "with  great  force,  and  the  creditor 
naturally  asks,  "  What  right  had  this  bouse  to  be  enterprising  with  my  money  outside 
of  thei|  legitimate  business  ?** 

Apologies  are  sometimes  made  for  firms  who  have  failed  by  recurring  to  the  im- 
portant experiments  they  have  aided,  and  the  unnumbered  fields  of  enterprise  where 
they  have  freely  scattered  their  money.  We  are  told  that  individual  losses  sustained 
by  tbose  failures  will  be  as  nothing  compared  with  the  benefits  conferred  on  the  com- 
munity by  their  liberality  in  contributing  to  every  public  work.  We  do  not  see  the 
force  of  this  reasoning.  A  man*8  relations  to  a  creditor  are  vastly  different  from  his 
relations  to  what  is  called  "  the  public"  The  demands  of  the  one  are  de6nite,  the 
claims  of  the  other  are  just  what  the  ambition  of  the  man  may  make  them ;  and  it  is 
DO  excuse  for  any  house  in  their  time  of  failure  to  set  up  as  an  apology  that  in  serving 
"the  public"  they  have  wronged  individuals. 

The  histories  of  honorably  successful  business  men  unite  to  exalt  the  importance  of 
sticking  to  a  legitimate  business;  and  it  is  most  instructive  to  see  that,  in  the  greater 
portion  of  the  failures  which  we  are  permitted  to  analyze,  the  real  cause  of  diftaster 
was  the  branching  out  beyond  a  legitimate  business  in  the  taking  hold  of  this  and  that 
tempting  offer,  and  for  the  sake  of  some  great  gain  venturing  where  they  did  not 
know  the  ground,  and  could  not  know  the  pit-falb.  They  would  have  escaped  all 
this  had  they  kept  to  operations  within  the  field  of  their  legitimate  business ;  or  should 
they  fail  in  some  time  of  sudden  and  stem  trial,  it  will  be  to  their  honor  to  be  able  to 
say,  "  We  have  lost  by  the  vicissitudes  of  trade,  and  not  by  rash  and  foolish  attempts 
to  play  a  side  game." 

The  lesson  of  the  times  is — stick  to  a  legitimate  business.  Concentrate  attention, 
abilitiesC  operations  there ;  and  bridle  those  imaginings  which  send  fancy  abroad  to 
gather  false  promises  and  lure  to  ruiu. 

AN  EXTENSIVE  LIVERPOOL  MERCHANT. 

The  editor  of  the  Pennsylvania  Inquirer^  Philadelphia,  publishes  the  annexed  fig- 

m^s,  bhowing  the  operations  of  James  MoHsNar,  of  Liverpool,  for  a  single  year,  viz.: 

from  September,  1858,  to  September,  1854— or  rather,  the  imports  by  that  house 

from  the  United  States  during  the  time  specified.    The  aggregates  are  as  follows : — 

Bacon,  in  bulk cwt.  '7,731 

Haras hhds.  198 

Lard tierces  '7,187 


Cotton bales  59,140 

Flour bbls.  848,871 

Wheat busk  424,188 

Indian  corn 1,066,071 

Indian  meal bbls.  1 2,442 

Bacon boxes  81,230 

Bacon  ....    hhds.  865 


Lard bbls.  7,923 

Lard kegs  160 

Beef tierces  7,441 

Pork «..bbl8.  1,669 


In  addition,  large  quantities  of  other  American  products,  amounting  in  value  to 
many  millions  of  dollars.  Not  a  dollar  of  the  immense  totals  has  been  lost  to  the 
American  shippers — and  although  Mr.  McHenry  was  compelled,  temporarily,  to  sus- 
pend in  consequence  of  the  defalcation  of  other  parties,  we  are  glad  to  learn  that  he 
has  recommenced  business  without  the  slightest  loss  of  character,  and  under  the  most 
&vorab]e  auspices. 

The //i^iurer  adds:  "We  have  enjoyed  his  acquaintance  for  upwards  of  twenty 
years,  and  we  never  ^new  a  more  honorable  man,  or  one  of  more  rectitude  and  cor- 
rectness in  his  dealings.  We  bear  this  testimony  with  especial  pleasure,  and  with  the 
fullest  confidence.  He  has  our  best  wbbes  for  a  long  and  happy  life,  and  a  truly 
prosperous  career.  He  is  yet  young,  active,  and  vigorous — and  although  his  character 
has  been  submitted  to  a  fiery  ordeal,  it  has  stood  the  test  in  triumph  and  without  a 
spot  or  blemish." 


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894  Mercantile  MieceUaniee. 

THE  GlNADIAir  RECIPROCITT  TftEATT. 

The  Oswega  7%mes  says  no  class  of  our  citizens  will  probably  derive  greater  bene- 
fits from  reciprocal  free  trade  than  our  millers.  To  say  nothing  of  the  OAnadiaa 
wheat  crop,  the  removal  of  the  twenty  per  cent  duty  opens  to  them  the  flour  markets 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  which  are  frequently  better  than  the  Eastern  markets  of  the 
seaboard,  as  has  been  the  case  the  present  season.  Most  of  the  flour  manufactured 
here  is  now  being  shipped  to  Montreal  and  Quebec,  their  market  being  better  than 
the  New  York  market  This  will  not  always  be  the  case  when  prices  are  reduced  to 
the  export  value ;  but  the  large  consumption  of  the  Lower  provinces,  which  buy  most 
of  their  breadstuff^,  will  alv^ays  give  importance  to  the  markets  of  the  St  Lawrence. 


COPPER  ORE  AND  C0TT05 :  DAATOEROUS  FREIGHT. 

The  ship  Georgia,  says  the  Liverpool  Albion^  from  Savannah,  arrived  at  Liverpool 
on  the  8th  of  June,  brought  some  cupper  ore  in  cases,  which  proves  to  .be  an  exceed* 
ingly  dangerous  cargo,  for  so  great  was  the  heat  evolved  during  the  passage,  from  the 
sulphur  contained  in  the  ore,  that  some  of  the  cases  were  taken  out  of  the  ship  com* 
pletely  charred,  the  lids  being  a  mass  of  charcoal ;  while  the  cotton  stowed  imme- 
diately above  them  was  partially  burnt,  and  when  landed  from  the  ship  was  so  much 
heated  as  to  make  it  painful  for  a  man  to  thrust  his  hands  into  the  bales.  We  believe 
the  copper  ore  from  Adelaide,  continues  the  Albiofit  when  first  shipped  to  England, 
was  of  a  similarly  daogerous  character,  till  means  were  taken  to  destroy  the  pulphor 
by  roasting  the  ore.  In  its  present  state,  the  ore  from  the  mines  of  Georgia  is  not  fit 
to  be  brought  across  the  Atlantic,  and  must  undergo  a  process  similar  to  that  of  the 
Australian  ore  to  remove  all  danger  fr^m  it.  ^ 


COMMERCIAL  TAUJE  OF  GIRLS  IBT  CHI5A. 

The  Charleston  Mercury  ^ays  the  present  condition  of  China  is  a  melancholy  de- 
monstration of  what  conservatism  may  do  for  a  family.  The  lowest  rung  on  the  social 
ladder  is  occupied  by  the  oldest  living  nation — a  nation  that  claims  to  be  the  only 
civilized.  The  poorer  classes  in  ita  neighborhood  of  Hong  Kong  are  selling  their 
children  for  twenty  four  cents  each.  This  price  applies  to  girls  of  seven  to  ten  years, 
and  the  purchaser  must  take  them  away  at  once  and  support  them.  They  are  chiefly 
employed  as  servants.  01  er  girls  beiog  more — or,  to  speak  commercially, "  we  quote 
girls  from  seven  to  ten  years  at  twenty-five  cents ;  ten  to  fifteen  years,  one  dc41ar. 
Fifteen  to  twenty  years  are  more  in  deoiaud,  and  cannot  be  had  under  seventy  to  one 
hundred  dollars.*' 


THE  MERCHANT'S  CLERK. 

Too  seldom  is  this  impo  <ant  character  do  ced  with  the  honor  that  is  due  him. 
He  is  to  business  what  the  wife  is  to  the  order  and  success  of  home — the  genius 
that  gives  form  and  fashion  to  the  materials  for  prosperity  which  are  furnished  by 
another. 

Wealth  descends  best  when  it  falls  into  the  hands  of  the  merchant's  son  who  has 
been  also  his  clerk,  for  thus  received  riches  are  made  the  instruments  of  enterpriaa 
and  public  good,  instead  of  dissipation,  evil  example,  and  ruin.  There  is  no  such  rel- 
ish in  expr  nditure  as  that  which  comes  from  the  consciousness  of  having  had  an  hoc- 
o:  able  part  in  the  acquisition. 


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3%«  Book  Trade.  396 


THE  BOOK  TRADE. 


1. — A  7VeatU0  on  Pneumatie$;  being  the  Physics  of  Ghues,  iDcladiDg  Vapors.  Il- 
lustrated by  numeroQs  fioe  Wood  EngraTiogs.  By  Martih  H.  Boyle,  M.  D.,  A.  M., 
Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  and  Chemistry  in  the  Ceotral  High  School  of  Phil- 
adelphia, Member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  <&&,  <£c  8vo.»  pp.  123. 
Philadelphia:  E.  A  0.  Biddle. 

The  frequent  inquiries  made  in  regard  to  the  principles,  Farious  constructions,  and 
Diodes  of  using  the  different  meteorological  instruments,  which  come  within  the  sub- 
ject treated  of  in  this  comprehensive  little  volume,  and  increasing  interest  felt  in  the 
material,  natural,  or  physical  sciences,  induced  the  author  to  prepare  the  present  work. 
It  contains  a  full  description  of  the  difi^rent  air-pumps,  and  the  seyeral  experiments 
which  may  be  formed  by  them ;  also,  the  different  barometers,  pressure  gauges,  hy- 
drometers, and  other  meteorological  instruments,  explaining  the  principles  on  which 
they  act,  as  well  as  the  modes  of  using  such  instruments.  The  work  is  systematically 
arranged,  and  the  explanations  appear  to  be  clear,  full,  and  intelligible.  A  series  of 
tables  for  the  use  of  the  different  instruments  is  added.  The  volume  contains  uomer- 
0O8  appropriate  wood-cut  iHustrations,  made  expressly  for  the  work,  many  of  them 
entirely  original  The  work  supplies  a  gap  in  scientific  literature  which  has  been  much 
wanted. 

2. — An  American  among  the  Orientals;  including  an  Audience  with  the  Sultan,  and 
a  Visit  to  the  interior  of  a  Turkish  Harem.  By  Jambs  E.  P.  Boulden,  M.  D.  12ma, 
pp.  178.    PhiUdelphia:  Lindsay  <fe  Blakiston. 

It  is  well  remarked  by  the  unassuming  author,  in  his  brief  and  pertinent  preface, 
that  the  novel  characteristics  of  the  Turks,  theur  singular  observances  and  beliefs,  and 
the  attitude  in  which  they  now  stand  before  the  world,  owing  to  the  complicated  con- 
dition of  the  Russo-Turkish  question,  involving  in  a  bloody  struggle,  not  only  Turkey 
and  Russia,  but  the  great  western  powers  of  Europe,  render  authentic  accounts  of 
their  manners  and  customs  peculiarly  interesting.  The  author  resided  several  months 
at  Constantinople,  and  appears  to  give  a  truthful  narrative  of  what  came  under  his 
own  observation,  rather  than  borrow  from  the  writings  of  former  tourists.  The  work 
is  written  in  a  pleasant  and  readable  style. 

8. — Mountains  and  Molehills;  or  Recollections  of  a  Burnt  Journal  By  Frank 
Marrtat,  author  of  the  **  Eastern  Archipelaga"  12mo.,  pp.  898.  New  York :  Har- 
per <fe  Brothers. 

The  author  was  in  California  some  two  years,  from  the  spring  of  1850  to  the  spring 
of  1852,  and  revisited  that  country  in  the  winter  following.  He  has  produced  an 
agreeably  written  and  vivacious  account  of  life  in  California,  the  journey  across  the 
Isthmus,  Ac  It  furnishes  entertainment  to  the  adventurous,  and  to  all  those  who 
wish  to  become  acquainted  with  the  state  of  society  in  California  at  the  time  of  the 
antbor's  visit  The  numerous  engravings  are  designed  to  portray  the  characteristics 
of  the  people. 

4. — Harper's  Story  Books,  A  Series  of  Narratives,  Dialogues,  Biographies,  and 
Tales,  for  the  Instruction  and  Entertainment  of  the  Toung.  By  Jacob  Abbott. 
Embellished  with  numerous  beautiful  Engravings. 

The  third  volume  of  "  Stories,'*  by  the  inimitable  Abbott,  the  most  successful,  in- 
structive, and  entertaining  writer  of  children's  books  in  our  day.  The  present  yolume 
contains  three  stories,  yiz. :  **  Virginia ;"  **  Tamboo  and  Joliba,  or  the  Art  of  being 
Useful;"  and  **Timboo  and  Fanny,  or  the  Art  of  Self  Instruction.**  The  books  are 
handsomely  printed  and  beautifully  illustrated  with  engravings  on  wood. 

5. — Harper's  Magazine,  YoX,  X^  December,  1854,  to  May,  1855.  8vo.,pp.  864.  New 

York :  Harper  <fe  Brothers. 

The  tenth  semi-annual  volume  of  this  popular  periodical  before  us,  will  not  lose  br 
comparison  with  any  that  have  preceded  it  The  volumes  already  published  furnish 
an  amount  and  variety  of  reading  that  could  scarcely  be  obtained  in  any  other  form 
for  the  same  outlay.  With  more  than  a  hundred  thousand  purchasers,  we  may  fairly 
estimate  that  it  has  at  least  one  million  monthly  readers. 


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806  The  Booh  Trade. 

6. — Cone  Cut  Comers;  the  Experiences  of  a  Coneervative  Family  in  Fanatical 
Times.  By  Bknault.  ISmo.,  pp.  456.  New  York :  Mason  <&  Brothers. 
The  pictures  of  New  England  life  exhibited  within  these  pages  are  remarkably 
vivid  and  faithful.  We  see  at  once,  in  the  portraitures  and  scenes  described,  a  sample 
of  many  a  village  in  our  midst — the  characters  invested  with  a  life-like  power.  "  El- 
der Grains,"  and  the  account  of  the  donation  party,  are  excellent  It  is  a  book  for  the 
times,  relating  to  a  prominent  subject  of  interest,  now  being  discussed,  and  ought  to 
have  a  wide  circulation  in  temperance  circles,  yet  there  are  other  moral  lessons  to  be 
learned  from  its  perusal  The  follies  of  fashionable  life,  and  the  foibles  incident  to 
obscure  villages,  are  naturally  depicted,  and  we  feel  that  people  who  lived  in  and 
came  from  the  city  to  "  Cone  Cut  Corners,"  are  a  £air  representation  of  many  a  New 
England  village.  The  story,  as  a  work  of  fiction,  has  great  merit,  but  the  greatest  in- 
terest lies  in  Uie  moral  mfluence  which  is  diffused,  so  skillfully  and  truthfully. 

7. — Mary  Lyndon  ;  or  Revelations  of  a  Life.    An  Autobiography.    ISmo.,  pp.  888 

New  York :  Stringer  &  Townsend. 

We  find  in  these  pages  the  honest  utterances  of  one  who  has  lived,  loved,  and  suf- 
fered. She  has  dared  to  record  her  experience  of  life,  and  reveal  her  wrongs,  with 
an  earnestness  and  depth  of  feeling  which  such  sufferings  only  could  prompt  The 
work  may  be  said  to  be  devoted  to  the  wrongs  of  women.  Many  may  not  agree  with 
some  ideas  expressed,  scill  none  can  gainsay  the  fact,  that  it  is  a  work  of  considerable 
merit,  and  written  with  an  intensity  of  purpose,  which  the  reader  will  perceive  in 
every  page.  The  author  appears  to  be  an  ultra-reformer,  and  her  criticisms  on  exist- 
ing  society  are  often  as  just  as  they  are  severe.  Some  important  truths  can  be  learned 
in  this  recital  of  wrongs,  although  we  are  not  prepared  to  receive  all  that  is  suggested, 
though  it  is  done  with  apparent  truth  and  honesty  of  purpose. 

S.—Doesticks—What  he  Savs.     By  Q.  K  Philandee  Doe8TICKb,  P.  B.     12mo.,  pp. 

880.    New  York:  Edwarcf  Livermore. 

The  humorous  sketches  of  Doesticks  which  have  widely  appeared  in  newspapersf 
together  with  many  that  have  not  before  been  published,  are  included  in  this  volume* 
The  style  of  the  author  is  original,  eccentric,  and  some  of  these  **  airy  nothings  "  are 
capital.  These  pieces  will  be  appreciated  by  the  good-natured  and  fun-loving,  and 
will  serve  to  dispel  the  clouds  that  hang  around  the  brow  of  the  sad  and  the  care- 
worn. "  A  New  Patent-Medicine  Operation,** "  Doesticks  on  a  Bender,"  "  Running  with 
the  Machine,"  "  Disappointed  Love,^'  "  Mysterious  Secrets  of  the  K.  N.V  "  Keeping 
the  Maine  Law,"  "The  Kentucky  Tavern,"  are  some  of  the  matters  treated  of.  Doe- 
sticks also  visits  the  Baby  Show  at  Bamum's.  The  volume  is  handsomely  printed  and 
illustrated. 
9. — Star  Papert ;  or  Experiences  of  Art  and  Nature.    By  Heney  Ward  Beechx&. 

l2mo.,  pp.  869.    New  York:  J.  C.  Derby.    Boston :  Phillips  &  Sampson. 

Many  are  familiar  with  these  papers,  all  having  been  published  in  the  Independent^ 
and  designated  by  a  star.  We  welcome  their  appearance  in  this  neat,  readable,  and 
attractive  form.  Some  of  the  articles  are  home  letters,  written  while  visiting  hbtoric 
places  in  Europe ;  most  of  the  other  pieces  were  sketched  during  vacation,  in  the  soli- 
tude of  the  country.  The  reader  cannot  but  enter  into  the  enthusiasm,  beauty,  and 
naturalness  of  the  scenes  which  Mr.  Beecher  has  described  in  his  own  masterly,  spur- 
ited,  and  original  style. 

10. —  Waikna  ;  or  Adventures  on  the  Mosquito  Shore.  By  Samuel  A.  Bard.  With 
Sixty  Illustrations.  12mo.,  pp.  866.  New  York :  Harper  A  Brothers. 
This  is  a  readable  narrative  of  adventure  on  that  part  of  the  eastern  coast  of  Cen- 
tral America  known  as  the  Mosquito  Shore.  The  character  and  habits  of  the  people, 
and  the  scenery,  are  described,  and  the  artist  has  illustrated  the  descriptions  with 
spirited  engravings.  An  historical  sketch  of  the  Shore,  which  has  been  invested  with 
interest  on  account  of  the  controversy  between  Qreat  Britain  and  the  United  States 
concerning  it,  is  given  in  the  appendix. 

11.— /oy  and  Care :  A  Friendly  Book  for  Young  Mothers.     By  Mrs.  L.  0.  Tothill 

12mo.,  pp.  222.    New  York  :  Charles  Scribner. 

A  series  of  letters  and  answers,  being  the  correspondence  of  an  inexperienced  young 
mother  and  an  experienced  relative,  concerning  the  care  and  management  of  children. 
Written  in  an  offhand,  natural,  epistolary  style,  and  calculated  to  give  many  friendly 
and  useful  hints  which  can  be  made  practically  beneficiaL 


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12. — The  Six  Day$  of  Creation  ;  a  Series  of  Familiar  Letters  from  a  Father  to  his 
Children,  describing  the  Natural  History  of  each  day's  Mercies.  With  particular 
reference  to  the  illustration  of  Scriptural  Truth.  By  W.  G.  Rhind.  12mo.,  pp.  347. 
Philadelphia:  Parry  <b  McMillan. 

This  finely-printed  and  handsomely-Ulastrated  volume  purports  to  have  been  writ- 
ten by  one  whose  head  and  heart  were  full  of  one  **  great  thought " — **  salvation  through 
Christ  ** — whom  he  sees  in  all  his  works.  In  order  to  adapt  the  work  to  American 
readers,  certain  modifications  and  emend  ttions.with  additions,  have  been  made  by  th« 
American  editor.  The  work,  we  are  assured,  remains  entire.  Besides  the  steel- plate 
engravings,  illustrating  the  six  days  of  creation,  we  have  numerous  wood-cuts  of  the 
animals  supposed  to  have  been  created  during  the  six  days. 

18.— TTAicA:  the  Right  Way  or  the  Lefti  12mo.,  pp.  686.  New  York:  Gar- 
rett <fc  Co. 

The  difference  between  true  and  false  religion  is  ably  illustrated  in  this  work — an 
earnest  seal  for  the  right,  and  power  of  discriminating  good  from  evil  in  individuals 
and  society,  is  here  presented.  It  lays  bare  fashionable  religion,  and  exposes  many 
of  the  sins  in  business  life.  The  story  is  well  told,  the  incidents  and  scenes  naturally 
drawn.  We  think  the  moral  and  religious  tendency  of  the  book  excellent.  The  con- 
trasts of  character  are  striking  and  impressive,  and  while  it  interests  for  its  vivid  and 
life-like  portraitures,  it  will  have  its^  influence  for  the  great  truths  so  ably  and  ear- 
nestly set  forth  within  its  pages. 

14. — Pergonal  Recollections  of  the  Stage,  Embracing  Notices  of  Actors,  Authors, 
and  Auditors,  during  a  period  of  Forty  Years.  By  William  B.  Wood,  late  Director 
of  the  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Washington,  and  Alexandria  Theaters.  12mo.,  pp. 
477.    Philadelphia:  Henry  Carey  Baird. 

The  author  of  this  work,  now  seventy-six  years  of  age,  retired  from  the  stage  in 
November,  1846,  a  veteran  in  theatrical  life,  as  an  excellent  actor  and  able  manager. 
In  the  course  of  the  author's  professional  life  of  so  long  a  period,  occur  many  interest- 
ing reminiscences.  The  historical  sketch  of  those  theaters  with  which  Mr.  Wood  was 
connected  will  be  found  interesting  to  many  readers,  and  the  work  as  a  whole  is  a 
valuable  contribution  to  the  history  nf  the  American  stage. 

16. — Abridgement  of  the  History  of  England.  By  John  Lingard.  With  continuation 
from  1688  to  the'Reign  of  Queen  Victoria.  Bv  James  Burkb,  Efq.,  A.  B.,  to  which 
is  added  Original  Notes  with  Questions.  By  M.  J.  Kxrnet,  jL  M.  12 mo.,  pp.  693. 
Baltimore :  John  Murphy  <fe  Co. 

This  abridgement  of  the  celebrated  history  of  Lingard  appears  to  contain  the  im- 
portant and  most  interesting  portions  of  the  original  work.  The  continuation  com- 
prises a  period  of  deep  interest  in  England's  history.  The  abstract  of  geography  of 
England  in  Saxon  times,  the  list  of  eminent  men,  natives  of  that  country,  and  the 
marginal  notes,  are  useful  features  of  the  work.  There  is,  too,  a  sketch  of  the  British 
Constitution. 

16. — The  ArtuCe  and  Tradesman's  Companion,*  With  Illustrations.  Compiled  by  M. 
LAPArsTTB  Byrn.  M.  D..  author  of  the  **  Complete  Practical  Brewer,"  "  The  Com- 
plete Practical  Distiller,"  Ac,  Ac.  12mo.,  pp.  214.  New  York  :  Stringer  A  Town- 
send.* 

This  volume  contains  information  on  the  manufacture  and  application  of  varnishes 
to  painting  and  other  branches  of  art ;  instructions  for  working  enamel,  foil,  and  in 
the  art  of  glazing,  imitation  of  gold  color,  tortoise  shell,  marble,  and  the  art  of  stain- 
ing wood  and  metal,  imitation  of  fancy  woods,  granite,  precious  stones,  silver,  brass, 
and  copper,  house  and  carriage  painting,  and  other  matters  relating  to  the  arts — the 
whole  presented  in  a  simplified  manner. 

Vl. —Harper  ds  Brother^  Book  List,  With  an  Index  and  Classified  Table  of  Contents. 

12mo.,  pp.  186.    New  York:  Harper  A  Brothers. 

Copies  of  the  several  works  named  in  this  catalogue  would  form  a  most  valuable 
library,  embracing  in  its  range  nearly  every  department  of  literature  and  science.  In 
history,  biography,  voyages  and  travels,  theology,  art,  science,  and  general  literature, 
the  collection  is  quite  complete.  The  Harpers  are  n(»t  only  the  most  extensive  pub- 
lishers in  the  world,  but  the  most  varied  and  general.  They  are  not  confined  to  any 
•ingle  class  of  publications,  but  range  over  the  whole  universe  of  subjects,  illustrating 
in  their  long  and  successful  career  that  **  to  the  making  of  books  there  is  no  end." 


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IS.—The  Eicaped  Kvn  ;  or  Disclosures  of  CoDvent  Life,  and  the  OoDfessions  of  a 
Sister  of  Charity.  12mo.,  pp.  S44.  New  York:  De  Wilt  A  Dayeoport 
This  book  purports  to  have  been  written  bj  a  nun,  who  entered  a  convent  and  took 
upon  herself  the  usual  oaths  reluctantly,  and  with  a  thorough  distaste  for  the  claims 
which  Buch  an  institution  has  upon  its  members.  She  professes  to  give  a  more  minute 
detail  of  their  inner  life,  and  a  Dolder  revelation  of  the  mysteries  and  secrets  of  nun- 
neries, than  have  ever  before  been  submitted  to  the  American  public.  Beeides  the 
history  of  the  author,  the  book  contains  the  history  of  the  Orphan  Nun  of  Capri — 
also  confepsions  of  a  Sister  of  Charity.  Although  we  have  no  predilection  for  con- 
vent life,  and  this  book  records  many  startling  immoralities  which  might  be  transacted 
within  its  walls,  still  we  cannot  take  this  experience  as  a  criterion  of  the  life  of  a  Sis- 
ter of  Charity,  or  a  just  view  of  the  government  of  such  communities. 

19. — London  Art  Journal /or  JWy,  1866.    New  York:  Virtue,  Emmons  &  Co. 

The  three  quarto  steel  engravings  given  in  this  number  are,  **  The  Princess  Amelia/* 
from  the  picture  by  Sir  T.  Lawrence  in  the  Royal  Collection,  painted  m  1792.  This 
is  in  the  artiflt*s  best  style,  **  playful  in  fancy  and  sweet  in  expression.**  The  second 
plate,  the  *'  Gate  of  the  Metwaleys,  Cairo,"  from  a  painting  in  the  Royal  Collection  by 
D.  Roberts,  is  a  good  picture.  The  third  is  *'  Hope,"  from  the  bas-relief  by  J.  Gibson, 
R.  A.,  a  beautiful  work  of  art  Hope  is  symbolized  as  one  of  the  Christian  virtues. 
A  few  psges  of  engravings  of  works  in  the  Paris  exhibition  are  given,  paged  separate 
from  the  journal.  There  are  twenty- two  articles  on  art  and  art  literature  in  this  num- 
ber, interspersed  with  fine  wood  engravings.  We  are  pleased  to  learn  that  the  circu- 
lation of  this  work  in  this  country  is  increased  with  the  issue  of  every  new  number. 
It  b  well  worthy  the  most  liberal  support. 

20. — Peeps  from  a  Belfry ;  or  the  Pariah  Sketch-Book.  By  Rev.  F.  W,  Shiltow, 
author  of  the  "Rector  of  St.  Bardolph's,"  "Salander,"  etc.  12mo.,  pp.  294.  New 
York :  Charles  Scribner. 

Interesting  reminiscences  in  the  experience  of  a  pastor,  written  in  a  simple  and  ge- 
nial style,  and  with  a  great  deal  of  quiet  humor.  Some  of  the  sketches  are  very 
amusing,  particularly  •*  Father  Boyle,  or  the  Danger  of  Pulling  Down  High  Churdi 
Steeples,"  the  "  Square  Pew,**  etc  Other  incidents  are  marked  with  a  sweetness  and 
pathos  which  are  peculiarly  attractive,  and  will  win  the  admiration  of  many  a  reader. 
Among  those,  we  would  refer  to  the  chapters,  **  A  Burial  among  the  Mountains,"  "  The 
Child's  Funeral,"  "  The  Heart  of  Adamant,"  all  simply  and  touchingly  related. 

21.— The  Missing  Bride;  or  Miriam  the  Avenger.  By  Mrs.  EinfA  D.  E.  N.  South- 
worth,  author  of  the  "  Lost  Heiress,"  the  **  Wife's  Victory,"  etc  12mo.,  pp.  686. 
Philadelphia:  T.  B.  Peterson. 

Mrs.  Southworth  has  a  wide  reputation  as  a  novelist  Many  of  her  works  have 
had  an  extensive  sale,  and  have  been  so  much  read  that  whatever  comes  from  her  pen 
is  eagerly  sought  for  by  thoee  who  apj^reciate  her  writings.  The  scenes  of  this  work 
are  founded  on  fact,  and  are  portrayed  with  much  vigor  and  naturalness.  In  all  her 
works,  we  find  that  she  has  a  just  appreciation  of  human  nature,  and  her  descriptive 
powers  are  excellent  This  story  may  be  commended  for  its  high  moral  tone,  as  well 
as  for  its  beauty  and  originality  of  style. 

22. — Panama  in  1866.    An  Account  of  the  Panama  Railroad,  of  the  Cities  of  Pana- 
ma and  Aspinwall ;  with  Sketches  of  Life  and  Character  on  the  Isthmus.    By  Roa- 
■RT  Tomes.    18rao.,  pp.  246.    New  York:  Harper  A  Brothers. 
The  author  of  this  book  went  out  as  an  invited  guest  of  the  Panama  Railroad  Com- 

ain  January,  1866,  and  resided  on  the  Isthmus  a  short  time.  He  has  written  a 
that  will  no  doubt  be  useful  to  the  traveler,  and  instructive  to  those  interested 
in  the  commercial  development  of  the  Isthmus  under  the  auspices  of  the  Panama 
Railroad.  The  writer's  picturesque  descriptions  and  lively  sketches  will  render  the 
book  acceptable  to  the  general  reader.  It  contains  a  map  of  the  railroad  and  a  nom- 
ber  of  appropriate  illustrations. 

28. — Principles  of  the  Revolution :  showing  the  Perversion  of  them,  and  the  conse- 
quent Failure  of  their  Accomplishment    By  Joshua  P.  Blanohard.  Boston :    Dan^- 
rell  <b  Moore.     1866. 
An  aged  Boston  philanthropist  has  thus  ^iven  the  world  a  sad  contrast  of  oar 

country's  promise  with  her  performance ;  its  ability  demands  notice;  its  spirit  deserves 

eulogy ;  its  conclusions  are  too  gloomy  to  be  readily  accepted. 


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24.— 2TI«  Law  of  C<mttact9.  By  Thxofhilus  Parsons.  8  vols.  Boston :  LitUe 
Brown  A  Ca 

If  merchants  would  take  pains  to  familiarize  themselves  with  the  leading  principles 
of  commercial  law,  they  might  often  save  themselves  from  heavy  losses,  and  iiitener 
still  from  heavy  law  expenses  incurred  in  defending  their  rights;  and  if  any  merchant 
is  disposed  to  try  the  experiment,  he  will  find  Parsons  on  Contracts  an  excellent  work 
of  study  and  reference.  It  is  a  reliable  authority,  is  unusually  full  and  comprehensive 
in  its  view  of  the  subject,  and  is  written  in  a  clear,  lucid  style,  by  no  means  always 
to  be  found  in  law  books.  Moreover,  the  non  professional  reader  is  not  bewildered  by 
the  contradictory  quotations  from  authorities,  with  which  professional  treatises  are 
commonly  to  a  great  extent  filled.  These  are  confined  to  the  foot-notes.  In  the  text 
he  will  find  simply  a  plain,  straightforward,  intelligible  statement  of  the  law  as  It 
stands,  on  each  topic  under  consideration.  Volume  first  of  this  work  was  published 
about  two  years  since^  and  has  become  the  standard  work  upon  the  subject  of  con- 
tracts with  the  legal  profession.  Volume  second,  which  completes  the  work,  is  just 
published.    A  work  on  "  Commercial  Law,"  by  the  same  author,  is  announced. 

26. — Land,  Lahor^  and  Oold;  or  Two  Years  in  Victoria,  with  Visits  to  Sydney  and 
Van  Dieman*s  Land.  By  William  Howitt.  2  vols.,  12mo.,  pp.  440  and  426.  Bos- 
ton :  Ticknor  &  Fields. 

We  have  abundant  evidence  in  the  volumes  before  us  that  Mr.  Howitt's  two  years 
in  Victoria,  and  his  visits  to  other  lands,  were  not  unprofitable.  The  information  is  of 
the  most  varied  character,  just  such  as  every  emigrant  would  desire  to  possess,  and  it 
is  conveyed  in  a  pleasant  and  familiar  style.  The  condition  of  the  British  Australian 
Colonies  is  described  by  the  writer  as  singular  and  anomalous  beyond  conception,  and 
what  is  not  the  less  extraordinary  is,  that  it  is  almost  totally  unknown  either  in  Eng- 
land or  the  United  States.  We  commend  the  work  particularly  to  merchants  in  the 
United  States,  who  have  commercial  intercourse  with  these  colonies,  and  the  states- 
man and  politician,  who  would  study  the  philosophy  of  ''  land,  labor,  and  gold."  The 
handsome  style  in  which  the  work  is  published  adds  not  a  little  to  its  attractions. 

2(J.— C/«?«  Hall    By  the  author  of  "  Amy  Herbert,"  *'  The  Experience  of  Life,"  etc 

12mo,  pp.  485.    New  York :  D.  Appleton  <b  Co. 

Those  who  have  read  Miss  Sewell's  former  works  will  welcome  this,  and  those  who 
have  not  read  them,  will,  in  a  perusal  of  Cleve  Hall,  get  an  insight  into  the  pure  and 
fascinating  style  which  characterizes  her  writings.  The  present  story  is  not  behind  any 
of  the  others  in  the  refined,  moral,  and  religious  sentiments  which  are  inculcated. 
Each  character— whether  base,  mean,  noble,  or  beautiful — is  delineated  with  a  view 
to  a  beneficial  moral  tendency.  Roland  is  finely  represented,  and  indeed  many  others, 
showing  what  changes  can  be  made  in  characters,  where  there  is  a  true  aim,  and  life 
is  consecrated  to  a  noble  purpose.  The  scenes  are  well  sustained  and  vividly  pre- 
sented ;  the  interest  is  kept  unflagging  to  the  end. 

27. — Le  Cure  Manqtte  ;  or  Social  and  Religious  Customs  io  France.  By  EuoEm  Di 
CouROJLLON.  12mo.,  pp.  255.  New  York:  Harper  A  Brothers. 
There  is  much  to  interest  the  reader  in  this  volume.  It  is  a  good  story,  besides  be- 
ing a  sketch  of  travel ;  and  one  will  be  led  not  only  about  the  metropolis,  but  into 
the  rural  di^itricts,  where  French  life,  with  its  social  and  religious  manners  and  cus- 
toms, is  faithfully  represented.  The  writer  shows  the  influence  of  Romanism  upon 
the  humbler  classes,  who  still  cling  to  the  old  usages  and  superstitions  which  have 
been  di^rarded  by  the  more  enlightened  people ;  that  when  this  religion  is  received 
as  the  priests  would  have  it  received,  it  has  a  tendency  to  keep  them  ignorant  and 
superstitious.  The  author  draws  his  convictions  from  his  own  experience, having  been 
bmn  and  reared  in  the  provinces. 

28. — Putnam*8  Monthly :  a  Magazine  of  American  Literature,  Science,  and  Art  VoL 
v.,  January  to  July,  1865.  Svo.,  pp.  668.  New  York :  Dii  ib  Edwards. 
The  volume  before  us  completes  the  fifth  semi  annual  issues  of  this  truly  American 
serial  Under  the  auspices  of  that  accomplished  publisher,  George  P.  Putnam,  it  ac- 
quired a  reputation  and  a  popularity  as  just  as  it  was  deserved,  and  its  value  and  in- 
terest hai<  not  been  diminished  in  the  least  since  it  has  passed  into  the  hands  of  its 
present  liberal  and  enterprising  publbhers.  The  best  talent  in  the  country  has  been 
enlisted  in  its  support,  and  it  numbers  among  the  contributors  to  i(^  pages  many  of 
the  best  names  of  our  American  literature. 


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29.— The  CfDoherty  Papers.  By  the  late  William  Maoimn,  LL.  D.  Annotated  by 
Dr.  S HELTON  Mackenzie,  editor  of  "  Sbiel's  Sketches  of  the  Irish  Bar,"  **  The  Noctea 
Ambrosianas,"  etc  2  vols.,  12mo.,  pp.  874  and  888.  New  York:  J.  S.  Redfield. 
Dr.  Maginn,  well  known  as  the  Sir  Morgan  O'Dohertj  of  Black wood^s  Magazine, 
and  as  the  leading  contributor  fur  many  years  to  Fraser*/!  and  other  periodicals  of  note, 
may  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  popular  magazine  writers  of  bis  time.  The  com- 
bined learning,  wit,  eloquence,  eccentncity,  and  hamor  of  Maginn,  obtained  for  him, 
long  before  his  death,  (iu  1848,)  the  title  of  *'The  Modem  Rabelais."  His  magazine 
articles  possess  extraordinary  merit  He  had  the  art  of  putting  a  Fast  quantity  of 
animal  spirits  upon  paper,  but  his  graver  articles — which  contain  sound  and  serioua 
principles  of  criticism — are  earnest  and  well  reasoned.  The  present  collection  coa- 
tains  bis  Facetioe,  (in  a  variety  of  languages,)  Translations,  Travesties,  and  Original 
Poetry ;  also  his  prose  tales,  which  are  eminently  beautiful,  the  best  of  his  critical  ar- 
ticles, including  his  celebrated  Shakspeare  Papers,  and  his  Homeric  Ballads  The 
periodicals  in  which  he  wrote  have  been  ransacked*  from  **  Blackwood  "  to  "  Punch," 
and  the  result  is  the  two  volumes  of  great  interest  The  editorship  of  these  papera 
could  not  well  have  been  intrusted  to  better  hands,  or  a  more  discriminating  mind, 
than  Dr.  Mackenzie,  a  countryman  and  cotemporary  of  Dr.  Maginn.  The  biography 
of  the  latter  is  highly  creditable  to  the  scholarship  of  Dr.  Mackenzie,  the  aocomplished 
writer. 

80. — Speeches  and  Addresses,    By  Henbt  W.  Hilliaed.    Svo,  pp.  497.    New  York: 

Harper  <&  Brothers. 

The  twenty-eight  speeches  and  orations  contained  in  this  volume  were,  with  the  ez- 
•  ception  of  one  oration  on  Charles  OarroQ,  of  Carrollton,  delivered  in  1832.  spokea 
since  1838,  and  a  majority  of  them  m  the  National  House  of  Representatives,  of 
which  body  Mr.  Hilliard  was  an  able  and  prominent  member  for  many  years.  His 
speeches  in  the  House  are  upon  important  and  interesting  topics.  The  others  were 
delivered  either  in  bis  own  State  or  in  different  parts  of  the  Union.  Mr.  Hilliard  ia  a 
gentleman  of  excellent  judgment  and  broad  views,  and  his  graceful  productions  evince 
great  ability,  cultivation,  and  fine  scholarship.  We  have  perused  some  of  them  with 
much  gratification.  The  oration  delivered  before  the  citizens  of  Montgomery,  (Ala.,) 
on  the  "  Life  and  Character  of  Henry  Clay,"  is  a  discriminating  description  of  the 
*'  Man  of  Ashland  "  as  an  orator  and  statesman,  and  an  account  of  his  life,  services, 
and  principles,  and  a  beautiful  tribute  to  his  imperishable  fame.  **  Daniel  Webster: 
his  Life  and  Character,"  also  furnishes  a  theme  for  an  able  address  before  the  Literary 
Club  and  citizens  of  Montgomery. 

81. — History  of  the  Crusades;  their  Rise,  Progress,  and  Results.  By  Major  Peoo- 
TOE,  of  the  Royal  Military  Academy.  8vo.,  pp.  480.  Philadelphia :  Lindsay  A 
Blakiston. 

lliis  is  an  able  work  on  the  Crusades,  which  constituted  such  interesting  ebaptora 
in  the  worldW  annals.  When  at  this  time  four  of  the  great  powers  of  Europe  are  en- 
gaged in  war  from  a  misunderstanding  relative  to  the  Holy  Places  at  Jerusalem,  tfad 
mind  naturally  reverts  to  the  Holy  Wars  of  Palestine  during  Uie  Middle  Ages.  The 
work  is  written  in  a  vigorous,  entertaining  style.  The  American  editor  has  revned 
the  work,  and  made  some  additions.  There  are  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  beaatiliBl 
illustrations. 

82. — A  Visit  to  the  Camp  be/ore  SebastopoL    By  Rioqaed  C.  MoCoemick,  Je.,  of  New 

York.    12ma    New  York :  D.  Appleton  <&  Co.  ' 

The  author  visited  the  Crimea,  and  in  these  pages  describes  the  camp  of  the  Alltet 
and  the  interesting  localities  in  the  vicinity  of  the  besieged  city,  and  tells  us  of  many 
things  that  he  saw  and  heard.  The  volume  contains  a  number  of  map  and  illnstra- 
tion.>i»  which  will  contribute  to  impart  a  better  understanding  of  the  relative  locatiooa 
of  places,  the  positions  of  the  contending  armies,  and  the  appearance  of  the  surround- 
ing country. 

83. — Nanette  and  her  Lovers,    A  Tale  of  Normandy.    By  Talbot  G wtnmi.    12mo. 

pp.  818.    New  York:  Riker,  Thome  &,  Co. 

The  plot  of  this  tale  is  laid  at  the  time  of  the  French  Revolatioo,  and  many  of  the 
incidents  have  a  relation  to  the  political  affairs  of  that  stormy  period.  Nanette  is  aa 
interestmg  heroine,  and  the  events  of  her  life  are  simply  portrayed,  showing  that  cir^ 
cumstances,  beyond  which  we  have  no  control,  often  tend  to  the  rewurd  of  thoee  vho 
are  truly  good. 


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PIANO-FORTES. 

JACOB  GHIGKERING, 

300  WASHINGTON  SIRciET,  BOSTON, 

Has  recently  invented  new  machines  for  manufacturing  PI  A  NO- FORTES,  by  which 
be  w  able  to  make  trn^e  instruments  in  the  nooat  perfect  manner,  and  with  far  greater 
rapithty  than  thev  have  been  made  beretoftire.  He  has  spared  neither  labor  nor  ex- 
pense in  e8tahU>hing  one  of  the  first  i5TEA.M  MILLS  in  the  country  for  tht^ir  manu- 
facture, the  steam  used  affording  increased  facilities  for  the  seasitning  of  8tock,  which 
is  done  in  a  mo^t  thorough  manner.  He  is  now  able  to  supply  orders  at  wholesale  or 
retail.  Per^ns  wis^hiug  for  Pianofortes  of  the  Jirst  elans,  warranted  to  give  entire 
s^sfaction,  arc  invited  to  call  and  examine  his  instruments,  or  send  their  orders, 
wnirb  will  be  punctually  attended  ta 

British  Commercial  Life  Insurance  Company, 

LONDON   AND  AMERICA. 

OFFICE  No.  65  WALL  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 

ESTABLISHED  1826. 

Capital  $3,000,000,  with  a  Labge  Accumulated  Surplus, 

Alfw  York  i?^<jrfM— His  Excellency  Hamilton  Fish,  late  Governor  erf  the  State  of 
Kew  York ;  Anthony  Barclay,  Fsq^  H.  B.  M.  Ctwsul ;  Stephen  Whitney,  E^q ,  James 
6allatin«  E(>q,Sarauel  Wetmore.  E>q.,  Henry  Grinnell,  E»q.,  Hon.  Judge  Oampbell 
John  Cryder,  Emj^  J.  Phillips  Phenix,  Esq.,  John  H.  Hicks,  Esq.  ' 

Medienl  Exami'ners.-'Jobn  0.  Cheesitao,  M.  D^  478  Broaiiway ;  F.  tJ.  Johnston 
II  D^  28  East  Fourteenth  Street  Geo.  M.  Knbvitt, 

General  Agent  for  the  United  States. 

Monarch  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  of  London, 

ESTABU8H£D  in  1835. 
OFFICE  No.  4  BROAD  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 

Sttbdcribtb    Capital  anb    dnrploa    Itinlr,   $2,000,000, 

SPfiClAL  fVmbf  $150,000, 

Held  by  Sew  York  Trustees  to  meet  Lessee. 

liOSSES  ADJUSTBO  I^  NEW  YORK  AND  PKOIIIPX£.Y  PAID. 

GEORGE  ADLARD, 
Resident  Secretary  and  General  As^ut.  No.  4  Broad  St.,  N.  Y. 

FIRE   INSURANCE. 

The  Providence  Washington  Insurance  COi, 

AT  PROVIDENCE,  R.  I. 

Chartered,  178*7.    Capital,  $200,000,  all  paid  in  (in  caah)  and  seeorely  invested. 

Take  risks  againut  Fire  on  application  at  their  office  in  Providence ;  and  on  MereMMt 

diae  and  Buildings  in  the  city  of  Kev  York,  on  application  at  the  office  of 

ASA  BIGCl^OW,  Jr.,  46  Pine-atreec,  corner  off  William* 

Providence,  fL  I.  April  1   1847.  SULIJVAN  DORR.  Frtmdent 

HOME    INSURANCE    COMPANY,    OF    NEW    YORK. 

CASH  CAPITAL  $500,000. 

BmLDiNQS,  Merchandise,  and  other  Property,  Insured  againbt 
Loss  OR  Damage  by  Fire,  on  Favorable  Terms. 
OFFICE  NO.  4  WALL-8T., 
!•  P.  WaLMARTH,  CHARLES  J.  MARTIJf, 

Secrttary.  Vice-PresidmU 


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MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE  AND  COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 

Establivlicd  July,  tsno. 

BY  FREEMAN  HUNT,  EDITOR  AND  PROPRIETOR. 

PUBLISUED  MONTHLY. 

it  I4S  Fnlton-areet,  New  fork— At  Five  Dollars  per  ADBom. 


Tha    mSRCHANTS'    MAQAtlNE    A  iS  D    COMMERCIAL   REVIEW 

is  devoted  U»  TRADE,  COMMERCE,  and  NAVIGATION— BANKING.  CUR- 
RENCY, and  FINANCE— MERCANTILE  and  MARITIME  LAW— FTllE 
MARINE,  and  LIFE  INSURANCE— OCEAN  and  INLAND  NAVI- 
GATION—NAUTICAL INTELLKJENCE— INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS— 
includinff  CANALS,  RAILWAYS,  and  -  PLANK  ROADvS— RIVERS  and 
HARBORS,  and  in  general  all  aubjecta  involving  the  great  Commuioial  and  Ikdus- 
TRiAL  bfTBEBHTs  of  Uie  CouotTj  and  the  Wurid. 

It  hat  been  ever  the  ooncitaot  aim.  and  antmng  effort  of  the  Editor  and  Pro- 
prietor to  make  the  Work,  at  once,  a  journal  of  the  lateBt  Commercial  Intelligence, 
and  a  Atainlard  Library  of  Reference  on  ail  Umics  of  IVade,  mtt  lef«  tndi<»peot«iible  to 
the  Statcbman,  PoLrriCAL  Economist.  Juanrr.  Financieu,  BANEica,  BaoKKa,  Ship  Mas- 
TEa.  Ship  Buildbe,  x^]KcUANio,aud  MAMurAuruaca.  than  to  the  MEECHAMraDd  BuaiKsaa 
Man  ;  and  from  the  neceaaarily  oomprehetiKive  ran^e  of  ite  dincuwiitios  and  its  Statia^ 
tics,  taking  in.  as  it  doea.  every  subject  in  the  wide  Held  of  Commerce,  the  pages  of  the 
Magazine  will  always  be  found  to  embtnly  a  vast  fund  of  Kmiwlege  for  tl^e  Farmer, 
abK»— for  Uie  Cotton  Planter  of  the  South,  and  Uie  Grain  Gniwer  <»f  the  North. 

The  Editor  and  Proprietor  liaa  endeav(»red  to  infune  into  hia  Magaziue  a  national 
spirit  and  chanicter.  bv  securing  the  aid  of  able  corret^ponilentainall  pMrti*  of  our  wide- 
spread  Republic,  and  by  exluliiting  the  rcMmroes  of  every  State  ana  Territory  of  the 
I  Uni<iiL  On  miKHed  pomts  in  political  economy,  banking,  and  the  principles  of  trade, 
•  he  baa  freelv  admitted  articles  advocating  antagonistic  doctrines  and  opinions ;  and, 
while  it  is  hih  great  aim  to  exhibit  facta,  and  embody  the  scientific  and  practical  opera- 
tinoe  of  Commerce,  the  Magazine  will  be  ever  open  to  the  free  and  fair  discossioo  of 
every  subject  legitimately  Calling  witliin  its  general  scope  and  ita  original  design. 

The  number  fi>r  Juoo.  1856,  completed  tlie  triety  second  acmi-annual  volume 
of  the  Merchants'  Magazine.  Tl>e  work  lias  been  enlarged  more  than  one- third  since  ita 
commencement  in  July,  1889,  and  eadi  volume  now  oontaina  nearly  Eight  Hundred 
octavo  pages.  A  few  complete  aeta  of  the  Blagazine  may  be  obtained  at  the  publif^h- 
er's  office,  142  Fulton-street,  New  York,  neatly  and  substantially  bound,  for  Two  Dol- 
lars AiTD  A  Ualp  per  volume. 

OsAiraaE  or  ComiBacB  or  Paeis.  Paris,  96  December.  1BS0. 
Mr.  Fekem an  Hrirr. 

8ia :— The  Chamber  of  Commeroe  of  Paris,  having  had  oooaslon  to  eaosuH  Ilia  Magtzhie  which 
you  have  |Miblliihed  for  so  many  years  nat4.  ohiM  oat  but  fully  apppedtite  ftp  frreatmtvit.  Il  hnare- 
tDHTked  the  sustained  seal  and  care  with  which  vou  havi*  brouKbt  ttiffethc r  to  Ita  pfcires,  atatiailcal 
motier  of  the  highest  interest,  aa  well  an  dlMquismuiis  of  the  atmnal  Imfioruince  aiid  utility :  and  the 
Chamber  knows  ul  no  better  wav  uf  testifying  ita  appreeiation  of  )uur  work,  than  by  subwribing  for 
the  Magaaine  for  its  Library.  The  Treasurer  ha  been  4(i«ctMl  tct  charge  one  of  our  eonvapoitdmta 
ID  New  Vork  with  this  dmv,  and  alao  tu  r<>rwardato  jrou  thia  letter,  which  we  eoaolude  Sir,  by  uflbriog 
you  the  aaHuranoes  of  our  bigbest  ounaideimtioa. 

II  oaACBiSAV,  Secretary.  LECEWTIL,  Praakteat  of  tbeChambaf. 

At  a  atated  roeetinff  of  the  Philadelphia  Board  of  Trade,  hehl  on  Monday  evenlni.  April  Slat,  1851, 
tho  fdllowlngrasuliitions  were  adopted,  without  a  dlteentinsr  voice:— 

ftMo/vaif.  Thai  the  Board  of  Trade  viewiiifr  the  importance  of  a  publication,  which  oimdeoaea  In  aa 
attractive  ami  enduring  form,  fren<'ral  iiiformatliai  nod  0tatf)4ica  nebittug  to  the  c«»mfBeHiM  and  lndtta> 
trial  pureuitaoftmrcouiiir}-.  venture  to  rocommemi  **  Humt^t  MtrcimnU'*  Mufuitit^  aarf  ComwrrctAt 
!  ltrrtVi0.**aapoaBWMlnrtke8erei|Uu«ltea  in  an emmmt deicrce, and  tnwt  their felkiw*citismi> may  be 
induced  to  enooan^^aaMAM  llvirr.  Esq.,  in  hlaardaeus  labora  by  beouming  aubacribeiatu  hla 
|ienodicaL 

ResUmtdy  That  a  copy  of  the  foKgotagBeaoiutlOB  ha  ftimiihed  Hr.lliniT*  by  the  SecnMaty  of  tha 
Hoard. 

TU08.  P.  COPE.  Prealdeat.  a  C.  CmLaa  .fiieeretary. 

— ^— • 

I  CiRcntNATi  Cham aat  or  OowmEanu  IVbnmry  4th.  I8SJ* 

At  a  neetteg  of  thedacinaati  Chaaiber  of  Commeroe.  February  4(h«  leSUlho  fuQowing  reaohi- 
liont  ware  aiiaainioiialy  adopted  v— 
R*!soltied,  That  ilraT^f  Mrrehmmtt*  JUnjnnne  mni  Otmwereiat  Review-,  ia  a  wt>rfc  of  (creat  Intoeai 
nd  utility,  and  la  •ignally  adapted  to  Inform  the  merchants  npon  Die  numeroua  fada  relatlTe  to  the 
»relffa  and  internal  trade  of  the  country.  Ita  manulucturea  and  agricoltaral  atatiatlca ;  and  UuM  the 
hanks  of  the  mercaatlle  community  are  due  to  its  editor.  PaasMAK  lleirr.  Ea^..  for  the  industry  and 
ibility  with  which  he  haa  conducted  it  for  ao  many  years. 

Res9tff€d^  That  we  rectHsmend  ita  more  general  alrculatlon,  and  that  a  copy  of  tbean  KaaolutlonB  be 
brwarded  to  Ma«  HrifT.  Riciuao  Sarrm  SocraCary. 


Cieonr*  W.  Wo4»A  frint^rt  !%«»•  9  I»itusiA*Air«.»a. 


HUNT'S 


MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE. 

EatabllBhed  JulT«  18S0» 

BY  FREEMAN  HUNT.  EDITOR  AND  PROPRIETOR. 

VOLUME  XXXIIL  OCTOBER,  1868.  NUMBER  IV 

CONTENTS  OP  NO.   IV.,  VOL.  XXXIII. 
ABTIClfiS. 

Art.                                                                                                                                 rA«B. 
I.  THE  SOUND  DUES  OP  DENMARK:  AND  THEIR  RELATIONS  WITH  THE  COM- 
MERCE OF  THE  WORLD.   Translated  from  the  Gennao 403 

11.  MERCANTILE   BIOGRAPHY :   WALTER   RESTORED    JONEa     By  William   A. 
JoNBi,  A.  H.,  LlbrarUn  of  Columbia  College 4S3 

III.  COMMERCE  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES.— No.  xviii.    Taxes  upon  Trade— The  Wa^- 

Oswogo— Prlvateere— Rule  of  1756  regarding  Neutrals— Scarcity  in  England— Louisburg 
— FruDtenac— Indian  Treaty— Canal  In  England— English  Successes— Oherokees— Trade 
during  the  War  to  English  West  indies— To  French  West  Indies— To  Europe— To  Eng- 
land—Exports of  Sundry  Articles— Slave  Trade — Paper  Money— Canada— Tne  Prospect. 
By  Broch  HALB,Jr.,  Esq.yOf  New  York 431 

IV.  THE  CULTURE  OP  TEA  IN  BRAZIL.    Translated  tram  the  Jomal  de  Commerdo. ...  443 

V.  COMMERCE  OF  CANDIA.    The  Island  of  Candia— Imports  and  Exports— Commercial 
Importance— Manners,  Morals,  and  Customs  of  the  People,  etc 446 

VI.  TREASURE  TROVE:    OR  THE   DISCOVERY  OP  GOLD  AND  OTHER  COINS  IN 

MAINE 448 

JOURNAL  OF  MERCANTILE  LAW. 

Guaranty-Liabilities  of  Banks 453 

Shipment  of  Goods — Consignments,  etc 45S 

Libel  to  Recover  for  Salvage  Services 456 

Commercial  Law  of  Partnership 457 

What  Constitutes  a  Draft  or  Inland  Bill  of  Exchange 459 

COMMERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  RBTIEW: 

SICBKAOING  A  FINAN OIAL  AND  COMMKItOIAL  BKTIEW  OF  THI  UXTTID  8TATB8,  BTO.,  ILLUSTKA- 
TBD  WITH  TABLB8,  BTO.,  AS  VOLLOWS  : 

Revival  of  the  Shipping  Interest— Prospects  for  Breadstoflh  in  France,  Germany,  Great  Britaio, 
and  the  United  SUtes— State  of  the  Money  Market— Bank  War  at  the  Northweai— Bank  Move- 
ment in  New  York,  Boston,  and  Ohio— Business  at  New  York  Assay  Office  and  New  Orleaui 
Mint— Imports  at  N^ew  York  for  Augost*  aod  from  January  Ist- Imports  of  Dry  Goods— Ex- 
ports l>om  New  York  for  August,  and  from  January  Ist— Exports  of  Produce -Receipts  for 
Gash  Duties-  Exports  fh>m  New  Orleans  for  the  Fiscal  Year- Foreign  Exchange,  etc. . . .  460-468 

H«w  York  Cotton  Market    By  Ulhorn  k,  FRxniRicKsoa,  Broken,  New  York. .«  468 

VOL.  XXXIII. — ^NO.  IV.  26 


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402  CONTENTS   OF   NO.  IV.,  VOL.   ZZXUI. 


PAOI. 


JOURNAL  OP  BANKING,   CDRBENCT,   AND   FINANCE, 

Finances  of  the  Principal  CltlM  in  the  United  suites 470 

The  United  States  Assay  Office  In  New  York 472 

The  New  York  Country  Banli  Exchanffe    475 

The  Main  Brace  of  &>tate  Credit.    By  J .  Thompson,  Banker,  of  New  York 477 

Real  and  Personal  Property  of  Brooklyn 478 

Coinage  of  GoM  and  Silver  in  Mints  ol  Mexico  fVom  15S1  to  1853 478 

The  Bank  of  England  and  its  Notes.-Coinage  of  the  British  Mint 479 

Bank  of  Matnal  RedempUon 4SI> 

COMMEKCIAL   BKGDLATIONS. 

Of  Imporiations  into  the  United  States  from  the  British  ProTinces a 480 

The  Value  of  Merchandise  must  be  Indorsed  on  the  Bond. 481 

Duties  of  Officers  in  Charge  of  United  SUles  Warebonees.— Seized  and  Unclaimed  Goods 483 

Duty  of  Superintendent  of  Public  Warehouses.— Delivery  of  Goods  sold  at  Auction,  etc 4tj3 

Bonds  may  be  given  by  an  Importer  to  an  interior  Port 484 

Time  of  Transporution  Bond  in  United  States.— The  Storekeeper  of  a  Port  In  the  United  Slates  484 
Regulations  at  Frontier  Ports  of  the  United  States.— Trant)porution  Routes  for  Merchandise  in 

Bond.— Rates  of  Labor  and  Storage  in  the  Public  Stoi es 485 

Packing  and  Repacking  Merchandise.— Penalties  if  Good  are  Reianded  in  the  United  States. ...  486 

Ezporis  to  Canada  and  other  British  Provinces. — Warehouse  and  Transpf)rtatk>n  Entry 466 

Oartage,  Drayage,  or  Lighterage  of  Goods  in  Bond.— Entry  of  Merchandise  for  Consumption.. .  487 

Importers*  Bond  for  MerchaMUse 4tj7 

TheRetumof  Custom-House  Appraisers 488 

POSTAL  DEPARTMENT. 

Modification  of  Prussian-American  Postal  Treaty 488 

Accounts  and  Returns  of  Postmasters  In  U.  States. — Postage  on  Back  Numbers  of  Newspapers..  49^ 
Publications  eent  to  the  Library  of  Congress  and  Smithsonian  Institute.— The  Duties  of  Postmas- 
ters in  regard  to  Waste  Paper.— Registration  of  Letters.— Lost  Drafts  or  Warrants 490 

COMMERCIAL   STATISTIC!^. 

ImporUof  Cloths  into  the  United  SUtea— Ships  of  the  Worid 491 

Comparative  Navigation  of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  —Exports  of  Tea  from  China  to 

the  United  SUtes.-lron  Imported  into  the  United  States  In  1850-54 493 

Wool  Imported  Into  Great  Britain 494 

JOURNAL  OF  MINING  AND  MANUFACTURES. 

Coal  Fields  and  Products  of  the  Ohio  Valley.    By  Mr.  Smith, of  ClndnDatl  Railroad  Record.. .  494 

Statistics  of  Breweries  in  the  British  Islands 496 

New  Process  of  Tanning  Leather 497 

The  Ct>al  Trade  of  Pennsylvania:  Its  Past,  Its  Present, and  Its  Future 499 

The  Manufacture  of  Watches.— Cotton  Manufaaure  in  the  South 499 

Progieseof  Iron  Manufactures  in  Ohio 500 

Salt  Manufacture  at  Syracuse. -Prices  of  Boiler  Tubes 500 

The  Manufacture  of  Paper  in  the  United  States.— Carpet  Manufacture 501 

What  Is  Amondiillado  Sherry  T-First  Woolen  Manufactures  In  America 501 

The  Manufactures  of  LoweU. 503 

JOURNAL  OF  INSURANCE. 

Law  of  Life  Assurance 503 

STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE,  &e. 

New  Bcutchhig  Machine  for  Flax 505 

Com  Crop  of  each  County  In  the  State  of  Ohio 506 

STATISTICS  OF   POPULATION,  be. 

The  Immigration  since  1790 :  a  Statistical  Essay.    By  Louis  Scbadb,  of  Washington,  D.  C 509 

NAUTICAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Brazilian  Regulations  In  relation  to  Signals— Signals  from  Flag-staff  near  Point  Atalata 513 

Iron  Light-houses  for  the  Florida  Coast 515 

RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 

8 allroads  In  Germany 516 
iaclpline  on  board  Steamers  and  Ships 517 

Statistics  of  the  Railroads  In  Maine 518 

American  Steamboats.— The  ^  Great  Eastern  "Steamship ul9 

MERCANTILE    MISCELLANIES. 

The  Relation  of  Merchants  to  National  Independence 530 

Fabricated  Trade  Mark 533 

First  Books  in  America.— Paris  Fuel  Shops.— How  to  make  Jujube  Paste 534 

THE  BOOK  TRADE. 

HotSoetofSSnewBookBorBewEdltioiM ..•••..«  53S«538 


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MEECHANTS' MAGAZINE 


AND 


COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 


OCTOBER,    1855. 


Art.  I.— THE  SOUND   DUES  OP  DENHAKI: 


An  inquiry  into  the  history  of  Sound  Dues,  much  discussed,  often  dis- 
puted, frequently  opposed  as  they  have  been,  imperturbably  exacted  as 
they  are,  will  teach  a  momentous  lesson  of  great  powers  rendered  impo- 
tent by  splitting  their  energies,  of  diplomacy  missing  its  ends  through  ig- 
norance and  levity,  and  of  great  advantages,  prejudicial  to  the  interests  ol 
general  Commerce,  plucked  by  a  small  and  feeble  country  from  the  quar- 
rels of  her  powerful  but  discordant  neighbors. 

That  roads  thrown  open  by  nature  should  not  be  closed  by  toll-barriers 
is  a  demand  as  just  as  it  is  simple. 

The  Black  Sea  has  long  been  open  to  trade ;  the  Mediterranean  naviga- 
tion is  tributary  no  more  to  piratical  States ;  the  Baltic  remains  locked  up. 
Denmark,  hardly  more  than  a  parcel  of  scattered  islands,  holds  the  key  in 
her  hand,  and  ransacks  the  trade  of  the  world  of  yearly  millions.    The 


*  The  foUowiD?  tranflatlon  of  an  article  on  the  Sound  Dues  of  Denmark,  published  by  F.  Het* 
eenland,  Stettin,  PrusaiH,  has  been  sent  us  from  Washington.  It  presents  the  German  view  of  the 
question  in  a  rather  strong  and  perhaps  somewbat  exaggerated  light.  In  the  Merchants*  Magazxve 
for  Marchf  1844,  (vol.  x.,  psges  S18  to  233,)  we  published  an  able  and  interesting  paper  relating  to 
^  The  Origin  and  History  of  the  Danish  Sound  and  Bt^ltTolb,"  which  was  translated  from  the  Dan- 
ish of  J.  F.  Schlegel  for  the  Merchanta*  Magazine  by  that  accomplished  statesman  and  scholar,  the 
Hon.  GioROK  P.  Marsh,  at  that  time  Representative  in  Congie«s,  and  since  United  States  Minister 
to  Turliey.  The  translation  of  Mr.  Marsh  discussed  the  sovereignty  of  Denmark  over  the  adjacent 
seas  and  sounds,  hud  the  t^ound  and  Beit  tolls,  gave  the  ground  of  the  right  of  toll,  the  rules  accord- 
ing  to  which  toll  was  anciently  exacted  and  is  now  imposed,  closing  with  a  full  reference  to  the  lit- 
erature of  the  Sound  lolls.  It  will  be  seen,  by  rerereuce  to  that  article  and  the  present,  that  this 
question,  like  most  others,  has  two  sides. -fdiCor  Merchants*  Magazine, 


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404  The  Sound  Dues  of  Denmark  : 

only  distinguishing  features  between  the  tribute  levied  at  the  Sound  and 
the  involuntary  present  exacted  by  the  Emperor  of  Morocco  are  the  enor- 
mity and  the  regularity  of  the  former. 

All  the  natural  entrances  to  the  Baltic  Sea — the  Sound  and  the  two 
Belts — are  guarded  by  custom-house  officers  and  fortifications.  The  whole 
of  the  transit,  whatever  its  origin  or  destination,  is  there  subjected  to  an 
assumed  right  of  sovereignty ;  vain  would  be  any  attempt  to  elude  that 
scourge  of  the  trade.  A  shot  across  her  hawse  reminds  tne  forgetful  ves- 
sel to  lay  to  and  pay ;  if  she  disregard  that,  a  ball  is  presently  sent  into 
her  hull.  The  powers  that  be  connive  at  the  sway  exercised  by  the  guns 
of  Kronenborg  over  the  Sound,  as  absolute  as  when  the  pirate  king  Hel- 
sing,  from  his  strongholds  on  both  sides  of  the  Sound,  did  plunder  the 
merchantmen  as  they  passed : — 

For  why  t  because  the  good  old  rule 
Sufficeth  them,  the  aimple  plan, 
Thai  they  t>hould  take  that  have  the  power, 
And  they  should  keep  who  can ! 

For  the  last  two  centuries  Denmark  has  been  able  to  keep  but  one  shore 
in  her  possession ;  this  fact,  however,  has  gone  for  nothing.  The  peace- 
able merchantmen,  whatever  their  flag,  are  forced  to  pass  hard  under  the 
guns  of  the  fortress.  In  the  broad  channel,  varying  from  a  half  to  three 
German  miles,  the  vessel  might  keep  out  of  the  range  of  shot  and  pass 
close  to  the  Swedish  coast,  but  free  passage  is  prohibited.  Kronenborg  is 
only  to  be  silenced  by  the  language  of  ordnance.  In  1658,  the  Dutch 
Admiral  Opdam  forced  the  passage  with  a  fleet  of  thirty-five  men  of  war, 
and  on  the  30th  March,  1801,  Parker  and  Nelson,  with  fifty-three  sails 
under  their  orders,  assisted  by  a  fresh  north-west  wind,  passed  the  straits 
unscathed  close  to  the  Swedish  coast 

The  Great  Belt,  an  equally  natural  passage,  and  accessible  to  vessels  of 
all  sizes — the  English  and  French  fleets  passed  through  it  but  recently — 
is  on  its  south  side  guarded  by  the  guns  of  Nyborg,  and  those  of  Frider- 
icia  look  over  the  Little  Belt. 

Unnatural  as  this  state  of  things  really  is,  Russia,  that  colossus  stretch- 
ing from  the  Black  Sea  to  the  Baltic^  that  eternal  menace  weighing  like 
an  incubus  upon  all  hope  of  progress,  protects  the  Danebrog ;  Prussia  feels 
too  weak  to  throw  ofl*  the  fetters  keeping  her  Baltic  trade  in  thrall ;  Aus- 
tria is  silent ;  the  other  German  States  never  tire  of  allowing  their  Baltic 
imports  and  exports  to  be  charged  with  Danish  duties,  and  even  pay  a 
bonification  yearly  by  way  of  indemnity ;  Sweden  expostulates  without 
avail ;  England  and  France  have  hitherto  made  light  of  the  yoke ;  only 
the  United  States  will  worship  the  idol  of  bygone  times  no  longer.  As 
early  as  1843,  Mr.  Secretary  Upshur  declared — the  other  maritime  powers 
having  allowed  themselves  to  be  mesmerized  by  Danish  diplomacy — that 
"  Denmark  continues  to  this  day  without  any  legal  title  to  levy  an  exceed- 
ingly strange  duty  on  all  goods  passing  the  Sound.  Denmark  cannot  lay 
claim  to  these  duties  upon  any  principle  either  of  nature  or  of  the  law  of 
nations,  nor  from  any  other  reason  than  that  of  antiouated  custom.  It 
renders  no  service  in  consideration  of  that  tax,  and  nas  not  even  such 
rights  as  the  power  to  enforce  it  would  give.  Great  and  general  is  the 
discontent  felt  by  all  nations  interested  in  the  Baltic  trade  on  account  of 
that  needless  and  humiliating  contribution.    For  the  United  States  the 


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And  their  RelatMm  vfith  the  Commerce  of  the  World,  405 

time  has  oome  when  they  can  appropriately  take  a  decisive  step  to  free 
their  Baltic  trade  of  this  pressure." 

This  strong  language  created  great  consternation  at  Copenhagen ;  how- 
ever, the  intermediation  of  Russia  succeeded  in  warding  oif  the  dangerous 
blow ;  but  the  United  States  have  now  once  more  opened  their  trenches 
against  Denmark. 

It  is  time  to  break  in  upon  the  dead  silence  that  has  for  years  overhung 
the  question,  and  draw  the  attention  of  the  mercantile  and  political  world 
towards  so  generally  felt  a  calamity  to  trade. 

The  conventions  last  entered  into  in  1841,  for  the  term  of  ten  years, 
have  expired  without  being  renewed ;  England,  Sweden,  as  Prussia,  and 
all  other  powers  that  considered  themselves  to  be  bound  by  the  same,  are 
therefore  entirely  at  liberty  now,  and  it  is  an  urgent  duty  they  owe  their 
mercantile  communities,  to  move  for  and  insist  upon  a  thorough  reform  of 
the  Sound  Dues.  At  the  present  moment  no  one  can  tell  which  side  will 
carry  it  in  the  struggle  for  political  preponderancy ;  yet  assuredly  there  is 
no  lack  of  warlike  force  in  the  Baltic  more  than  sufficient  to  dictate  laws 
to  Denmark. 

What  renders  the  Sound  Dues  all  the  more  severely  felt  is  the  fact  that 
all  other  highroads  between  the  North  Sea  and  the  Baltic,  both  by  land 
and  water,  have  in  like  manner  been  encumbered  by  Denmark  with  heavy 
duties.  The  Sound  Dues  are  now  only  part  of  a  system^  which  acts  no 
less  oppressively  in  the  south  of  the  Danish  territory  than  the  northern 
Dardanelles  do  by  arresting  the  progress  of  the  Baltic  trade.  Denmark, 
since  the  Congress  of  Vienna  in  possession  of  Lauenburg,  resists  any  sat^ 
isfactory  reduction  of  the  dues  on  the  Elbe ;  the  Hamburg-Berlin  and  Lu-^ 
beck  Railways  pay  taxes  to  Denmark,  and  the  transit  by  land  through 
Holstein  is  impeded  by  Danish  imposts.  The  passage  of  the  Sleswig^ 
Holstein  Canal  is  subject  to  the  same  tribute  that  goods  and  vessels  have 
to  pay  into  the  Danish  treasury  in  the  Sound  and  Belts.  Denmark,  with 
her  tax  gatherers,  is  master  of  all  the  gateways  between  Northern  Europe 
and  the  ocean. 

In  times  of  yore,  protection  from  freebooters  and  pirates  was  welcome 
to  the  defenseless  sailor,  and  he  readily  paid  convoy-money  to  the  Dane. 
Afterwards,  when  light-houses,  buoys,  and  beacons  were  established  to 
guide  the  pilot  amidst  dangerous  rocks  and  shoals,  a  compensation  for  the 
expense  and  maintenance  of  such  safeguards  was  willinglv  granted.  But 
over  and  above  that,  to  lay  the  open  sea  under  high  contributions  of  every 
description,  to  levy  dues  and  perquisites  from  ships  and  goods,  exclusively 
for  the  benefit  of  the  treasury,  and  without  rendering  any  counter-benefit 
— protection  is  not  needed  any  longer,  nor  could  Denmark  afford  it,  if  it 
were — belongs  to  times  of  brute  force.  Without  the  leniency  and  for- 
bearance of  the  leading  powers  this  impotent  nation  could  not  continue  a 
practice  nor  persevere  in  a  system  whidi  have  developed  themselves  from 
the  smallest  beginnings  to  huge  dimensions.    * 

It  has  long  ago  been  ascertained  by  careful  research  that  the  Sound 
Dues  originated  in  levying  a  tax  on  salt  and  wine,  along  with  a  trifling 
ship-money.  Even  in  this  restricted  form,  the  impost  led  to  most  vehement 
eonfiiats  with  the  mighty  Hansa.  In  13d3  and  1365,  her  victorious  arms 
subjugated  king  Waldemar  IIL,  and  wrung  from  him  exemption  from  toll 
"  in  ail  time  coming."  The  vow  was  soon  broken,  Hanseatic  vessels  being 
stopped  in  the  Sound  and  compelled  to  pay  duty.    New  victories  secured 


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406  The  Sound  Dues  of  Denmark  : 

a  confirmation  of  the  grant,  which  was  repeated  in  1443, 14*7 7, 1624,  and 
lastly,  in  the  most  explicit  form,  by  the  recess  of  Odense,  1580.  Between 
these  confirmations,  mention  is  made  of  manifold  vexations,  acts  of  injust- 
ice and  complaints,  which  latter  Denmark  ultimately  endeavored  to  set  aside 
by  pretending  that  "  the  old  title  had  long  since  been  erased  by  the  mold 
of  time."  In  order  the  easier  to  resist  the  importunity  of  the  Hanseatic 
Union,  its  rivals,  the  Netherlands,  were  bribed  by  special  privileges  granted 
to  them  in  the  Sound.  The  Dutch  were  the  first  to  introduce  the  Sound 
toll  by  conventional  obligations  into  the  politics  and  the  law  of  nations. 
They  did  so  in  1544,  by  the  treaty  of  Spire,  in  which  they  agreed  to  pay 
"  the  ancient  duty."  Dubious  though  it  was,  that  obligation  was  used  by 
the  Danes  as  a  pretext  for  annoyances  and  molestations  of  every  kind. 
Higher  duties  having  been  imposed  in  1548,  a  remonstrance  on  this  ground 
met  with  the  unblushing  reply  "  that  the  king,  as  an  independent  sover- 
eign, could  raise  them  at  his  good  pleasure,"  and  Denmark  made  use  of 
the  power  it  then  had  to  confer  privileges  and  deny  them ;  it  distin- 
guished in  the  Sound  between  privileged  and  unprivileged  nations.  The 
English,  Scotch,  French,  and  Portuguese  were  of  the  latter  class;  they 
paid,  according  to  a  tariff  of  1558,  a  rosenoble  (about  19  shillings)  on 
each  vessel,  and  upon  all  goods  1  per  cent  of  the  value,  excepting  wine, 
which  had  to  pay  3^  per  cent. 

The  per  centage  paid  by  privileged  nations  in  the  present  day  is  consid- 
erably above  that  exacted  from  the  unprivileged  three  hundred  years  ago. 
The  privileged,  t.  c,  the  Netherlands  and  the  Hanseatic  towns,  tendered 
six  casks  out  of  each  cargo  of  salt,  in  compensation  for  which  they  re- 
ceived one  gold  florin,  and  they  moreover  paid  duty  on  Rhenish  and  strong 
wines.  With  these  limitations,  ships  and  goods  of  the  six  Vandal  Hanse 
Towns — Lubeck,  Hamburg,  Rostock,  Stralsund,  Wismar,  Luneburg — were 
perfectly  free  from  taxation ;  foreign  good^in  their  bottoms  paid  one  to 
three  rosenobles.  The  eastern  Hanse  Towns — Dantzic,  Konigsberg,  Riga, 
Revel,  Pernau,  Stettin,  Greifswald,  Wolgast,  Elbing,  Colberg— -paid  on 
their  own  goods  two  rosenobles.  .The  Netherlands  and  the  western  Han- 
seatics  paid  one  to  two  rosenobles,  according  as  the  vessel  was  loaded  or 
in  ballast    Amsterdam  enjoyed  exemption  fr^m  duty  even  for  wine. 

Not  long  after  this  time,  the  maritime  pre^onderancy  still  maintained  in 
the  north  by  the  Hanse  began  to  decline,  and  by  the  treaty  concluded  in 
1560  at  Odense,  with  the  **  worshipful  Hanse  Towns,"  fresh  advantages 
were  insured  to  Denmark.  True  enough  those  towns  retained  their  free- 
dom of  duty  in  the  abstract,  but  copper  was  added  to  the  list  of  excep- 
tions; they  had  to  submit  to  primage  and  tonnage  dues,  and  to  carry 
passports  and  certificates  on  the  cargo,  or  to  pay  a  fine  of  one  rosenoble. 
In  1563,  the  war  with  Sweden  afforded  a  welcome  pretext  for  an  import- 
ant increase  of  the  dues,  which,  in  spite  of  treaties,  was  extended  to  the 
Hanseatics  and  the  Dutch.  The  peace  of  Stettin,  in  1670,  had  recognized 
the  exemption  from  duty  retained  by  Sweden  ever  since  the  dissolution  of 
the  Calmar  Union.  But  treaties  on  this  ground  have  ever  proved  illusory. 
The  duties  varied  at  the  pleasure  of  Denmark ;  tax  upon  tax  was  added ; 
vessels  were  searched  and  placed  under  embargo.  Christian  IV.  went  so 
far  as  to  prohibit  the  passage  of  all  goods  through  the  Sound,  or  only  to 
allow  it  by  special  permission  and  in  consideration  of  perfectly  extravagant 
taxes  fixed  beforehand.  These  foolish  measures  brought  about  an  alliance 
of  the  Netherlands  and  Sweden ;  in  the  war  which  ensued  the  former  sup- 


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And  their  Belations  vfith  the  Commerce  of  the  World,  407 

ported  Sweden  by  sending  a  fleet  before  Copenhagen  in  1643.  Tbis  to#k 
effect ;  negotiations  were  opened,  and  both  powers  insisted  upon  free  and 
unimpeded  navigation  of  the  open  sea  for  all  nations,  and  repudiated  the 
pretensions  which  would  make  a  Danish  canal  of  the  Sound.  The  suc- 
cessful Swedish  generals — Torstenson,  Horn,  Wrangel,  Konigsmark — had 
humbled  Denmark ;  that  able  diplomatist,  Chancellor  Oxensderna,  obtained 
for  Sweden  by  the  peace  of  Bromsebroe,  1 3th  August,  1646,  new  provinces 
and  total  exemption  from  both  Sound  Dues  and  subsidiary  taxes  for  all 
her  goods  and  the  whole  of  her  domipions,  of  which  the  Duchy  of  Pome- 
rania  then  formed  part.  Stettin  was  represented  in  these  negotiations  by 
a  special  delegate.  The  treaties  of  peace  at  Roeskilde,  in  1657,  and  at 
Copenhagen,  in  1660,  confirmed  this  immunity,  and  gave  one  shore  of  the 
straits  of  the  Sound  to  Sweden.  This  territorial  change  necessarily  in- 
volved for  Denmark  the  loss  of  her  most  Essential  title  to  a  right  of  sov- 
ereignty over  the  Sound. 

Against  the  States  General,  France  had,  in  1645,  lent  her  aid  to  Den- 
mark ;  after  the  Danish  government  had  fraudulently  obtained  information 
of  private  instructions  empowering  the  Dutch  ambassadors  to  ^ve  way  in 
the  end,  the  States  were  obliged  to  comply  with  a  specified  tariff  fixed  by 
the  treaty  of  Christianople,  likewise  concluded  on  the  1 3th  August,  1646, 
but  they  have  never  acknowledged  the  right  to  levy  duties  as  claimed  by 
Denmark,  nor  indeed  has  such  right  met  with  recognition  from  any  power 
to  the  present  day. 

Danish  cunning  and  bad  faith  soon  rose  to  the  surface  again.  The  con- 
cluding clause  of  the  tariff  of  Christianople  says : — "  And  all  cargoes  not 
specified  in  the  preceding  list  are  to  be  calculated  according  to  mercantile 
usage  and  the  custom  that  has  been  observed  in  olden  times  and  ever 
since." 

This  clause,  construed  after  the  Danish  fashion,  afforded  a  plausible  pre- 
text for  unrestrainedly  charging  much  more  than  1  per  cent  upon  goods 
not  named  in  the  tariff,  and  gave  rise  to  the  fiction,  directly  opposed  to 
the  treaty  of  Christianople,  of  an  unlimited  liability  to  duty  of  all  unspe- 
cified goods.  According  to  the  rules  of  rational  interpretation  the  word 
"  calculated  "  cannot  mean  "  taxed,"  but  must  be  rendered  by  "  reduced," 
referring,  as  it  undoubtedly  does,  to  the  system  adopted  by  the  treaty  of 
Christianople,  of  reducing  to  one  uniform  rate  of  weight  and  measure  all 
the  diflerent  modes  of  determining  quantity  current  in  the  commercial 
world.  That,  with  the  exception  of  wine  and  salt,  which  were  chargeable 
at  the  rate  of  horn  4^  to  6^  per  cent,  on  no  one  article  should  the  duty 
be  allowed  to  exceed  1  per  cent,  was  a  rule  as  positively  laid  down  by  the 
old  tariffs  as  by  that  of  Christianople  itself;  the  majority  of  enumerated 
articles  were  even  charged  less  than  1  per  cent.  Next,  it  had  been  omitted 
in  framing  the  treaty  of  Christianople  to  bind  Denmark  to  maintain  light- 
houses and  the  like.  This  manifest  oversight  was  visited  home  by  Chris- 
tian IV^.,  who  had  the  light-houses,  beacons,  and  buoys  removed,  and  did 
not  allow  the  dark  coast  to  be  lighted  up  again  until  fresh  imposts  had 
been  agreed  to. 

On  the  basis  of  the  Christianople  treaty,  France,  in  acknowledgement 
of  her  assistance,  was,  in  1646,  placed  on  the  same  footing  with  the  Neth- 
erlands. So  was  Great  Britain  in  1654.  They  were  raised  to  the  rank  of 
privileged  nations.    To  the  same  effect,  most  nations  have  subsequently 


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408  The  Sound  Dues  of  Denmark  : 

concluded  treaties  of  Commerce  with  Demnark,  all  of  which  are  fomided 
on  the  treaty  of  Christiaiiople. 

An  experiment  was  made  on  the  part  of  Holland,  in  1649,  to  pay 
3  50,000  florins  annually  in  compensation  for  Sound  Dues,  but  this  plan 
was  abandoned  in  1653.  A  subsequent  treaty  of  16th  June,  1701,  pro- 
viding, among  other  things,  that  unspecified  goods  are  not  to  be  charged 
with  more  than  1  per  cent  of  the  value  at  the  shipping-port,  has  never 
become  obsolete,  and  is  referred  to  as  still  in  force  in  the  convention  of 
1841. 

Sweden  entirely  lost  her  exemption  from  duty  on  the  8d  June,  1720. 
The  great  northern  war,  whilst  it  made  Charles  XII.  immortal,  ruined  his 
kingdom  to  such  a  degree  that  after  twenty  years  of  almost  uninterrupted 
warfare  the  exhausted  country,  for  being  allowed  to  retain  her  Swedish 
territorial  possessions,  had  to  give  up  the  emancipation  from  Sound  Dues 
she  had  won  for  herself  in  1645.  Stralsund,  Greifewald,  and  Wolgast, 
which  places  had  been  occupied  by  the  Danes,  but  were  again  surrendered 
to  Sweden,  had  to  adopt  that  country's  renunciation  of  1720  as  their  own. 
All  the  rest  of  the  Baltic  ports,  now  in  the  possession  of  Prussia,  could, 
not  possibly  be  affected  by  that  renunciation.  As  members  of  the  Hansa 
they  were  supported  by  the  convention  of  Odense,  1560,  which  had  since 
been  specially  confirmed,  to  Danzig,  Konigsberg,  Elbing,  and  Memel,  in 
1569,  to  others  at  different  times.  Stettin,  which  deserves  our  attention 
of  all  others,  is  named  as  contracting  party  by  the  treaty  itself.  Some  of 
those  ports  had  been  transferred  by  the  Westphalian  peace  to  Prussia,  and 
retained  all  the  immunities  conferred  by  the  peace  of  Bromsebroe,  1645, 
fifteen  years  after  the  dissolution  of  the  Hanseatic  Union ;  such  were  Col- 
berg,  Riigenwalde,  Stolpe,  Cammin,  Treptow ;  others,  as  Stettin,  Anclam, 
Demmin,  Wollin,  Golnow,  continued  possessed  of  all  their  old  liberties 
and  privil^es,  secured  to  them  in  1560  and  1645,  when  they  joined  Prus- 
sia at  the  separate  peace  concluded  by  that  power  with  Sweden  on  the 
2l8t  January,  1720,  anterior  to  the  peace  between  Sweden  and  Denmark, 
and  consequently  before  the  renunciation  of  Sweden. 

We  now  come  to  a  characteristic  episode.  Pending  the  war,  Prussia 
and  Denmark  agreed  at  Stettin  on  a  partition  of  the  German  provinces  of 
Sweden  then  occupied  by  their  troops,  (30th  May,  1716.)  Denmark  in- 
suves  to  the  ports  of  Lower  Pomerania  (Stettin,  etc.,)  the  freedom  from, 
duty  in  the  Sound  and  Belts  "  now  and  in  future ;"  a  few  months  after 
(18th  December,  1715,)  a  treaty  at  Stralsund  suddenly  cancels  that  con- 
cession. **  The  subjects  in  Lower  Pomerania,"  it  says,  "  are  liable  to  duty." 
The  history  of  that  treaty  is  curious  enough.  To  prevent  differences  that 
might  arise  in  reference  to  the  recently  acquired  possessions,  it  was  pro- 
posed to  settle  fiscal  and  commercial  regulations  in  the  camp.  The  P^s- 
sians,  above  all  the  Minister  v.  Jlgen,  vigorously  insisted  on  the  old  rights 
which  Denmark  tried  to  abrogate  by  sophistical  clauses.  The  Danish  dip- 
lomatists found  means  of  removing  the  minister  out  of  the  way ;  king 
Frederic  William  I.  was,  without  his  advisers,  invited  to  a  banquet,  and 
•after  dinner  his  courtiers,  in  the  pay  of  Denmark,  produced  the  Stralsund 
^treaty  for  signature.    It  was  signed — 

IsoLANi :  Sign  ?  anything  you  like  I 

Only  don't  trouble  me  to  read. 

In  vain  the  king,  on  the  dd  December,  1716,  claimed  what  was  due  to 

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And  their  EelaUom  with  the  Commerce  of  the  World.  409 

him  bjr  the  treaty  of  Odense,  "  all  of  which,"  he  says,  "  I  have  the  best 
right  in  the  world  to  pretend  to."  Danish  politicians,  full  of  mental  res- 
ervations and  claptraps,  were  not  to  be  diverted  from  their  aim  by  words. 
Even  when  shortly  after,  in  the  above-mentioned  separate  peace,  Prussia 
bad  obtained  firom  Sweden  Lower  Pomerania,  on  payment  of  two  millions 
of  dollars,  and  both  powers  had  mutually  guarantied  their  privileges  in 
the  Sound,  and  when  by  that  peace  the  Stralsund  treaty,  having  for  its  ob- 
ject a  partition  of  Pomerania  between  Denmark  and  Prussia,  had  become 
absolutely  nugatory,  Denmark  persisted  in  the  refusal  to  recognize  the  old 
Sound  toll  immunities.  In  the  same  arbitrary  manner  as  Danzig,  Konigs- 
berg,  etc.,  had  been  subjected  to  duty  as  early  as  the  end  of  the  17  th  cen- 
tury, the  Stralsund  treaty  was  extended  to  and  enforced  against  all  Prus- 
sian ports,  without  distinction  as  to  whether  they  had  been  annexed  before 
or  after  the  northern  war.  This  was  done  after  the  Danish  fashion,  by 
degrees,  according  as  circumstances  served,  receding  before  superior  force, 
at  the  first  favorable  opportunity  returning  to  the  aggression,  aided  by  the 
inattention,  ignorance,  or  inanity  of  the  adversary.  Only  once  a  reaction 
took  place.  Frederick  the  Great  ordered  his  ambassador  at  Copenhagen, 
von  Bismark,  to  show  more  energy  in  supporting  the  reclamations  untir- 
ingly renewed  by  Stettin.  Denmark  replied  that  the  Sound  Dues  were 
the  costliest  jewel  in  her  crown — the  apple  of  her  eye  ;  that  tbe  notions 
for  abrogation  gave  only  trouble  and  vexation.  She  threatened  to  call 
upon  England  and  France  for  assistance ;  whereupon  Frederick  wrote  to 
his  ambassador : — "  Vous  ferez  entendre,  que  si  Von  ne  voulait  pas  Caire 
attention  k  mes  representations,  je  me  verrai  oblige  a  des  reprdsailles." 

For  a  short  time  this  language  may  have  intimidated.  As  late  as  1729 
the  Prussian  ports  did  not  pay  duty  according  (o  the  tariff  of  Christiano- 
ple ;  now  and  then  the  old  rights  were  respected,  and  two  small  ports, 
Cammin  and  Colberg,  have  been  to  this  day  essentially  treated  in  conform- 
ity with  the  convention  of  Odense,  which  indeed  cannot  be  proved  to  have 
been  abrogated  in  respect  to  any  of  the  places  concerned  in  it.  Never- 
theless the  Christianople  tariff  has  ever  since  1803  been  enforced  against 
all  the  rest,  because  it  suited  Denmark^s  convenience  to  do  so.  Futile  in- 
terpretations, specious  statements,  and  spurious  facts  were  employed  to 
make  the  tanff  as  productive  as  possible,  to  introduce  abuses,  and  to  dom- 
ineer at  pleasure  over  Baltic  trade  and  navigation.  The  treaties  of  1814 
had  given  to  Prussia  possession  of  the  remaining  Swedish  dominions  in 
Germany.  The  Vienna  Congress  ought  to  have  been  eagerly  taken  ad- 
vuita^  of  by  Prussia  to  rid  her  Baltic  coast  of  the  contribution ;  instead 
of  doing  so,  she  there  took  preparatory  steps  towards  a  treaty  of  Com- 
merce with  Denmark,  which  was  signed  on  the  17  th  June,  1818,  and,  for 
diplomatic  incapacity  and  weakness,  leaves  everything  else  far  behind  that 
has  hitherto  attracted  our  notice  in  reference  to  our  subject.  Instead  of 
advisedly  and  energetically  defending  and  reclaiming  the  clear  primeval 
rights,  Uie  Prussian  plenipotentiary,  Count  Dohna,  abandoned  them  each 
and  all,  subjected,  without  so  much  as  asking  for  advice  from  mercantile 

Juarters,  the  Prussian  ports  to  the  tariff  of  1645,  which  was  not  even  pro- 
uced  for  inspection,  and  was  perfectly  satisfied  with  himself  for  having 
obtained  insertion  of  a  clause  to  the  effect  that  goods  not  enumerated  in 
the  tariff  were  not  to  be  taxed  with  more  than  1  per  cent  Such  a  model 
of  courtesy  was  this  diplomatist,  as  to  give  his  consent  to  a  secret  article 
which,  while  it  continued  the  privileges  of  Cammin  and  Colberg,  poor 


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410  The  Sound  Dues  of  Denmark: 

relics  of  the  rights  of  all,  exclusively  deduced  the  title  of  those  ports  from 
custom  and  Danish  complaisance. 

Denmark  retained  undisturbed  possession  of  the  Sound  Dues — "her 
gold  mine  " — and  lost  no  opportunity  to  improve  its  productiveness.  She 
exceeded  and  violated  the  tariff  as  unscrupulously  and  arbitrarily  as  if 
there  had  been  no  such  thing  as  a  binding  word  or  promise.  One  should 
think  the  extraordinary  metamorphosis  all  commercial  relations  have  un- 
dergone in  the  course  of  two  hundred  years,  the  increase  of  shipping  and 
trade  to  thirty  or  forty  times  the  extent  both  had  in  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  the  important  changes  in  prices  of  all  commodities, 
would  have  naturally  led  to  a  corresponding  reduction  of  the  tariff;  in- 
stead of  that  the  dues  were  levied  arbitrarily  and  without  reference  to  any 
leading  or  published  principle.  Complaints  and  reclamations  remained 
unheard.  It  was  proved  that  the  tariff  had  been  most  shamefully  exceed- 
ed, and  the  subsidiary  dues  most  immoderately  raised,  the  former  by  4  to 
5  per  cent  and  upwards,  the  latter  to  from  30  to  48  dollars  for  the  ship 
instead  of  6.  Stettin  alone  had  to  pay  too  much — from  1827  to  1834, 
40,000  dollars  annually;  1836,  67,000  dollars;  1836  to  1838,  70,000 
dollars  annually — dues  far  exceeding  1  per  cent  having  been  charged  upon 
more  than  160  articles.  Taking  only  six  of  these — coffee,  rum  and  arrack, 
raw  sugars,  spelter,  and  spirits — 493,301  dollars  too  much  had,  in  the 
twenty  years  from  1819  to  1839,  been  abstracted  from  the  pockets  of 
Stettin  merchants. 

The  Convention  of  1841.  The  Prussian  treaty  of  1818  had  been  con- 
cluded for  a  term  of  twenty  years.  When  they  had  expired  in  1 838  the 
commercial  communities  of  all  the  Prussian  ports  urged  with  renewed  en- 
ergy the  removal  "  of  the  old  sloth  of  obsolete  Sound  Dues,"  and  entered 
their  protest  against  the  lamentable  violations  of  the  law  even  as  it  had 
been  laid  down  by  the  treaty  of  1818.  The  most  careful  examination  was 
petitioned  for,  and  an  order  from  the  royal  closet,  6th  June,  1838,  was 
graciously  pleased  to  promise  redress.  Touching  letters,  however,  which 
king  Frederick  VI.  wrote  with  his  own  hand  to  king  Frederick  William 
III.,  convinced  his  Prussian  majesty  that  the  question  of  the  Sound  Dues 
was  a  mere  personal  affair  between  him  and  his  royal  brother,  and  had 
nothing  whatever  to  do,  as  everybody  else  thought,  with  the  interests  of 
trade.  It  is  true  that  the  Prussian  ministry,  in  their  reports  to  the  king, 
made  it  perfectly  clear  that  the  Sound  Dues  did  interfere  with  the  export 
trade  of  Prussia  and  the  countries  in  her  rear,  and  that  they  likewise 
raised  the  prices  of  colonial  and  other  foreign  produce  to  the  Prussian 
consumer,  manufacturer,  and  merchant.  Steps  were  even  taken  to  enter 
upon  negotiations ;  the  co-operation  of  Sweden  was  secured.  Denmark, 
however,  easily  succeeded  in  protracting  and  defeating  those  negotiations, 
and  refused  to  allow  well-informed  members  of  the  Stettin  Chamber  of 
Commerce  to  take  part  in  them,  for  fear  of  compromising  her  dignity. 
At  last,  in  1841,  the  Commercial  Corporation  of  Hull,  stimulated  by  Swe- 
den, brought  a  motion  before  Parliament  to  desire  such  a  revision  of  the 
dues  as  was  necessary  to  disburden  the  Baltic  trade  of  England.  "  Had 
the  administration  of  1814,"  said  Mr.  Hutt,  "paid  but  the  slightest  regard 
to  the  great  importance  of  our  trade  with  the  North  of  Europe,  it  could 
never  have  countenanced  pretensions  so  antiquated  and  prejudicial  as  those 
raised  by  the  king  of  Denmark  to  the  effect  of  throwing  obstacles  into 
the  way  of  free  ingress  to  and  egress  from  the  Baltic    flie  Sound  Dues 


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And  their  Belatum»  with  the  Commerce  of  the  World.  411 

are  an  institution  diametrically  opposed  to  ^very  acknowledged  principle 
of  international  law,  and  to  all  the  usages  of  the  civilized  world  ;  a  direct 
violation  of  those  wise  maxims  that  ought  to  regulate  the  intercourse  of 
nations,  and  prejudicial  to  the  best  interests  of  our  Commerce." 

Sir  Robert  Peel  warmly  supported  the  motion,  and  regarded  the  Parlia- 
igentary  debate  in  the  light  of  an  effective  demonstration  with  a  view  to 
the  conversion  of  Denmark.  The  foreign  Secretary,  Lord  Palmerston, 
also  gave  his  full  consent  to  the  motion,  and  referred  to  the  negotiations 
already  in  progress.  Upon  the  latter,  Denmark  had  readily  entered,  true 
to  her  principle — divide  and  rule.  They  had  been  opened  by  Sweden,  and 
taken  up  by  £ngland.  Prussia  was  entreated  by  Denmark  to  keep  aloof 
from  them,  a  separate  agreement  being  held  out  to  her,  which  should  pay 
due  regard  to  all  Prussian  grievances.  The  hoax  succeeded  as  completely 
as  could  be  desired.  England  was  silenced  by  certain  reductions,  princi- 
pally on  manufactured  goods ;  the  complaints  of  Sweden  were  got  rid  of 
by  increasing  the  amount  Denmark  yearly  paid  to  Sweden  towards  the 
support  of  certain  light-houses.  On  the  23d  x\ugust,  1841,  Denmark  con- 
cluded a  convention  at  London  and  Elsinore  with  England  and  Sweden, 
by  which,  as  by  nearly  all  her  former  treaties,  she  has  lost  nothing  and 
gained  much.  After  the  convention  had  been  ratified,  Russia,  who  osten- 
sibly at  least  had  had  no  hand  in  the  negotiations,  hastened  to  accept  it 
formally  and  expressly — which,  from  her  already  existing  privileged  posi- 
tion, was  not  at  all  necessary — and  the  Director  of  the  Sound  Dues  was 
decorated  with  a  Russian  order  set  in  diamonds.  Prussia,  however,  was 
dismissed  with  being  given  to  understand  that  the  question  had  been  set- 
tled by  the  said  treaty.  In  the  ^altic  ports  apprehensions  were  felt  lest 
Prussia  should  simply  adhere  to  the  Anglo-Swedish,  conventions,  without 
carrying  the  necessary  thorough  reform,  but  the  Minister  of  Finance,  v. 
Alvensleben,  assured  them  that  their  commercial  interests  would  be  care- 
fully attended  to.  Competent  persons  from  Stettin  were  called  to  Berlin. 
They  moved  for  a  total  abolition  of  the  Sound  Dues,  either  by  capitalizing 
them  or  paying  them  off  by  aversional  sums.  In  case  neither  were  feas- 
ible, they  proposed  to  have  the  tariff  entirely  repealed,  an  uniform  duty  of 
one-half  per  cent  established  in  its  stead,  and  such  duty  to  be  levied  for 
Danish  account  in  the  Baltic  ports,  and  according  to  the  value  shown  by 
bills  of  lading  and  invoices.  Any  tariff,  they  said,  was  dangerous  in  Dan- 
ish hands ;  the  new  convention  was  already  misconstrued,  and  did  charge 
most  articles  of  import  at  the  rate  of  2  per  cent ;  a  number  of  specified 
and  unspecified  articles  had  been  estimated  at  more  than  their  value.  It 
was  downright  nonsense  to  retain  a  tariff  framed  two  hundred  years  ago. 
Denmark,  however,  was  supported  by  Russia,  and,  when  Prussia  became 
more  pressing  again,  began  to  play  a  diflerent  game,  placing  it  at  the  op- 
tion of  Prussia  to  adopt  the  convention  of  1841  provisionally,  and  declar- 
ing her  readiness  to  negotiate  on  the  capitalization  of  the  duty,  which  ob- 
ject, however,  she  took  good  care  to  defeat  by  underhand  operations.  This 
cannot  be  called  a  misfortune ;  it  is  clear  that  rather  than  indemnify  Den- 
mark by  payment  of  an  amount  of  nearly  forty  millions  of  dollars,  quite 
different  means  ought  to  be  resorted  to.  But  so  far  Prussia  had  again 
been  discomfited  in  carrying  out  her  good  intentions.  Demonstrations 
through  the  officious  press  met  with  a  haughty  answer  from  Denmark  on 
the  same  ground ;  besides,  the  Danish  government,  through  the  medium 
of  the  French  ambassador  at  Copenhagen,  published  an  attack  on  Prussia 


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412  The  Sound  Due^  of  Denmark  : 

in  the  Journal  dea  Debats,  where  the  remonstrances  of  the  fifth  power 
were  called  unseasonable  and  impolitic  "  in  the  name  of  all  the  Europeaa 
cabinets." 

The  negotiations  had,  on  the  part  of  Prussia,  been  conducted  with  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  the  subject  and  steady  perseverance ;  they  were  de- 
feated by  the  tough,  unconquerable  resistance  of  Denmark,  and  were  sus- 
pended in  1846,  the  treaty  of  1818  being  tacitly  acknowledged.  "Prus- 
sia," as  her  government  stated  at  the  time,  "  aimed  at  buying  off  the  duty 
in  order  to  get  rid  of  the  pressure  upon  trade  exercised  at  the  very  gates 
of  the  Baltic  by  a  form  of  taxation  so  entirely  exceptional  and  at  variance 
with  the  spirit  of  the  affe.  Having  failed  in  that  object,  the  government 
will  have  to  regard  as  their  next  duty  to  the  country,  to  promote  an  alle- 
viation of  the  burden  by  every  means  within  their  reach.  Denmark  has, 
as  far  as  the  question  at  issue  is  concerned,  been  always  swayed  by  a  short- 
sighted policy,  and  paid  attention  only  to  her  nearest  and  most  palpable 
interests.  Anxious  but  about  one  thing,  viz. :  to  keep  up  the  favorable 
state  of  her  finances,  however  arbitrary  and  illegal  her  system  of  taxation, 
she  has  always  obstinately  defended  it  up  to  the  very  moment  when  she 
could  not  but  perceive  opposition  had  grown  to  an  intensity  which  would 
render  further  resistance  impossible  and  even  dangerous  to  the  conserva- 
tion of  the  right  itself.  It  has  only  been  in  such  moments  of  jeopardy, 
and  face  to  face  with  superior  force,  that  Denmark  has  consented  to  sacri- 
fice just  as  much  of  her  system  of  taxation  as  appeared  absolutely  neces- 
sary, according  to  time  and  circumstances,  in  order  to  preserve  the  whole 
from  immediate  destruction.  Such  is  the  history  of  all  negotiations  in 
reference  to  Sound  Dues,  from  the  treaties  of  Odense  and  Christianople 
down  to  the  present  day.  To  the  higher  point  of  view,  that  the  Sound 
Dues  are  a  diseased  spot  on  her  body,  and  will,  in  our  times,  continue  the 
object  of  unceasing  attacks,  Denmark  has  never  been  accessible.  Public 
opinion  is  unanimous  in  condemning  the  convention  of  1841  as  a  half 
measure,  unsatisfactory  in  every  respect.  Not  content  with  making  Den- 
mark that  important  concession  of  allowing  the  antiquated  tariff  of  Chris- 
tianople to  continue  in  force,  it  has,  moreover,  entirely  frustrated  the  an- 
ticipation of  a  better  state  of  things,  and  neither  in  theory  nor  practice 
has  it  been  founded  upon  any  principle.  Not  even  the  reduction  to  1  per 
cent  of  all  the  duties  on  non-enumerated  articles  has  been  carried ;  several 
of  the  foremost  articles  of  importation,  raw  sugars,  salt  from  some  coun- 
tries, pig-iron,  etc,  continue  to  be  charged  at  higher  and  partially  exorbi- 
tant rates ;  the  reform,  so  often  and  urgently  asked  for,  of  the  oppressive 
and  arbitrary  system  of  perquisites,  has  not  only  been  completely  waived, 
but  there  has  even  been  given  a  formal  recognition  of  the  legality  of  the 
present  mode  to  levy  perquisites,  although  decidedly  contrary  to  all  trea- 
ties ;  in  like  manner,  shipmasters  have  been  formally  saddled  with  the  ob- 
ligation of  personally  appearing  before  the  Chamber  of  Sound  Dues  to 
clear  their  vessels,  an  obligation  founded  upon  no  treaty ;  besides,  Den- 
mark has  been  allowed  to  increase  light  and  beacon  money  by  12^  p^ 
cent,  and  nothing  has  been  done  towards  a  fair  settlement  of  boat-hire  and 
pilotage.  Denmark  has  tried,  with  her  notorious  sophistry,  to  make  the 
result  appear  less  unsatisfactory  than  it  is,  and  she  indulges  in  the  illusion 
to  fancy  the  revenue  from  the  Sound  Dues  a  possession  she  will  be  allowed 
4)uietly  to  enjoy.  At  the  same  time  when  she  repeatedly  protested  her 
readiness  to  negotiate  on  the  capitalization,  she  has  found  meana,  by  rai^* 


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And  their  BektHom  toiik  the  Commerce  of  the  World.  418 

ing  every  kind  of  obstacle,  to  elude  even  the  proposal  of  annnal  aversional 
payments,  and  she  seems  to  expect  offers  so  generous  to  spring  into  reality 
by  the  fiivor  of  casual  circumstances,  and  as  it  were  of  their  own  accord. 
When  such  is  the  state  of  matters,  any  time  will  serve  for  representing  to 
Denmark  the  absolute  necessity  of  going  to  work  in  reforming  her  present 
faulty  system,  and  there  can  be  not  the  slightest  doubt  that  Denmark  will 
never  yield  to  the  persuasion  of  an  enlightened  and  far-seeing  policy,  but 
only  to  the  compulsory  force  of  external  circumstances  and  hard  facts." 

If  this  language  had  induced  the  commercial  public  of  Prussia  to  in- 
dulge in  any  sanguine  expectations,  the  government  soon  entirely  disap- 
pointed them  by  renewing  the  treaty  of  Commerce  instead  of  dissolving 
it  Russia  had  demanded  and  obtained  some  paltry  reductions  in  the  tariff 
for  cotton,  raw  sugar,  and  spirits.  They  were  graciously  extended  to  the 
Prussian  flag — a  matter  of  course  by  the  treaty  of  1818 — and  Denmark 
not  only  escaped  from  having  this  treaty  thrown  up,  but  by  the  fourth  ar- 
ticle of  the  convention  of  26th  May,  1846,  acquired  also  the  adhesion  of 
Prussia  to  that  of  1841,  in  consideration  of  the  promise,  unnecessary  to 
be  mentioned,  that  all  reductions  of  the  tariff  of  1841,  and  all  and  eveiy 
privileges  or  advantages  of  whatsoever  kind,  heretofore  or  henceforth 
granted  or  to  be  granted  to  any  other  nation,  were  ipso  facto  and  by  right 
equally  to  refer  to  Prussian  subjects.  By  an  order  of  the  Prussian  Minis- 
ter of  Finance,  dated  17th  June,  1846,  the  pregnant  concession  was  more- 
over made  to  Denmark,  that  Prussian  cargoes  were  to  be  furnished  with 
officially  attested  declarations. 

To  lessen  the  burden  as  far  as  it  weighs  upon  the  Commerce  of  Prussia, 
that  country  has  long  made,  and  is  still  making,  considerable  sacrifices  out 
of  her  own  treasury.  The  fees  of  her  consul  at  Elsinore  were  reduced  in 
1845,  that  the  foreign  exaction  might  be  less  severely  felt  Already,  since 
1825,  a  discount  of  2^  per  cent  had  been  allowed  to  Stettin  on  the  import, 
export,  or  transit  duties  for  all  goods  passing  the  Sound  to  or  from  that 
port  This  bonification  from  the  pockets  of  the  generality  of  taxpayers 
was  extended  in  1845  to  all  Baltic  ports.  Within  the  five  years  from 
1840  to  1853  the  discount  amounted  to  407,799  dollars,  which,  computed 
for  the  thirty  years  since  1 836,  would  make  up  a  sum  of  several  millions, 
•  paid  in  order  ih&t  Denmark  might  not  be  disturbed  in  filling  "  her  gold 
mine."  The  discount,  however,  falls  far  short  of  being  an  indemnification, 
for  the  Sound  Dues  amount  to  from  6  to  8  per  cent  of  the  import  duty  of 
the  Zollverein,  consequently  at  least  Sj  per  cent  are  not  covered  by  the 
former ;  on  transit  goods  the  discount  is  hardly  worth  naming,  transit  and 
export  duties  being  insignificant  in  proportion  to  Sound  Dues.  Owing  to 
this  circumstance  many  British  goods  are  now  forwarded  to  Poland  via 
Hamburg  by  rail,  which  would  otherwise  have  gone  via  Danzig,  as  the 
higher  charges  of  railway  transport  are  all  but  balanced  by  the  saving  of 
Sound  Dues  and  of  interest  In  general,  any  reduction  of  the  duties  of 
the  Zollverein  must  of  course  have  the  effect  of  placing  the  Baltic  ports 
at  a  ftirther  disadvantage,  the  discount  being  then  reduced  in  proportion, 
while  the  Sound  Dues  remain  the  same. 

The  Expiration  op  the  Conventioks  of  1841  and  1846.  Both  agree- 
ments have  expired  on  the  Ist  July,  1861.  Every  government  has  it  in 
its  power  to  give  notice  that  it  does  not  intend  to  be  bound  by  the  treaty 
any  longer ;  from  the  date  of  such  notice  being  given  the  convention  of 


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414  7^  Sound  Dues  of  Denmark  : 

1841  remains  in  force  for  a  twelvemonth,  that  with  Prussia  of  1846  for 
half  that  period  only. 

From  the  Prussian  Baltic  ports,  as  well  as  in  Sweden,  reclamations  were 
vigorously  renewed  both  before  and  after  the  conventions  in  question  had 
expired.  The  prosternation  of  trade,  the  difficulty  of  competition  with 
the  Elbe  and  the  railways,  was  dwelt  upon  at  great  length  by  the  Stettin 
merchants,  who  flattered  themselves  with  the  hope  that  the  conferences 
held  at  Dresden  in  1851  would  do  away  with  the  oppressive  and  vexatious 
burden.  The  deputies  of  the  Society  of  Wholesale  Dealers  and  Shipown- 
ers at  Stockholm  complained  of  fresh  violations  of  treaty  in  levying  the 
nonsensical  and  otfensive  tribute,  called  to  mind  the  old  franchise,  the  sig- 
nificant circumstance  that  Denmark  was  only  possessed  of  one  shore  of 
the  Sound,  and  the  readiness  of  Sweden  to  keep  at  hand  an  auxiliary  corps 
in  order  to  save  the  Danish  monarchy,  when  its  existence  seemed  to  be  at 
an  emergency  during  the  last  crisis.  The  equipment  of  that  corps  has 
put  Sweden  to  an  expense  of  two  millions  of  dollars  banco,  as  all  Swedish 
ratepayers  will  have  cause  to  remember  for  six  years  to  come.  Such  aid 
having  been  given,  the  continuance  of  a  Danish  tax  on  Swedish  trade  for 
the  passage  of  the  Sound  close  to  the  Swedish  shore  appears  doubly  oner- 
ous and  humiliating.  By  a  fiction  of  the  convention  of  1841,  a  line  is 
drawn  from  the  flag-battery  at  Kronenborg  to  the  north  end  of  Helsing- 
borg  on  the  Swedish  side ;  in  consequence  thereof  it  happens  every  day 
that  in  contradiction  with  common  sense  the  cabotage  between  two  Swed- 
ish ports  on  different  sides  of  the  imaginary  line  is  made  to  pay  Sound 
Dues  at  Elsinore. 

In  the  yearly  reports  of  the  commercial  corporations  of  Stettin  and 
Danzig  to  the  Prussian  ministry,  the  Sound  Dues,  as  an  obstacle  occupying 
the  first  rank,  as  a  never-healing  wound  of  Baltic  trade,  as  an  unsupport- 
able  burden  on  the  open  sea,  as  a  *^  canker  in  the  flesh,^'  form  the  never- 
ending  theme  of  complaint  The  replies  of  the  Ministers  of  Commerce 
endeavor  to  hold  out  future  comfort  On  the  19th  August,  1841,  the  cor- 
porations were  sold,  the  petition  for  throwing  up  the  convention  of  1 846, 
or  securing  a  reduction  of  such  articles  as  were  paying  more  than  1  per 
cent,  had  been  carefully  examined,  but  that  the  conviction  had  resulted 
that,  under  existing  circumstances,  negotiations  would  have  no  chance  of 
8ucx:ess,  and  that  consequently  the  idea  had  been  abandoned  for  the  time 
being.  On  the  21st  June,  1852,  they  were  informed  that  it  was  unfeasible 
to  t«le  the  whole  of  the  Sound  Dues  upon  the  general  budget ;  again,  on 
the  24th  September,  1853,  that  the  government  would  not  be  remiss  in 
trying  to  bring  about  a  reduction  of  the  Sound  Dues,  the  moment  a  favor- 
able opportunity  should  turn  up.  We  wonder  if  this  opportunity  has 
drawn  nearer  in  consequence  of  the  oflensive  and  defensive  alliance  formed 
between  Austria  and  Prussia  on  the  20th  April,  for  the  exclusive  protec- 
tion of  German  interests.  The  mercantile  world  looks  forward  with  greater 
confidence  to  the  transatlantic  "  pressure  from  without,"  which  promises 
to  be  efi*ective. 

It  would  be  a  strange  delusion  to  fancy  that  the  state  of  thingR  in  the 
Sound  and  Belts  had  become  more  regular  and  rational  in  the  course  of 
the  last  twelve  years.  While  the  nucleus  of  the  matter  remains  intact, 
while  the  tariff  of  Christianople,  for  hundreds  of  years  the  source  of  un- 
ceasing complaints,  continues,  in  spite  of  its  tottering  old  age,  to  be  forced 
upon  uie  youthful  life  of  trade,  the  matter  can  never  be  allowed  to  rest. 


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And  their  BelaUans  with  the  Coinm$rce  of  the  World.  415 

The  ridicule  of  the  whole  affair  is  best  shown  by  comparison.  Fancy,  for 
instance,  import  duties  to  be  levied  to-day  according  to  valuations  from 
custom-rolls  of  the  17  th  century!  What  was  originally  1  per  cent  has, 
in  the  course  of  time,  become  4  to  12,  even  16  per  cent;  salt,  among  oth- 
ers, pays  according  to  the  place  of  origin  8  to  16  per  cent;  cotton  and 
twist,  3  to  4  per  cent;  wine,  5  to  10 ;  tobacco,  6 ;  rice,  4  ;  molasses,  3  ; 
raisins,  7 ;  currants,  2i ;  pepper  and  ginger,  4i ;  cloves,  alum,  saltpeter,  3 
to  5;  dyewood,  li;  spelter,  H;  herrings,  2;  Swedish  rod-iron,  U  per 
cent.  Steel,  planks,  and  lathwood  are  free  of  export  duty  in  Sweden,  but 
pay  3^  per  cent  on  passing  the  Sound.  As  regards  non-enumerated  arti- 
cles, the  convention  of  1841  expressly  fixes  the  maximum  duty  at  1  per 
cenL  Important  articles,  as  raw  sugar  and  coffee,  pay  in  fact  2  per  cent ; 
plums,  2  per  cent ;  spices,  5  to  7 ;  cacao,  2i ;  potato-starch,  2 ;  whisky 
from  potatoes,  6  to  6 ;  sulphur,  3i ;  pimento,  Si ;  brown  rosin,  5 ;  pig- 
iron,  5  per  cent.  "  Custom,  established  in  time  immemorial,"  takes  prece- 
dence of  treaties  at  Elsinore.  Seeds,  ship-biscuit,  salt-meat,  wool,  rags, 
grain,  and  timber  pay  likewise  heavy  dues. 

The  ship-money  towards  supporting  lightfires  and  beacons  has  been 
raised  for  laden  vessels  from  4  to  4i  thalers  specie,  and  for  vessels  in  bal- 
last from  2  to  2^,  contrary  to  the  treaty  of  1701.  By  the  ship-money 
from  vessels  passing  the  Sound  and  Belts,  Denmark  not  only  covers  the 
expenses  for  fires  and  beacons  there,  and  the  yearly  indemnity  to  Sweden 
for  some  fires  maintained  by  the  latter,  but  also  the  costs  of  all  similar  in- 
stitutions at  all  other  coasts  and  ports  of  the  country,  and  she  moreover 
realizes  an  annual  net  profit  of  50,000  dollars,  which  rises  to  14,000  dol- 
lars if  the  dues  from  ships  entering  her  ports  are  added.  Besides,  the 
levying  of  similar  dues  in  the  open  sea  is  without  example  in  the  civilized 
world.  At  the  coasts  of  England,  France,  Spain,  and  other  countries,  in 
the  Channel,  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  Messina,  the  Dardanelles,  everywhere 
are  to  be  found  lights,  generally  better  maintained  than  the  Danish,  for 
protecting  the  sailor;  nowhere  the  vessel  sailing  past  them  has  to  pay  any 
duty.  It  is  a  commandment  of  political  ethics  that  countries  whose  terri- 
tories are  bounded  by  the  sea  should  take  the  first  and  simplest  measures 
for  preventing  loss  of  life.  The  dues  are  justified  only  in  reference  to  ves- 
sels entering  the  ports. 

Still  more  unnatural  and  unjust,  if  possible,  are  the  perquisites.  After 
the  goods  have  paid  Sound  Dues,  the  vessel  ship-money,  the  Danish  oflB- 
cers  must  be  paid  by  the  owners  of  both  for  gathering  those  taxes  of 
them.  The  perquisites  have  since  1841  been  increased  by  1  species,  or 
1^  dollar,  besides  1  species  6  stivers  to  the  inspector,  and  to  the  persons 
doing  the  translations  32  stivers  for  1  to  4  bills  of  lading  or  1  to  8  cock- 
ets,  and  4  stivers  for  each  bill  of  lading  or  cocket  in  addition.  Ships  in 
ballast  or  with  coals  pay  12  stivers  (about  13  pence.)  As  arbitrary  as  the 
raising  of  the  perquisites  against  the  treaty  of  1701,  is  a  proviso  accord- 
ing, to  which  fees  of  2  J  and  1  species  are  levied  from  vessels  bound  for 
Copenhagen,  and  which  sail  thither  without  stopping  to  clear  at  Elsinore, 
but  send  their  papers  to  the  latter  place  from  Copenhagen ;  as  also  from 
vessels  whose  papers  are  handed  in  by  others  than  the  master,  the  mate, 
or  the  supercargo. 

The  same  observation  refers  to  the  money  for  the  poor's  box — 1  species 
for  clearing  a  vessel  on  Sundays  and  holidays,  or  out  of  business  hours. 
From  this  conglomeration  of  fees  the  custom-house  ofiScers  at  Elsinore  are 


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416  Th£  Sound  Dues  of  Denmark  : 

paid  incredibly  liberal  wages ;  still  it  leaves  a  surplus  that  goes  into  the 

Eublic  treasury.  The  director  of  the  chamber  of  Sound  Dues,  a  sinecure, 
ad  in  1850  a  salary  of  15,960  dollars ;  the  clerks  of  the  chamber,  like- 
wise sinecures,  had  from  4,000  to  8,000  each ;  the  cashier,  6,570 ;  the  in- 
spector, the  translator,  the  passport-clerk,  the  clerk  of  the  stamp-office,  the 
runners  and  messengers,  the  crew  of  the  guard-ship,  were  all  salaried  pro- 
portionately. 

The  sum  total  of  the  perquisites  amounts  to  about  160,000  dollars  an- 
nually. From  the  savings  out  of  them  a  capital  had  accumulated  up  to 
1852,  of  247,151  dollars.  Perfectly  exorbitant  and  a  real  extortion  are 
the  taxes  of  boatmen  and  pilots  at  Elsinore.  The  shipmaster  is  obliged 
to  lay  to  there,  throw  anchor  in  the  open  sea,  and  repair  immediately  to 
the  chamber  of  Sound  Dues.  His  vessel  being  generally  feebly  manned, 
he  has  to  take  a  ferryboat  The  difficulty  and  the  dangers  of  the  naviga- 
ble channel  force  him  to  hire  a  pilot  For  the  ferryboat,  which  generally 
takes  him  only  a  few  hundred  yards,  he  has  to  pay  7  to  19  dollars,  accord- 
ing to  the  weather  and  the  season ;  by  night,  9  to  22  dollars.  In  stormy 
weather  and  drifting  ice,  the  boatman  may  make  any  charge  he  likes — 
sometimes  30  to  35  dollars ;  in  quiet  weather,  he  will  gain  with  ease  in 
one  day  40  to  60  dollars.  The  pilot,  though  he  should  have  been  on 
board  only  24  hours,  gets,  for  a  vessel  of  medium  size — drawing  15  feet — 
in  summer  S6^,  in  winter  47  dollars;  for  every  foot  beyond  16,  2  dollars 
68  shillings  more.    A  pilot  at  the  Sound  is  a  money-making  man. 

The  light  dues,  perquisites,  boat,  and  pilot  hires  fall  to  the  charge  of 
shipowners ;  besides  the  delay  at  and  near  Elsinore,  the  clearing  out  and 
the  paying  of  the  dues  cost  them  enormous  sums.  The  necessity  for  stop- 
ping tempts  the  shipmaster  into  numerous  expenses,  into  purchasing  ship 
stores  and  other  articles,  which  it  is  not  in  the  power  of  the  shipowner  to 
control.  Even  without  these  evil  consequences,  the  delay  occasioned  by 
the  compulsory  clearing  at  Elsinore  would  be  bad  enough ;  every  one  ac- 
quainted with  trade  knows  how  much  the  chances  of  a  speculation  depend 
upon  the  speedy  arrival  of  a  cargo  at  the  port  of  destination.  The  wind 
may  change  while  a  vessel  is  at  anchor,  or  she  may  arrive  in  the  roads 
after  10  o*clock  P.  M.,  in  which  case  she  loses  the  wnole  night,  no  custom- 
house officer  being  on  the  spot  before  4  o'clock  in  the  morning.  By  a 
present  of  4  per  cent  of  the  duty,  which  is  tendered  by  the  name  of 
"  Forung,"  for  correct  declaration,  the  shipmasters  are  slily  bribed  over  to 
the  Danish  interest 

The  remark  in  the  convention  of  1841,  that  the  "Forung"  is  to  cover 
the  expenses,  is  illusory,  the  expenses  being  much  higher.  Fresh  expenses 
are  entailed  by  the  clearing-houses  at  Elsinore,  indispensable  to  captains, 
as  they  are  not  allowed  to  pay  the  dues  themselves.  The  agents  charge 
2  to  3^  per  cent  commission  for  paying  the  duty,  and  8  species,  or  12  dol- 
lars— sometimes  even  more — ^for  clearing  the  vessel ;  if  money  has  to  be 
taken  on  bottomry,  the  charge  is  10  per  cent  They  yearly  make  upif^ards 
of  200,000  dollars  Prussian  currency,  leaving  out  the  profits  they  realize 
on  the  exchange.  That  sum  enriches  about  20  commercial  firms.  In 
1850  the  deputies  of  the  Stockholm  society  of  wholesale  dealers  and  ship- 
owners computed  the  charges  to  Swedish  shipowners  at  Elsinore  at 
160,000  Prussian  dollars  yearly ;  the  dues  upon  goods  at  about  as  much. 
Danzig  alone  pays  on  the  average,  annually,  120,000 ;  Stettin,  upwards  of 
180,000  dollars  for  Sound  Dues,  of  which  4,000  to  11,000  dollars  are 


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And  their  Belations  with  the  Commerce  <^  the  World.  41Y 


sometimes  paid  by  one  single  firm.  The  Stettin  shipowners  pay  27,000 
dollars  annually,  under  the  heads  of  light  dues,  pilotage,  fees,  commission, 
clearing  charges,  and  postages. 

These  details  will  be  sufficient  to  show  why  Denmark  has  a  right  to 
call  the  income  from  the  Sound  Dues  a  jewel  m  her  crown.  Owing  to  the 
extraordinary  increase  of  trade  in  general  and  the  steady  development  of 
commercial  enterprise  in  Prussia  and  Russia,  and  of  the  share  both  coun- 
tries have  in  the  Commerce  of  the  world,  the  Danish  gold  mine  improves 
in  fertility  from  year  to  year.  Even  such  reductions  as  are  wrung  from 
Denmark  from  time  to  time  and  by  hard  pressure,  regularly  result  in  the 
further  advantage  and  profit  of  her  treasury.  The  interests  of  trade  in 
the  Baltic  ports,  and  in  England,  Holland,  Belgium,  France,  and  the  Uni- 
ted States  are  conflicting  in  a  most  singular  manner.  With  a  high  tariff, 
trade  suffers ;  any  reduction  makes  the  Danish  taxation  ^ow  up,  polyp- 
like, to  prodigious  dimensions,  and  renders  competition  with  other  routes 
still  more  difficult 

At  the  beginning  of  the  18  th  century  the  number  of  vessels  passing  the 
Sound  and  Belts  in  one  year  was : — 

1770 7»786  I  1840 15,668 

1800 10,221     1860 19,91»  . 

1830 18,212  I  1868 21,6^6 

Looking  at  the  flags  as  specified  in  the  official  lists  for  1849  to  1853,  it 
appears  that  the  increase  is  owing  to  a  progression  in  the  shipping  of 
Norway,  Prussia,  Russia,  Denmark,  Mecklenburg,  and  Lubeck.  The  great 
demand  for  the  produce  of  the  Baltic  countries,  and  the  tide  of  increasing 
traffic  setting  in  from  other  quarters  of  the  world,  especially  California  and 
Australia,  have  caused  that  increase  in  spite  of  the  Sound  Dues.  Holland 
and  France  have  made  no  progress  in  the  numbers  of  their  shipping  pass- 
ing the  Sound ;  the  United  States  have  made  backward  steps ;  but,  of  all 
others,  England  has  lost  most.  In  1849  the  number  of  British  vessels 
passing  the  Sound  exceeded  that  in  1853  by  2,220,  and  that  in  1852  even 
by  2,953. 

THE  FOLLOWIVQ  VESSELS  PISSED  THE  SOUND: — 


English 

Norwegian... 
Swedish  . . . . , 

Dutch 

Pnimiao  . . . . , 

RciniaD 

Danish 

French 

MeckleDburg. 
Hanoverian  . . 
AmericaD. ... 
Oldenburg  . . , 

Italian 

Lubeck 

Belgian 

Hamburgh.. . 

Bremen , 

Spaniiih 

Portuguese  . . 
Anatnan  .... 


1849. 

18S0. 

1851. 

18$2. 

18St. 

6,886 

6,448 

4,811 

8,902 

4,666 

2.877 

2,663 

2,894 

8,020 

8,898 

2,191 

1,982 

2.266 

2,100 

2,007 

1,960 

1,906 

2,060 

1.691 

1,876 

1,861 

2,391 

2,664 

2,319 

8,487 

1,200 

1,188 

1,047 

946 

1,202 

1,164 

1,266 

1,618 

1,464 

2,096 

864 

814 

288 

283 

846 

887 

1,081 

1,077 

771 

1,108 

808 

429 

661 

666 

748 

121 

106 

186 

76 

96 

74 

208 

222 

188 

280 

66 

62 

43 

48 

60 

40 

102 

126 

186 

189 

18 

4 

7 

2 

22 

7 

89 

77 

46 

78 

7 

84 

88 

22 

86 

2 

2 

• . 

6 

4 

2 

8 

.. 

2 

18 

•• 

. . 

2 

•• 

•  • 

VOL.  xzzin. — ^iro.  iv. 


18,959      19,070      19,919      17,668      21,686 
27 


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^ae 


The  Sound  Dues  <tf  Denmai^h : 


Of  the  21,586  vessels  in  1853,  10,526  came  with  cargoes  from  thd 
North  Sea;  7,716  from  the  Baltic;  2,344  were  in  ballast 

2,000  to  3,000  vessels  passed  the  Belts  annually. 

Russian  commercial  policy,  Danish  taxation  and  unavoidable  molesta- 
tions of  shipowners,  have  scared  away  the  British  flag  from  a  territory  on 
which  in  1849  it  still  took  precedence.  The  declared  value  of  British  pro- 
duce shipped  direct  to  Russia  is  estimated — 


1849 £1,879.179 

1860 1,279,650 


1851 £1,157,648 

1852 994,380 


We  wonder  if  the  British  negotiators  of  1841  have  met  with  thanks  for 
raising  the  subsidiary  taxes  and  for  superficially  revising  the  tariff ;  we 
even  doubt  it  The  United  States  are  laying  greater  stress  upon  the  de- 
crease of  their  Baltic  shipping  trade. 

The  income  from  the  Sound  Dues,  on  the  average,  runs  upon  the  same 
scale  with  the  number  of' ships.  In  1756  the  Danish  treasury  received 
200,000  dollars;  1770,  450,890;  1820,  1,500,000  dollars.  The  year 
1853,  compared  to  1756,  shows  a  more  than  thirteenfold  increase ;  the 
receipts  amounted  to  2,530,000  dollars.  The  insufficient  reduction  of 
1841  had  left  no  trace  in  1844.  The  revenue  from  2,258,000,  rapidly 
rose  to  2,432,000  dollars.  In  the  budget  of  1847  the  receipts,  owing  to 
the  reductions  of  May,  1846,  had  been  estimated  at  1,832,000  dollars  only 
— they  actually  amounted  to  69^,000  dollars  more,  having  risen  to 
2,531,000  dollars. 

A  return  for  the  24  years  ending  1853,  shows  the  revenue  from  Sound 
Dues,  rosenobles,  light  dues,  and  fees  at  the  Oeresound  and  the  Belts  to 
have  amounted  to  54,000,000  dollars ;  upon  the  average,  2,250,000  dol- 
lars yearly ;  beside,  the  extra  charges  to  agents,  boatmen,  pilots,  and  for 
postages  amount  to  at  least  800,000  dollars  annually;  12  millions  more 
must  therefore  be  added  to  the  above  54  millions.  The  discount  paid  hw 
the  Prussian  exchequer  indirectly  forms  a  further  item  of  about  2  mil- 
lions. At  tbe  end  of  another  period  of  24  years,  the  colossal  sum  will 
have  been  doubled.  The  monster  grows  the  more  food  it  has  thrown 
into  its  fangs,  to  more  and  more  gigantic  proportions. 

THE  SOUND   DOES,  THE  FIRE  MONET,  AND  THE  FEES   HAVE  BROUGHT — 


•Rixdalers. 

1881 1,966,000 

1 882 2,210,000 

1883 2,090,000 

1884 1,890,000 

1885 1,910,000 

1886 2,087,000 

1887 2,208.000 

1888 2,826.000 

1889 2,417,000 

1 840 2,401 ,000 

1841 2,268,000 

1842 2,076,000 


BtxdAtan. 

1 848 2,294 ,000 

1844 2,482,000 

1846 2,861,000 

1846 2.160,900 

1847 2,681,000 

1848 2,260,000 

1 849 2,160.000 

1850 2,400,000 

1 861 2,460,000 

1862 2,500.000 

1 868 2 ,580,000 


64,009.000 


These  figures  are  based  upon  the  Danish  returns,  as  far  as  they  are  pub- 
lished, and  from  1850  upon  the  finance  laws,  adding  the  light  money  and 
perquisites,  and  raising  the  estimate  to  the  actual  amount  taken. 

*  One  rUdaler  about  So.  3d.,  or  56  cento  Federml  money. 


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And  their  Relations  with  the  Commerce  of  the  World.  419 


THI  FUIANOB  LAWS   UTIICATI 

18$0.    18S1.    18SI.     18St. 

Oretund  does  and  roeenoble |2,017,600   $2,036,000  $2,065,810  $2,050,000 

Nyborg 17,400  17,660  17,800  18,800 

Friedericia 2,700  2,760  8,800  8,700 

2,087,770  2,066,400  2,076,400  1,081,000 

Light  and  beaooQ  mooej 149,770  168,480  158,895  161,885 

Perqaisites 184,245  186,080  189,970  140,980 

PoormoDcy 5,970  6.156  6,265  6,175 

Fines 5,960  5,988  6.840  5,500 

Interest  on  the  capital  from  surplus 

perquisites 6,740  7,650  9,672  6,415 

2,840,858      2,865,000      2,899,040     2,899,860 

Take,  instead  of  this 2,400,000     2,450,000     2^00,000     2,580,000 

Which  are  stated  in  proportion  to 
the  increasing  traflSc,  and  an  addition 
has  to  be  made  of 60,000  85,000        100,000        180,000 

Beyond  doubt,  within  the  reality ;  and  it  remaiiis  to  be  seen  if  Denmark 
is  inclined  and  able  to  disprove  it  The  objection,  that  the  light  moneys 
and  perquisites  are  not  to  be  stated  in  the  receipts,  requires — alter  what 
has  already  been  said — no  refutations,  long  as  they  are  levied.  Nobody 
will  enter  protest  against  their  non-levy. 

Who  pays  these  sums  ?  The  usual  answer  is — the  trade  of  Russia  half, 
Prussia  a  fourth,  the  remaining  Baltic  countries  the  rest  But  the  ship- 
ping of  all  flags,  not  excepting  the  British,  bears  its  heavy  share  of  the 
burden ;  and  we  duty  on  goods  is,  according  to  the  state  of  markets,  as 
often  paid  by  the  shipper  as  by  the  receiver.  Whenever  England  is  in 
want  of  great  (quantities  of  ^ain,  timber,  flax,  or  other  staple  articles  of 
Baltic  exportation,  the  British  consumer  bears  the  brunt  of  the  Sound 
Dues. 

On  the  other  hand,  when  goods  are  imported  to  the  Baltic  through  the 
Sound,  it  is  always  the  receiver  who  pays  the  Sound  Dues,  on  account  of 
the  competition  of  other  and  cheaper  routes  of  trafiSc.  The  Baltic  mer- 
chant dares  not  charge  the  Sound  Dues  to  the  consumer,  because  he  in 
that  case  would  lose  him  as  a  customer.  His  mercantile  enterprises,  al- 
ready burdened  with  heavy  insurance  for  the  passage  through  the  danger- 
ous Oattegat — where  every  year  20  to  40  vessels  are  lost — are  further 
maimed  by  the  Danish  imposts,  even  where  these  keep  within  the  limits 
of  conventions. 

All  vessels  must  hoist  their  flags  in  the  Sound  before  passing  Eronen- 
borg,  if  coming  from  the  north  ;  before  sailing  past  the  guard-ship  in  the 
roads  of  Elsinore,  if  outward  bound.  They  belong  to  three  classes — 
privileged,  unprivileged,  and  Danish.  The  following  are  at  present  priv- 
il^ed  nations : — 

Belgium,  by  the  convention  of  13  June,  1841 ;  the  Brazils,  by  the  con- 
vention of  26  April,  1828;  Bremen,  by  the  convention  of  5  November, 
1835;  Great  Britain,  by  the  convention  of  11  July,  1670,  and  13  Au- 
gust, 1841 ;  France,  by  the  convention  of  23  August,  1742  ;  Greece,  by 
the  convention  of  31  October,  1846;  Hamburgh,  by  the  convention  of 
27  May,  1768 ;  Hanover,  by  the  convention  of  13  April,  1844;  Holland, 
by  the  convention  of  13  August,  1843,  15  July,  1701,  and  10  July,  1817 ; 


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420  The  Sound  Dues  of  Denmark  : 

Lubeck,  by  the  convention  of  14  October,  1840;  Mexico,  by  the  conyen- 
tion  of  19  July,  1827  ;  Mecklenburg,  by  the  convention  of  25  November, 
1845;  United  States,  by  the  convention  of  26  April,  1826;  Norway,  by 
the  convention  of  23  August,  1841 ;  Austria,  by  the  convention  of  12  Feb- 
ruary, 1834 ;  Oldenburg,  by  the  convention  of  31  March,  1841 ;  Prussia, 
by  the  convention  of  17  June,  1841,  and  26  May,  1846;  Russia,  by  the 
convention  of  8  October,  1782,  and  of  14  October,  1831 ;  Sardinia,  by  the 
convention  of  14  August,  1843 ;  Naples,  by  the  convention  of  13  January, 
1846 ;  Sweden,  by  the  convention  of  3  July,  1720,  and  23  August,  1841 ; 
Spain,  by  the  convention  of  25  May,  1798 ;  Venezuela,  by  the  convention 
of  26  March,  1838. 

With  regard  to  all  of  them,  it  has  been  provided  that  ships  and  cargoes 
in  the  Sound  and  Belts  have  to  pay  no  higher  dues  and  taxes  than  are,  or 
will  be  paid  now  and  in  future  by  the  most  favored  nations.  From  this, 
it  naturally  follows  that  both  old  and  new  conventions  apply  to  them  ail ; 
each  subsequent  reduction  equally  benefits  every  one  of  them,  and  any  na- 
tion obtaining,  either  by  means  of  negotiations  or  by  the  force  of  arms, 
the  total  abolition  of  the  Sound  Does,  will  thereby  at  once  secure  the 
same  right  to  all  others. 

The  only  unprivileged  nations  in  Europe  at  present  are  Portugal,  the 
States  of  the  Holy  See,  and  Turkey.  The  disadvantages  connected  with 
the  unprivileged  position  are  in  reality  of  little  consequence.  Thev  prin- 
cipally consist  in  the  dues  on  the  imenumerated  articles  being  1},  instead 
of  1  per  cent ;  in  an  addition  of  a  fourth  part  on  certain  Spanish  and  Por- 
tuguese wines,  and  on  bottled  wine ;  of  ^  to  ^  on  grain,  according  as  it  is 
shipped  at  different  Baltic  ports ;  of  a  rosenoble  besides  the  dues  on  goods 
bound  for  Rostock ;  lastly,  in  unprivileged  vessels  and  cargoes  being  sub- 
ject to  the  right  of  search.  This  right  of  search,  however,  rests  on  a  mere 
assumption  on  the  part  of  Denmark ;  it  has  never  been  either  recognized 
or  practiced. 

Danish  vessels  form  a  separate  class,  enjoying  greater  privileges  than 
the  vessels  of  privileged  nations.  It  is  true,  that  by  a  royal  resolution  of 
18  February,  1771.  both  classes  are  placed  on  the  same  footing,  and  there 
can  be  no  doubt  whatever  that  any  privileges  conceded  to  Danish  vesseb 
may  be  claimed  with  equal  right  by  the  vessels  of  all  other  privileged 
nations. 

The  forbearance  towards  Denmark,  however,  has  allowed  the  flag  of  that 
country  to  acquire  a  series  of  exclusive  immunities,  to  which  the  crowning  one 
has  been  added  in  the  course  of  the  present  year.  Besides  numerous  facil- 
ities accorded  them  in  reference  to  light  dues  and  perquisites,  Danish  com- 
modities— both  raw  produce  and  manufactures — if  imported  from,  or  ex- 
B>rted  to  tlie  Faroer,  Seeland,  and  Greenland,  goods  the  produce  of  the 
anish  colonies  and  shipped  in  Danish  bottoms,  and  all  goods  shipped 
thither  in  such  vessels,  enjoy  full  exemption  from  Sound  Dues  in  the  Sound 
and  Belts.  Since  the  1st  April,  18S4,  a  discount  equal  to  the  full  amount 
of  the  Sound  Dues  is  being  allowed  on  the  Danish  import  duties  for  all 
goods  the  produce  of  transatlantic  countries,  if  brought  direct  to  Denmark 
from  the  producing  country.  By  thus  allowing  to  the  full  a  discount 
which  has  only  partially  been  accorded  by  Prussia  to  her  ports,  Denmark 
exonerates  her  inland  consumption  from  Sound  Dues  on  coffee,  dyewood^ 
rice,  tobacco,  tea,  mahogany,  d^c  Rum  and  arrack  form  an  exception  to 
the  franchise,  partly  to  protect  the  home  production  of  spirits  horn  com- 


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And  their  Belatwna  with  the  Commeree  of  the  World.  421 

petition,  partly  on  account  of  the  Danish  colonies,  whose  produce  is 
charged  with  only  48  shillings  Rbco.  less  duty  than  foreign  rum,  but, 
owing  to  the  exemption,  is  actually  protected  at  the  rate  of  1  dollar  for 
30  quarts. 

By  the  letter  of  the  resolution,  the  discount  in  question  has  not  been 
restricted  to  the  Danish  flag ;  but  experience  shows  that  far  more  extensive, 
while  more  justified  concessions,  in  reference  to  Danish  importation,  though 
open  to  being  taken  advantage  of  by  all  privileged  flags,  have  in  the  nat- 
ural course  of  circumstances  been  but  rarely  made  use  of  by  the  latter, 
and  turned  almost  exclusively  to  the  benefit  of  Danish  shipping.  Since 
1842  there  existed  in  Denmark,  with  reference  to  the  direct  transatlantic 
importation  of  the  said  goods,  a  drawback  of  25  per  cent  on  import  duty 
and  all  charges  upon  vessels ;  still,  in  the  ten  years  ending  1 852,  only 
2,062  commerce-lasts  of  foreign  shipping  have  been  tempted  by  the  draw- 
back to  import  goods  of  that  favored  description  into  Denmark ;  whereas 
during  the  same  period  the  owners  of  659  Danish  vessels,  with  72,770 
commerce-lasts,  have  reaped  the  fruits  of  the  facilitated  direct  importation, 
amounting  to  888,000  dollars.  At  that  time  Denmark  did  not  yet  dare 
to  show  any  preference  with  respect  to  the  Sound  Dues  to  her  own  flag, 
and  she  not  only  levied  Sound  Dues  on  direct  importations,  but  even  de- 
ducted the  amount  of  the  dues  from  the  drawback  on  such  cargoes  as  had 
had  to  pass  neither  the  Sound  nor  Belts.  At  present  she  has  shown  more 
courage.  The  remission  of  25  per  cent  on  the  import  duty  was  too  great 
a  drain  on  the  needy  treasury ;  something  was  to  be  done  to  promote 
Danish  shipping  trade ;  and  thus,  contrary  to  the  letter  and  the  spirit  of 
existing  conventions,  a  remission  of  the  Sound  Dues  on  the  direct  Danish 
importation  was  resorted  to,  the  whole  burden  of  the  unnatural  tax  being 
thereby  thrown  upon  the  transit  The  Danish  government  may  have  re- 
membered a  passage  from  Winter's  Tale — 

**  Truly  the  gods  have  taken  mercy  upon  us  this  year,  and  we  may  do  all  we  like." 

The  right  to  make  a  distinction  of  that  kind  is  doubtful  in  the  extreme 
— all  privileged  nations  have  been  placed  upon  a  perfectly  equal  footing. 
Waiving  the  question,  if  foreign  flags  will  take  advantage  of  this  discount, 
Denmanc  is  not  entitled  to  favor  her  own  importation  by  means  of  a  re- 
mission of  Sound  Dues,  unless  the  same  favor  be  at  the  same  time  equally 
extended  to  the  importation  through  the  Sound  of  all  other  privileged 
countries — all  of  which  may  claim  the  immunities  of  the  most  favored  na- 
tions. The  conditions  under  which  Prussia  allows  a  discount  are  mani- 
festly of  a  very  diflferent  nature,  and  the  allowance  itself  is  n^t  made  in 
violation  of  treaties. 

The  recent  Danish  measure  may  even  injure  the  Baltic  ports,  and  in 
their  prejudice  lead  to  a  staple  right  of  the  Danish  ports  being  established 
at  the  expense  of  the  other  ports  in  the  Baltic,  and  wholly  at  variance 
with  acknowledged  principles  of  free  trade.  Not  only  the  Baltic  States, 
but  also  England,  Belgium,  Holland,  France,  Ac,  have  therefore  all  possi- 
ble cause  for  complaint,  and  in  like  degree  the  Hanse-Towns,  Hamburgh, 
and  Lubeck,  must  consider  themselves  placed  at  a  disadvantage — their 
very  important  indirect  importation  into  Denmark,  subject  to  the  full  im- 
port duty,  being  by  these  distinctions  in  favor  of  a  direct  supply  brought 
face  to  face  with  a  new  and  formidable  competition.  In  some  quarters  it 
is  mooted  that  by  the  Danish  resolution  of  1st  April,  1854,  it  is  intended 


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422  Ths  Sound  DueM  of  Denmark : 

to  buy  off  the  United  States.  If  so,  we  guess  the  calculation  will  prove 
incorrect,  as  soon  as  the  subject  shall  have  been  gone  into,  and  the  con- 
viction arrived  at  that  the  measure  in  question  cannot  but  result  in  the 
advantage  of  Denmark,  and  of  Denmark  only.  The  United  States  must 
necessarily  have  an  eye  to  the  unimpeded  passage  of  rice,  tobacco,  and 
cotton,  and  the  &cilities  accorded  to  the  trifling  importation  of  Denmark, 
can  in  no  way  make  up  for  the  heavy  dues  weighing  on  those  articles  if 
bound  to  other  quarters. 

No  one  will  volunteer  to  prove  that  the  present  state  of  matters  can  be 
tolerated  any  longer ;  reform  is  most  urgent,  and  the  necessity  for  it  is 
being  so  strongly  felt,  that  the  singular  idea  of  circumventing  the  Sound, 
by  means  of  a  canal,  has  actually  been  ventilated.  That  canal  was  to  be 
laid  through  Schonen,  from  Raa  to  Wiigen,  on  a  level  with  the  sea ;  it 
was  to  extend  two  German  miles  in  length,  and  to  be  20  feet  deep  and 
100  feet  broad.  Commodious  ports  were  to  be  constructed  at  each  en- 
trance, and  proper  arrangements  made  for  tugging  every  vessel  through 
in  a  few  hours.  The  expenses  are  estimated  at  from  5  to  6  millions  of 
dollars,  and  the  dues  that  would  be  made  necessary  for  pajring  interest 
Kad  maintaining  the  establishment  are  computed  at  a  fourth  paji  of  the 
present  annual  revenue  at  the  Sound. 

Instead  of  a  road  made  by  the  hands  of  nature,  an  artificial  one  is  to 
open  a  gate  to  trade  and  navigation.  The  plan  renders  sufficient  evidence 
to  the  heavy  pressure,  and  is  a  manifest  proof  of  the  hopelessness  and  faint- 
heartedness d  the  commercial  public  looking  forward  for  help  and  redress 
to  the  carrying  out  of  such  an  undertaking.  As  little  prospect  there  is  to 
get  rid  of  the  burden  by  paying  off  the  capital.  In  times  like  the  preset, 
when  all  countries  are  forced  yearly  to  add  to  their  debts,  where  should 
the  means  be  found  to  raise  forty  to  fifty  millions  of  dollars  ?  Where  the 
unanimity  in  contracting  loans  towards  this  purpose,  and  making  sacri- 
fices of  that  amount  in  favor  of  Denmark  ?  The  interest  of  the  maritime 
powers  makes  it  necessary  to  resort  to  other  means.  The  dissatisfaction 
felt  in  England  at  the  convention  of  1841  is  as  strong  as  it  is  general ; 
the  British  cabinet  may  at  times  have  looked  upon  and  made  use  of  the 
Sound  Dues  as  a  sword  of  their  commercial  policy — but,  at  any  rate,  it  is 
a  sword  that  cuts  both  ways,  and  deeply  wounds  the  trade  and  navigation 
of  their  own  country. 

The  United  States  see  the  extension  of  their  traffic  suffering  under  high 
and  illegal  duties  imposed  upon  the  staple  articles  of  their  exportation ; 
their  treaty  with  Denmark  may  be  thrown  up  every  twelvemonth.  The 
French  wine  trade  groans  under  exorbitant  dues.  With  what  intensity 
the  burden  is  felt  in  Sweden  is  shown  by  the  complaints  of  1 850.  Proa- 
sia  is  absolutely  and  unavoidably  placed  in  the  position  of  continuing  the 
persevering  and  determined  opponent  of  the  Sound  Dues ;  she  has,  down 
to  ]  845,  honestly,  seriously,  and  zealously  maintained  that  position,  doing 
and  offering  anything  to  get  rid  of  the  fetter.  She  has  failed.  Her  geo- 
graphical and  political  situation  pressingly  call  upon  her  to  go  the  way 
open  to  her — throwing  up  the  treaties  of  1818  and  1846.  Let  but  a 
single  leading  power  do  so,  and  at  the  same  time  give  notice  of  its  inten- 
tion not  to  submit  any  longer  to  the  burdening  of  its  trade  and  navigation, 
and,  if  need  be,  resort  to  reprisals,  and  the  Sound  Dues  have  seen  their 
last  If  Russia,  where  neither  shipowners  nor  merchants  are  in  a  position 
to  raise  a  complaint,  should  like  to  remain  faithful  to  her  character  as  pro- 


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MfrcanUU  Biography,  429 

tector  of  Denmark,  bj  making  her  ships  and  cargoes  continue  to  pay  the 
duty,  nobody  will  prevent  her.  The  question  of  the  Sound  Dues  is  not  a 
Russian  one — it  is  one  of  general  and  transatlantic  commercial  policy. 

Spain  and  Portugal,  at  3ie  period  of  their  preponderancy,  claimed  whole 
oceans  as  their  property.  Hugo  Grotius,  the  author  of  "  Mare  Liberum," 
overthrew  that  maxim  as  early  as  1609.  The  Sound  is  not  a  dependency 
of  Denmark,  and  even  did  her  supposed  right  of  sovereignty  really  exist, 
it  would  give  her  no  title  to  lay  enormous  taxes  upon  vessels  sailing  past 
her  shore,  and  neither  asking  her  for,  nor  owing  her  anything.  The  right  of 
levying  dues  has  never  been  recognized;  a  tortuous  policy  has  made  cer- 
tain tariff  concessions  by  separate  treaties  to  the  once  powerful  Denmark. 
They  fall  as  soon  as  warning  is  given  of  the  cessation  of  those  treaties, 
and  Denmark  must  grant  to  all  parties  what  she  is  forced  to  concede  to 
one. 

To  consider  the  immutability  of  the  Sound  Dues  to  have  been  guarauk 
tied  by  way  of  indemnity  for  the  loss  of  Norway,  is  an  erroneous  supposi- 
tion. Denmark  will  not  be  able  to  produce  any  documents  in  point  The 
right,  thought  sacred  and  incontrovertible,  will  disappear  when  the  Ques- 
tion, freed  from  conventional  ties  by  throwing  up  the  treaties,  shall  nave 
been  carried  over  upon  the  territory  of  main  force.  A  real  necessity,  such 
as  is  given  here,  must  overthrow  an  unnatural  usurpation  merely  resting 
on  historical  grounds.  Never  have  so  formidable  forces  unfurled  their 
fl^gs  in  the  Baltic  as  at  present  England  stands  m(»re  than  ever  in  need 
of  Prussian  alliance  and  German  assistance ;  let  her  enter  the  lists  as  the 
champion  of  free  trade  for  all  the  world,  and  the  asthmatic  policy  of  Den- 
mark will  be  taught  by  experience  that  its  impotency  is  not  any  ftirthw 
capable  of  stemming  the  current  of  history. 


Jrt.  II.— MERCANTILE   BIOBEiPHT: 

WALTER  RESTORED  JONES. 

Thb  business  of  Marine  Insurance  in  this  country,  and  especially  in  the 
eity  of  New  York,  as  to  its  utility  and  value,  and  the  great  profits  conse- 
quent upon  its  able  administration,  has  been  pretty  thoroughly  tested  for  the 
mst  quarter  of  a  century,  in  the  history  and  great  success  of  the  Atlantic 
Mutual  Insurance  Company.  Confessedly  at  the  head  of  all  associations 
of  the  kind,  in  this  country,  and  owing  very  much  of  its  past  good  fortune 
to  the  able  direction  and  management  of  its  late  President,  it  seems  but 
ihting,  that  as  its  former  head — almost  its  creator — and  as  identified  with 
it,  from  the  start — its  history  being  comprised  in  that  of  Mr.  Jones — some 
permanent  record  should  be  preserved  of  the  life,  labors,  and  character  of 
so  valuable  and  public-spirited  an  officer. 

Immediately  consequent  upon  his  decease,  it  is  true,  warm  and  appreci- 
ative notices  appeared  in  the  various  journals,  and  eulogistic  while  at  the 
same  time  discriminating  resolutions  were  adopted  by  all  the  important  pub- 
lic bodies  of  trade  and  finance,  in  Wall-street — as,  for  example,  by  the  Board 
of  Underwriters,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Merchants  in  the  Exchange,  and  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce.    Two  meetings  connected  with  the  company,  the 


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424  JfercanHle  Biography: 

one  of  the  clerks,  and  the  other,  especially,  of  the  trustees,  ought  not  to 
be  omitted ;  for,  at  the  latter,  among  the  resolutions,  occurs  one  drawn  up 
by  one  who  knew  Mr.  Jones  well,  and  judged  him  accurately,  which  we 
are  happy  to  quote  as  the  justest  character  of  the  deceased  which  we  have 
read: — 

Resolvedj  That,  by  his  careful  ndherenee  to  the  modes  of  transacting  busioess 
tested  by  experience ;  by  his  discreet  sanction  of  such  improvements  as  were 
found  to  obviate  diflSculties  aud  to  supply  defects ;  by  his  remarkable  memory, 
vigorous  energy,  untiring  industry,  iDOomitable  **  carefulness  in  making  cou- 
tracts,"  and  by  his  gooa  faith  and  liberality  in  fulfilling  them,  he  has  in  our 
judgment  earned  the  title  of  thejirst  Marine  UndertDriter  of  his  age  and  country. 

Of  such  a  man  we  propose  to  exhibit  a  picture  in  the  following  brief 
sketch. 

Walter  Restored*  Jones,  the  son  of  John  Jones,  a  highly  respectable 
«iember  of  the  well-known  Jones  family  of  Queen's  county.  Long  Island, 
was  bom  at  Cold  Spring,  near  Oyster  Bay,  on  the  north  side  of  Long 
Island,  at  the  family  mansion,  which  is  still  standing  and  in  the  possession 
of  his  family,  April  15,  1793.  His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  John  Hew- 
lett, a  family  of  good  local  repute,  belonging  in  relirious  creed  to  the 
Church  of  England.  The  Cold  Spring  branch  of  the  Jones  family  of 
Queen's  county,  whose  original  seat  was  on  the  south  side  of  the  island, 
whence  all  of  the  sons  of  William  Jones  emigrated,  except  the  father  ci 
the  late  Chief  Justice  Samuel  Jones,  were  originally  independent  gentle- 
men farmers  and  manufacturers ;  some  of  whose  descendants  came  up  to 
the  city  and  entered  on  business,  in  one  department  of  which.  Insurance, 
several  of  them — as  John  D.  Jones,  the  President  of  the  Atlantic  Mutual 
Insurance  Company ;  Oliver  H.  Jones,  President  of  the  New  York  Fire  and 
Marine  Insurance  Company ;  Walter  R.  T.  Jones,  average  adjuster,  and  W. 
Townsend  Jones,  Secretary  of  the  Atlantic — with  others  of  the  family, 
have  won  an  enviable  reputation. 

The  reputation  of  that  branch  of  the  family  which  came  directly  from 
South  Oyster  Bay  was  eminently  legal,  and  in  a  degree  political.  Cooper, 
the  novelist,  remarks  of  the  family :  "  The  Jones  family  has  now  furnished 
legislators  and  jurists  to  the  colony  and  State  more  than  a  century." 

It  included — to  mention  only  the  very  prominent  names — Judges  David 
and  Thomas  Jones,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  colony  of  New  York ;  the 
elder  Samuel  Jones,  the  compeer  of  Hamilton  and  Burr  and  Harrison  and 
Livingston;  Samuel  Jones,  his  son,  chancelor  and  chief-justice — ^fully 
equal  to  the  reputation  of  his  father,  and  by  some  thought  to  have  trans- 
cended it ;  and  David  S.  Jones,  his  youngest  brother,  a  worthy  son  of  so 
illustrious  a  parent,  and  as  a  lawyer  most  able,  if  not  as  eminent  as  his 
brother ;  Major  William  Jones ;  Elbert  Herring  Jones,  most  upright  and 
acceptable  to  their  constituents  in  the  State  senate  and  legislature ;  and 
of  the  ancient  Floyd  Jones  family.  General  Henry  Floyd  Jones  and  his 
nephew  David,  Richard  Floyd  Jones,  in  both  houses  of  the  State  ie^sla- 
ture,  and  Elbert  Floyd  Jones  in  the  lower. — The  father  of  Mr.  Jones,  John 
Jones,  was  one  of  the  seventeen  children  of  William  Jones,  the  son  of 
Major  Thomas  Jones,  the  first  American  ancestor  of  this  very  large  and 

*  The  middle  iMiiie  of  Mr.  Jones  hat  a  history  worth  preserving.  An  elder  brother  of  the  ■«&« 
name,  having  met  hts  death  by  an  accident.  It  was  the  wish  of  his  mother,  when  the  subj<'ct  of  the 
present  sketch  was  bom,  to  retain  the  name,  for  which  she  had  a  peotillar  fondneiB;  hence  tb» 
epithet  ^^  Restored  "  was  added  to  the  original  Christian  name. 


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Walter  Me$tored  Janes.  425 

req>ectable  family.  Major  Jones  was  an  officer  of  the  English  army,  and 
was  present  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne  Water.  At  the  termination  of  the 
conflict  which  ended  so  disastrously  for  James  IL,  the  supposed*  Welsh 
officer  came  over  to  this  country,  and  finally  settled  near  South  Oyster 
Bay,  on  the  South  shore  of  Long  Island,  some  thirty  miles  from  Brooklyn. 
He  here  procured  a  large  tract  of  land,  some  five  to  ten  thousand  acres,  a 
manorial  estate,  by  purchase  from  the  Indians,  and  also  entered  into 
whaling  enterprises  on  the  coast,  then  a  profitable  business,  and  under  an 
English  commission  to  cruise  a^inst  Spanish  property,  amassed  consider- 
able property.  He  built  himself  a  brick  house,  which  stood  for  nearly  a 
century  and  a  half,  and  which  was  pulled  down  to  make  way  for  tlie  im- 
provements of  the  late  David  S.  Jones,  the  then  munificent  possessor  of 
the  Massapequa  farm. 

John  Jones,  the  grandson  of  the  Major,  and  father  of  Walter  R.,  with 
his  brother-in-law,  Devine  Hewlett,  held  in  common  important  water  priv- 
ileges, and  a  flour  mill,  at  a  period  when  property  of  that  character  was 
especially  valuable — previous  to  the  opening  of  the  Erie  Canal  and  the 
importation  of  Western  flour,  and  also  during  the  epoch  of  the  second 
war  with  Great  Britain,  and  under  the  restrictive  influence  of  the  embargo. 
The  mill  was  consequently  kept  in  active  operation,  and  constituted  a 
valuable  property. 

The  subject  of  the  present  memoir  was  early  introduced  to  the  world  of 
business  and  the  life  of  a  great  commercial  metropolis.  At  the  tender  age 
of  eleven  years  he  came  up  to  town  and  was  placed  in  the  store  of  his 
eldest  brother,  William  H.  Jones,  then  engaged  in  the  flour  business,  but 
now  and  for  several  years  living  the  life  of  a  country  gentleman,  having 
brought  up  a  large  and  socially  useful  family,  and  exercising  the  virtues 
of  a  genial  hospitality,  at  Eastwoods,  near  Huntingdon.  In  his  brother's 
office  the  ftiture  underwriter  acquired  his  first  insight  into  the  principles 
and  modes  of  business,  his  true  school.  A  few  years  later  he  was  intro- 
duced by  his  cousin,  J.  Jackson  Jones,  a  son  of  his  uncle  Walter,  and 
brother  of  William  Townsend  Jones — an  accomplished  and  most  worthy 
gentleman,  as  we  learn  from  all  who  knew  him — into  the  office  of  the 
United  States  Insurance  Company,  as  clerk,  where  he  became  remarkable 
for  his  habits  of  method,  industry,  and  attention  to  business,  laying  a  firm 
basis  for  his  future  eminence  in  a  province  of  Insurance  requiring  caution, 
accuracy,  precision,  and  promptness.  The  United  Insurance  Company 
was  one  of  the  first,  if  not  absolutely  the  earliest  in  point  of  time,  in  New 
York,  and  perhaps  in  the  Union,  for  undertaking  marine  risks.  But 
owing  to  novelty,  or  ignorance  of  the  proper  mode  of  conducting  the 
business,  or  from  some  other  untoward  causes,  the  association  failed  to 
realize  its  objects,  and  it  became  embarrassed  and  was  discontinued.  At 
an  early  period  of  his  career  Mr.  Jones  conceived  an  aversion  to  litigation, 
of  which  there  had  been  much,  both  unnecessary  and  of  a  vexatious  char- 
acter, in  the  early  Insurance  C'Ompanies,  and  which  proved  in  the  end 
detrimental  to  their  interests,  and  served  to  exclude  customers.  Mr. 
Daniel  Lord,  counselor  to  the  present  company,  stated  in  his  speech  at  the 
dinner  given  to  Mr.  Jones,  on  occasion  of  the  complimentary  presentation 
to  him  of  a  rich  service  of  plate,  that  "  for  the  twenty-four  years  of  the 

*  We  My  Mppoted,  because  Ihe  M^Jor  li  odd  on  bit  tombeUme  to  bave  eone  froai  Strebane,  la 
Ireland,  wbenee  be  sailed  on  leaving  for  America,  after  tbe  battle.  Bat  bis  name,  cbaracier,  and 
tbe  family  traita,  are  all  decidedly  Welib. 


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426  Mereantile  Bioffra^hy: 

administration  of  this  company,  not  more  than  six  lawsuits  have  oceorred 
to  it,  and  T  can  recollect  but/ottr." 

In  1824  Mr.  Jones  was  elected  assistant  or  vice  to  Archibald  Gracie, 
President  of  the  first  Atlantic  Insurance  Company,  discontinued  two  years 
after. 

In  conjunction  with  Josiah  L.  Hale,  Mr.  Jones  started,  in  1829,  the 
second  Atlantic,  with  a  capital  of  $860,000.  Of  this  new  association  Mr. 
Hale  was  president  and  Mr.  Jones  vice-president.  This  company  pursued 
a  successful  career,  and  continued  its  operations  until  July,  1842,  when 
the  old  stock  company  was  discontinued,  and  a  new  company  organized 
on  the  mutual  plan — that  having  grown  into  great  favor,  and  become  the 
popular  mode  of  conducting  insurance,  as  most  profitable  and  most  secure. 

The  present  Atlantic  Mutual  Insurance  Company  first  went  into  opera- 
tion July  1,  1842 — Mr.  Jones  president,  Mr.  Hale  vice-president,  and  Mr. 
J.  D.  Jones  secretary — and  may  be  considered,  without  invidious  contrast, 
as  the  leading  marine  insurance  company  of  the  country.  Its  history  and 
that  of  Mr.  Jones  are  identical ;  he  was  bound  up  in  it,  and  cherished  its 
interests  as  personal  with  his  individual  interests.  Its  prosperity  was  his, 
and  he  felt  its  occasional  losses,  doubtless,  as  much  as  any  of  its  stock- 
holders or  directors ;  and  the  company  organized  by  him,  watched  and 
guided  until  firmly  established,  and  its  business  systematically  arranged, 
bids  fair  to  continue  one  of  the  most  flourishing  in  the  Union.  The  large 
insurance  building  No.  61  Wall-street,  at  the  comer  of  William -street, 
was  planned  and  erected  under  the  eye  of  Mr.  Jones,  and  with  the  sanc- 
tion of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  his  worthy  associates. 

We  may  remark,  in  passing,  that  the  present  incumbent  of  the  presi- 
dential chair,  John  D.  Jones,  has  received  a  most  thorough  education  for 
the  office  he  holds,  having  been  brought  up  under  his  uncle's  eye,  and 
with  his  character  and  career  before  him,  as  a  model,  for  a  period  of 
nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century — having  the  assistance  and  countenance  of 
the  able  Board  of  Trustees,  composed  of  the  most  influential  merchants  of 
the  city. 

For  twelve-and-a-half  years  the  actual  dividends  amounted  to  forty- 
three-and-a-half  per  cent,  an  average  of  thirty-five  per  cent  per  annum. 

The  intense  labor  of  the  oflicers  of  the  institution  was  remarkable,  and 
fourteen  hours  per  day  are  said  to  have  formed  the  regular  daily  labor  of 
the  three  principal  officers. 

In  January,  1864,  Mr.  Hale  was  obliged  to  resign,  through  increasing 
feeble  health,  and  physical  inability  to  continue  his  arduous  labors. 

As  a  proof  of  the  remarkable  prosperity  of  the  companv,  a  large  share 
of  the  good  fortune  of  which  is  to  be  attributed  to  Mr.  «fones,  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  for  the  ten  years  from  January,  1844,  its  annual  average 
was  over  thirty-tliree  per  cent,  and  for  the  first  eleven-and-a-half  years  of 
its  business,  the  total  amount  of  profits  was  $6,002,571,  showing  an  aver^ 
^e  of  §529,788  per  annum. 

Previously  to  this  latter  date,  on  November  22,  1853,  came  off  a  public 
dinner  at  the  Astor  House,  which  had  been  got  up  by  some  of  the  friends 
and  business  associates  of  Mr.  Jones,  in  his  honor,  and  for  the  purpose  of 
acknowledging  their  sense  of  his  important  services,  his  high  character, 
surpassing  financial  talents,  and  social  virtues.  The  presentation  of  a 
magnificent  service  of  plate,  tastefully  rich  and  elaborate,  was  the  distm- 
guishing  feature  of  the  occasion,  which  was  set  off  by  some  extremely 


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Walter  Hestored  Janes.  42*1 

good  speaking.  The  best  speeches  were  made  by  Mr.  Tileston,  who  pre- 
sided, Rev.  Mr.  Osgood,  who  acted  as  chaplain,  and  by  the  guest  of  the 
evening,  Mr.  Jones  himself.  The  foremost  merchants,  bankers,  and  under- 
writers of  New  York  city,  made  up  this  select  assemblage  of  the  commer- 
cial aristocracy  of  the  Union. 

In  conjunction  with  his  brother,  John  H.  Jones,  Esq.,  of  Cold  Spring — 
a  most  able  and  intelligent  man  of  business — Mr.  Jones  held  an  interest  in 
the  flourishing  manufacture  there  carried  on,  originally  started  by  the 
three  elder  sons  of  John  Jones,  but  of  which  partnership  Mr.  J.  H.  Jones 
was  the  active  and  enterprising  head.  In  the  extensive  whaling  operations, 
the  two  brothers  were  the  mam  capitalists,  and  the  last-mentioned  gentle- 
man the  leading  manager — the  other  the  chief  adviser.  A  brief  statement 
of  this  latter  department  of  Mr.  Joneses  labors,  may  serve  to  give  an  idea 
of  its  magnitude  and  importance.  The  business  itself,  it  may  be  remarked 
as  an  historical  coincidence,  is  a  revival  of  that  originally  carried  on  by  the 
founder  of  the  family.  We  believe  there  now  are  (there  were  in  1848) 
eight  whaling  ships  fitted  out  from  Cold  Spring,  measuring  more  than 
three  thousand  tons,  carrying  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  men,  and  cost- 
ing, with  their  outfit,  about  ♦227,000.  These  instead  of  "confining  them- 
selves near  our  coast,  from  which  the  whales  have  been  mostly  frightened 
away,  make  longer  voyages  than  Captain  Cook  did  in  circumnavigating 
the  globe.  In  connection  also  with  Charles  H.  Jones — another  and  a 
favorite  brother — and  with  his  deceased  brother  Joshua  T.,  he  has  been  en- 
gaged in  a  large  number  of  mercantile  and  manufacturing  enterprises. 
We  derive  these  facts  from  a  near  connection  by  marriage  of  Mr.  J.  H. 
Jones — the  father  of  the  present  incumbent  of  the  presidential  chair  of 
the  Atlantie  Mutual  Insurance  Company. 

The  idea  of  a  life-saving  benevolent  association  originated  with  and  was 
perfected  by  Mr.  Jones,  who,  by  dint  of  arduous  exertions,  effected  an  in- 
corporation, chartered  by  the  Legislature,  March,  1849.  This  was  the 
result  of  benevolence  and  prudence  united,  and  its  object  and  result  was 
the  salvation  of  life  and  property  to  a  great  extent.  The  value  of  such  an 
association,  with  its  objects  properly  carried  out,  was  and  is  very  great ; 
and  were  its  good  results  even  much  less  beneficial  than  they  have  been, 
they  would  be  still  worthy  of  the  applause  of  the  philanthropist  Altoge- 
ther there  were,  two  years  ago,  some  twenty-seven  station-houses,  with 
the  comforta  of  heat  and  protection,  in  winter ;  with  life-boats,  (galvanized 
iron  boats  and  cars,)  guns,  ropes,  &c.  On  the  New  Jersey  shore  there 
were  fourteen  stations,  and  thirteen  on  the  shore  of  Long  Island.  At  the 
present  date  we  learn  that  the  number  of  these  most  valuable  stations  has 
nearly  doubled.  A  nobler  project  for  public  good,  a  more  humane  and 
benevolent  association  was  never  incorporated. 

Mr.  Jones,  in  his  private  and  personal  character,  was  a  kind  and  unpre- 
tending man,  affable  and  sincere.  He  was  a  devoted  son  and  affectionate 
brother  and  a  favorite  uncle,  the  only  domestic  relations  we  are  aware  he 
held.  By  his  brothers  and  sisters,  nephews,  and  neices,  and  all  their  con- 
nections, he  was  truly  beloved.  Towards  his  townsmen,  and  relatives  far 
removed,  and  whom  he  seldom  met  and  knew  but  slightly,  he  was  always 
friendly.  And  from  many  sources  we  have  heard  the  same  invariable 
report  of  his  liberality,  in  affording  aid  to  deserving  objects  of  his  bounty, 
and  especially  a  Roman-like  love  of  contributing  to  the  support  all  places 
of  **  public  good." 


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428  Mercantile  Btography: 

OngiDally  of  a  Quaker  family,  he  became  in  after  years  a  regular  at- 
tendant  on  the  service  s  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  was  one  of  the  pro- 
moters of  the  building  of  the  new  church  at  Cold  Spring.  At  that  delight- 
ful place,  one  of  the  most  picturesque  regions  not  only  on  Long  Island, 
but  even  anywhere  in  the  State,  he  had  erected  a  noble  mansion,  of 
princely  extent  and  accommodations,  of  which  he  had  not  yet  become  the 
tenant  for  life,  when  he  was  summoned  to  his  last  home  by  the  angel  of 
death. 

His  health  had  been  precarious  for  some  months  before,  indeed  ever 
since  a  stroke  of  apoplexy  he  had  suffered  ;  but  he  would  doubtless  have 
lived  longer,  perhaps  for  some  years,  had  not  his  mind,  anxious  with  the 
cares  of  business  and  heedless  of  his  own  comforts,  impelled  him  to  work, 
when  he  was  physically  unfit  to  be  out  of  his  room  or  out  of  his  bed. 
Despite  the  counsel  of  his  skillful  physician,  Dr.  Francis,  he  went  out  im- 
prudently, over-exerted  himself,  and  came  home  to  die. 

He  died  April  7,  1 855,  of  apoplexy ;  he  was  dictating  to  one  of  his 
nephews  from  his  bed  in  the  morning,  when  suddenly  there  came  a  pause, 
which  was  never  filled  up.  He  was  not  quite  sixty-two  years  of  age. 
With  an  originally  powerful  constitution  and  an  active  habit,  living  a  sim- 
ple life,  and  always  occupied,  he  would,  it  is  almost  certain,  have  lived  at 
least  his  three-score  years  and  ten,  had  he  allowed  himself,  as  we  have  re- 
marked, to  have  been  governed  by  the  prudent  advice  of  his  medical 
friend. 

Sanguine  and  ardent  in  business,  he  was  a  moderate  and  reasonable 
man  in  his  views  of  life  and  conduct — altogether  a  man  to  be  relied  upon 
and  looked  up  to.  But  a  regard  to  the  concerns  of  others,  for  which  he 
was  responsible,  and  a  strict  sense  of  the  duties  of  a  man  of  business,  over- 
powered his  sense  of  danger  or  consideration  of  personal  safety.  Thus  he 
fell  a  martyr  to  duty,  and  gave  up  his  life  literally  to  the  cause  of  in- 
surance. 

We  are  happy  to  be  able  to  quote  the  following  letter  of  Dr.  Francis, 
the  medical  adviser  of  Mr.  Jones  in  his  last  illness,  which  we  have  received 
sinc^  writing  the  above ;  in  its  lucid  and  comprehensive  style  stating,  in  a 
most  satisfactory  manner,  the  causes  and  progress  of  the  attack,  and  its 
final  result: — 

New  York,  May  28,  1855. 

Dear  Sir  : — The  professional  reputation  of  the  late  W.  R.  Jones,  Esq.,  was 
long  known  to  me ;  my  personal  acquaintance  with  him  was  but  of  recent  date. 
It  was  not  until  the  morning  of  the  7ih  of  January  last  that  I  was  requested  to 
make  a  medical  visit  to  him  at  his  city  residence  in  Murray-street,  on  account 
of  threatened  symptoms  of  apoplexy  and  palsy.  Aware  of  the  close  and  de- 
voted attentions  which  he  so  systematically  gave  to  his  responsible  duties,  that 
his  habit  of  body  was  of  inordinate  fullness;  that  his  physical  development  was 
favorable  to  the  invasion  of  acute  disease,  I  lost  no  time  in  obeying  the  sum- 
mons ;  and  upon  my  introduction  to  the  sick-room,  I  found  Mr.  J.  in  a  state  of 
cerebral  congestion,  with  lower  loss  of  motion,  and  inability  of  free  articulation 
or  speech. 

The  indications  of  relief  were  too  manifest  to  be  deferred.  His  inordinate 
fullness  of  habit,  and  approaching  shortness  of  breathing,  left  no  time  for  delay; 
he  was  bled  largely,  counter-irritants  applied,  and  the  ordinary  active  anti- 
pblogic  means  pursued.  Some  mitigation  of  symptoms  soon  took  place;  but  a 
vigorous  reaction,  with  increased  tendency  to  a  recurrence  of  the  same  alarminff 
symptoms  which  marked  the  invasion  of  his  illness,  justified  a  repetition  of 


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Wcdter  Restored  Janes.  429 

similar  measures  of  relief,  and  the  gratifying  spectacle  was  soon  presented  in 
the  returning  consciousness  of  the  patient,  with  improved  powers  of  articula- 
tion, and  especially  of  motion  in  the  lower  limbs.  Forebodings,  however,  of 
the  gravest  nature  as  to  the  ultimate  issue  of  the  case,  awaked  desire  for  addi- 
tional professional  advice,  when  Professor  Parker,  of  the  University  of  New 
York,  united  with  ine  in  consultation.  The  result  of  our  deliberations  was  that 
depletory  measures  were  still  further  advisable,  and  we  had  the  satisfaction  to 
find,  after  two  or  three  subsequent  vii^iis,  that  Mr.  Jones  now  only  demanded 
time  for  recovery;  nevertheless,  imposing  on  him  abstraction  from  all  business 
lor  at  least  a  month,  and  exercising  on  his  part  a  wholesome  discretion  as  to 
the  use  of  animal  food  and  drinks. 

The  better  to  secure  the  safety  of  his  improved  health,  I  occasionally  visited 
Mr.  Jones,  and  urged  such  cautions  in  his  modes  of  living,  his  exercise,  and  in 
his  limited  appropriation  of  time  to  the  discharge  of  liis  professional  trusts,  as 
I  deemed  best  calculated  to  give  permanence  to  his  now  renovated  powers,  both 
mental  and  bodily,  and  in  this  view  my  associate,  Dr.  Parker,  fully  coincided. 
Mr.  Jones  was  not  entirely  a  disobedient  patient ;  and  during  one  portion  of  the 
month  of  March  his  official  obligations  seem  to  have  been  discharged  with  his 
wonted  regularity  and  capacity.  But  it  was  evident  at  the  latter  part  of  that 
month,  both  to  his  friends  as  well  as  to  his  medical  advisers,  that  our  patient 
bad  too  confidently  harbored  the  idea  that  his  constitution  had  become  superior 
to  the  renewed  assaults  of  the  enemy  that  had  once  brought  him  to  so  critical  a 
condition. 

He  persevered  with  marvelous  earnestness  in  all  his  severe  and  multiform  du- 
ties; his  many  and  accustomed  hours  of  business  were  filled  up  daily,  and.  for- 
getful of  the  necessity  of  that  repose  which  his  recent  sickness  and  prostrated 
nervous  powers  demanded,  night  itself  was  oflen  invaded  by  his  cares  and  toils; 
and  on  the  7th  of  the  ensuing  month,  April,  after  uncommon  efforts  on  weighty 
duties,  he  was,  towards  the  hour  of  four  in  the  morning,  again  seized  with  that 
attack,  which  almost  immediately  terminated  his  valuable  life.  At  the  earliest 
intimation  of  his  illness,  I  hastened  to  his  bedside,  but  consciousness  had  ceased, 
the  pulse  no  longer  beat,  and  he  was  to  be  numbered  with  the  dead. 

Thus  surrendered  to  inexorable  physical  and  mental  causes,  exercising  their 
preponderating  influence  on  a  frame  of  body  peculiarly  susceptible  to  that 
ftffency,  Walter  R.  Jones,  so  long  the  prominent  man  in  his  great  and  responsi- 
ble Tocation. 

With  erery  oonsideration  of  respect,  I  remain  yours  truly, 

W.  A.  JoRM.  JOHN  W.  FRANCIS. 

His  funeral,  which  took  place  at  Trinity,  was  of  the  most  imposing  char- 
acter— ^from  the  array  of  distinguished  persons,  in  trade  and  finance,  many 
old  New  Yorkers  and  Long  Island  gentry,  that  were  gathered  together. 
His  remains  were  carried  afterward  to  Cold  Spring,  to  he  laid  in  the  fam- 
ily bnrying-ground.  For  Cold  Spring  Mr.  Jones  had  a  peculiar  predelic- 
tion,  and  he  was  rarely  absent  from  it  over  a  week  (when  he  could  get 
there)  for  many  years  of  his  life.  As  the  home  of  his  boyhood  and  the 
seat  of  his  branch  of  the  Jones  family,  where,  too,  so  many  of  his  imme- 
diate relations  still  reside,  independent  of  its  picturesque,  rural  beauties, 
this  charming  locality  had  fascinated  him,  as  it  must  any  one  at  all  simi- 
larly sittiated,  who  pretends  to  any  love  of  nature  or  feeling  for  the  beauty 
of  fine  scenery.  Hilly  and  beautifully  wooded,  rich  in  streams  and  water 
prospects,  it  is  full  of  varied  attractiveness,  and  delights  the  eye  of  the 
traveled  stranger  or  the  resident  for  life. 

Mr.  Jones  is  one  of  the  worthies  of  Long  Island,  though  so  long  (from 
early  hoyhood)  connected  with  New  York  city  as  to  be  regarded  as  one  of 
her  denizens ;  yet,  as  he  tiever  for  a  moment  lost  sight  of  the  place  of  his 


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430  Mercantile  Biography, 

nativity  and  his  rural  home,  as  he  visited  it  weekly,  built  his  noble  man- 
sion there,  and  there  looked  to  end  his  days  in  peace  and  domestio  happi- 
ness, he  must  not  be  forgotten  in  the  list  of  eminent  Long  Islanders.  With 
the  distinguished  sons  of  Long  Island,  in  the  different  walks  of  life — ^in 
the  profession,  in  art,  in  the  army  and  navy — he  must  ever  be  associated, 
and  his  name  must  be  added  to  the  list  including  Conckling,  Sandford, 
Miller,  Wickham,  Golden,  Post,  Seaman,  Mott,  Elias  Hicks,  Mount,  Rhodes^ 
Hackett,  Sands,  Woodhull,  and  Truxton,  whenever  the  roll  of  prominent 
Long  Islanders  is  called. 

In  person  Mr.  Jones  was  below  the  ordinary  standard  of  height,  but 
strongly  built,  and  of  a  full  habit  of  body.  His  face,  his  person,  and  his 
presence,  denoted  energy  and  vigor.  Forecast  and  vigilance  were  stamped 
upon  his  brow,  and  his  eye  had  a  look  of  penetration  that  scrutinized  with 
caution  every  application  presented  to  his  judgment.  The  moderation  and 
mildness  of  his  character  was  also  marked  in  the  expression  of  his  face, 
especially  in  the  company  of  his  friends  and  kindred. 

We  believe  there  is  more  than  one  good  portrait  of  Mr.  Jones  by  Mr. 
Shephard  Mount,  the  able  artist.  There  is  also  a  life-like  bust  of  Mr. 
Jones,  a  copy  of  which  has  been  placed  in  the  Committee  Room  of  the 
company.  J3ut  the  excellent  engraving  of  the  head  on  the  bills  of  the 
Marine  Bank  will  preserve  his  features  to  all  classes  of  the  community, 
and  be  in  that  light  more  universally  accessible  than  the  best  bust  or  por- 
trait in  a  public  place. 

The  example  afforded  by  the  career  and  character  of  Mr.  Jones  is  a  rich 
heritage  to  the  young  men  of  our  country.  Comparatively  a  poor  boy,  at 
an  early  age  he  is  placed  in  a  store,  and  has  to  make  his  way  by  dint  of 
industry,  perseverance,  integrity,  and  all  the  essential  virtues,  not  only  of 
the  true  business  man,  but  of  the  truly  able  and  great  man,  in  every  walk 
of  life. 

And  although  fortunate  in  having  for  his  instructors  his  near  relatives 
and  family  friends,  yet  he  was  by  them  simply  initiated  into  his  duties,  and 
taught  the  elementary  routine  of  business.  Most  of  all  remained  with 
himself— earnest  attention  to  his  business,  and  strict  fidelity  in  all  that 
concerned  his  province.  He  was  hence,  it  may  be  fairly  said,  a  self-taught 
and  self-made  man.  In  his  peculiar  walk,  he  was  admitted  to  be  without 
a  rival,  and  for  the  point  of  excellence  reached  by  him,  he  owed  almost 
all  to  his  self-training,  his  unflagging  zeal,  and  his  determination  to  master 
all  that  related  to  the  complicated  science  of  insurance. 

The  same  qualities,  too,  that  distinguished  him  as  a  man  of  business, 
marked  also  his  personal  character,  or  rather  grew  out  of  it,  earnestness, 
sincerity,  kindness  of  heart,  a  strong  love  of  family  and  friends,  vigorous 
energy  of  will,  and  the  active  exercise  of  his  intellectual  powers. 

His  native  county  and  the  city  of  his  adoption  have  reason  to  be  proud 
of  the  man  who  placed  the  business  of  insurance  on  a  more  stable  footing 
than  it  had  ever  enjoyed  heretofore,  and  raised  the  Atlantic  Mutual  Insur- 
ance Company  to  the  rank  of  the  first  marine  company  in  the  United 
States.  While,  as  a  man,  the  interest  felt  and  the  faith  reposed  in  him  by 
his  family,  his  friends,  and  his  dependents,  stamp  him  emphaticiUly  a 
model  for  those  who  come  after  him,  in  all  the  relations  he  filled  so  wormily 
throughout  the  entire  course  of  his  life. 


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Commmt  of  the  United  Statu.  431 


Art.  III.— COHMERGB  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

inTMBKR  XVUU 

TAXKI  VPOn  TKADB— THE  WAt— OIWKOO— PRIVATEBKS— RULE  Of  1756  RBOARDINO  REUTRALa— 
SCARCITY  IN  XNaLARD— LOUISBURO— PROltTKNAC— IRDIAN  TREATT^CANAL  IN  ENOLAKD— BROLUH 
8I7CCBBSRS  — CBBR0XEX8— TRADB  DURINO  TUB  WAR  TO  ENGLISH  WEST  INDIES— TO  rRBNCH 
WBSTIMinBB  — TO  EUROPE— TO  BNOLAMD— BXPORTS  OP  SUNDRY  ARTICLRS  —  SLATB-TRADB— 
PAdPRR   HOMBT— CANADA — TBB  PROSPECT. 

Taxation  of  the  Colonies.  In  the  year  1765  England  commenced 
in  earnest  that  system  of  taxing  the  colonies,  "  by  absurd  and  impolitic 
laws  and  orders  in  council,"  upon  the  Commerce  of  the  colonies  in  North 
America  and  the  West  Indies,  which  eventuated  in  the  loss  of  the  fonner. 
The  object  of  these  restrictions  was  to  prevent  the  colonies  from  furnish- 
ing supplies  to  the  French,  through  their  trade  in  the  West  Indies  and  at 
other  places,  and  to  make  their  Commerce  contribute  to  the  revenues  of 
England.  At  this  time,  beside  being  about  to  incur  the  burden  of  a  most 
expensive  war,  the  government  was  under  the  load  of  an  existing  debt, 
incurred  in  previous  contests,  of  72,289,673/.  Another  measure  referring 
to  the  same  object,  disallowed  the  farther  continuance  of  the  export, 
hitherto  uninterrupted,  from  Great  Britain  to  the  colonies,  of  certain  for- 
eign goods,  free  of  duty.  This  measure  produced  much  discontent,  both 
in  England  and  America,  but  the  attention  of  the  latter  was  now  busily 
engaged  in  another  quarter,  and  Parliament  and  the  cabinet  quietly  pur- 
sued their  own  course. 

In  1756  and  1767,  the  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania  aided  in  that  part  of 
the  project  referring  to  the  supplies  furnished  the  French,  by  prohibiting 
the  export  of  provisions  and  military  stores  from  that  colony  to  any 
French  ports.  The  act  is  said  to  have  been  the  occasion  of  serious  loss 
to  the  merchants  of  Pennsylvania.  But  other  colonies  seem  to  have  been 
less  scrupulous  or  less  loyal. 

While  all  this  fighting  had  been  going  on  in  America,  and  France  and 
England  were  making  great  efibrts  to  assist  their  respective  colonies,  the 
two  nations  themselves  were  upon  unusually  amicable  relations  until  about 
the  middle  of  1766.  England  declared  war  May  17th,  and  France  June 
9th,  and  as  if  he  regarded  the  contest  as  a  trifle,  Louis  XV.  at  the  same 
time  took  the  side  of  Austria  against  Prussia. 

For  the  campaign  of  1756,  the  three  defeated  projects  of  the  previous 
year  were  renewed,  and  all  again  disconcerted.  Instead  of  taking  Du 
Quesne,  Niagara,  and  Crown  Point,  the  colonies  lost  Fort  Oswego — a 
point  of  the  greatest  importance — at  Lake  Ontario,  before  the  victorious 
arms  of  Montcalm.  The  capture  of  this  post  left  the  enemy  in  complete 
command  of  the  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  and  of  the  whole  country  of  the 
Five  Nations,  and  destroyed  the  base  for  the  English  operations  against 
Niagara  and  Frontenac.  In  addition  to  1,600  prisoners  and  120  pieces  of 
cannon  taken  here,  the  lake  fleet,  of  war  vessels  and  traders,  consisting  of 
two  sloops  of  war  and  two  hundred  boats  and  batteaux,  came  into  posses- 
sion of  the  enemy.  There  were  also  stores  for  five  months.  The  fort 
had  been  an  object  of  considerable  jealousy  to  the  Six  Nations,  and  Mont- 
calm, partly  from  necessity,  and  in  part  to  gain  their  favor,  demolished  it 
in  their  presence.* 

*  The  French  also  took  the  Jsland  of  Minorca  fh>m  the  EogUsh  in  Jane. 


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482  Commerce  of  the  United  States. 

One  occasion  of  the  disasters  of  this  campaign  was  the  want  of  an  efr 
cient  financial  system  in  the  colonies.  The  only  taxes  upon  which  they 
depended  for  the  funds  requisite  for  the  heavy  operations  of  the  war  were 
those  upon  lands  and  polls.  Their  depreciating  bills  were  freely  used.  A 
great  help  was  furnished  them  in  1756  by  the  distribution  of  115,000/., 
sent  over  by  Parliament  as  a  remuneration  for  their  war  expenses  of  the 
previous  year.  Of  this  amount  64,000/.  was  awarded  to  Massachusetts, 
26,000/.  to  Connecticut,  15,000/.  to  New  York,  8,000/.  to  New  Hampshire, 
7,000/.  to  Rhode  Island,  and  6,000/.  to  New  Jersey. 

The  fleet  of  Admiral  Boscawen  gave  fiill  protection  to  the  fishery  at 
Newfoundland  and  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  for  the  present,  but  did  not 
protect  the  coasts  of  the  colonies.  The  French  sent  some  privateers  there 
to  harass  the  colonial  trade,  and  a  number  of  vessels  were  taken,  upon 
which  the  colonists  stationed  armed  vessels  upon  the  coast  for  the  protect 
tion  of  the  near  fisheries,  and  of  their  trade  generally.  They  also  entered 
vigorously  into  privateering,  and  by  this  means  inflicted  great  injury  upon 
the  enemy. 

More  than  four  hundred  privateers  were  sent  from  New  England  to  the 
French  West  Indies  and  to  all  parts  of  the  world,  where  the  Commerce  of 
France  extended.  As  in  the  former  war,  many  of  the  colonial  merchants 
became  very  wealthy  through  the  success  of  their  privateers,  though,  as 
in  all  wars,  the  general  interests  of  Commerce  still  suffered  heavily.  This 
is  seen  in  the  fact  that  the  seamen  of  New  England  were  crowding  aboard 
the  royal  navy,  though  this  was  partially  owing  to  bounties  on  enlistment 
Of  this  useful  article  England  felt  such  a  want,  that  several  acts  were 
passed  in  1766  to  encourage  the  supply  of  her  naval  and  merchant  ser- 
vice. 

An  act  was  passed  in  1766  to  encourage  the  trade  of  the  sugar  colo- 
nies, which,  from  their  peculiar  position  and  pursuits,  were  most  liable  of 
all  the  English  dependencies,  to  suffer  by  the  war. 

RcLK  Keoarding  Neutrals.  During  the  year  the  English  govern- 
ment also  announced  the  celebrated  rule,  the  occasion  of  so  much  trouble 
afterwards,  that  neutrals  in  time  of  war  could  carry  on  no  trade  which 
they  had  not  been  accuetomed  to  carry  on  in  time  of  peace.  The  colonies, 
although  violently  opposed  to  this  principle  after  acquiring  their  nation- 
ality, when  enforced  by  its  author  against  themselves,  were  now  undoubt- 
edly perfectly  ready  to  uphold  it  in  the  utmost  extent  as  an  effective  means 
of  crippling  their  adversary,  by  depriving  his  Commerce  of  the  cover  of 
the  neutral  flag. 

Du  Quesne,  Crown  Point,  and  Ticonderoga — a  fort  lately  erected  on 
the  northern  side  of  Lake  George,  still  further  within  New  York — were 
the  objects  in  contemplation  when  the  campaign  season  of  1767  opened; 
but  the  whole  effort  of  the  year  was  suddenly  directed  to  a  concentrated 
attempt  upon  Louisburg ;  but  that  place  being  reinforced  by  seventeen 
sail  of  the  line  and  troops,  raising  its  force  to  9,000,  the  project  was  aban- 
doned, and  nothing  was  done.  On  the  other  hand,  Montcalm  advanced 
firom  Ticonderoga  with  0,000  men,  and  reduced  Fort  William  Henry,  on 
the  south  side  of  Lake  George,  defended  by  3,000.  A  line  drawn  across 
firom  William  Henry  to  Oswego,  would  have  left  between  a  third  and  half 
of  the  colony  of  New  York,  now  at  the  backs  of  the  French,  apart  firom 
their  establishment  in  the  Niagara  district. 

While  the  Indians  on  the  frontiers  of  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  and  New 


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York  were  at  deadly  Btrife  witb  the  English^  the  Oarolinas  were  at  peace 
and  eDJojing  quiet  trade  with  the  powerful  tribes  on  their  borders.  la 
1757,  at  the  request  of  the  Cherokees,  the  Caroliniazis  established  among 
ihem  a  fortified  trading  establishment  called  Fort  Loudoun,  in  honor  oi 
the  commander-in-chief.  It  was  situated  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  presr 
ent  State  of  Tennessee,  and  was  the  first  English  occupation  of  the  terri^ 
tory  of  that  State.  The  French,  as  before  mentioned,  oad  once  erected  a 
temporary  post  at  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  State,  near  Memphis. 

The  year  1757  was  one  of  great  scarcity  all  over  Europe,  and  so  severe 
was  the  distress  of  the  poorer,  and  the  embarrassment  of  the  middle  class 
in  Great  Britain,  that  Parliament  suspended  the  duties  on  foreign  com 
and  fiour,  and  prohibited  the  export  from  the  kingdom  of  com,  meal,  fiour, 
malt,  bread,  biscuit,  and  starch.  The  export  of  grain,  meal,  malt,  flouTi 
beef,  pork,  bacon,  <&;c.,  from  the  colonies  to  any  other  places  than  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  was  also  prohibited.  These  prohibitions  were  re* 
moved  in  1750.  The  importation  of  these  articles  in  neutral  vessels  was 
also  permitted,  so  that  the  ministry  did  not  consider  their  own  principle 
regarding  neutrals  applicable  to  the  country  proclaiming  it  These  acta 
were  for  a  limited  period,  and  were  in  1758  extended  to  the  close  of  that 
year.  Another  act  gave  the  colonies  liberty  to  export  piff-iron  to  all  parts 
of  Great  Britain,  they  having  been  hitherto  limited  for  wis  article  to  the 
port  of  London. 

The  English  were  as  unsuccessful  in  Europe  as  in  America,  and  it  wa« 
by  some  imagined  that  the  vigor  of  the  nation  was  exhausted,  and  its  fall 
at  hand.  But  the  course  of  disaster  having  overturned  the  ministry,  and 
upturned  such  a  man  as  William  Pitt,  the  course  of  afiOairs  took  a  aew 
iurn. 

Beinspired  by  their  confidence  in  Ae  new  ministry.  New  England  raised 
15,000  in  the  beginning  of  1758,  and  with  5,000  from  the  other  colonies^ 
and  30,000  men  from  England,  Gen.  Abercrombie  found  himself  in  com* 
mand  of  a  force  of  50,000.  Massachusetts  was  particularly  zealous.  The 
taxes  collected  in  that  colony  to  support  the  war,  amounted  in  the  aver* 
age  to  above  half  the  incomes.  The  taxes  in  Boston  equaled  two-thirdff 
t£e  income  on  real  estate.  One-half  the  effective  men  of  the  province 
were  on  some  sort  of  military  or  naval  service.  Five  hundred  seamen  were 
fumished  by  that  colony  for  the  attack  on  Louisburg,  beside  the  fisher- 
men impressed.  The  Massachusetts  merchants  were  obliged  to  employ 
Indians  and  negroes  to  navigate  their  vessels. 

But  it  was  not  in  this  year  alone,  as  we  have  shown,  that  the  royal 
navy  was  supplied  with  men  from  New  England.  It  was  asserted  in  the 
British  House  of  Commons,  that  during  the  war  there  were  employed  in 
the  BriUsh  navy  10,000  American  seamen,  of  whom  by  far  the  greater  por* 
tion  were,  of  course,  from  this  section. 

In  the  expedition  of  Gen.  Amherst  against  Louisburg  were  twenty-three 
ships  of  the  line,  eighteen  frigates,  and  16,000  land  troops.  The  ^Dun^ 
kirk  of  America  '*  surrendered  again  to  the  arms  of  England  on  the  26th 
of  July.  As  before,  stores  and  ammunition  of  great  value  were  taken* 
The  population  was  about  5,000,  and  there  were  as  many  more  troopa. 
To  prevent  its  recovery  by  France,  at  least  with  its  former  importance,  the 
merchants  and  most  of  the  inhabitants  were  sent  to  France  in  English  vear 
sels,  and  its  boasted  fortifications  were  demolished.  The  loss  of  wis  plaoe 
was  a  severe  blow  to  France. 

VOL.  XXXIII, — NO.  rv.  28 


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484  Cwnmeree  of  the  United  State$. 

The  island  of  St.  John  (now  Prince  Edward's)  and  all  the  other  French 
settlements  of  that  quarter,  of  which  the  chief  were  Port  Dauphin  (now 
St  Ann's,)  Spanish  Bay  (now  Sydney,)  Port  Toulouse  (now  St  Peter's,) 
Arichat,  Petit  de  Grat,  &c^  all  surrendered  with  the  fall  of  Louisburg.  ^ 
John's  had  a  population  of  5,000,  with  above  10,000  head  of  black  cattle. 
Some  of  the  farmers  on  that  island  raised  yearly  1,200  bushels  of  com  for 
the  Quebec  market.  The  population  of  this  place  suffered  the  same  fate 
as  that  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Louisburg — a  part  being  carried  to  the  colo- 
nies, a  part  to  France,  and  some  escaping  to  Canada.  So  complete  was 
the  removal  that  not  more  than  500  or  600  were  remaining  so  late 
as  1770. 

England  was  now  in  complete  possession  of  the  coast  to  the  mouth  <^ 
the  St  Lawrence,  and  of  the  entire  Gulf  and  fishing  region.  In  France, 
their  American  fisheries  had  always  been  considered  of  more  value  than 
the  mines  of  Spanish  America. 

Fort  Frontenac  was  taken  the  same  season  by  Ck>l.  Bradstreet,  who,  be- 
side 60  cannon  and  a  large  quantity  of  military  stores,  found  there  nine 
armed  vessels  and  a  collection  of  goods  designed  for  the  Indian  trade. 
Although  this  place  is  described  by  some  of  our  historians  "  an  unimport- 
ant post,"  and  its  capture  is  usually  referred  to  an  inferior  achievement, 
affording  very  poor  compensation  for  the  disastrous  repulse  of  Gen.  Aber- 
crombie  at  Ticonderoga,  was  really  the  most  important  point  in  the  whole 
series  of  inland  operations,  and  should  have  been  from  the  first  the  great 
object  of  attack.  It  was  the  entrepot  of  stores  and  supplies  for  the  whole 
range  of  lake  and  western  forts,  and  commanded  the  sole  avenue  of  com- 
munication from  Canada  with  every  point  occupied  by  the  French  in 
North  America,  and  with  the  whole  horde  of  their  Indian  allies.  Had 
the  English  at  any  time  before  here  concentrated  their  armies  upon  this 
point  and  gained  possession  of  it,  the  supplies  of  the  lower  forts  being  cut 
off,  they  would  have  been  no  longer  tenable,  and  the  necessity  would  have 
been  saved  of  capturing  them  in  detail.  The  writers  who  speak  so  slighting- 
ly of  this  achievement,  record  immediately  after  that  Du  Quesne  was  Hban- 
doned  before  the  force  of  Gen.  Forbes  had  reached  it — Venango  and  the 
forts  above  being  still  retained — and  that  the  western  Indians  made  a  gen- 
eral peace,  concluding  the  war  throughout  that  whole  section,  and  leaving 
the  English  in  possession  of  the  main  part  of  the  object  for  which  it  was 
commenced. 

Yet  no  victory  had  been  gained  in  that  quarter,  and  not  the  slightest 
impression  made  by  the  English  upon  the  confidence  of  the  invariably  suc- 
cessful French  and  Indians.  The  obstniction  by  capture  on  the  ocean, 
and  blockade  in  the  French  ports  of  the  reinforcements  and  supplies  pre- 
pared by  the  French  government  for  Canada,  had,  of  course,  its  due  effect; 
but  the  immediate  occasion  of  these  results  was  the  destruction  of  the 
stores  provided  at  Frontenac.  Where  supplies  are  to  be  transmitted  over 
routes  so  long,  the  existence  of  depots  at  convenient  distances  is  indis- 
pensable, and  the  destruction  of  Frontenac,  even  without  its  occupation  by 
the  English,  disturbed  the  whole  system  of  inland  communication.  The 
Indians,  not  receiving  their  accustomed  supplies  of  merchandise,  attributed 
the  interruption  to  the  success  of  the  English,  and  abandoned  their  allies, 
even  before  the  desertion  of  Du  Quesne,  hastening  the  necessity  of  that 
event 


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Commerce  of  the  United  States.  435 

The  retreatiDg  force  from  Du  Quesne  sailed  down  the  Ohio  toward 
Louisiana,  considering  probably  that  the  new  forts  must  soon  be  aban- 
doned or  surrender,  and  regarding  the  return  to  Canada  impracticable. 

The  treaty  with  the  Indians  was  concluded  at  Easton,  sixty  miles  from 
Philadelphia.  The  tribes  represented  on  the  occasion  were  the  Mohawks, 
Oneidas,  Senecas,  Onondagas,  Oayugas,  Tuscaroras,  Nauticokes,  Conays, 
Tateloes,  Chugnats,  Delawares,  Unamies,  Minisinks,  Wappingers,  and  Mo- 
hicans, who  inhabited  a  region  embraced  between  the  lakes,  the  Allegha- 
nies,  and  the  Apalachian  mountains.  As  usual  in  Indian  treaties,  provision 
was  made  for  trade  as  well  as  amicable  relations. 

Beside  their  advantages  in  America  during  this  year,  the  English  also 
reduced  an  important  trading  station  held  oy  the  French  on  the  River 
Senega],  in  Amca,  transferring  to  them  the  monopoly  of  the  important 
trade  in  gum-senega,  beside  a  traffic  in  other  gums  and  in  gold  dust  An 
extension  of  the  slave-trade  was  also  anticipated  from  this  capture.  But 
the  place  was  restored  to  the  French  at  the  peace. 

Scarcity,  The  continued  scarcity  of  provisions  in  England  improved 
the  market  for  such  as  the  colonies  had  to  export  An  act  was  passed 
during  the  year  admitting  the  import  of  salted  beef,  pork,  and  butter  into 
Great  Britain  from  Ireland^  for  six  months  from  midsummer,  fr^e  of 
duty,  except  what  would  be  adequate  to  the  duty  upon  the  salt  used  in 
cunng  it 

First  Canal  in  England.  The  Duke  of  Bridffewater's  celebrated 
canal,  the  first  constructed  in  England,  was  made  m  1758,  connecting 
Worsley  and  Manchester.  It  was  straight,  with  a  level  bottom,  and,  of 
course,  without  locks,  being  thus  a  far  more  considerable  undertaking  than 
would  be  a  modem  canal  of  -the  same  length.  The  cost  of  carriage  from 
Liverpool  to  Manchester,  by  the  river,  was  before  12s.  a  ton  ;  the  price  by 
the  canal  was  6s. ;  and  die  advantages  were  so  palpable  that  other  canals 
soon  followed,  and  there  was  soon  a  mania  on  the  subject  Tet  while  the 
Duke  was  engaged  upon  his  project,  it  was  ridiculed  by  some  as  wild  and 
visionary,  and  by  others  denounced  as  ruinous  to  almost  every  interest  of 
the  kingdom.  It  would  cause  the  neglect  of  the  natural  avenues  of  in- 
land navigation,  the  rivers,  which  would  henceforth  offer  their  convenient 
tides  in  vain ;  would  take  away  the  work  from  the  horses,  as  was  after- 
wards predicted  of  the  railroad ;  destroyed  so  much  valuable  land  as 
was  used  for  its  channel;  would  seriously  impair  the  coasting  trade; 
would  hurt  the  foreign  trade ;  and  would  finally  destroy  the  navy,  and 
with  it,  of  coarse,  the  whole  commercial  and  political  supremacy  of 
England. 

Another  commercial  engine  of  this  year  was  the  Newport  Mercury^  a 
newspaper  started  at  {Newport  by  James  Franklin,  brother  of  the  philoso- 
pher.    Most  of  the  colonies  had  their  newspapers  at  this  time. 

In  1Y59  Massachusetts  was  greatly  embarrassed  in  providing  a  smaller 
quota  of  troops  than  she  had  frimished  the  year  previous,  owmg  to  the 
exhaustion  of  financial  ability,  and  a  very  sensible  decrease  of  population 
from  the  numbers  already  in  the  various  branches  of  the  royal  service,  the 
deaths  of  the  last  campaign,  and  the  emigration  to  provinces  where  the 
taxes  were  less  onerous.  It  was  necessary  to  hold  out  the  lure  of  double 
bounties. 

In  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  the  merchants  protested  against  the  assess- 


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486  (hmmerce  tf  the  United  8taie$. 

ment  of  2,200/.  upon  that  town,  as  its  share  of  the  colony  tax,  dedaring 
their  losses  during  the  war  to  have  exceeded  2,000,000/.* 

In  July,  1759,  Gen.  Amherst  took  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point,  those 
places  being  abandoned  at  his  approach.  Niagara  surrendered  the  same 
month,  the  French  still  occupying  the  forts  at  Presque  Isle  and  French 
Creek,  in  Pennsylvania.  In  September  Wolfe  carried  Quebec.  Beside 
these  victories,  the  English  took  Guadaloupe,  which  was  now,  of  course, 
legally  open  to  the  colonial  trade.  This  important  island  was  said  to  pro- 
duce 40,000  hogsheads  of  sugar  yearly,  having  between  300  and  406 
sugar  plantations,  and  above  60,000  inhabitants,  of  whom  over  40,000 
were  slaves.  In  Europe,  in  the  East  Indies,  and  on  the  seas,  the  French 
were  also  beaten. 

In  September,  1760,  Montreal  surrendered,  and  with  it  Detroit,  Miohili- 
mackinack,  the  Dlinois  settlements,  and  all  other  places  dependent  upon 
the  government  of  Canada. 

The  Cherokees,  on  the  Carolina  frontier,  who  had  been  engaged  in  peace* 
ful  trade  with  those  provinces,  while  the  Indians  above  were  at  war  on 
the  colonies,  dug  up  toe  tomahawk  when  the  latter  had  buried  it,  on  their 
part  They  commenced  hostilities  the  latter  part  of  1769,  but  in  Decem- 
ber made  a  treaty  with  Gov.  Littleton,  of  South  Carolina,  for  renewing 
peace  and  the  usual  free  traffic  with  the  Carolinaa,  agreeing  to  have  no 
trade  or  communion  with  the  enemies  of  Great  Britain,  and  to  take  or 
kill  every  Frenchman  coming  among  them.  In  February,  however,  they 
resumed  hostilities,  and  committed  terrible  ravage  on  the  Carolina  fron- 
tiers. In  August,  they  reduced  Fort  Loudoun,  the  only  establishment  in 
Tennessee,  murdering  the  garrison  of  180  men.  The  subjugation  of  Can- 
ada being  eflfected,  Amherst  sent  a  large  force  to  the  aid  of  the  Caroli- 
nians, and  after  several  fierce  battles,  and  the  destruction  of  a  great  num- 
ber of  Cherokee  villages,  the  Indians  were  induced,  in  1761,  to  return  to 
their  old  relations  of  amity  and  Commerce.  During  the  war  the  Assem- 
bly of  South  Carolina  offered  bounties  of  £25,  and  finally  £36,  for  Cha«- 
okee  scalps. 

Extensions  or  Sbttlbment.  In  1760,  Castine,  in  the  district  of  Maine, 
was  first  settled  by  English,  having  been  settled  by  the  French  as  long  be- 
fore as  1 667.  The  same  year  emigrants  from  Massachusetts  settled  the 
township  of  Liverpool,  in  Nova  Scotia,  for  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  the 
salmon  fishery.  They  were  very  successful,  talang  a  thousand  barreb  in  a 
season,  and  more  were  thus  induced  to  follow  in  1 763.  The  efforts  of 
Parliament  to  build  up  this  colony  had  not  been  very  successful.  The 
population  was  but  about  6,000.  About  £10,000  was  yearly  appropriated 
for  the  government  of  the  colony,  relieving  the  inhabitants  of  all  civil 
burden,  and  the  Eoglish  government  was  getting  weary  of  so  unprofitaUe 
an  investment  Altogether,  the  annual  grants  made  to  this  colony,  up  to 
1755,  amounted  to  a^ut  ^2,000,000. 

The  French,  in  1760,  from  the  lower  Mississippi  and  Illinois  regiona^ 
effected  settlements  in  Arkansas  and  Missouri. 

Tradb  to  the  English  Wkst  Indies.  Notwithstanding  the  heavy 
losses  by  the  attacks  of  the  French  upon  their  Commerce,  Uie  provinces 
continued  to  trade  with  the  English  West  India  Islands  during  Uie  whole 
war.    The  Island  of  Jamaica  received  from  North  America,  daring  tbe 

*  The  expcDSM  of  the  «overnroent  of  Ciinada  had  risen  from  1,700,000  Urrm  ($314,810)  in  1749,  to 
»jDOO/«0  llyret  (§4,814^14)  In  1730,  being  piUd  by  fTMce. 


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Oemmerce  of  ih$  United  Slaiee.  437 

r,  provisions,  lumber,  and  live-stocl:,  about  JB200,000  currency,  equal  to 
£142,857  sterling,  of  whieb  about  one-fourtb  was  paid  in  produce  of  tbe 
island,  and  the  other  three-fourths  in  money  or  bills  of  exchange.  For- 
merly, the  continentals  had  received  produce  entirely  in  this  trade,  but 
since  their  intercourse  with  the  foreign  islands  began,  had  demanded  a 
lai^e  proportion  in  specie.* 

Trade  to  the  Fbench  Colonies.  The  productions  of  the  French  col- 
onies, owing  to  the  destruction  of  the  Commerce  of  France  by  the  British 
navy,  and  still  more  by  the  privateers  of  America,  were  reduced,  during 
the  war,  to  a  very  low  rate.  Notwithstanding  the  peremptory  inhibitions 
of  Parliament,  and  the  almost  treasonable  nature  of  the  act,  the  colonists 
could  not  refrain  from  taking  advantage  of  this  state  of  Uiin^s,  and  re- 
trieving something  of  the  mischief  they  were  meanwhile  inflictmg  on  the 
French  possessions,  by  keqnng  up  their  trade  with  them.  The  French, 
glad  of  such  relief  readily  adraitt^  the  American  vessels  to  their  colonies, 
under  Jloffs  qf  truce,  and  they  freely  visited  the  French  part  of  Hispaniola, 
(whither  they  repaired  usually  with  the  money  and  bills  of  exchange  ob- 
tained at  Jamaica,)  and  also  the  other  French  islands  of  the  West  Indies, 
imd  their  colonies  at  the  Mobile  and  Mississippi  Rivers,  the  latter  being 
scarcely  disturbed  during  the  war.  By  this  means,  the  French  were  sup- 
plied in  those  parts  with  the  provisions  and  lumber  so  essential  to  them, 
«nd  received,  also,  large  amounts  of  money  in  exchange  for  their  produce 
and  lor  French  manvfoLcturee,  the  balance  of  the  trade  being,  according  to 
the  system  of  the  times,  greatly  in  favor  of  the  French,  as  they  sold  far 
more  than  they  bought.  The  English  government  was  extremely  indig- 
nant at  this  method  of  vitiating  their  efforts,  but  it  at  least  helped  to  sus- 
tain the  ability  of  America  to  meet  the  heavy  taxation  which  she  imposed 
upon  herself  for  the  prosecution  of  the  war.  In  August,  1760,  Mr.  Sec- 
retary Pitt  wrote  to  the  several  governors  of  North  America,  directing 
them  to  use  their  utmost  efforts  to  detect  and  punish  all  persons  concerned 
in  this  illegal  trade.  MacPherson  states  that  some  of  the  revenue  officials 
in  the  colony  were  known  to  be  engaged  in  the  traffic,  instead  of  endea- 
oring  to  suppress  it. 

Tbadb  to  £urope.  The  British  West  Indies  had  an  active  trade  to 
Europe  during  the  war,  in  which  the  vessels  of  the  continental  colonies 
were  employed.  From  Ireland,  Jamaica  impQrted  during  the  war  £1 00,000 
in  provisions.  About  630  pipes  of  wine  were  brought  yearly  to  the  Brit- 
ish Islands  from  Madeira. 

But  the  colonists  carried  on  a  large  illegal  trade  to  the  other  continent, 
also.  During  the  war  an  English  factory  was  established  at  Hamburg, 
which  flourished  through  the  consignments  made  from  England,  but  still 
more  by  those  received  from  North  America  and  the  West  Indies.  The 
sugars  taken  by  the  colonists  at  the  French  islands,  as  well  as  those  of  the 
English  Islands,  here  foimd  a  market,  and  France  was  supplied  with  sugars 
from  Hamburg, 

Trade  with  Great  Britain.  The  trade  of  Great  Britain  with  the  col- 
onies, instead  of  being  diminished  by  the  war,  was  greatly  enlarged  during 
that  period.  The  exports  to  the  North  American  Provinces,  compart 
with  those  to  the  West  India  colonies,  were  in  the  two  periods,  1744-8 
and  1754-8,  as  follows: — 


*  The  unoQnl  of  ragar  imported  foto  Engtaad  firom  ber  ragw  oolooi6«i  in  17^  wm  1^4.790  cwt 
In  1765,  tn  »  Ume  of  peace,  it  was  1,327,150 cwu 


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438 


Commerce  of  the  United  States. 


North  American    W.  India 

Years.  ooloniea.  eolontef. 

1744 £640,000  £796,000 

1745 6S4,000  608,000 

1746 754.000  472.000 

1747 726,000  866,000 

1748 880,000  784,000 

Total £8,484,000  £8,861,000 


North  i 
Years.  cc^ooiea. 

1764 £1,246.000 

1756 1.177.000 

1766 1.428.000 

1767 1.727.000 

1768 1,882.000 


oolunlea. 
£686,000 
694,000 
738.000 
776,000 
877,000 


Total . . . . 


£7.410,000  £8,766,000 
8,484,000      8,861,000 


Exceae  of  the  last  five  years £8,926,000      £404,000 

Thus,  while  the  gain  in  the  West  India  exports  had  increased  in  a  very 
moderate  ratio,  the  export  to  the  northern  colonies  had  more  than  doubled, 
and  from  being  on  a  par  with  the  former,  the  continental  provinces,  as  a 
market  for  English  goods,  had  rieen  in  this  brief  period  to  double  their 
present  importance.  The  total  exports  of  Great  Britain  in  1760  were 
£  1 5,78 1 ,175,  so  that  it  would  seem  about  an  eighth  part  of  her  Commerce 
was  with  her  North  American  provinces.*  To  no  foreign  country,  in  1 760, 
were  the  exports  so  large  as  to  the  average  of  the  second  period  to  these 
provinces.  The  largest  foreign  export  was  to  Portugal,  being  £1,294,719. 
The  British  East  India  Company's  exports  in  1760  were  £477,339. 

Thus,  during  a  war  which  taxed  the  energies  of  the  colonies  to  the  ut- 
most, their  Commerce  with  the  mother  country  was  increasing  in  a  ratio 
fisir  greater  than  it  had  borne  in  peace,  and  outstripping  even  the  progress 
of  their  population. 

One  occasion  of  this  rapid  increase  was  doubtless  the  large  amounts  of 
money  remitted  from  England  during  the  war  for  the  expenditures  of  their 
army,  and  the  sums  sent  in  partial  remuneration  of  the  expenses  of  the 
colonies,  a  great  portion  of  which  were  sustained  by  colonial  bills,  and  re- 
paid them  in  specie.  Another  cause  was,  probably,  that  what  illicit  trade 
the  colonies  managed  to  carry  on,  especially  at  the  West  Indies,  was  much 
smaller  in  war  than  in  times  of  peace,  and  that  they  were  thus  obliged  to 
resort  to  England  for  a  large  balance  of  merchandises  which  they  before 
obtained  of  the  French  and  Dutch.  But  perhaps  more  efficient  than  all, 
was  the  growing  disposition  among  the  colonists,  remarked  with  sorrow 
by  many  of  the  more  simple-minded  among  them,  to  luxurious  living,  and 
a  more  reckless  spirit  in  the  management  of  their  business.  There  was 
certainly  a  disposition  in  the  colonies  to  overtrade,  encouraged  by  the 
ready  credit  which  they  obtained  in  England,  and  the  debts  thus  incurred 
were  undoubtedly  not  among  the  least  occasions  of  trouble  in  the  difficul- 
ties which  introduced  the  Revolution.  A  work  published  in  Dublin,  in 
1754,  by  Dr.  MacSparran,  relating  to  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island,  men- 
tions as  one  disadvantage  under  which  the  colony  labored,  that  there  were 
^  too  many  hands  in  trade,''  and  the  same  remark  may  have  been  true  of 
one  or  two  other  provinces.  To  Pennsylvania,  for  twenty-eight  years  be- 
fore 1760,  the  exports  from  England  had  increased  about  as  seventeen  to 
one. 

The  Assembly  of  Virginia  in  1748  conferred  on  every  parish  minister 
an  annual  stipend  of  16,000  pounds  of  tobacco;  but  in  1755,  the  crop 
being  short,  and  the  price  rising  to  60s.  or  60s.  the  hundred,  enacted  that 
all  who  owed  debts  payable  in  tobacco  might,  for  ten  months,  pay  them 


*  The  ihippliig  engsgod  tn  Uie  merehant  teiTioe  of  Eogtand  ftogmeoted  in  1780  to  479,941  loaa. 


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dmmeree  of  the  United  S4ak$.  439 

in  moBey  at  16s.  8d.  per  hundred.  The  ministers  suhmitted.  In  1758, 
anticipating  another  short  crop,  the  measure  was  tried  again,  but  the  clergj, 
deeming  forbearance  no  longer  a  virtue,  came  out  against  this  species  of 
robbery,  as  they  considered  it.  The  king,  being  appealed  to,  pronounced 
the  act  illegal  and  void,  and  a  Virginia  court  decided  favorably  on  the 
suit  of  the  ministers,  though  the  decision  was  afterward  reversed. 

Rice.  The  export  of  rice  from  South  Carolina  in  1753  was  31,418 
bbls.;  in  1754  it  was  104,682  bbls.  From  Savannah,  in  1755,  there  were 
exported  2,999  bbls.,  and  in  1760,  3,283  bbls. 

Indigo.  The  exports  of  Indigo  from  South  Carolina  in  1754  was  215 
pounds,  and  in  1757  it  was  754,218  pounds. 

Sugar.  A  little  maple  sugar  began  to  be  made  in  New  England  about 
^e  year  1752,  and  the  manufacture  was  continued  on  a  small  scale  up  to 
the  Revolution,  when  it  largely  increased.  In  1758,  M.  Dubreuil  estab- 
lished a  iupar  plantation^  and  erected  the  first  mill  in  Louisiana,  or  in  any 
part  of  the  present  United  States.  His  mill  was  situated  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  present  city  of  New  Orleans.  His  success  induced  others  to 
follow. 

Cotton  is  mentioned  among  the  exports  of  South  Carolina  in  1754. 
The  value  of  this  article  manufactured  by  England  in  1760  was  only 
£200,000. 

Iron.  A  furnace  for  iron  was  erected  in  Orange  County,  New  York, 
in  1751,  and  is  said  to  have  produced  1,500  tons  per  annum  of  pig-iron, 
which  was  worked  up  at  the  same  establishment  into  bar-iron. 

An  act  of  Parliament  in  1 757  gave  liberty  to  the  colonies  to  export 
pig-iron  to  all  parts  of  Great  Britain,  it  having  before  been  limited  to  the 
port  of  London. 

Silk.  The  export  of  silk  from  Georgia  in  1755  was  138  pounds;  in 
1757,  there  was  received  at  the  filature  in  Georgia  1,052  pounds ;  in  1 758, 
7,040  pounds;  in  1759,  10,000  pounds.  Notwithstanding  the  encourage- 
ments offered  by  Parliament,  the  culture  now  declined,  although  there  was 
now  some  increase  in  the  product  of  South  Carolina.  In  1760,  the  export 
of  silk  from  Georgia  had  fallen  to  558  pounds.  The  culture  of  silk  was 
commenced  in  Connecticut  in  1760,  from  whence  it  afterward  spread  to 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  though  pursued  only  to  a  limited  extent. 

Grain  and  Flour.  The  export  of  wheat  from  Pennsylvania  in  1749 
was  of  the  value  of  £148,104  currency;  in  1750,  £155,175;  in  1751, 
£187,457 ;  in  1752,  the  amount  was  86,500  bushels.  The  exports  of  flour 
from  Philadelphia  in  1752  were  125,960  barrels,  and  from  New  Jersey 
(port  of  Perth  Amboy)  6,424  barrels,  besides  168,000  pounds  of  bread, 
and  17,941  bushels  of  grain.  The  export  of  com  from  South  Carolina  in 
1748  was  39,308  bushels;  from  North  Carolina  in  1753,  61,580  bushels; 
and  from  Philadelphia  in  l7o2,  9u,740  bushels. 

Hkmp,  Flax,  &o.  The  export  of  hemp  from  New  Jersey  in  1751  was 
14,000  pounds;  of  flax  from  Philadelphia  in  175i\  70,000  bushels;  from 
New  York  in  1755  the  export  of  flaxseed  was  12,528  hogsheads,  all  of 
wh  ch  was  sent  to  Ireland.  Six  wagon  loads  of  flaxseed  came  into  Balti- 
more in  1751  from  the  upland  parts  of  Maryland.  In  1751,  the  Assem- 
bly of  Virginia  offered  bounties  on  the  cultivation  of  hemp  and  flax  in 
that  colony. 

Naval  Stores.  The  exports  of  tar  from  North  Carolina  in  1753  were 
60,000  barrels;  of  turpentine,  10,000  barrels;  of  pitch,  12  barrels.  From 


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4M  OomUMtee  ^  ths  UniM  SkUei. 

South  Carolina— tar,  6,221  barrels ;  turpentine,  3,808  barrela;  pHch,  18^14 
barrels. 

Furs  and  Skiks.  £zports  from  North  Carolina,  1758,  about  80,000 
deerskins,  and  203  hogsheads  of  the  same  article  from  South  Carolina. 

Lumber,  &c.  South  Carolina  exported,  1758,  of  lumber,  501,412  ieet; 
shingles,  681,020  pieces;  cask-staves,  78,982.  Lar^  quantities  of  lura« 
ber  were  sent  A-om  North  Carolina,  also,  and  as  usufU  from  New  England. 

New  Productions.  A  society  for  the  encouragement  of  arts,  manu* 
fisu^tures,  and  Commerce,  composed  of  nobles,  merchants,  and  men  of 
wealth,  and  being  the  third  association  of  that  kind  in  the  realm,  was  or- 
ganized in  England  in  1754.  Among  the  objects  for  which  it  offered  eiH 
oouragement  by  premium  was  the  growth  in  we  American  colonies  of  the 
rich  and  precious  productions  of  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  colonies,  as 
well  as  the  products  of  Asia  and  Africa.  We  suspect  that  people  were 
too  much  engaged  in  their  ordinary  avocations  to  experiment  very  deeply 
in  consequence  of  such  encouragement 

The  Slavs  Trade.  This  business  still  continued  active,  and  the  Rhode 
Islanders,  and  the  merchants  of  some  other  northern  colonies,  had  not  yet 
become  convinced,  at  least  practically,  of  its  turpitude.  The  number  of 
negroes  imported  into  Jamaica,  in  the  ten  years  irom  1752  to  1762,  waa 
71, 11 5,  selling  at  £80  sterling  per  head.  The  number  imported  into  South 
Carolina  in  1758  was  511.  The  number  of  negroes  in  the  town  of  New 
York  (nearly  all  slaves)  in  1755  was  about  2,500;  in  Newport,  Rhode 
Island,  1,800,  out  of  a  population  of  6,574.  Soon  after  this  time  the 
Quakers  in  Pennsylvania  emancipated  their  slaves,  there  being  8,000  to 
10,000  slaves  in  that  colony.  But  the  Quakers  had  not,  after  1 755,  the 
administration  of  the  government  of  the  colony,  and  numbered  but  aboot 
one-fifth  of  the  population. 

Marine  Societies.  The  Massachusetts  Marine  Society,  composed  of 
shipmasters,  was  incorporated  by  the  General  Court  of  that  colony  in 
1754,  and  the  same  year  a  similar  institution  was  organized  at  Newport 

Population.  The  population  of  Maryland  in  1755  was  153,.^64,  of 
whom  107,208  were  whites,  42,764  blacks,  and  3,592  mulattoee.  Penn- 
sylvania is  estimated  to  have  had  220,000,  but  the  number  of  taxahlee, 
86,667,  in  1760,  would  indicate  less  than  200,000  at  the  later  period.  New 
York,  in  1756,  had  96,776  whites  and  18,r42  blatrks,  a  total  of  1 10,317, 
the  town  of  New  York  containing  about  13,500  inhabitants.  Connecticut^ 
in  1755,  had  128,218  whites  and  3,587  blacks,  the  total  being  131,805. 
Rhode  Island,  in  1761,  had  35,939  whites  and  4,697  blacks,  toUl,  40,636. 
A  British  writer,  at  1760,  says  that  apart  from  emigration,  the  population 
of  the  North  American  colonies  had  doubled  in  the  last  twenty-five  years* 

The  MusQurro  Colony.  The  British  settlement  on  the  Musquito  shore, 
in  Central  America,  was  becoming  better  worthy  the  attention  of  the 
northern  merchants.  The  British  subjects  there,  exclusive  of  Indians,  in 
1757,  were  1,100,  and  the  exports  were  mahogany,  sarsaparilla,  tortoise* 
shells ;  also  specie,  indigo,  cocoa,  hides,  and  tallow,  obtained  in  barter  from 
the  Spaniards.    Several  vessels  were  owned  there. 

Paper-Mokey.  In  1751,  Rhode  Island  amended  the  act  for  the  bank 
of  1 750,  repealing  the  bounties  ofi^ered,  that  on  manufactured  wool  being 
displeasing  to  the  English  government ;  648.  old  tenor,  or  1 6s.  new  tenor, 
or  6s.  9d.  of  the  new  bills,  were  made  equal  to  one  ounce  coined  silver 
•terling  alloy.    The  bills  were  for  ten  years.     The  value  of  a  Spanish 


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Cmmetc4  of  ^  UmM  8fUs.  441 

■nlM-dolltr  was  fixed,  in  Pebruaiy,  1752,  at  568.  old  tenor.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1756,  Rhode  Island  issued  £80,000  lawfiil  money  bills,  redeemable  in 
two  years,  fixing  its  value  at  68.  8d.  to  an  ounfe  of  silrer;  and  in  August 
provided  for  sinking  the  bills  issued  for  the  Crown  Point  expedition,  1 755-6, 
with  money  received  from  England,  Ac.  One  dollar  specie  was  to  be  paid 
Ibr  every  £4  of  old  tenor,  and  treasury  notes  to  be  given  in  part  for  the 
bilk.  In  1759,  the  colony  was  owed  on  worthless  bonds,  £49,860,  and 
had  £35,000  to  be  collected  on  bonds,  the  affairs  of  the  Paper-Money  or 
(}rand  Committee's  Office  being  now  settled  up. 

Large  issues  were  made  in  most  of  the  colonies  during  the  war,  and 
considering  the  urgency  of  the  case,  were  allowed  by  the  English  govern- 
ment In  1752,  the  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania  attempted  to  avail  itself 
of  tbe  exception  made  by  the  act  of  Parliament  in  1751,  to  issue  £40,000. 
Benjamin  Franklin,  as  chairman  of  a  committee  on  the  subject,  advocated 
the  measure  in  a  report,  setting  forth  the  good  results  of  previous  issues, 
and  the  advantages  to  be  hopeS  from  further  moderate  issues.  The  gov- 
ernor refused  his  assent  to  the  bill,  an  angry  controversy  ensued,  and  no 
Iftrtfaer  issued  in  the  colony  until  1755.* 

Caxada — Valu* — THE  Prospect.  Upon  the  conquest  of  Canada  great 
attention  was  turned  in  England  and  the  colonies  to  this  new  North  Amer- 
ican province.  In  England  there  were  some  opposed  to  its  retention,  pre- 
ferring to  hold  Guadaloupe  instead,  or  advocating  its  retrocession  as  a 
check  upon  the  fast-growing  colonies  already  possessed  in  North  America. 
Among  these  is  said  to  have  been  Edmund  Burke.  The  greater  portion 
of  the  English  statesmen,  however,  and  the  English  public,  were  desirous 
of  retaining  Canada,  and  a  pamphlet  urging  this  policy,  by  showing  the 
superiority  of  continental  to  West  India  possessions,  was  published  in 
England  in  1769.  The  fear  of  the  colonies  uniting  against  Great  Britain 
k  considered  triumphantly  answered,  by  referring  to  their  inability  to  con- 
federate under  a  crisis  so  momentous  as  the  existing  war  had  for  several 
years  been. 

The  Commerce  of  Canada  under  the  French,  though  confined  to  a  small 
number  of  vessels,  had  been  respectable  for  such  a  province.  Nine  or  ten 
vessels  usually  arrived  yearly  from  the  French  West  Indies,  with  ratafia, 
molasses,  coffee,  and  sugar,  and  thirty  vessels  from  France,  with  French 
merchandises.  The  imports  in  1754  were,  of  manufactured  goods,  &c, 
£157,645  sterling;  of  rum,  sugar,  <kc.,  £59,128;  total,  £216,769.  The 
exports  were,  to  France,  of  furs  and  skins,  £64,670;  oil,  ginseng,  capil- 
laire,  lumber,  &c,  £7,083 ;  to  the  West  Indies  and  other  places,  of  fish, 
oil,  iron,  &c.,  £3,906 ;  total,  £75,560,  leaving  a  balance  against  the  colony 
of  £141,209,  to  be  paid  by  bills  drawn  by  the  Intendant  upon  the  treasui^r 
of  France. 

But  the  commercial  abilities  of  this  great  region  were  deemed  suscept- 
ible of  vast  augmentation.  With  Canada,  England  and  her  colonies  had 
oomplete  possession  of  the  whole  fur  trade  of  the  continent,  and  it  was 
thought  this  trrtde  might  be  indefinitely  extended,  and  a  great  market  thus 
afforded  for  British  manufactures  among  the  Indians.  It  was  even  antici- 
pated that  in  the  hack  parts  of  the  continent  might  be  found  many  un- 

*  The  CaiiAdtaD  bills  of  eicbaoffe  on  the  French  treMory  had  reached  an  enormoas  amount  in 
1753,  and  owing  to  peculations  by  the  Intendant-<?eneral,  were  proteelMi  to  the  amount  orX3,333,333. 
In  1750,  payment  waa  absolutely  refiued  until  an  Investigation  should  occur.  The  biOs  fell  to  a  low 
iBte  in  consequence. 


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U2  The  Culture  of  Tea  in  BrassU. 

known  nations,  like  those,  perhaps,  found  in  Spanish  America,  with  whom 
important  commercial  relations  might  he  opened. 

The  never-forgotten  idea  of  the  North-west  Passage  into  "  the  ocean  of 
Japan,  of  China,  and  the  Indies,"  also  recurred,  as  an  attendant  upon  this 
conquest  From  the  other  side  of  Canada  it  was  deemed  that  the  project 
might  be  attempted  with  a  better  prospect  of  success.  "  So  miserable  a 
shore  "  as  that  of  Hudson  Bay  was  no  longer  to  be  solicited  to  reveal  that 
desired  avenue  to  the  treasures  of  the  East.  They  saw,  in  imagination, 
a  more  genial  clime  and  a  more  favorable  coast,  redolent  with  the  sweet 
odors  wafted  over  the  milder  ocean  from  the  luxurious  fields  of  Cathay 
and  the  Archipelagian  Isles.  Here  the  farther  end  of  the  mysterious 
channel  would  readily  reveal  itself  to  the  easy  search,  and  sailing  through 
it  from  that  point,  the  envious  Atlantic  would  be  forced  to  open  the  con- 
cealed terminus  of  its  own  side. 

The  visions  of  the  colonists,  rid  of  all  their  ancient  fears,  and  with 
nothing  to  do  but  to  embrace  the  glorious  prospect  before  them,  were 
equally  grand.  They  began  to  realize  how  boundless  were  their  destinies, 
and  saw  the  time  near  at  hand  when  the  political  and  commercial  importr 
ance  of  the  nations  of  Europe  should  yield  to  the  magnificent  develop- 
ments of  America. 


Art.  lY.— THE  CUITURE  OP  TRA  IS  BBAZIl.* 

It  cannot  be  contested  now  that  the  productions  most  profitable  for 
planters  are  not  those  which  provide  more  immediately  for  our  wants. 
Coffee,  sugar,  and  brandy  are  among  those  fictitious  necessities  which 
civilization  has  introduced  into  refined  societies ;  and  these  commodities, 
which  are  generally  more  injurious  than  useful,  occupy  the  first  rank  in 
all  markets,  leaving  the  second  to  those  that  serve  for  general  nourish- 
ment ;  and  this  is  the  reason  for  which  beets,  since  chemistry  has  suc- 
ceeded in  extracting  sugar  and  spirit  from  them,  have  acquired  so  much 
importance  in  Europe. 

The  history  of  the  culture  of  tea  is  also  a  proof  of  this  truth.  This 
plant  was  left  for  a  long  time  to  vegetate  in  its  native  country,  without 
being  noticed,  and  it  was  used  only  for  medicinal  purposes ;  but  since  the 
caprice  of  an  emperor  and  of  fashion  found  in  the  leaves  of  this  plant  a 
fiavor  agreeable  to  our  senses,  and  somewhat  exciting  our  intellectual 
faculties,  agricultural  industry  got  hold  of  it,  and  gave  to  the  culture  such 
an  extension,  that  an  English  writer  (Mr.  R.  Fortune)  values  its  annual 
production  at  2,895,000/. 

It  is  well  ascertained  that  the  consumption  of  tea  is  becoming,  for  the 
greater  portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  Europe,  a  necessary  of  lite,  and  as 
such,  this  substance  must  necessarily  hold  a  distinct  place  amongst  the 
exotic  vegetables  to  which  we  are  accustomed,  as  none  of  them  unites  all 
the  qualities  wished  for  like  this  plant  Moreover,  chemistry  has  just  dis- 
covered in  the  leaves  of  tea  a  nutritious  principle,  which  classifies  this 

*  Translated  flrom  the  Rio  Janeiro  Jomal  d»  Commereio  of  the  13th  of  June,  1855,  for  the  Mer* 
thanUl*  Magaiine  by  Dr.  Liantaud,  t.e  writer. 


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The  Culture  of  Tea  in  Brazil  443 

vegetable  as  an  alimentary  article.  Therefore,  tea  can  now  be  considered 
a  beverage  analogous  to  coffee  and  chocolate,  and  which,  by  its  hygienic 
and  medical  qualities,  can  well  compete  and  be  preferred  to  any  other 
luxury  of  the  same  kind,  so  that  it  is  obtaining  new  triumphs  every  day, 
and  enlarging  the  boundaries  of  its  dominions. 

These  few  remarks  will  sufficiently  explain  the  cause  of  so  many  efforts 
made  for  this  last  century  in  many  countries,  to  introduce  the  culture  of 
this  valuable  shrub,  and  thus  deprive  the  Chinese  of  a  monopoly  which 
makes  the  wealth  of  their  farmers. 

Having  been  sent  by  the  French  government  to  look  into  the  actual 
state  of  tnis  culture  in  Brazil,  I  endeavored  to  prop  my  own  observations 
with  the  interesting  communications  kindly  offered  to  me  by  some  of  the 
most  experienced  dealers  in  this  article,  which  led  me  to  the  conclusions 
which  close  my  official  report  to  the  Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Com- 
merce, and  to  the  scientific  associations  of  which  I  am  a  member. 

The  most  important  question  which  1  had  been  directed  to  study  most 
accurately,  and  which  is  also  very  momentous  for  the  Brazilian  people, 
is — Whether  the  culture  of  tea  can  be  advantageous  as  a  branch  of  hus- 
bandry ?  This  question,  of  course,  refers  to  two  arte:  Ist,  the  culture  of 
the  plant ;  and  2d,  to  the  transformation  of  the  leaves  from  the  raw  into 
a  prepared  state. 

The  raising  of  tea  prospers  in  Brazil  perhaps  better  than  in  China. 
Only  here  we  can  see  such  luxuriant  plante  and  with  such  a  rich  foliage, 
as  those  of  New  Friburgh,  St.  Paul,  Santos,  <kc.,  which  are  far  superior  to 
the  best  that  I  saw  in  the  environs  of  Canton,  Nin-po,  Chu-san,  &c.  All 
those  who,  like  myself,  have  seen  this  plant  gain  in  Brazil  the  proportions 
of  a  third-class  tree,  and  thrive,  without  any  difference  for  an  eastern  or 
western  exposure,  in  any  soil,  without  the  least  trouble,  will  class  among 
the  most  absurd  stories  all  which  has  been  published  by  agricultural  so- 
cieties concerning  the  different  methods  of  this  culture,  and  the  great  ex- 
penses and  care  with  which  it  is  attended. 

In  relation  to  the  profitableness  of  the  culture  of  tea,  I  have  only  to 
copy  the  figures  which  Mr.  Vincent  Jose  de  Queiros,  of  St  Paul,  handed 
to  me,  which  are  still  more  significative  by  comparing  them  with  the  cul- 
ture of  coffee : — 

**  An  algueire  of  tea  (about  an  acre  of  land)  can  raise  aboat  20,000  plants  of 
tea,**  says  Mr.  Queiros,  **  which  will  yield  about  160  arrobas  (32  pounds  to  the 
arroba)  of  tea,  when  dried,  which,  being  sold  at  800  reis  per  pound,  give  the 
net  proceeds  of  3,000,000  of  reis,  and  pay  the  expenses  of  its  cultivation, 
amounting  to  25  per  cent.  On  the  same  quantity  of  land,  we  cannot  raise  more 
than  2,000  plants  of  coffee,  which  will  only  give  600,000  reis  a  year,  calculating 
the  yield  at  200  arrobas.** 

This  is  only  to  what  refers  to  the  culture  of  tea ;  but  things  are  changed 
when  we  consider  the  preparation  of  ite  leaves,  as  it  is  now  done  in  Brazil. 
When  the  planters  of  St.  Paul  began  to  prepare  tea,  their  production  was 
considered  somewhat  inferior  to  that  from  (3hina,  although  it  was  paid  in 
Rio  Janeiro  2,000  reis  a  pound,  which  was  much  above  me  price  paid  for 
the  tea  from  C!hina  of  the  same  grade. 

It  is  evident  at  such  a  price  the  teas  of  Brazil  could  not  compete  with 
those  from  China  in  the  markete  of  Europe,  and  even  for  the  home  con- 
sumption. This  is  proved  conclusively  by  the  prices  current  of  St.  Paul, 
where  the  price  of  tea  fell  from  2,000  to  1,200  at  first,  and  1,000  and  800 


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444  The  Culture  cfTeam  BrcaM. 

reis  afterwards,  and  now  at  600  reis  (about  half  a  dollar.)  For  this  reasoBf 
many  planters  left  their  plantations,  and  did  not  care  about  the  expenses 
made  on  them,  and  those  who  continued  with  them,  could  only  do  so  by 
reducing  their  plantations  and  simplifying  the  process  of  preparing  the 
tea,  in  order  to  diminish  the  cost  of  the  article. 

This  statement  is  founded  upon  the  most  exact  information,  which  I 
gathered  from  reliable  sources  that  it  would  be  idle  to  mention ;  but  the 
truth  is,  that  within  five  leagues  round  St.  Paul,  only  on  one  estate  I  did 
not  see  marks  of  abandoned  plantations. 

Whilst  the  production  of  coffee  is  increasing  in  the  province  of  St 
Paul,  that  of  tea  remains  stationary,  and  will  even  decrease,  as  the  prioe 
of  slaves  and  manual  labor  is  getting  higher.  Here  also  figures  are 
stronger  than  words.  According  to  the  documents  exhibited  to  me  by 
the  custom-house  of  Santos,  the  exportation  of  coffee  was  3,463  arrobas 
for  other  ports  of  the  empire,  and  618,968  arrobas  for  foreign  porta— 
making  an  aggregate  of  622,418  arrobas.  During  ^e  same  period  the 
exportation  of  tea  was,  for  the  ports  of  the  empire,  147,846  arrobas,  and 
to  foreign  ports,  zero.  In  the  same  way  that  these  figures  prove  the  infe- 
riority of  the  production  of  tea  to  that  of  coffee,  they  show  also  the  cause 
of  this  inferiority  on  account  of  there  being  no  exportation  of  it  to  for- 
eign ports,  which  in  Brazil  is  well  known  both  by  merchants  and  planters. 
But  what  is  still  to  be  understood,  is  how  to  change  this  state  of  things  so 
as  to  facilitate  the  exportation  of  tea  irom  Brazil. 

Many  of  the  planters  are  imder  the  impression  that  it  is  only  necessary 
to  hold  the  teas  three  years  longer  to  sell  them  better ;  but  1  can  assure 
them,  after  many  experiments  made,  that  the  bitter  principle  of  the  drug, 
which  is  rather  excessive  in  the  Brazilian  teas,  being  a  fixed  principle, 
cannot  be  dissipated  by  time  ;  only  the  herbaceous  taste  can  be  corrected, 
either  partially  or  entirely,  but  even  this  improvement  is  more  in  appear- 
ance than  in  reality ;  besides,  this  long  delay  is  always  a  loss  to  the  plant- 
ers, who  cannot  always  afford  it. 

Other  planters  have  lately  thought  that  by  giving  to  the  Brazilian  teas 
the  same  appearance  as  those  from  China,  they  would  easily  find  pur- 
chasers, at  a  high  price,  in  European  markets.  During  my  stay  in  Brazil, 
I  had  frequent  occasions  to  see  how  they  prepare,  in  different  ways,  the 
black  tea,  and  how  they  color  the  green  with  different  stuffs,  especially 
with  Prussian  blue  and  magnesia.  By  these  inventions  they  have  con- 
trived to  imitate,  to  some  extent,  the  appearance  of  tea  from  China,  but 
they  could  not  give  them  that  aroma  and  perfume  characteristic  of  the 
latter,  and  which  the  connoisseurs  appreciate  so  much,  and  they  have  not 
been  able  to  modify  the  proportion  of  the  different  principles  which,  by 
chemical  analysis,  have  been  discovered  in  the  tea-leaves,  so  that  the 
black  teas  of  Brazil  are  just  as  bitter  and  astringent  as  the  green  teas. 

The  best  means  to  find  markets  abroad  for  Brazilian  teas  will  be  Uie 
low  price.  The  law  of  cheap  prices  has  always  ruled  all  commercial  spec- 
ulations ;  there  is  no  exception  for  any  article.  Among  the  Brazilian  teaa, 
there  are  some  qualities  which  cost  a  great  deal  more  than  the  teas  from 
China ;  but  the  latter  are  preferred  everywhere,  on  account  of  their  cheap- 
ness. 

Therefore,  instead  of  complicating  the  process  of  preparing  tea,  whidi 
only  increases  the  manual  labor,  and  in  order  to  obtain  a  suitable  price, 
it  will  be  necessary  to  make  the  same  process  more  simple.    This  is  what 


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Ths  Culture  of  Team  Brazil.  445 

has  been  understood  already  by  the  planters  of  St  Paul.  By  comparing 
the  present  mode  of  preparation  with  the  account  published  twenty  years 
ago  by  Father  Leandro  de  Sacramento,  and  by  General  Arouche,  I  find 
some  considerable  differences.  Formerly  they  used  to  put  the  leaves  of 
tea  in  a  kind  of  copper  kettle,  well  heated,  until  they  became  quite  soft, 
when  they  were  placed  on  shelves  to  be  stirred  and  turned  over  for  a 
quarter  of  an  hour,  when  they  were  rolled  up  and  put  a^ain  into  the  ket- 
tle where,  by  stirring  and  mixing,  they  would  take  that  lead  color  proper 
of  the  green  teas. 

All  these  operations  are  now  performed  without  taking  the  leaves  out  of 
the  brass  kettle,  which  is  a  great  economy  of  labor,  time,  and  fuel.  But, 
notwithstanding  this  modification,  three  hours  and  a  good  deal  of  labor 
are  spent  in  preparing  a  pound  of  tea,  as  it  must  go  on  the  fire  a  second 
time,  and  all  the  leaves  must  be  picked  one  by  one,  in  order  to  separate 
the  different  colors. 

Such  processes  are  excusable  only  in  a  country  like  Chinn,  where  the 
most  simple  elements  of  mechanic  art  are  still  unknown,  and  labor  is  ex- 
tremely cheap  ;  but  not  in  Brazil,  where  the  population,  comparatively  so 
thin,  can  find  an  easy  and  lucrative  occupation  out  of  any  laborious  agri- 
onltural  work.  Therefore,  it  is  indispensable  to  substitute  ibr  manual  labor 
the  power  of  machines,  which  comes  a  great  deal  cheaper,  easier,  and  more 
ezpeditive. 

Only  in  this  way  the  culture  of  tea  may  still  become  profitable  in 
Brazil ;  only  by  these  means  they  will  be  able  to  lower  the  prices  to  the 
same  standard  prices  of  Canton,  where  tea  is  sold  at  from  150  to  200  rels 
a  pound. 

Behold,  then,  the  greatest  diflSculty  which  we  meet  both  here  and  in 
Europe.  It  is  more  than  twelve  years  since  great  efforts  were  made  to 
propagate  the  culture  of  tea  in  France ;  and  with  the  help  of  some  of  our 
beet  engineers,  and  of  the  wonderful  discoveries  made  by  chemistry  and 
physicsd  sciences,  we  are  not  without  hope  to  get  over  this  difficulty,  so 
much  so  that  the  progress  of  the  insurrection  in  China  must  necessarily 
cause  a  rising  in  the  prices  of  tea. 

Our  machmes  can  prepare  very  speedily  immense  quantities  of  leaves, 
and  might  be  used  for  a  central  manufacture  to  be  established  in  the  capi- 
tal, where  all  the  leaves  of  tea  might  be  prepared  for  the  market  They 
do  so  in  Canton  with  the  teas  destined  for  exportation.  The  merchants 
of  Canton,  at  the  time  of  the  harvest,  send  their  agents  to  Fo-King, 
Sjang-nan,  and  other  places,  to  make  purchases  of  the  green  leaves  of 
tea,  which  they  dry  and  pack  up  in  boxes  of  about  96  pounds  each,  and 
when  they  have  amassed  a  sufficient  quantity  to  load  a  chap — that  is  to 
say,  about  000  boxes — they  send  the  cargo  to  Canton,  where  it  is  pre- 
pared in  the  pack-houses,  in  which  operation  more  than  80,000  people  are 
occupied. 

Rio  Janeiro  also  might  become  the  great  emporium  of  the  Brazilian 
teas,  and  the  source  of  a  branch  of  husbandry  quite  suitable  to  its  climate, 
to  its  central  position,  and  to  the  immense  capital  circulating  within  its 
walls.  It  is  Rio  Janeiro,  more  than  any  other  city  of  Brazil,  that  it  be- 
booves  to  give  an  impulse  to  this  great  enterprise,  having  a  large  numb^ 
of  good,  intelligent,  and  industrious  workingmen,  whose  help  is  certainly 
indispensable  to  make  use  of  the  artificial  means  which  mecnanic  science 
has  pat  in  our  hands. 


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446  C<m,meree  of  Candia. 


Art.  T.— COMMERCE   OF  CANDIA. 

TBS  ItLAlID  or    CAMDIA— IMPORT!    AMD    IZP0RT8— COMMERCIAL    IMPORTAMCB— HAITIIRRR,  HOIAU« 
AND  CVeTOMl   OP  TBI  PBOPLB,  BTC. 

Candia  is  a  seaport  city,  and  the  capital  of  the  Island  of  Crete,  near  the 
center  of  its  north  coast  It  has  a  population  of  some  12,000  or  15,000, 
nearly  all  Mohammedans.  Its  harbor,  formed  by  two  moles,  each  termi- 
nating with  a  port,  is  now  so  choked  as  to  be  available  only  by  vessels 
drawing  eight  or  nine  feet  of  water.  The  streets  are  wide  and  roughly 
paved,  and  the  houses  are  well  built,  and  interspersed  with  gardens  and 
fountains.     Candia  was  taken  by  the  Turks  from  the  Venetians  in  1669. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Department  of  Stale  furnishes  some  information 
of  commercial  interest,  in  connc^ction  with  a  description  of  the  manners,  - 
morals,  and  customs  of  the  inhabitants : — 

"  The  trade  of  this  island  with  the  United  States  fairly  commenced  in 
1847,  when  the  bark  Ganges,  of  Boston,  loaded  at  the  port  of  Canca  a 
home  cargo  of  )95  casks  of  olive  oil  and  781  cases  of  soap,  valued  at 
il7,e94;  ako  in  the  same  year  the  brig  Hallowell  loaded  at  the  same 
port  for  Boston  a  cargo  of  1,344  cases  of  soap,  valued  at  $13,891.  In 
December,  1850,  the  brig  Barbadoes  arrived  at  the  same  port  from  Bos- 
ton with  a  cargo  of  run),  coffee,  sugar,  naval  stores,  furniture,  Ac,  valued 
at  *3,98i»  39.  In  1851  the  Barbadoes  again  arrived  at  this  same  port 
with  an  assorted  cargo,  valued  at  $8,907  66.  As  this  vessel  had  the 
greater  portion  of  her  cargoes  for  America  in  waiting  at  Smyrna  and 
Malta,  she  took  on  her  return  but  a  limited  amount  of  the  produce  of  this 
island.  The  cargoes  of  this  vessel  sold  at  very  fair  advantage — the  net 
proceeds  of  which  were  invested  in  the  produce  of  Egypt,  at  Alexandria, 
and  forwarded  to  Boston  via  England ;  whereby  opening  a  new  and  pro- 
fitable trade  witii  that  section  of  the  Turkish  empire  in  the  produce  of 
Smyrna,  and  also  with  the  Island  of  Candia  via  Smyrna,  of  wool,  almonds, 
raw  silk,  wine,  <fec.,  all  of  which  paid  a  good  profit 

"The  total  exports  from  the  port  of  Canca  to  Boston  in  1847,  and  since, 
have  been  $34,961  80 ;  and  from  Alexandria,  via  Canca  and  Smyrna,  per 
brig  Barbadoes,  $751  87 — rendering  the  total  amount  835,713  67;  on 
which  amount  duties  were  paid  at  the  custom-house  at  Boston.  The  to- 
tal imports  from  Boston  amounted  to  $7,896  95  for  this  port,  on  a  portion 
of  the  net  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  which  the  purchase  of  the  aforesaid 
shipment  from  Alexandria,  $751  87,  was  invested. 

**  The  brig  Barbadoes  was  intended  for  a  regular  trader  between  Boston 
and  the  Island  of  Candia  by  the  well-known,  highly  respectable  house  of 
Messrs.  A.  S.  &  W.  G.  Lewis,  of  the  former  place ;  but  on  a  voyage  to  St 
Domingo  in  January,  1853,  for  a  cargo  of  coffee  designed  for  the  Meditei^ 
ranean  market,  she  foundered  at  sea,  and  never  has  been  heard  from. 

"  In  relation  to  Candia  soap,  it  appears  that  the  quantity  of  soap  im- 
ported from  Turkey  during  a  part  of  the  years  1849  and  1850,  was 
155,127  lbs.,  and  from  France  on  the  Mediterranean,  1,121,801  lbs., 
making  a  total  of  1,277,018  lbs.  for  one  year.  The  greater  proportion  of 
the  soap  imported  into  the  United  States  from  Marseilles  is  manufactured 
from  the  oil  of  this  island,  shipped  by  French  vessels.  The  soap  of  this 
island  is,  or  has  been  until  of  late,  manufactured  from  olive  oil  and  Egypt- 


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VemfMrce  of  Candia.  441 

ian  natim,  whieh  bj  no  means  is  so  well  adapted  to  the  use  of  American 
woolen  manufactures,  &c,y  as  soap  made  from  olive  oil  and  soda  ash.  With 
a  view  of  qualifying  this  soap  for  the  American  market,  the  soda  ash  has 
been  introduced  into  its  composition,  which  renders  it  of  a  very  pure  and 
fine  quality. 

"  The  following  table  exhibits  a  condensed  report  of  the  Commerce  of 
the  Island  of  Candiafor  the  year  1853,  by  which  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
trade  of  this  island  is  largely  increasing : — 

ARRIVALS. 

Porta.  Noa.  Tons.  Men.  DoUanu 

Retimo 182  6,218  IM6  92,700 

Caoca 640  28,848  4,548  890,968 

Oandia 848  16,686  2,465  644,544 

Toua 1,178        60,747        8,174      1,028,212 

DEPARTURES. 

Retimo 188  6,261         1,199        881,740 

Canca 640         28.171         4,680         868,889 

Candia 848         16,488         2,420        787,684 

Total 1.166        49,916        8,199      1.972,718 

Total  value  of  exportatioDs  from  the  island  for  1868 $1,972,718 

Total  value  of  importationt  for  1868 1,028,212 

Balance  of  trade  in  favor  of  the  island $944,601 

"  From  the  isolated  condition  of  this  island,  and  so  little  is  its  general 
society  influenced  by  European  or  any  other  especial  customs,  notions,  <feo., 
and  also  so  few  strangers  of  intelligence  and  influence  visit  its  ports  to 
give  any  extraordinary  or  particular  tone  to  its  local  manners  and  customs, 
that  the  broad  distinctions  of  Turk,  Greek  Rayah,  European,  Ac,  are  very 
prominent  and  distinct  The  ignorant,  fanatical,  and  indolent  Turk,  and 
the  cunning,  cringing,  selfish,  and  down-trodden  Greek  Rayah,  are  met 
with  at  almost  every  corner ;  and  the  cosmopolite  Jew,  and  stiff,  reserved 
European,  occasionally  jostle  each  other  on  the  *  Marina ;'  while  may  prob- 
ably be  seen  some  one  of  the  numerous  and  enterprising  lonians,  witn  his 
vessels  and  merchandise,  cheek  by  jowl  with  some  grim-visaged  and 
solemn  Arab  merchant,  discussing  the  quality  and  price  of  a  cargo  of 
barley. 

"  To  be  brief :  the  Turk  of  this  island,  with  his  gross  vices,  lax  morals, 
good  faith  in  his  business  transactions,  hospitality,  apathy,  ignorance,  and 
sinceie  veneration  for  his  Creator,  is  behind  the  'spirit  of  the  age ;'  while 
the  Grt  ek  Rayah,  unscrupulous,  intensely  selfish,  aspiring  far  beyond  his 
condition,  and  crafty,  is  up  with  the  spirit  of  the  age — and  both  stand  in 
prominent  contrast  with  each  other.  In  fact,  the  Turk  of  this  island  is  the 
Turk  of  everywhere ;  while  tlie  Greeks,  as  a  class,  are  industrious  and 
frugal,  with  hut  few  vices.  The  Greeks  are  very  selfish,  and  sometimes 
addicted  to  intoxication,  especially  when  wine  is  abundant  and  cheap. 
Homicides  are  very  rare  among  them,  and  they  are  very  ignorant,  from 
the  fact  that  schools  are  only  to  be  found  in  the  cities.  Naturally,  the 
Greek  Rayahs  of  this  island  are  an  intelligent  people,  and  only  require  the 
introduction  of  free  schools  on  the  American  system  to  make  them  known 
for  inUrlligence. 


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448  TreoBure  Trwe. 

'*  An  American  in  this  magnificent  island,  on  the  very  confines  of  civil- 
ized Europe,  with  a  population  of  some  225,000  persona,  in  this  age  of  in- 
telligence and  human  progression,  observes  one  strange  fact  that  through- 
out its  whole  expanse  of  three  hundred  square  miles  there  is  not  a  printing 
press,  and  consequently,  neither  a  newspaper,  book,  nor  pamphlet  printed 
or  published. 

''  For  its  location,  natural  resources,  <ba,  this  island  is  unrivaled ;  and 
if  divested  of  its  'nightmare'  of  Turkish  rule,  it  would  resume  its  ancient 
renown  of  a 'hundred  cities,'  and  a  million  of  inhabitants,  almost  in  the 
space  of  the  present  century. 

"The  society  of  the  seaports  is  very  limited,  and  except  among  the 
great  body  of  the  Greek  Rayahs,  there  is  but  very  little  or  no  social  in- 
tercourse ;  and  the  foreign  consuls,  leading  merchants,  and  Europeans  live 
in  a  very  secluded,  exclusive,  and  quiet  manner,  and  what  are  called  din- 
ner parties,  soirees,  balls,  <kc.,  are  of  very  rare  occurrence.  For  the  num- 
ber of  the  population,  I  believe,  comparatively  with  other  sections  of 
Turkey,  or  in  fact  any  part  of  the  world,  there  is  not  much  vice  or  licen- 
tiousness." 


Art.  YI.— TBEA8DBE   TRO?E: 

OR  THK   DISCOVERY   OF    GOLD    AND   OTHER   COINS   IN   MAINE. 

It  appears  from  the  following  statement,  prepared  by  William  Willis, 
Esq.,  a  gentleman  of  considerable  historical  and  antiquarian  research,  that 
the  discovery  of  a  quantity  of  old  coin  on  the  11th  of  May,  1865,  at 
Richmond's  Island,  near  Portland,  in  the  State  of  Maine,  has  created  quite 
a  sensation  in  Portland  and  at  Cape  Elizabeth,  and  has  revived  the  mmorB 
of  a  former  day  that  large  quantities  of  money  lie  buried  in  the  soil  of 
that  and  other  islands  in  this  neighborhood.  This  impression  is  not  of 
recent  date,  nor  confined  to  this  region ;  for  ever  since  the  bucancers  in- 
fested the  coast  of  Maine,  two  hundred  years  ago,  the  impression  has  pre- 
vailed that  they  concealed  their  treasures  upon  her  islands,  where  tiiey 
have  been  repeatedly  sought  by  visionary  men. 

But  the  present  case  is  no  vision.  A  veritable  collection  of  coin  of  an 
old  date  having  been  found,  Mr.  Willis  was  induced  to  make  an  investiga- 
tion into  the  circumstances ;  and  accompanied  by  Hon.  C.  S.  Daveis,  Dr. 
Oilman  Daveis,  and  Dr.  John  Cummings,  the  owner  of  the  island,  he 
carefully  examined  the  locality,  and  there  found  fragments  of  the  pot  in 
which  the  coin  was  buried,  and  other  relics  of  a  former  age.  Mr.  Willis 
gives  a  description  of  the  place  and  the  articles  discovered,  which  we  deem 
sufficiently  interesting  to  transfer  to  the  pages  of  the  Merchants^  Maga- 
zine ;* — 

Richmond's  Island  lies  off  the  southern  shore  of  Cape  Elizabeth,  the  nearest 
point  hulf  a  mile  distant  It  is  about  a  mile  long  and  three-qnarters  of  a  mile 
wide  at  the  broadest  part,  and  contains  a  little  more  than  200  acres. 

The  first  settlement  made  upon  this  island,  of  which  we  have  any  account, 

*  This  aecouut  wm  originaUy  oommaoicated  by  Uie  writer  to  the  ^  SUU «/  JMUna.** 


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Treasure  Trove,  449 

was  by  Walter  Bagnall,  in  1628 ;  he  eanied  on  a  profitable  trade  with  the  In- 
c&ins,  and  was  killed  by  them  for  his  extortion,  October  3,  1631.  Wintbrop,  in 
his  joaroal,  says  be  accumulated  a  large  property,  £400,  by  his  traffic.  Bngnall 
occupied  without  title.  On  December  1, 1631,  the  Council  of  Plymouth  granted 
the  island  and  the  whole  southern  part  of  Cape  Elizabeth,  from  Cammock^s 
Patent  of  Black  Point  to  Casco  Bay,  to  Robert  Trelawny  and  Moses  Goodyeare, 
merchants  of  Plymouth,  England,  and  sent  the  patent  over  to  John  Winter,  their 
agent,  who  was  one  of  the  adventurers,  to  the  extent  of  one-tenth,  to  establish 
a  trading  house,  and  conduct  the  operations  of  the  plantation.  Winter  took 
possession  of  the  grant  at  once,  and  entered  upon  a  large  business.  He  built  a 
ship  there  immediately,  probably  the  bark  "  Richmond,''  of  30  tons,  and  sent  to 
Europe  lumber,  fish,  furs,  oil,  &c.,  and  received  in  return  wines,  liquors,  guns, 
ammunition,  and  articles  necessary  for  the  Indian  trade,  and  to  sustain  the  colo- 
ny. Several  ships  were  employed  in  the  trade ;  the  names  of  some  of  them 
were  the  *•  Agnes,"  "  Richmond,"  "  Hercules,"  and  "  Margery."  In  1635,  a  ship 
of  80  tons,  and  a  pinnace  of  10  tons,  arrived  at  the  island.  In  1638,  Winter 
had  sixty  men  employed  there  in  the  fishing  business,  and  the  same  year  Tre- 
lawny sent  a  ship  of  300  tons,  laden  with  wine  and  spirits,  to  the  island.  In 
1639,  Winter  sent  home  in  the  bark  '' Richmond,"  6,006  pipe-staves,  valued  at 
£S  6s.  a  thousand.  The  place  was  for  twelve  years,  from  1633  to  1645,  the  lat- 
ter being  the  year  of  Winter's  death,  one  of  the  most  important  for  its  trade 
upon  this  coast  An  Episcopal  Church  was  established  there,  over  which  Rich- 
ard Gibson,  an  educated  man,  presided  from  1637  to  1640,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Rev.  Robert  Jordan.  Jordan  married  Winter's  only  daughter,  inher- 
ited his  estate,  and  is  the  ancestor  of  the  numerous  race  which  bears  his  name 
throughout  this  State  and  far  beyond. 

Trelawny,  the  principal  patentee,  died  in  1644,  and  Winter  in  1645.  From 
that  time  the  plantation  declined ;  its  trading  operations  were  abandoned,  and 
probably  the  island  itself,  for  Jordan  established  himself  on  the  mainland,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Spurwink  River,  and  there  were  no  persons  remaining  to  sus- 
tain its  commercial  character. 

Having  given  this  general  historical  view,  we  will  proceed  to  describe  the  de- 
posit and  its  particular  location : — 

Description  or  the  Coih.  The  oldest  of  the  coin  is  silver,  of  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth,  of  which  there  are  four  one-shilling  pieces,  sixteen  sixpences,  one 
groat,  or  four-penny  piece,  and  two  half-groats.  All  these  pieces,  as  was  the 
ease  with  the  whole  silver  coinage  of  Elizabeth,  bear  the  same  ^f&gy,  title,  and 
motto.  They  are  as  follows : — ^On  the  face  is  the  head  of  the  queen  crowned; 
the  rose,  an  old  emblem,  behind  it ;  around  it  her  title,  ELIZABETH,  DEG. 
ANG:  FR:  ET:  HIB:  R.GI:  that  is, "  Elizabeth,  by  the  grace  of  God,  Queen 
of  England,  France,  and  Ireland."  On  the  reverse  are  the  arms  of  England, 
France,  and  Ireland,  quartered  on  a  shield,  traversed  by  a  cross,  around  which  is 
the  motto:  POSVI.  DEV.  ADIVTOREM.  MEV:  i  e.,  Posui  Deum  Adjulo- 
rem  Meum — I  have  made  God  my  helper.  This  motto  was  first  adopted  by  Ed- 
word  Hi.,  and  continued  to  be  used  till  the  time  of  Charles  I.  On  some  of  the 
coin  the  title  and  motto  are  abridged.  The  shillings  have  no  date,  but  all  the 
sixpences,  and  some  of  the  smaller  pieces,  have  the  date  of  coinage  over  the 
shield,  and  on  the  present  collection  it  extends  from  1564,  the  seventh  year  of 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  to  1593.  In  her  reign  both  the  date  and  milling  the  coin 
were  first  introduced,  but  neither  was  unimrmly  followed  by  her  or  by  subse- 
quent princes.  Her  silver  coinage  consisted  of  crowns,  half-crowns,  shillings, 
sixpences,  groats,  half-groats,  pennies,  three-half-pennies,  half-pence,  and  farth- 
ings.  No  brass  or  copper  money  was  coined  in  England  before  the  reign  of 
James  I.  The  shillings  of  this  and  the  two  subsequent  reigns  are  of  uniform 
size,  and  their  weight  and  value  nearly  correspond  with  those  of  the  Spanish 
quarter  of  a  dollar,  but  they  are  broader  and  thinner. 

Of  the  reign  of  James  I.  there  are  four  one-shilling  pieces  and  one  sixpence ; 
the  shillings  are  not  dated — the  sixpence  bears  date  1606,  the  fourth  year  of  his 
reign.    The  title,  motto,  and  bust  on  the  three  pieces  are  the  same :  on  the  face 

VOL.  xxxui. — NO.  rv.  29 


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450  Treasure  Trove, 

18  the  head  of  the  king  crowned ;  behind  it,  on  the  shilling  pieces,  are  the  figures 
XII.,  and  on  the  sixpence  VI.,  to  indicate  their  current  value.  Around,  on  the 
outside  of  the  head, is  the  title,  lACOBUS,  D.  G.MAG:  BRI:  FR:  ET.  HID: 
REX. ;  I.  e..  Jacobus^  Dei  Gratia^  Magrue  Britannioi^  Francia:,et  Hibernian ,  Rex.^ 
James,  by  the  grace  of  God,  King  of  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Ireland.  On 
the  reverse  is  a  plain  shield,  without  the  cross,  on  which  are  quartered  the  arms 
of  England,  Scotland,  France,  and  Ireland ;  around  it  the  legend  or  motto,  Qiub 
Deus  conjunxit,  Nemo  separet — "  What  God  hath  joined,  let  no  man  put  asunder  " 
— referring  to  the  union  of  the  English  and  Scottish  crowns.  On  the  first  coin- 
age in  this  reign  the  title  was  JacobtiSy  D.  G.  AngUB,  Scoiicc,  Fr,  et  Uib,  rex ; 
in  the  second,  the  words  Mag.  Brit.,  Great  Britain,  were  substituted  for  England 
and  Scotland.  The  change  took  place  in  1604,  when  he  assumed  the  style  of 
King  of  Great  Britain.  The  shilling  pieces  in  tliis  collection  were  coined  before 
June,  1605,  as  is  indicated  by  ihejlnir  de  lySy  which  was  the  mint  mark  down  to 
that  time.  The  sixpence  has  the  escallop  shell,  which  was  the  mint  mark  from 
July,  1606,  to  June,  1607. 

Of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  there  are  but  one  shilling  and  one  sixpence.  On 
their  face  they  bear  the  impression  of  the  king's  bust,  crowned ;  behind  the  head 
the  fiffures  indicating  the  value,  XII.  on  the  shillinsr,  and  VI.  on  the  sixpence. 
The  sixpence  is  dated  1625,  the  first  of  the  reign ;  the  shilling  has  no  date.  For 
the  singular  fact  that  in  all  cases  in  the  three  reigns  of  Elizabeth,  James  I.,  and 
Charles  I.,  only  the  smaller  pieces  are  dated  we  cannot  account  The  title  is 
Carolus,  D.  G.  Mag.  Br.  el  Hi.  rex ;  i.  e.,  Charles,  by  the  grace  of  God,  King 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  On  the  reverse  are  the  Union  Arms,  quartered  as 
in  the  preceding  reign ;  but  on  the  shilling  the  shield  is  traversed  by  the  cross, 
its  four  arms  extending  to  the  circumference.  The  motto  is  a  new  one,  adopted 
by  Charles,  Christo  auspice  regno — I  reign  under  the  auspices  of  Christ. 

Gold  Coins.  The  number  of  gold  coins  in  the  collection  is  twenty-one;  of 
which  ten  are  sovereigns,  or  units,  of  the  reign  of  James  I.,  and  of  the  value  of 
twenty  shillings,  three  are  half-sovereigns,  or  double-crowns,  of  the  value  of 
ten  shillings  each,  seven  are  sovereigns  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  one  is  a 
Scottish  coin  of  the  last  year  of  the  reiffn  of  James  as  king  of  Scotland  only. 
This  is  the  oldest  in  the  collection  of  gold  coins,  and  is  dated  1602,  and  of  the 
size  and  value  of  the  half-sovereign,  or  double-crown.  On  one  side  of  the  piece 
are  a  sword  and  scepter,  crossed  at  an  acute  angle ;  between  the  points  at  the 
top  is  a  crown;  opposite,  on  the  under  part,  between  the  hilt  of  the  sword  and 
the  handle  of  the  scepter,  is  the  date  1602;  on  each  aide  is  the  national  emblem, 
the  thistle.  The  motto  around  these  emblems  is  Salus  Pojndi,  Suprema  Lex, 
t.  e.y  the  Safety  of  the  People  is  the  Supreme  Law.  On  the  other  side  is  a  lion 
rampant,  on  a  shield ;  a  rose  over  the  crown,  and  around  it  the  title  lACOBUS 
6,  D.  G.  R.  SCOTORUM;  i  «.,  James  VI.,  by  the  grace  of  God,  King  of  the 
Scots.    This  is  a  beautiful  coin,  and  is  in  a  fine  state  of  preservation. 

The  sovereigns  and  crowns  are  subsequent  to  his  accession  to  the  English 
throne ;  two  of  them  are  of  the  descripti<»n  which  the  king  denominated  "  units," 
from  their  being  the  first  issued  under  the  United  Crowns.  On  their  face  they 
represent  the  king  in  armor,  crowned,  and  holding  the  globe  and  scepter,  around 
which  is  the  title.  Jacobus,  D,  G.  Mag.  Brit,  Fran,,  et  Hib.  rex.  On  the  reverse 
is  a  shield  with  the  arms  of  England,  France,  Si-otlnnd,  and  Ireland,  quartered, 
and  surmounted  by  the  crown.  On  one  side  of  the  shield  is  the  letter!,  and  the 
other  R,  which  I  suppose  stand  for  Jacobus  rex,  King  James.  The  motto  Faciam 
eos  ill  Genlem  Viiam — I  will  make  them  one  nation ;  hence  the  name  Units  or 
United.  The  mint  stamp  is  an  escallop  shell,  indicating  its  coinage  to  be  prior 
to  June,  1607. 

The  other  eight  of  the  sovereigns  are  units,  and  a  later  coinage,  having  the 
king's  head  crowned  with  laurels  in  the  Roman  style,  for  the  first  time  on  Eng- 
lish coins.  They  have  the  same  title  or  motto  as  those  last  described.  Behiml 
the  head  are  the  figures  XX.,  designating  their  value,  twenty  shillings.  These 
were  called  Laurels,  from  the  laurel  wreath  on  the  head. 

The  crowns  have  an  impression  similar  to  that  on  the  sovereigns  first  described, 


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Treasure  Trove.  451 

except  that  the  motto  on  the  reverse  is  different,  viz. :  Henricus  rosas  Regnu  Jo- 
cobiLSy  the  meaning  of  which  I  do  not  find  explained.  Henry,  the  eldest  son  of 
the  king,  a  prince  of  great  promise,  died  in  1612,  in  the  19th  year  of  his  age, 
mnch  lamented  by  the  nation.  Whether  the  coin  has  any  and  what  connection 
with  him,  I  have  no  means  of  determining.  These  have  also  the  letters  I  R  on 
the  sides  of  the  shield.  The  coinage  of  James  I.  consists  of  Rose  Rials,  of  30 
shillings'  value;  Spur  Rinls,  16  shillings;  Units,  20  shillings;  Angels  and 
Crowns,  10  shillings;  and  Half-Crowns,  5  shillings. 

The  last  of  the  series  of  gold  coins  are  seven  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  all 
of  the  denomination  of  sovereigns  or  units,  and  of  the  same  coinage.  They 
represent  the  head  of  the  king,  crowned  and  youthful,  with  a  double  ruff  round 
his  neck,  and  a  robe  over  his  shoulders ;  the  figures  XX.  behind  his  head,  and 
the  title  Carolus  D,  G,  Mag,  Br.^  Fr,,  ei  Hib,  rex.  On  the  reverse  a  new  motto 
is  introduced.  Florent  concordia  Regna ;  t.  e..  Nations  flourish  by  Peace.  In 
the  center  the  national  arms,  quartered  as  usual  on  a  shield,  surmounted  by  a 
crown. 

None  of  the  gold  coins  have  dates,  and  all  the  coins,  both  silver  and  gold,  are 
much  thinner  and  broader  than  modern  coin  of  similar  value.  The' impressions 
are  clear  and  distinct,  especially  upon  the  gold  coins,  which  are  less  worn  than 
the  silver,  and  nearly  as  bright  as  when  issued. 

The  Ring.  The  ring  is  a  wedding  signet  rinff  of  fine  gold,  weighing  8  penny- 
weights 4  grains.  The  signet  is  oval,  six-eighths  of  an  inch  by  five-eighths  in 
size.  On  the  outer  side  of  the  surface  is  an  ornamental  border,  in  the  center 
the  letters  G.  V.,  a  cord  passes  between  the  initials  with  a  tie  at  the  top,  Jind 
love-knot  at  the  bottom.  Inside  are  enffraved  the  word  "  United,"  then  the  figure 
of  two  united  hearts,  and  the  words  "Death  only  Partes."  The  workmanship 
is  remarkably  good,  the  letters  well  formed  and  sharply  cut  The  initials  prob- 
ably represent  the  parties  whoso  hearts  are  united  on  the  ring,  but  who  they 
were  we  are  at  a  loss  even  to  conjecture. 

If  the  initials  represent  a  man  and  woman,  as  it  is  in  the  highest  degree  prob- 
able that  they  do,  I  find  no  name  commencing  with  V  among  our  early  settlers 
with  which  to  connect  it  except  Richard  Vines,  one  of  the  patentees  of  a  tract 
of  country  on  the  west  side  of  Saco  River,  who  took  possession  under  his  patent 
in  1630,  and  continued  there,  filling  a  large  space  in  the  aflfairs  of  the  province, 
until  1646,  when  he  removed  to  Barbadoes.  Vines  had  at  least  one  daughter, 
who  married  Ellicot,  and  had  by  him  a  son  named  Vines  Ellicot,  who  was  living 
in  1688,  and  then  styled  himself  a  grandson  of  Captain  Richard  Vines.  There 
were  several  persons  connected  with  the  early  settlements  whose  names  com- 
menced with  G,  the  principal  of  whom  were  Gorges,  (William  and  Thomas ;) 
Goody eare,  one  of  the  patentees  of  the  island,  1631 ;  Richard  Gibson,  the  Epis- 
copal clergyman  whom  Winthrop  calls  a  scholar — he  had  a  wife,  and  preached 
at  the  island  and  Spurwink  until  1640,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Jordan;  Wal- 
ter Gendall,  also,  who  lived  at  Spurwink  as  early  as  1673,  and  had  a  wife.  But, 
after  all,  the  ring  may  not  have  been,  and  most  probably  was  not  deposited  by 
the  owner;  it  may  have  been  lost  or  stolen  and  trafficked  away  by  the  finder,  or 
it  may  have  been  handed  down  from  an  ancestor. 

Location.  The  coins  and  ring  were  found  in  a  stone  pot  of  common  manu- 
facture, and  a  beautiful  globular  shape,  resembling  a  globe  lantern.  The  pot 
would  probably  contain  a  quart,  and  was  found  about  a  foot  below  the  surface, 
on  a  slope  of  land  gradually  descending  from  the  summit  in  the  center  of  the  isl- 
and northwesterly  to  the  shore.  The  spot  is  about  four  rods  from  the  bank, 
which  is  there  elevated  16  or  20  feet  above  the  beach.  There  are  traces  of  the 
foundation  of  buildings  about  the  place;  stones  from  the  beach  were  turned  up 
in  plowing;  in  one  place  are  apparently  the  foundations  of  a  chimney,  and  near 
was  a  cavity,  which  had  probably  been  a  cellar.  The  place  had  not  been  plowed 
within  the  memory  of  the  present  generation,  if  it  ever  had,  until  it  was  broken 
up  last  year.  This  year  the  plowing  was  deeper.  Mr.  Hanscom,  the  tenant  of 
Dr.  Cummings,  was  holdincr  the  plow,  and  his  son,  twelve  years  old,  was  driving. 
When  the  boy  came  to  the  place  he  observed  the  pot,  bottom  up,  and,  picking 


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452  Treamre  Trove. 

it  up,  said  to  hia  fatiier,  ^I  h&ve  found  iC  in  allusion  to  rumors  and  firequent 
conversationB  among  tlie  people  in  the  vicinity  relative  to  money  having  oeen 
formerly  buried  on  the  island.  Hia  father  took  it,  and  said,  **  It  is  a  broken  mm- 
jug  of  the  old  settlers;  throw  it  over  the  bank." 

On  second  thought,  he  told  him  to  lay  it  one  side  on  a  pile  of  stones.  On 
turning  it  up,  all  that  could  be  seen  was  earth,  caked  inside.  Another  small  son 
of  Mr.  Hanscom  was  sitting  on  the  pile  of  stones  where  the  pot  was  laid,  and 
began  to  pick  the  earth  in  sport  He  soon  came  to  the  coin,  and  their  astonish- 
ment and  excitement  may  easily  be  conceived.  The  contents  were  regularly  ar- 
ranged on  the  bottom  of  the  jar ;  the  gold  on  the  edge  at  one  side^  the  silver  on 
the  other,  and  the  ring  in  the  middle. 

The  whole  number  of  gold  pieces  was  21 ;  of  silver  of  various  sizes.  Si- 
te tal  standard  value,  $100.  The  silver  was  considerably  discolored;  the  gold 
very  little.  Part  of  the  fracture  of  the  pot  appeared  fresh,  as  though  caused  by 
the  recent  plowing;  the  rest  was  of  an  earlier  date  and  made,  it  is  conjectured, 
by  the  plowing  of  the  previous  year.  But  it  is  probable  from  appearances,  and 
from  the  pieces  to  complete  the  jar  not  being  found,  that  it  was  a  broken  vessel 
when  the  coin  was  placed  in  it. 

A  piece  of  le^d,  which  had  been  bent  to  adapt  it  to  some  object,  was  found 
near ;  but  from  the  circumstance  that  the  pot  was  filled  with  hard  earth,  it  is 
probable  that  it  was  not  covered,  or  that  the  cover  had  got  misplaced.  Mr. 
Hanscom  and  two  other  men  immediately  spaded  the  earth  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
spot,  but  no  more  coin  or  any  other  valuable  thing  was  found.  Some  broken 
pottery,  pipes,  an  iron  spoon,  piece  of  a  large  thick  green  glass  bottle,  charcoal, 
rusty  nails  and  spikes,  were  scattered  about,  which  the  plow  had  turned  up.  A 
building  had  evidently  stood  there  or  near  by,  but  without  a  cellar. 

The  question  most  eagerly  asked,  and  most  difficult  to  answer,  is — ^  How 
came  the  treasure  there  V^  No  satisfactory  answer  can  be  given ;  we  can  only 
approach  the  answer  by  conjecture.  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  deposit  is  a  soli- 
tary case,  and  can  afford  no  encouragement  to  the  idle  rumors  that  have  long 
prevailed,  that  large  sums  of  money  were  many  years  slso  buried  on  the  island. 
The  probability  is,  that  the  deposit  was  made  by  some  mhabitant  of  the  island, 
or  some  transient  person,  for  security,  and  that  he  either  suddenly  died  or  was 
driven  from  the  island,  or  was  killed  by  the  Indians.  That  the  money  found  was 
all  that  was  deposited,  there  seems  no  reason  to  doubt. 

My  conjecture  is  that  the  deposit  was  made  as  early  as  the  death  of  Winter, 
which  took  plaee  in  1645  :  and  1  go  still  further,  and  express  the  belief  that  the 
money  is  connected  with  the  fate  of  Walter  Bagnall,  who  was  killed  by  the 
Sagamore  Squidraset  and  his  company,  October  3,  1631.  Bagnall  had  one  com- 
panion with  him,  a  servant  or  assistant,  whom  Winthrop  calls  John  P ,  the 

blank  we  cannot  supply.  He  had  accumulated  a  large  estate  by  trading.  Win- 
throp calls  him  a  wicked  fellow,  and  the  Indians  were  exasperated  by  his  bard 
usage  of  them. 

The  principal  part  of  the  silver  is  of  the  reign  of  Elizabeth— only  five  pieces 
were  of  James,  and  two  of  Charles — and  the  date  shows  one  of  them  to  have 
been  coined  in  1626.  Of  the  gold,  only  seven  out  of  the  twenty-one  pieces  were 
of  the  time  of  Charles,  and  as  these  must  have  been  coined  before  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war  in  1642,  they  may  have  been  before  1631.  The  couiage 
after  the  civil  war  commenced  was  of  different  patterns,  and  of  much  coarser 
execution  than  that  issued  before.  That  the  deposit  must  have  had  an  early 
date — before  the  commencement  of  the  civil  war — is  evident  from  the  ^t  that 
it  contains  not  a  piece  of  coin  of  a  later  date  than  1642.  In  1632  the  expedition 
fitted  out  at  Boston  and  Piscataqua  to  pursue  Dixy  Bull,  a  pirate  who  had  vav- 
aged  Pemaquid,  and  plundered  vessels,  on  their  return  stopped  at  Richmond's 
Island,  and  hung  up  Black  Will,  an  Indian,  who  had  been  concerned  in  the  mur- 
der of  Bagnall. 

Now,  my  solution  is  that  this  coin  was  BagnalPs,  concealed  by  his  servant  or 
by  some  of  the  Indians,  perhaps  Black  Will,  and  that  it  has  lain  there  ever  since. 
In  regard  to  the  ring,  it  probably  had  no  connection  with  any  of  those  parties, 


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Journal  ^  Mercantile  Law.  458 

but  may  have  been  received  by  Ba^all  from  some  of  the  rovers  on  the  coast  or 
other  person  who  came  di&honestly  by  it,  and  placed  by  him  with  his  other 
treasures. 

That  the  articles  were  hidden  before  the  Indian  war  of  1676,  is  manifest  from 
the  absence  of  any  coin  of  a  date  thirty  years  prior  to  that  event,  and  from  the 
fact  that  the  island  had  been  deserted  for  many  years  before  the  war  by  all  per- 
sons who  had  money  to  conceal.  Jordan  himself,  the  head  and  leader  of  that 
whole  region,  lived  on  the  main  land  near  the  month  of  Sparwink  River,  where 
his  house  was  burnt  by  the  Indians  in  the  autumn  of  1676,  with  all  its  contents, 
and  he  Iwrely  escaped  with  his  Hfe.  The  treasure,  therefore,  is  not  connected 
with  the  Indian  war,  but  its  history  must  be  sought  in  prior  events. 

PoRTLAMD,  May  22, 1856.  WILLIAM  WILLIS. 


JOURNAL  OF  MERCANTILE  LAW. 


GUARANTY — LIABILITIES  OF  BANKS. 

In  the  Supreme  Court,  General  Term,  June,  1864.  Before  Judges  Mitchell, 
Rosevelt,  and  Gierke.    Talman  r».  the  Rochester  Gity  Bank. 

Mitchell,  J.  The  defendants*  points  state  that  they  may  concede  that  if  the 
bond  and  mortga^re  mentioned  in  this  case  had  been  assigned  in  good  faith  by 
Mnmford  to  the  Rochester  Gity  Bank  as  security  for  the  debt  which  he  owed  to 
the  bank,  the  bank  might  (with  the  consent  of  Mumford)  have  assigned  the  bond 
and  mortgage  to  another,  and  guarantied  the  payment  of  the  bond  and  mortgage. 
But  that  the  distinction  was  manifest  between  the  right  of  the  bank  to  guaranty 
choses  in  action  belonging  to  it  and  its  right  to  guaranty  those  belonging  to  an- 
other. The  concession  is  right,  and  a  bank  may  certainly  assign  or  convey  any 
property  held  by  it,  and  may  enter  into  the  common  covenants  of  guaranty  or 
warranty,  or  making  such  assignment  or  conveyance.  This  right  is  a  matter  of 
substance  and  not  of  form ;  as  a  formal  contrivance  complying  in  all  outward 
respects  with  the  requirements  of  the  rule  would  be  a  nullity  if  it  was  in  fact  a 
mere  contrivance,  and  the  substance  of  the  transaction  were  contrary  to  the  rule; 
so  if  the  case  before  the  Gourt  is  in  substance  within  the  rule,  and  only  needs  a 
formality  to  bring  it  in  all  respects  within  it,  the  omission  of  the  form  should  be 
disregarded,  and  the  substance  alone  looked  to ;  for  it  is  not  a  question  whether 
the  bank  has  u^ed  the  requisite  forms  or  not,  but  whether  it  had  any  power  or 
capacity  to  do  the  thing  which  it  has  done,  in  any  possible  form ;  whether  the 
bank  had  any  powers,  functions,  or  franchises,  to  guaranty  in  such  a  case,  not 
whether  it  had  used  all  the  requisite  forms,  which  would  clearly  show  that  it  had 
such  right  This  is  not  like  the  case  when  that  which  partakes  of  the  character 
of  form  is  made  necessary  by  statute ;  then  the  seeming  form  becomes  essential 
and  matter  of  substance  by  the  eflfect  of  the  statute — as  when  a  bank  is  forbid- 
den to  issue  circulating  notes  unless  payable  on  demand  or  at  its  place  of  busi- 
ness. If  the  bank  has  the  power  or  capacity  to  give  its  guaranty  under  the  cir- 
cumstances of  this  case,  there  is  no  statute  against  this  form  of  doing  it  The 
counsel  for  the  plaintiff  accordingly  insists  that  the  transaction  in  question  was, 
in  effect  as  well  as  in  form,  a  guaranty  by  the  bank,  of  securities  in  which  it  had 
an  interest  This  requires  an  exnmination  of  the  arrangements  made  between 
the  parties,  os  shown  by  the  complaint  On  the  1st  of  August,  1838,  Mumford 
was  indebted  to  the  bank  in  a  large  sum  of  money,  and  the  bank  was  desirous 
of  obtaining  payment;  Mumford,  in  order  to  procure  the  means  of  payment,  and 
it  is  to  be  inferred  in  compliance  with  this  desire,  assigned  to  the  American  Life 
Insurance  and  Trust  Gompany  the  first  six  installments  Unmounting  to  $14,260) 
of  a  bond  and  mortgage  which  he  held  from  one  Ingersoll.  It  was  made  a  con- 
dition of  the  purchase  that  the  bank  should  guaranty  the  final  collection  of  those 
installments  and  of  the  interest  to  become  due  thereon ;  and  the  bank  did  ao- 


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cordingly  execute  to  the  Trust  Company  its  goaranty,  which  was  delivered  to 
the  Trust  Company  at  the  same  time  and  place  that  Mum  ford  assigned  to  the 
company  the  l)ond  and  mortgage.  Mumford  received  the  consideration  money 
for  the  assignment  and  guaranty,  and  applied  the  funds  to  payment  of  bis  in- 
debtedness to  the  bank.  His  negotiation  of  the  sale  (as  is  admitted  by  the  plead- 
ings) was  with  the  knowledge  and  assent  of  the  bank,  and  for  the  mutual  bene- 
fit of  himself  and  of  the  bank.  The  guaranty  executed  by  the  bank  recites  that 
Mumford  being  indebted  to  the  bank  had  proposed,  as  is  to  be  inferred  to  the 
bank,  to  sell  the  bond  and  mortgage  for  the  purpose  of  applying  the  funds  of 
the  first  six  installments  upon  his  indebtedness  to  the  bank,  upon  receiving  from 
the  bank  their  guaranty  of  the  said  installments  and  interest  thereon,  to  enable 
him  to  effect  the  sale,  and  that  Mumford,  in  pursuance  of  that  arrangement,  had 
executed  an  assignment  of  the  bond  and  mortgage  to  the  Trust  Company,  with 
a  covenant  guarantying  the  collection  of  the  principal  and  interest,  and  then  in 
consideration  of  the  premises,  and  of  one  dollar  paid  by  the  Trust  Company, 
the  bank  guaranties  to  the  company  the  final  collection  of  the  said  installments, 
and  of  the  interests  thereon,  and  reserves  to  itself  the  right,  upon  any  default 
in  payment  of  principal  or  interest,  to  pay  the  amount  then  unpaid  to  the  com- 
pany, and  to  have  the  bond  and  mortgage  assigned  to  the  bank,  if  the  bank  so 
elect.  The  mortgaged  premises  were  sold  on  foreclosure,  and  on  a  final  sale  on 
24th  November,  1851,  only  realized  8^,150,  which  was  their  fair  value  on  the 
last-mentioned  day.  Ingersoll  was  insolvent,  and  removed  from  the  State,  and 
nothing  could  be  collected  from  him.  The  bank  is  called  upon  to  fulfill  its  guar- 
anty, and  insists  that  it  had  no  legal  capacity  to  make  such  a  guaranty,  and  that 
it  is  not  therefore  liable  on  it.  From  this  statement  it  is  plain  that  Mumford 
held  the  bond  and  mortgagee,  and  arranged  with  the  bank  to  convert  it  into  mo- 
ney for  the  benefit  of  the  bank,  and  to  apply  the  money  to  be  received  to  pay 
his  debt  to  the  bank,  and  that  in  pursuance  of  this  arrangement  communicated 
to  the  Trust  Company,  he  assigned  the  bond  and  mortgage  to  the  company,  and 
the  bank  at  the  same  time  guarantied  to  the  company  the  payment  of  the  bond 
and  mortgage,  or  of  the  first  six  installments  on  it,  and  that  Mumford  received 
the  monev  from  the  Trust  Company,  and  applied  the  proceeds  to  the  payment 
of  his  debt  to  the  bank.  If  Mumford  had  assigned  the  bond  and  mortgage  to 
the  bank,  and  the  bank  had  assigned  them  to  the  company,  and  guarantied  the 
payment^  as  it  did,  it  is  conceded  that  the  bank  would  have  been  liable.  Tlie 
only  difference  is  that  the  one  transfer  from  Mumford  to  the  bank  that  would 
have  been  necessary  in  that  case  was  omitted,  and  Mumford,  to  simplify  the 
transaction,  assigned  directly  to  the  company.  This  was  a  mere  matter  of  form 
in  conveyancing,  and  neither  the  one  form  nor  the  other  can  be  considered  in  any 
degree  as  an  attempt  to  enlarge  the  franchises  of  the  bank.  The  measure  of  a 
franchise  is  never  determined  by  immaterial  forms.  The  question  always  is 
what  power  or  capacity  has  been  given,  not  whetlier  the  power  is  exercised  in  a 
particular  form.  In  substance,  the  bank  had  an  interest  in  the  bond  and  mort- 
gage— the  arrangement  made  between  it  and  Mumford,  that  he  should  assi^ 
the  bond  and  mortgage  for  their  benefit,  or  assign  them  and  apply  the  proceeds 
to  pay  his  debt  to  them,  gave  them  such  an  interest  in  this  bond  and  mortgage 
that  to  some  extent  the  bond  and  mortgage  were  the  property  of  the  bank.  It 
was  agreed  to  be  theirs  when  it  was  agreed  that  the  proceeds  should  be  theirs ; 
and  when  this  agreement  was  carried  out,  and  became  an  executed  contract,  it 
made  the  bond  and  mortgage  as  much  to  have  been  theirs  by  rektion  during  the 
process  of  completing  the  arrangement,  as  if  there  had  been  an  express  contract, 
of  a  sufficient  consideration  to  assign  the  bond  and  mortgage  directly  to  the 
bank,  that  the  bank  might  assign  to  the  company. 

It  was  contended  that  in  some  respects  the  complaint  set  forth  not  facts,  but 
the  evidence  of  facts  only.  If  the  facts  stated  are  such  that  if  they  were  found 
as  stated,  the  plaintiff  must  recover  by  operation  of  law,  then  the  plaintiff  has 
set  forth  a  sufficient  6ause  of  action.  So  when  the  plaintiff  alleges  the  execu- 
tion of  the  guaranty  by  the  bank,  under  its  seal,  and  the  guaranty  recites  the 
consideration  on  which  it  was  executed,  and  that  is  a  lawful  and  sufficient  con- 


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Journal  of  Mercantile  Law.  465 

alderation,  that  is  ^ma  fade  enough.  A  statement  of  certain  evidence  from 
which  the  law  draws  a  conclusion  of  fact  is  in  effect  a  statement  of  that  fact; 
but  a  statement  of  evidence  from  which  the  law  would  not  draw  a  conclusion  of 
fact,  but  which  would  be  left  to  a  jury  to  find  one  way  or  the  other,  although  it 
be  80  clear  that  a  jury  ought  to  find  only  one  way,  may  not  be  sufficient  in  plead- 
ing. So  it  might  be  that  it  would  not  m  pleading  be  a  sufficient  allegation  of 
unseaworthiness  of  a  ship  to  tUege  that  she  set  sail,  and  on  the  same  day,  with- 
out  encountering  any  storm  or  casualty,  foundered  at  sea,  although  a  jury  would 
be  bound,  on  such  evidence,  to  find  that  she  was  unseaworthy.  In  pleading  it 
might  be  insufficient,  because  by  possibility  the  ship  still  was  seaworthy  when 
she  left  her  port.  Yet,  even  in  such  a  case,  it  may  be  doubtful  whether  the 
proper  remedy  is  by  demurrer,  when  the  party  has  a  more  appropriate  remedy 
by  moving  to  make  the  pleading  more  definite  and  certain.  The  judgment  ajJ- 
pealed  from  should  be  affirmed,  with  costs. 

SHIPMEKT  OF  GOODS — CONSIGNMENTS,  ETC 

In  the  Supreme  Court,  Special  Term,  (1864.)  Before  Judge  Gierke,  Beeche 
&  Kuramdt  vs,  Stephani  and  others. 

This  was  a  motion  to  dissolve  an  injunction  relative  to  importations  of  Ger- 
man goods,  amounting  to  $70,000. 

Decision.  P.  A.  Milberg,  of  Hamburg,  Germany,  consigned  to  the  plaintiffs 
four  different  shipments  of  merchandise,  with  instructions  to  deliver  the  same  to 
Jacob  Rybach,  one  of  the  defendants,  upon  payment  of  the  freight  and  expenses. 
Upon  the  arrival,  in  December  last,  of  two  of  the  consignments,  by  the  ships 
Rastede  and  Donan,  they  delivered  to  Rybach  the  bills  of  lading  for  them,  on 
receiving  from  him  the  amount  which  they  demanded  for  the  said  charges.  Soon 
after  this,  the  plaintiffs  received  notice  from  Milberg,  and  from  other  defendants 
in  this  action,  that  the  latter  claimed  to  be  entitled  to  the  goods  embraced  in  the 
several  consignments,  and  cautioning  them  not  to  part  witli  the  possession  of 
the  property  and  of  the  bills  of  lading  to  Rybach,  on  the  ground  that  he  had 
fraudulently  obtained  possession  of  it  from  them,  being  merchants  and  manufac- 
turers in  Vienna ;  that  he  pretended  to  purchase  the  goods  with  the  design  of 
never  paying  for  them,  and  of  causing  them  to  be  conveyed  secretly  to  the  Uni- 
ted States  ;  and,  to  carry  out  such  design,  he  caused  the  goods  to  be  secretly 
removed  from  Vienna  to  Hamburg,  and  there  shipped  by  Milberg,  who  was  not 
then  aware  of  the  fraud,  to  New  York,  whither  Rybach  himself  soon  after  took 
passage.  On  receiving  this  confirmation,  and  before  Rybach  (with  the  exception 
of  two  cases,  each  containing  a  piano  forte,)  obtained  actual  possession  of  the 
property  out  of  the  public  store,  where  they  then  remained  in  the  custody  of  the 
collector,  the  plaintiffs  applied,  on  the  30th  December  last,  to  one  of  the  justices 
of  this  Court  for  an  injunction,  which  was  granted,  to  restrain  him  and  the  other 
claimants  from  taking  possession  and  disposing  of  the  property,  and  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  receiver,  praying  in  their  complaint  that  the  defendants  may  be 
required  to  interplead  and  settle  their  conflicting  claims;  and  that  they,  the 
plaintiffs,  may  be  absolved  from  all  liability  in  the  premises.  The  plaintiffs  al- 
lege, in  their  complaint,  that  they  have  no  interest  in  the  goods;  that  they  do 
not  collude  with  the  defendants  or  any  of  them,  and  that  this  action  is  com- 
menced solely  for  their  own  protection.  They  further  allege,  that  after  the 
commencement  of  this  action,  and  after  service  of  the  injunction  on  Rybach,  he 
entered  into  a  stipulation,  on  which  an  order  was  duly  entered,  by  which  it  was 
agreed  that  Mr.  Charles  Looseg,  the  Austrian  Consul,  should  be  appointed  re- 
ceiver of  all  the  goods  compri^  in  the  four  shipments,  with  liberty  to  make 
sale's  and  to  retain  the  proceeds  to  await  the  further  order  of  the  Court;  but 
that  Rybach,  in  evasion  of  these  proceedings,  and  in  violation  of  the  injunction, 
made  a  pretended  sale  to  Stephani,  since  made  a  defendant  by  amendment,  and 
fraudulently  continued  with  bim  to  have  goods,  which  were  imported  in  the  Ras- 
tede, removed  from  the  public  store,  and  afterwards  placed  in  the  store  No.  112 
Liberty-street;  after  which  they  were  delivered  by  Rybach  to  Coronna  and  Lai- 
ienfelt,  as  commission  merchants,  for  sale  on  his  account. 


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450  Journal  of  Mercantile  Lam* 

On  these  facts  the  pbintlfis  now  apply  for  an  extension  of  the  imanction  and 
receivership,  so  as  to  embrace  the  proceeds  of  the  goods  that  might  have  been 
sold,  and  the  documentary  evidences  of  title  to  all  of  the  gooda— for  a  receiver- 
ship against  Stephani,  and  an  attachment  against  Rybach  for  a  violation  of  the 
injunction.  The  defendants,  Ryback  and  Stephani,  move  severally  for  a  dissolv- 
tion  of  the  injunction  with  costs  against  the  plaintiffs,  upon  affidavits  denying 
many  of  the  facts  alleged  by  the  plaintiffs  in  their  original  and  amended  com- 
plaint, and  in  their  affidavits.  Instances  are  continually  occurring,  especially  in 
a  commercial  community,  where  from  peculiar  and  unforeseen  circumstances,  a 
person  who  owes  a  debt,  or  has  incurred  a  liability,  is  unable  to  determine,  with- 
out serious  risk,  to  which  of  several  adverse  claimants  it  should  be  rendered ; 
and,  to  prevent  the  probable  or  even  possible  injustice  or  vexation,  arising  from 
the  prosecution  of  actions  by  any  or  all  the  claimants,  this  Court  will  compel 
them  to  test  their  claims  by  judicial  investigation  in  an  action  between  themselves; 
in  other  words,  the  Court  will  compel  them  to  interplead,  on  the  application  of 
the  person  owing  the  duty  or  liability,  and  will  relieve  him  from  further  respon- 
sibility. The  plaintiff,  however,  must  show  that  he  does  not  collude  with  any  of 
the  claimants ;  that  the  claims  are  what,  under  the  old  distinctions,  were  denom- 
inated legal ;  that  priority  should  subsist  between  him  and  the  defendants ;  that 
he  is  in  possession,  actually  or  constructively ;  that  he  does  not  claim  any  inter- 
est in  the  property  in  dispute,  and  that  he  can  in  no  other  way  be  protected  from 
an  oppressive  or  vexatious  litigation,  in  which  he  has  no  personal  interests  It 
matters  not  in  what  capacity  the  plaintiff  has  incurred  the  debt  or  liability — 
whether  as  a  stockholder  or  tenant,  or  an  ordinary  agent,  or  as  a  public  officer, 
or  as  nn  accidental  recipient  of  the  property.  He  has  a  right  to  claim  the  equit* 
able  intervention  of  the  Court,  for  his  complete  indemnification  and  relief. 

I  am  of  opinion  that  the  plaintiffs  are  entitled  to  all  the  relief  the^y  ask,  and 
that  the  applications  made  by  Bybach  and  Stephani  to  dissolve  the  injunction, 
should  be  denied  without  costs. 


LIBEL   TO  RECOVER  FOR  SALVAGE  SERVICES. 

In  United  States  District  Court,  before  Judge  Ingersoll.  Deci^on  in  Ad- 
miralty.   Isaac  C.  Phillips  et  al.  xi,  the  ship  United  States. 

This  libel  is  filed  to  recover  a  salvage  compensation  for  services  rendered  to 
the  ship  United  States,  by  the  steamtugs  Hercules  and  Underwriter.  The  ship, 
worth  from  810,000  to  $16,000,  and  having  on  board  a  cargo  of  about  a  thou- 
sand tons  of  railroad  iron,  worth  about  $45,000,  while  bound  into  the  port  of 
New  York  about  two  or  three  o'clock  P.  M.,  on  the  11th  of  March,  1863,  ran  on 
the  outer  middle  shoal  about  three  miles  from  Sandy  Hook.  There  was  seven- 
teen or  eighteen  feet  of  water  on  the  shoal,  and  the  ship  drawing  about  nineteen, 
was  carried  over  the  shoal  by  force  of  the  sea  and  the  wind,  which  was  blowing 
a  gale  from  the  northeast.  Soon  after  she  had  a  signal  for  a  pilot,  and  was 
spoken  by  one;  but  the  sea  was  so  rough,  that  he  could  not  then  board  her.  He 
ther  /ore  directed  tlie  captain  of  the  ship  to  follow  his  boat  and  he  would  lead 
him  into  deep  water.  The  direction  was  followed  till  the  ship  arrived  near  the 
point  of  the  Hook,  when  the  pilot  was  enabled  to  board  her,  and  she  then  pro- 
ceeded under  his  direction  as  far  as  the  Southwest  SpiU  She  could  then  pro- 
ceed no  farther  up  the  harbor,  as  the  wind  was  dead  ahead.  When  the  pilot 
went  on  board,  the  ship— which  was  an  old  one — from  thumping  over  the  outer 
middle,  was  leaking  badly. 

The  necessary  hands  being  at  the  pumps,  and  after  her  arrival  at  the  South- 
west Spit,  the  captain  and  pilot  consulted  for  ber  safety,  and  thereupon  the  pilot 
ordered  a  signal  set  for  the  steamtug  Hercules,  which,  having  that  day  towed 
down  a  schooner  from  New  York  to  lighten  the  Avalanta,  which  was  ashore  out- 
side of  the  Hook,  was  about  two  miles  from  the  ship  in  the  Lower  Bay,  looking 
for  business  in  her  ordinary  occupation  of  towing  vessels  up  and  down  the  har- 
bor.   The  evidence  was  contradictory  as  to  whether  the  signal  was  an  ordinary 


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J^u/rwd  €f  Mercantile  Lavs.  45f 

one  for  a  tow,  or  B«igna]  of  distress.  The  Hercules  came  in  obedience  to  the 
signal,  and  took  hold  of  the  ship  between  four  and  five  P.  M.,  and  the  captain  of 
the  ship  told  the  captain  of  the  Hercules  that  the  ship  was  leaking  badly,  and 
that  the  water  was  gaining  on  them. 

The  Hercules  not  being  able  to  tow  her  with  as  mnch  dispatch  as  was  desired, 
a  signal  was  set  fron^  the  ship  for  the  Underwriter,  which  had  also  gone  dowB 
in  search  of  business.  The  Underwriter  immediately  obeyed  the  signal,  and  the 
two  tugs  brought  the  ship  in  safety  up  the  harbor,  although  from  Uie  leak  she 
settled  one  or  two  feet  while  coming  up,  and  ran  her  upon  a  mud-bottom  in  the 
Atlantic  Dock  between  nine  and  ten  o'clock  at  nig^t  This  was  on  Friday,  and 
by  the  following  Wednesday  she  filled  with  water.  The  usual  price  paid  to  a 
fitieamtug  for  towing  a  Teseel  up  from  the  Lower  Bay  varies  from  $25  to  $100, 
aecordinff  to  the  state  of  the  weather  and  the  difficulties  of  the  case. 

Held  by  the  Court:  That  the  weight  of  evidence  is,  that  the  signal  set  was 
fiot  a  signal  of  distress,  but  a  signal  for  a  tow.  In  obeying  the  signal,  the  tugs 
went  to  her  aid,  expecting  and  agreeing  to  enj?age  in  the  business  which  the  sig- 
nal indicated.  But  although  the  tugs  started  for  the  ship  with  the  view  to  render 
a  towage  service  merely,  yet  if  the  ship,  when  the  tugs  came  to  her  assistance, 
wap,  in  point  of  fact,  in  a  condition  where  loss  or  serious  damage  was  reason- 
ably to  be  apprehended  from  her  leaky  condition,  in  connection  with  the  boister- 
ous state  of  the  weather — if  she  was  encountering  a  threatened  or  impending 
peril,  from  which  she  was  rescued  by  the  tugs — then,  although  the  signal  set  by 
the  ship  was  only  for  a  tow,  and  although  when  the  tugs  started  for  the  ship  in 
obedience  to  the  siffnal,  they  understood  that  they  were  wanted  only  for  towage 
service,  they  woula  be  entitled  to  be  compensated  for  a  salvage.  For  where  a 
ship  or  its  lading  is  saved  from  impending  peril  by  the  service  of  any  persons, 
upon  whom  there  is  no  obligation  to  render  the  service,  then  such  service  is  to 
be  compensated  as  a  salvage. 

A  mere  towage  service  is  confined  to  vessels  which  have  received  no  damage 
which  puts  them  in  peril  of  loss.  A  mere  towage  compensation  is  payable  ib 
those  cases  only  where  the  vessel  receiving  the  service  is  in  the  same  condition 
she  would  ordinarily  be  without  having  encountered  any  damage  or  accident. 
And  if  a  towage  engagement  merely  leads  to  the  rescue  of  a  ship  from  an  im- 
minent danger,  it  should  be  remunerated  as  salvage.    (3  Hag^  428.) 

That  the  Court  does  not  find  as  a  fact  that  the  ship  and  cargo  would  have 
been  lost  or  greatly  damaged,  if  she  had  not  been  rescued  by  the  tugs,  but  does 
find  that  there  was  danger  of  such  loss,  or  great  damage,  and  that  the  ship  was 
rescued  from  that  peril  by  the  tugs,  and  the  compensation  which  the  libelants 
are  entitled  to  have  received  for  their  services  must  be  a  salvage  compensation. 
That  there  was  but  little,  if  any,  more  labor  and  peril  incurred  by  the  tugs  than 
would  have  been  incurred  in  such  weather  in  performing  a  towage  service  ;  that 
the^  manifested  promptitude  in  obeyhng  the  signal,  but  were  not  diverted  from 
their  proper  and  usual  employment,  but  were  engaged  in  it ;  that  the  libelants 
have  experienced  but  trifling  injury  or  loss  by  the  service  which  they  have  ren- 
dered, no  more  than  probably  would  have  been  sustained  if  the  ship  had  not  by 
her  leaky  condition  been  exposed  to  Impending  peril — and  that  under  all  the  cir- 
cumstances, the  case  demands  only  a  moderate  compensation.  Decree,  there- 
fore, that  the  libelants  recover  tlie  sum  of  91*000,  to  be  divided  equally  between 
the  two  tugs. 

COMMERCIAL  LAW  OF  PARTHERSHIF. 

The  Pittsburgh  Commercial  Journal  publishes  a  case  which  was  lately  (1855) 
argued  and  decided  in  the  District  Court  of  Alleghany  county,  before  Judges 
Hampton  and  Williams,  involving  some  interesting  questions  relating  to  the 
rights  and  duties  of  partners.  As  the  matter  was  amicably  adjusted  before  the 
decision  was  announced,  the  names  of  the  parties  need  not  bo  given ;  but  for  the 
information  of  our  readers,  many  of  whom  are  interested  in  the  questions,  we 


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468  Journal  of  Mercantile  Law* 

give  a  synopsis  of  the  points  decided,  taken  from  the  opinion  filed  by  his  Honor, 
Judge  Hampton : — 

On  the  29th  of  October,  1863,  three  persons  entered  into  articles  of  partner- 
ship to  carry  on  the  **  General  Foundry  Business"  for  the  term  of  five  years. 
One  of  the  partners  becoming  dissatisfied,  various  proposals  to  purchase  or  sell 
were  made  without  coming  to  any  agreement  At  length,  on  the  9th  of  June, 
one  of  the  partners  delivered  to  his  co-partner  a  note,  stating  that  "  in  order  to 
get  rid  of  any  further  difficulties  or  trouble  with  you,  I  will  leave  the  concern 
and  give  you  all  that  I  have  put  in,  or  any  interest  that  I  have  in  it  forthwith." 
On  ^e  11th  of  June  an  answer  was  returned  as  follows:  "  I  accept  your  propo- 
sition as  you  have  pleased  to  make  it  in  your  note  of  June  9,  1866."  The  re- 
tiring partner,  on  receiving  this  answer,  demanded  indemnity  against  the  out- 
standing debts  and  liabililies  of  the  firm,  amounting  to  several  thousand  dollars. 
The  remaining  partners  refused  to  give  such  indemnity,  but  assumed  the  posses- 
sion and  control  of  the  firm,  and  commenced  to  carry  on  the  business  in  their 
own  names. 

A  bill  in  Chancery  was  then  filed  by  the  retiring  partner,  setting  forth  the  fore- 
going facts,  and  praying  the  Court  to  decree  a  dissolution  of  the  partnerehip, 
and  an  account  to  be  taken,  and  asking  for  an  injunction  to  prevent  the  remain- 
ing partners  from  using  the  property  and  carrying  on  the  business  for  their  own 
benefit,  and  for  a  suitable  person  to  be  appointed  as  a  receiver  to  take  charge  of 
ih^  property  and  as.'^ets  of  the  partnership,  and  wind  up  the  business,  unless  the 
complainant  was  indemnified  against  the  debts  and  liabilities  of  the  firm.  The 
case  came  on  to  be  heard  upon  a  motion  by  the  complainant  for  the  appointment 
of  a  receiver,  and  was  fully  argued  by  counsel.  For  the  complainant  it  was 
contended — 

That  although  the  articles  stipulated  for  the  continuance  of  the  partnership 
for  five  years,  yet  it  might  at  any  time  be  dissolved  by  agreement  of  the  parties, 
or  by  decree  of  the  Court  of  Chancery  for  misconduct  on  the  part  of  one  or 
more  of  the  parties. 

That  whether  the  offer  by  complainant  and  the  acceptance  of  defendants  was 
binding  and  operated  as  a  aissolution  or  not,  still  the  defendants*  conduct  was 
wrono^ful,  and  justified  the  appointment  of  a  receiver,  inasmuch  as  they  refused 
to  indemnify  the  retiring  partner,  and  were  applying  the  property  to  their  own 
use. 

That  in  equity  the  retiring  party  was  entitled  to  indemnity,  although  not  men- 
tioned in  his  offer,  and  his  right  to  such  indemnity  could  only  bo  defeated  by  an 
express  waiver. 

That  while  the  partnership  continued,  each  partner  was  entitled  to  participate 
in  the  management,  and  upon  dissolution,  the  first  duty  of  all  the  partners  was 
to  wind  up  the  business,  and  apply  the  property  to  discharge  the  liabilities  of 
the  firm ;  so  that  in  either  aspect  the  defendants  had  no  right  to  assume  control 
of  the  property  and  carry  on  the  business  for  themselves  without  the  consent  of 
the  retiring  partner.    And  having  done  so,  the  Court  should  appoint  a  receiver. 

For  the  defendants  it  was  contended — 

That  the  complainant  had  voluntarily  offered  to  quit  the  concern,  and  give  up 
his  interest  without  any  demand  of  indemnity,  and  that  offer  being  accepted,  he 
was  bound  by  it,  and  could  not  impose  the  new  terms  of  indemnity. 

That  if  the  Court  was  of  opinion  there  had  been  no  dissolution,  the  defendants 
were  still  willing  to  go  on  under  the  articles. 

That  they  acted  under  a  supposed  right  in  carrying  on  the  business  in  their 
own  names,  and  intended  to  pay  the  debts  as  fast  as  practic;ible. 

That  the  appointment  of  a  receiver  would  be  highly  injurious  to  them,  and  the 
interests  of  the  firm,  and  no  irremediable  injury  had  been  shown  requiring  such 
appointment.  • 

An  elaborate  opinion  of  the  Court  was  filed  on  Wednesday  last  by  Hampton, 
President  Judge,  holding — 


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J<mnMiX  of  Mercantile  Law.  469 

1.  That  the  correspondence  hetween  the  parties  did  not  warrant  the  belief 
that  the  complainant  intended  to  mve  np  his  interest  in  the  partnership  and  re- 
main liable  for  its  outstanding  debts  and  responsibilities  without  security  against 
them,  and  strong  conclusive  evidence  would  be  required  to  establish  such  as  the 
intention  and  understanding  of  the  parties,  and  there  was  no  express  waiver  of 
indemnity. 

2.  That  unless  there  was  an  express  waiver  of  indemnity,  the  retiring  party 
would,  in  e(]uity,  be  entitled  to  have  the  business  wound  up  and  the  property 
iq> plied  to  discharge  the  liabilities  of  the  partnership,  or  else  to  have  adequate 
security  and  indemnity  against  them. 

3.  That  it  made  no  difference  whether  the  offer  and  acceptance  of  the  9th  and 
11th  of  June  operated  as  a  dissolution  or  not,  because  if  the  partnership  con- 
tinued, the  defendants  had  no  right  to  exclude  the  complainant  from  his  fair 
share  of  the  management,  and  if  it  was  dissolved,  they  had  no  right  to  appro- 
priate the  property  to  their  own  use,  and  leave  the  complainant  responsible  for 
the  debts  of  the  concern,  without  indemnity  or  security,  and  against  his  con- 
Bent 

4.  That  the  defendants,  having  deliberately  excluded  the  complainant  from 
all  participation  in  the  business  of  the  firm,  changed  its  name,  opened  new 
books,  talten  and  used  the  partnership  property  in  carrying  on  their  own  busi- 
ness, with  full  knowledge  that  the  complainant  refused  to  terminate  the  partner- 
ship until  he  was  indemnified,  there  is  no  course  left  for  the  Court  to  pursue  but 
to  decree  a  dissolution  and  appoint  a  receiver,  unless  the  defendants  pay  the 
debts  of  the  firm  or  secure  the  complainant  against  liability  for  the  same. 

WHAT  CONSTITUTES  ▲  DRAFT  OB  INLAND  BILL  OF  EXCHANGE. 

A  case  of  some  interest  has  been  decided  in  the  Cuyahoga  Common  Pleas  by 
Judge  Starkweather.  The  point  resolved  was — what  constitutes  a  draft  or  in- 
land bill  of  exchange.  Suit  had  been  brought  on  a  piece  of  paper,  which  read 
as  follows:  "Cleveland,  June  30,  1853 — Wicks,  Otis  &  Brownell,  pay  to  L.  P. 
Burgess,  or  order,  on  the  13th  day  of  July,  1853,  three  hundred  dollars."  Signed, 
R.  B.  Baily ;  indorsed,  L.  F.  Burgess.  Demand  and  notice  were  made  on  the 
16th  July,  instead  of  the  13th,  the  holders  treating  the  paper  as  an  inland  bill  of 
exchange  or  draft,  allowing  three  days'  grace.  It  was  set  up  in  the  defense,  in 
behalf  of  the  indorser,  that  the  paper  in  question  was  a  bank  check,  Wicks, 
Otis  Sir  Brownell  being  bankers,  and  therefore  not  entitled  to  grace.  After  able 
arguments,  the  case  was  submitted  to  the  Court    The  Judge  held — 

1.  That  the  only  question  to  be  determined  was  whether  the  instrument  in 
question  was  a  bill  of  exchange  or  a  bank  check  eo  nomine.  If  a  bill  of  ex- 
change, then  it  was  entitled  to  grace,  not  only  by  the  general  rule  governing 
commercial  paper,  but  by  positive  statute  enactment,  which  no  evidence  of  loc^ 
usage  could  be  permitted  to  control. 

2.  That  even  if  local  usage  could  be  admitted,  it  was  shown  in  this  case  that 
there  was  no  uniform  usage  with  the  banks  of  Cleveland  upon  the  subject. 

3.  That  whether  the  paper  in  suit  was  an  inland  draft  or  a  bank  check,  sui 
generis,  was  to  be  determined  by  inspection  of  the  instrument  itself,  applying 
to  it  those  tests  which  commercial  law  has  established  for  distinguishing  the  one 
class  of  paper  from  the  other. 

4.  That  on  examination  of  the  paper  itself,  it  seemed  to  lack  some  of  the  or- 
dinary qualities  of  a  bank  check,  being  payable  to  order  instead  of  to  bearer,  and 
at  a  future  time,  instead  of  immediately  or  on  demand ;  whereas  it  was  found  to 
possess  all  the  requisites,  and  to  answer  precisely  to  the  definition  of  a  bill  of 
exchange,  as  recognized  in  the  books  and  by  the  commercial  world,  and  must 
therefore  be  declared  to  be  a  draft,  and  entitled  to  grace  under  the  statute. 

Judgment  for  plaintiffs.* 


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4W  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Seviete. 


COMMERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW. 


REVIVAL  Of  THE  tHIPnHO  IlfTBKCtT—PltOflPBCTt  FOE  BRBADtTVrrS  IH  FEAMCB,  OBKM AXT,  aBBAT 
BRITAIM,  AND  TBK  UKITBD  tTATBS— BTATB  Of  TBB  MONET  M ARKBT— BAMK  WAR  AT  TRB  RORTH- 
WBIT— BARK  MOVBMBKT  IN  NEW  YORK,  BOSTON,  AND  OHIO— BVtINBSt  AT  NEW  YORK  ASBAT 
OPnCB  AND  NEW  ORLBANt  MINT— IMPORTS  AT  NEW  YORK  POR  ADOUBT  AND  PROM  JANUARY  IST. 
— IMPORTS  Of  DRY  GOODS— EXPORTS  PROM  NEW  YORK  POR  AUGUST  AND  PROM  JANUARY  IsTj— 
EXPORTS  OP  PRODUCE— RBCBIPTS  POR  CASH  DUTIBt— EXPORTS  >ROM  NEW  ORLEANS  POR  TMR 
FISCAL  YBAR— FOREIGN   EXCHAROB,  BTO. 

The  business  of  the  country  has  become  more  animated,  with  a  decided  im- 
provement in  many  important  particulars.  The  revival  of  the  shipping  trade  will 
give  a  fresh  impulse  to  a  large  class  of  business  operations.  It  is  already  felt  in 
the  market  value  of  ships.  The  price  of  staunch  old  vessels  has  been  advanced 
20  per  cent,  while  a  long  list  of  new  vessels,  some  of  which  have  been  offered  in 
the  market  for  nearly  a  year,  have  at  last  been  sold,  and  in  many  cases  at  $10 
per  ton  more  than  was  asked  during  the  last  spring  and  summer.  This  im- 
provement is  owing  in  part  to  the  general  revival  of  trade,  in  nearly  all  parts  of 
the  world,  but  especially  to  the  demand  for  freight  from  our  own  ports.  Cotton 
comes  forward  earlier,  and  will  be  freely  exported.  The  great  business  of  the 
next  year,  after  cotton,  is  to  be  in  breadstuff's.  There  is  now  no  question  but 
what  the  harvests  of  Europe  have  sadly  disappointed  the  hopes  of  the  people . 
In  Germany  the  yield  is  far  below  the  average,  and  the  demand  for  rye  from  this 
country  has  already  been  active.  Several  cargoes  have  already  cleared  for  An- 
twerp, and  over  a  quarter  of  a  million  of  bushels  of  rye  have  been  contracted 
for  to  arrive  at  the  seaboard  for  the  same  destination.  In  France  the  grain  crop 
is  also  deficient,  and  much  excitement  has  already  been  felt  there  in  regard  to 
the  future.  We  learn  of  engagements  in  French  markets  for  large  deliveries  of 
wheat  and  flour  three  or  four  months  ahead,  at  very  full  prices.  We  doubt, 
however,  if  this  business  is  well  managed  in  that  country.  It  is  something  so 
novel  that  the  merchants  appear  to  be  always  at  one  extreme  or  the  other.  Last 
year  a  large  majority  of  the  imports  from  this  country,  were  neither  suitable  in 
quality  nor  landed  at  the  proper  season ;  while  a  great  many  cargoes  sent  out  on 
French  account  were  ordered  to  England  for  a  market.  In  Great  Britain  there 
is  less  said  about  any  deficiency,  but  the  crop  is  below  an  average,  and  the  Eng- 
lish must  be  heavy  importers  of  breadstuff's.  This  was  caused,  not  as  many 
appear  to  suppose,  by  the  rains  of  the  summer,  but  by  the  severe  cold  of  last 
winter.  The  thermometer  was  at  zero  for  a  considerable  length  of  time,  with 
unfavorable  winds,  and  much  of  the  wheat  was  winter-killed.  The  demand  for 
food  for  Europe  is  now  directed  to  the  United  States.  Our  own  crops  were 
somewhat  injured  in  the  gathering,  owing  to  the  wet  weather,  but  the  damage 
has  been  limited  and  local,  while  the  actual  yield  is  greater  than  ever  before 
known  in  the  history  of  the  country.  In  the  Genesee  Valley,  and  in  Ohio,  where 
some  of  the  best  white  wheat  is  raised,  the  damage  is  serious,  but  in  most  other 
parts  of  the  country  the  injury  is  nominal.  In  the  Far  West  and  Northwest,  the 
yield  is  enormous ;  and  Indiana,  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Wisconsin,  the  last  three 
especially,  have  raised  wheat  enough  to  feed  the  whole  country,  with  a  surplus 


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461 


to  spare.  The  Canadian  wheat,  mach  of  it  very  choice,  will  fully  supply  in  oar 
markets  the  deficiency  in  Grenesee.  What  effect  the  foreign  demand  will  have 
upon  prices,  it  is  yet  too  soon  to  determine.  If  no  such  demand  had  arisen, 
breadstufis  wonld  have  been  lower  throughout  the  country  than  for  many  years. 
If  the  crop  now  harvested  could  be  sent  at  once  to  market,  the  export  movement 
would  only  bring  the  market  value  up  to  paying  prices.  But  the  harvest,  owing 
to  the  wet  weather  already  noticed,  was  several  weeks  later  than  usual,  and  this 
brings  the  work  of  threshing,  &c.,  too  near  to  seeding-time  for  the  farmer^s  con- 
venience. Still  the  quantity  already  in  movement  is  very  large.  The  channels 
of  communication,  both  by  water  and  railroad,  are  becoming  choked  with  the 
quantity  on  its  way  to  market,  and  unless  this  movement  id  interrupted  by  an 
early  frost  closing  navigation,  or  the  exporters  become  excited,  and  bid  upon 
each  other,  we  see  no  reason  to  anticipate  such  prices  as  shall  be  uncomfortable 
for  the  home  consumers.  Indian  corn  is  promising  beyond  all  former  precedent ; 
ibe  warm  weather  during  the  first  two  weeks  of  September  was  of  almost  in- 
calcnlable  benefit  to  the  crop,  and  unless  something  quite  unexpected  occur,  the 
yield  will  be  immense.  This,  of  course,  will  not  be  available  for  the  current 
season,  but  it  brings  out  all  the  old  corn,  and  thus  the  supply  is  far  in  advance 
of  what  even  the  most  sanguine  anticipated. 

Money  has  been  more  in  demand  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  rates  of  in- 
terest are  about  one  per  cent  higher  than  the  average  of  la^t  month.  This  is 
brought  about  by  no  want  of  confidence,  but  appears  to  be  simply  the  result  of 
the  requirements  for  capital  to  move  the  crops,  and  to  meet  the  revival  of  busi- 
ness on  all  sides.  There  has  been  a  sturdy  movement  among  the  Western 
bankers  who  are  operating  under  a  general  banking  law  requiring  a  deposit  of 
publks  stocks,  to  drive  out  from  immediate  competition  with  their  circulation, 
currency  from  other  states  which  is  not  thus  secured.  One  or  more  chartered 
banks  in  Georgia  have  been  the  most  direct  objects  of  attack,  and  we  are  rather 
disposed  to  agree  with  the  assailants  that  the  bills  of  such  institutions  are  too 
&r  firom  home,  in  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Wisconsin.  We  shall  be  glad  to  see  the 
day,  when  all  bank  bills  below  $5  are  banished  from  circulation.  We  have  gold 
and  silver  enough  to  supply  the  place  of  the  small  notes,  and  the  exchange 
wonld  much  increase  the  comfort  and  prosperity  of  the  poorer  classes,  who  are 
always  the  greatest  sufferers  by  all  bank  swindles. 

The  following  will  show  the  bank  movement  at  New  York  since  the  opening 
of  the  year : — 

WXEKLT  AVBEAGBS  NKW  TOaK  Cmr  BAIIKS. 

Loans  umI 

Dftte.  Capital.  Dltoounts.  Specie.  CirculatioD.  Deposits. 

Jan.    6,  1855  |4B,000,000  $82,244,706  $18,596,963  $7,049,982  $64,982,168 

Jan.  18 48,000,000  83,976,081  15,488,625  6.686,461  67,803,398 

Jan.  20 48,000,000  85,447,998  16,872,127  6,681.855  69,647,618 

Jan.  27 48,000,000  86,664,657  16,697,260  6,739,823  20,136,618 

Feb.    8 48,000,000  88,146,697  17,489,196  7,000,766  72,923,317 

Feb.  10 48.000,000  89,862,170  17,124,891  6,969,111  78,794,842 

Feb.  17 48,000,000  90,850,031  17,839.085  6,941,606  75,193,636 

Feb.  24 48,000,000  91,690.504  16,870,875  6,963,562  74,644,721 

March    8....  48.000,000  92,886,125  16,531,279  7,106,710  76,958,344 

March  10...  48,000,000  92,881,789  16,870,669  7.181,998  76,259,484 

March  17...  48,000,000  92,447,846  16,983,982  7,061,018  76,524,227 

March  24...  48,000,000  98,050,773  16,602,729  7,452,231  76,289,928 

March  81...  47,688,415  93,634,041  16,018,105  7,337,633  76,600,186 

April    7  ..  47,855,665  94,499,894  14,968,004  7,771,584  77,818,908 


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Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 


Loans 

Date. 

CapItaL 

and  disGountfl. 

Specie. 

Ctrcnlalion. 

Depodta. 
77,282,242 

April  U  . . . 

4*7,866,665 

94,140,899 

14,890,979 

7,523,528 

April  21  . . . 

47,866,666 

98,682,898 

14,856,041 

7,510,124 

75,744,921 

AprU  28.... 

47,866,665 

92,605,951 

14,282,424 

7,610,985 

76,219,951 

May    6 

47,855,666 

98,093,248 

14,826,060 

8,087,609 

78,214,169 

May  12  .... 

47.855,666 

91,642,498 

14,585.626 

7,804,977 

76,860.592 

May  19 

47,856,665 

91,675,600 

16,225,056 

7,688680 

77,351,218 

May  26.... 

48,684,780 

91,160,618 

15,814,583 

7,489,687 

76,766,740 

June    2 

48,684,780 

91,197,658 

15,897,674 

7,656,609 

76,843,286 

June    9 

48,684.730 

92,109,097 

15.005,156 

7,602,668 

77,128,789 

June  16 

48,688,880 

98,100,885 

14,978,558 

7,452,161 

77,894.464 

June  28 

48,688,880 

94,029,425 

14,706,629 

7,H85,658 

79,118,186 

June  80 

48,683,880 

95,578,212 

15,641,970 

7,894.964 

81.908,966 

July    7 

48,638,880 

97,852,491 

15,881,098 

7,748,069 

86,647,249 

July  14.... 

48,833,380 

98,521,002 

16,576,606 

7,615,724 

86.664,186 

July  21  ... . 

48,838,880 

99.029,147 

15,918,999 

7,407,086 

82,079,690 

July  28 

48,888,880 

99,088,799 

15,920,976 

7,409,498 

81,626.788 

Aug.    4 

48,833,880 

100,118,569 

15,298,858 

7,642,908 

88,279,990 

Au^'.  11 

48.888,880 

100,774,209 

15,280,669 

7,714,401 

88.141,820 

Aug.  18 

48,883,880 

101,154,060 

14,649,245 

7,610,106 

81,948,671 

Aug.  25 

48,838,880 

100,604,604 

13,826,878 

7.582,095 

81,278.568 

Sept    1 

48,838,380 

100,486,970 

12,862,823 

7,620,178 

81,057,210 

Sept    8 

48,838,880 

100,278,783 

12,006,626 

7,861,148 

80.442,478 

Sept  16 

48,883,880 

99,897,009 

12,218,240 

7,721,825 

80,610,806 

The  highest  point  reached  in  loans  since  the  weekly  statements  commenced, 
a  period  of  over  two  years,  was  on  August  18th,  when  the  total  was  upwards  of 
one  hundred  and  one  millions  of  dollars.  The  highest  point  in  specie  was  dur- 
ing the  week  ending  February  3d,  when  the  total  was  nearly  seventeen-and-a- 
half  millions  of  dollars.  The  large  receipts  at  Sub-Treasury  for  duties,  the 
shipments  to  all  parts  of  the  interior,  to  the  West  for  the  produce  movement,  to 
the  South  for  the  purchase  of  exchange  and  the  protection  of  some  of  the  Geor- 
gia banks  now  run  upon,  and  to  Canada  to  equalize  the  exchanges,  have  absorbed 
a  portion  of  the  gold,  having  taken  up  more  than  the  total  received  from  Cali- 
fornia, and  the  quantity  in  bank  is  daily  diminishing.  Still,  the  banks  at  New 
York  are  relatively  stronger  than  when  the  weekly  statement  commenced,  as 
they  had  then  only  $9,746,452  in  specie,  against  197,889,617  in  loans. 

The  Boston  banks  have  shown  an  increase  in  both  loans  and  specie: — 

WEEKLY  AYE&AGES  AT  BOSTON. 

August  21.  August  27.  September  3.  September  10.  September  17. 

Capital 132,710,000  $82,710,000  $82,710,000  $82,710,000  $82,710,000 

Loans  and  discounts.^     58.688.440  58,688,440  58,768,248     54.242,086     54,209,816 

Specie 8,347,014  8,347,014  8,441,562       8,486,528       8,442,186 

Due  from  other  banks      7,168,806  7,168,806  7,886,889       8,021,480      8,118,861 

Due  to  other  banks.  .       5,768.171  6,768,171  6,867,499       6,068,681       6,826,860 

Deposits 15,241,003  15,241,008  15,918,474     16,961,681     16,660,018 

Circulation 7,128,668  7,128.668  7,144,870      7,569,766      7,640,147 

The  country  banks  of  Massachusetts  keep  most  of  their  specie  funds  at  the 
agency  appointed  for  the  redemption  of  their  bills.  The  following  is  the  condi- 
tion of  the  country  banks  September  1,  1855,  compiled  from  the  returns  to  the 
Secretary  of  State : — 


Capital $26,922,860 

Net  circulation 12,248,612 

Deposits. 6,562,828 

Profits  on  hand 2,721,442 


Total $47,450,182 


Notes,  bilb  of  exchange, 

Ac $46,886,784 

Specie 1,080,704 

Real  estate 582,664 


Total $47,450,188 


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Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review.  463 

We  also  annex  a  quarterly  bank  statement,  exhibiting  the  condition  of  the 
several  incorporated  banking  institutions  of  the  State  of  Ohio  on  the  first  Mon- 
day of  August,  1855,  as  shown  by  their  returns  made  under  oath  to  the  Auditor 
of  State,  as  compared  with  the  returns  for  the  quarter  ending  in  May : — 

BS80UACE8. 

Aug.,  1855.  Hay,  1855. 

Discounts. 112,657,226  |1 8,889,818 

Specie. 1,9'78,1 46  1.864,866 

ISotes  of  other  banks 1,828,422  1,887.666 

Due  from  other  banks. 1,081,437  968,664 

Eastern  deposits 2,889,664  1,771,908 

Cash  items 76,728  108,889 

Bonds  of  State  and  United  SUtes 2,690,478  2,480,718 

Keal  estate 4 0 1 ,606  844 ,282 

Other  resources 1,194,844  1,169,661 

lubiliths. 

Capital  stock 16,776,250  $5,670,760 

Circulation 8,627,489  8,881 ,258 

Safety  fnnd  stock 1 ,088,1 09  1 ,006,808 

Due  banks  and  bankers 996,626  1,870,126 

Due  depositors 6,060,984  6,646,460 

Surplus 751,862  779,861 

Time  drafts 1 8,692  48,1 7 5 

Discount  interest 288,218  29,686 

Dividend  unpaid 6,740  119,218 

Other  liabilities 260,680  287,688 

The  above  shows  a  decrease  of  $1,182,692  in  discounts;  an  increase  of 
91234280  in  specie ;  $617,761  in  Eastern  deposits ;  $504,500  in  capital  stock ; 
9146^286  in  cu'culation ;  and  $414,484  in  deposits.  The  variations,  it  is  seen, 
are  very  slight.  A  further  reduction  has  been  made  in  the  capital  of  the  Ohio 
Life  and  Trust  Company  Bank,  which  is  now  only  $223,000,  against  $311,000  in 
May,  and  $51 1,000  in  February.  The  outstanding  circulation  of  the  Miami  Val- 
ley Bank  is  $103,310,  and  of  the  Savings  Bank  of  Cincmnati,  (2,855. 

The  receipts  of  gold  from  California  continue  as  large  as  usual,  but  as  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  it  does  not  find  its  way  to  the  Assay  Office,  it  is  not  included 
in  any  of  the  mint  statements.  The  following  will  show  the  business  at  the 
New  York  Assay  Office  for  the  month  of  August: — 

DEPOSITS  AT  THE  A8SAT   OFFICE,  NEW  TORE,  FOR  THE  MONTH  OF  AUGUST. 

Gold.  Silver.  Total. 

Foreign  coins. $8,000  $2,900  $5,900 

Foreign  bullion 31,000  1,750  82,760 

Domestic  buUion 2,216,000  16,760  2,281,760 

Total  deposits $2,260,000        $20,400      $2,270,400 

Total  deposits  payable  in  bars. $2,280,400 

Total  deposits  payable  in  coins 40,000 

Of  the  deposits  of  gold,  $75,000  was  In  California  mint  bars. 

The  Philadelphia  Mint  did  very  little  business,  having  been  closed  for  repairs. 
The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  deposits  and  coinage  at  the  Branch  Mint, 
New  Orleans,  from  the  1st  August,  1854,  to  the  31st  July,  1855,  inclusive: — 


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464  Chmmerdal  CkronieU  and  Bmnew. 

60LD  DSP06IT8. 

Oalifoniia  gold  bullion $490,990  92 

Othergold  bullion 26,189  88 

$617,180  75 

BfLYia  DBP08XT8. 

Extracted  from  California  gold $3,449  18 

Otber  silver  bullion 2,417,630  26 

2,421,079  89 

Total  gold  and  silyer  deposits $2,988,260  14 

GOLD  OOINAOB. 

Double  eagles. 3,000  $60,000  00 

Eagles 11,600  116,000  Oa 

Quarter  eagles 21,000  62,600  00 

Golddollars 60,000  60,000  00 

Tbreedollars 24,000  72,000  00 

Pieces 109,600  $349,600  00 

BILTEK  OOINAGB. 

Halfdollars 8,018.000  $1,609,000  00 

Quarter-dollars 982,000  238,000  00 

Dimes 640,000  64,000  00 

Halfdimes 1,020,000  61,000  00 

Pieces 5,610,000  1,867,000  00 

Total  coinage 6,719,600  pieces.  $2,206,600  00 

There  was  no  coining  during  the  months  of  April,  May,  June,  and  July,  ope- 
rations in  the  coining  department  having  been  suspended  for  the  purpose  of  put- 
ting up  a  new  engine. 

The  imports  of  foreign  merchandise  of  all  descriptions  at  the  port  of  New 
York  for  the  month  of  August  were  J6,677,734  less  than  for  August,  1854,  and 
$3,687,375  less  than  for  August,  1853,  but  $1,197,711  greater  than  for  August, 
1852.  This  is  in  accordance  with  the  intimation  given  in  our  last  number,  and 
here  we  think  that  the  comparative  decline  will  cease.  Our  readers  will  remem- 
ber that  the  imports,  which  had  increased  to  an  amount  unprecedented  in  the 
history  of  our  Commerce,  began  to  recede  in  September  of  last  year,  the  total 
for  that  month  being  $3,025,816  less  than  for  September,  1853,  and  with  a  sin- 
gle exception  (February,  1855,)  every  month  since  has  shown  a  falling  off  from 
the  corresponding  period  of  the  previous  twelve  months.  For  l^e  year  ending 
August  31,  the  total  imports  at  this  port  were  $46,186,914  less  than  for  the  year 
ending  August  31,  1854,  a  decline  for  more  rapid  and  important  than  the  previ- 
ous increase.  A  very  considerable  portion  of  the  decline  for  the  last  month  is 
in  goods  entered  for  warehousing,  the  receipts  being  taken  for  consumption  as 
fast  as  landed,  while  last  year  the  excess  above  the  wants  of  the  trade  waa  so 
great  that  over  four  millions  went  into  public  store.  We  annex  a  comparative 
statement  for  the  month : — 

FORSKUr  IMPOBTB  AT  VVW  TOBK  FOR  AUGUST. 

\m.  1851.  18S4.  18iS. 

Entered  for  consumption $18,711,421  $16,788,862  $17,479,992  $18,899,758 

Entered  for  warehoumog 464,962       2,226,299      4,128,787       1,856,428 

Free  goods 1,076.388         667,408       1,804,662      1,201,670 

Specie  and  bullJoo 66,917         611,716         176,692  48,64t 

Total  entered  at  the  port $16,808,688  $20,198,744  $28,084,188  $16,606,899 

Withdrawn  from  warehouse 1,329,991       1,746,864      8,088,066      2,889,884 


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Commercial  Chronicle  cmd  Review.  465 

T^e  total  imports  at  New  York  from  foreign  ports  from  January  Ist  to  Au- 
gust 31st  were  $37,363,083  less  than  for  the  corresponding  eight  months  of  last 
year,  $37,346,029  less  than  for  the  same  time  in  1853,  and  only  $11,216,203 
greater  than  for  the  same  time  in  1852,  as  will  appear  firom  the  following  com- 
parison : — 

PORKIGir  IMPORTS  AT    NSW   YORK  FOR    EIGHT    MONTHS    FROM  JANUARY    IST. 

18S3.     18SI.     18§4.    18$S. 

Entered  for  consumption   $72,209,450  110,347,169  102,181,108  $72,806,088 

Entered  for  warehousing 6.916,630  16,818,888     21,814,110     17,621,075 

Free  goods 9,886,827  10,886,626     12,848,868       9,768,868 

Specie  and  bullion 2,086,166  1,611,281       1,781,782         671,794 

Total  entered  at  the  port  .. .  $89,646,672  188,108,804  188.126,868  100,762,775 
Withdrawn  from  warehouse.      10,962,668      9,972,966     14,882,982     17,160,118 

The  entries  for  warehousing  have  materially  declined,  while  the  withdrawals 
from  warehouse  for  consumption  have  increased.  Of  the  decline  in  the  imports, 
about  one-half  has  been  in  dry  goods.  The  total  receipts  of  this  description  for 
August  were  $3,286,840  lens  than  for  August,  1854,  $1,624,138  less  than  for 
August,  1853,  but  $422,367  more  than  for  August,  1852.  Thb  decline,  as  com- 
pared with  the  last  year,  extends  to  all  descriptions  of  goods,  but  has  been  com- 
paratively least  in  sillcs : — 

IMPORTS  OF  FOREIGN  DRY  GOODS  AT  NEW  YORK  IN  AUGUST. 
XNTSRBD  FOR  CONSUMPTION. 

\m.      i8di.       \m.      isifi. 

Manufactures  of  wool $2,628,842  $8,606,759  $8,864,880  $2,662,263 

Manufactures  of  cotton 1,240,071  1,648,745  1,608,019       806.606 

Manufactnres  of  silk 2,706,702  2,981,048  8,606,467     8,674,080 

Manufactures  of  flax 614,686  712,842  766,888       607,196 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 686,684  616,007  648,620       688,919 

Total  entered  for  consumption  .  $7,626,986    $9,868,901    $9,771,819  $8,079,007 

WITHDRAWN  FROM  WAREHOUSE. 

1861.     18$3.    1854.    18iS. 

Manufactures  of  wool $221,498  $846,668  $788,166  $402,640 

Manufactures  of  cotton 96,769  86,119  822,066  128,779 

Maoafacturesofsilk 140,148  101.271  894,498  824,446 

Manufactures  of  flax 42.129  14,672  78,686  99.286 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 21,686  10,699  88,166  88,016 

Total $621,225       $668,814     $1,611,415     $988,166 

Add  entered  for  consumption 7,626,985      9,868,901      9,771,819    8,079,007 

Total  thrown  on  the  market .. .  $8,148,210    $9,922,215  $11,888,284  $9,067,m 

ENTERED  FOR  WAREHOUSING. 

ml.       \m.       18M.        18K. 

Manufactures  of  wool $86,890  $270,868  $815,686  $95,269 

Manufactures  of  cotton 45,01 8  182,627  800,869  47,272 

Manufactures  of  silk 72,579  99,273  479,160  28,954 

Manufactures  of  flax 19.878  47,881  176,742  28,484 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 28,686  12,486  46,862  28,812 

Total $252,896       $662,485     $1,817,269     $228,241 

Add  entered  for  consumption 7,626,985      9,868,901      9,771,819     8,079,007 

Total  entered  at  tlie  port $7,879,881     $9,926,886  $11,589,088'  $8,^02,248 

VOU  XXXIU. — HO.  IV.  30 


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466  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review, 

This  leaves  the  total  receipts  of  dry  goods  at  New  York,  since  January  Ist, 
$23,871,440  below  the  corresponding  total  for  last  year,  and  $24,321,364  below 
the  total  for  the  first  eight  months  of  1853,  but  $152,466  greater  than  for  the 
same  time  in  1852,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  comparison: — 

I1CP0BT8  OF  FORKIQN  DUT    GOODS   AT  THE   PORT  OF  MEW  YORK  FOR  KIQHT  MOIfTHS,  FROM 

JAKDABT    IST. 

XNTBRBD  FOR  CONSUMPTION. 

ISa  18§S.         I8S4.          mi. 

Manufactures  of  wool $9,998,688  $18,518,981  $15,258,181  $10,417,073 

Manufactures  of  cotton- 6,956,869     11,017,762     11,748,661       6,471,337 

Manufactures  of  silk 14.949,488     28,660,502    20,671,840     14,881,814 

Manufacturea  of  flax. 4,088,676      5,681,209      6,059,004       8,422,551 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods. 8,029,189      8,872,518      4,084,796      3,428,557 

Total $88,966,790  $62,700,972  $66,821,982  $87,571,832 

WITHDRAWN  FROM  WAREHOUSS. 

18§2.  185S.  18H.  im. 

Manufactures  of  wool $1,800,686  $1,610,207  $2,693,735  $1,946,267 

Manufactures  of  cotton 1,221,666  787,609  2,104,1 26  1,901,682 

Manufactures  of  silk 1,641,819  1,109,648  2,198,154  2,157,878 

Manufactures  of  flax 657,652  164,813  689,981  971,886 

MUcellaneous  dry  goods. 260,961  268,242  296,086  611,761 

Total  withdrawn $4,982,1 1 8    $8,880,014    $7,926,082    $7,687,914 

Add  entered  for  consumption  . . .     88,966,790    62,700,972     56,821,932    87,571,332 

Total  thrown  upon  the  market.  $48,948,908  $66,680,986  $64,747,964  $45,169,246 

XNTERED  FOR  WAREHOUSING. 

18$i.  18$S.         18§4.  Vm. 

Manufactures  of  wool  ...   $1,002,073  $1,924,619  $8,996,996  $1,867,680 

Manufactures  of  cotton 686,882  998,619  2,179,512  1,442,552 

Manufactures  of  silk 1,724,697  1,214,821  2,817,373  1,670,228 

Manufactures  of  flax 248,662  288,626  752,835  725,226 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 261.081  276,848  829,988  569,673 

Total $8,907,885     $4,647,088  $10,076,149     $5,465,809 

Add  entered  for  consumption. . . .     88,966,790    62,700,972    56,821,982     87,671,882 

Total  entered  at  the  port  ...  $42,874,175  $67,848,005  $66,898,081  $43,026,641 
This  will  probably  close  the  decline  for  the  current  year,  as  each  month  for 
the  remainder  of  the  season  will  doubtless  show  an  advance  upon  the  correspond- 
ing total  for  last  year. 

The  exports  from  New  York  to  foreign  ports  for  the  month  of  August,  ex- 
elasive  of  specie,  were  $601,607  less  than  for  August,  1854,  $342,821  less  than 
for  August,  1853,  but  $2,046,877  more  than  for  August,  1852.  We  annex  a 
eomparative  summary : — 

EXPORTS  FROM  NEW  TORE  TO  FOREION  PORTS  FOR  THE  MONTH  OF  AUGUST. 

18a     18dt.    18S4.     ISSS. 

Domestic  produce $2,840,820  $4,640,888  $4,487,619  $4,281,481 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 46,464  79,857  268,857  151,482 

Toreign  merchandise  (dutiable)...  220,978  877,720  515,270  222.176 

Specie 2,986,888  1,188,978  4,648,320  2,609,393 

Total  exports $5,644,095    $6,1 81,983    $9,806,066    $7,264,682 

Total,  exdusiye  of  specie 2,608,262      4,997,960      6,256,746      4,655,189 


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Commercial  Chronicle  cmd  Review. 


467 


The  total  exports  from  New  York  to  foreign  ports,  exclusive  of  specie,  for  the 
eight  months  ending  August  Slst,  were  only  $2,381,553  less  than  for  the  same 
time  last  year,  but  $2,640,549  more  than  for  the  same  period  of  1853,  and 
910,435,796  more  than  for  the  same  time  in  1852. 

The  exports  of  specie  are  less  than  for  the  same  time  last  year ;  but  the  re- 
shipments  of  foreign  goods,  and  especially  of  free  goods,  has  increased,  as  will 
appear  from  the  annexed  comparison ; — 

EXPORTS  raOM  NEW  TORE    TO    FOREIGN  PORTS  FOR  EIGHT  MONTHS  FROM  JANUARY  IST. 

1893.  mi.  \M,  18$S. 

Domestic  produce. $27,462,188  184.846,680  139,458,720  134,679,662 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 688,442       1,090,626       1,218,460      8,440,696 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable)..  2,966,286       2,866,901       8,161,979      8,422,848 

Specie. 18,681,841     18.768,667     28,666,689     22,607,612 


ToUl  exports $49,688,251  $62,665,624  $67,480,798  $64,060,118 

Total,  exclusive  of  specie 81,006,910     88,802,067    48,824,169    41,442,606 

These  large  exports,  in  the  face  of  a  small  supply  of  breadstufis,  have  created 
some  surprise,  and  shows  that  the  export  demand  has  been  active  in  other  de- 
scriptions of  produce.  We  annex  a  comparison,  showing  the  exports  of  some 
of  the  leading  articles  of  domestic  produce  from  that  port  since  the  opening  of 
the  year : — 

EXPORTS    OF    CERTAIN    ARTICLES  OF    DOMESTIC    PRODUCE    FROM   NEW    TORE    TO    FOREIGN 
PORTS   FROM  JANUARY   IST  TO  SEPTEMBER   17tH: — 


Ashes — pots . . 

pearls  . 

Beeswax 


.bbls. 


..lbs. 


185i.  1855. 

6,892  10,706 

918  1,872 

197,638  184.098 


BreadBtuff^-' 

Wheat  flour  ..bbls. 

Rye  flour 

Cora  meal 

Wheat bush. 

Eye 

Oats  

Corn 

Candles — mold..boxes 

•perm 

Coal tons 

Cotton .iMdes 

Hay 

Hops 


738,029 

10,266 

64,518 

1,562,662 

816,168 

89,064 

2,621,644 

37,236 

6,289 

17,967 

246,104 

8,161 

978 


884,647 

16,907 

87,620 

162,818 

12,911 

12,211 

8,186,667 

89,063 

8,956 

7,762 

200,196 

4,174 

8,228 


18S4.       188i. 

Naval  stores bbls.  476,764  619,981 

Oils—whale,... galls.  167,202  191,121 

sperm 826,231  680.082 

lard 23,186  79,779 

linseed 4,836  8,685 

Prov%Bion% — 

Pork bbls.       76,842     129.696 

Beef. 46,884       68,744 

Cut  meats,  lbs. .  ..16,626,670  14,968,962 

Butter 1,67 1,407     608,284 

Cheese 1,662,869  2,983,605 

Lard 11,110,788  6,122,905 

Rice trcs       18,920       12,628 

Tallow lbs.  4,824.817  1,188,946 

Tobacco,  crude.,  pkgs  28,404  23.741 
Do.,  manufactured.lbe.  2,837,016  3,761,694 
Whalebone 1,031,188  1,486,820 


The  above  presents  some  interesting  features,  obvious,  however,  without  any 
farther  explanation. 

The  receipts  for  cash  duties  at  the  port  of  New  York  show  a  much  less  com- 
parative decline  than  the  imports,  owing  to  the  increase  of  the  total  value  of 
goods  thrown  upon  the  market  from  the  bonded  warehouse.  The  total  for  the 
month  is  only  $923,833  63  less  than  for  August  of  last  year,  and  $455,861  66 
less  than  for  August,  1853.  The  receipts  for  duties  since  January  Ist  arc 
$6,620,252  61  less  than  for  the  same  time  last  year,  and  $8,176,010  65  less 
than  for  the  same  period  of  1853.  as  will  be  seen  from  the  annexed  com- 
parison : — 


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468  Commercial  Chroniek  and  Review. 

CASH  DCTIK8  BSOnVID  AT  HBW  TOBK. 

I8Si      18§3.      18S4.      18lg. 

In  Augast 18,884,295  66    $4,746,657  81    $5,214,629  78    $4,290,796  15 

Pl-evious  7  months..     17,491,100  06    26,807,486  65     28.788,706  54     18,087,287  66 

Total  since  Jan.  Ist.  $21,876,895  62  $80,554,094  46  $28,998,886  82  $29,878,088  81 

This  revenue  is  sufficient  for  the  wants  of  the  government^  and  if  our  opinion 
in  regard  to  the  coming  imports  is  correct,  will  be  more  likely  to  increase  than 
diminish  for  tlie  remainder  of  the  fiscal  year. 

We  arc  now  enabled  to  give  a  comparative  statement  of  the  imports  and  ex- 
ports at  New  Orleans  for  the  fiscal  year : — 

FOBSieN  DCPOBTS  AT  ITEW  OBLBAN8   FOR  THB  TEAR  VNDINQ  JDNE    80. 

18S3.  1854.  1861. 

Dutiable $8,019,029      $8,272,449      $6,»89,00« 

Free 4,272,262        8,876,578         4,297,170 

Specie  and  bullion 1,862,882        2,258,128         1,697,486 

Total  imports $18,654,118    $14,402,156    $12,928,608 

KXPOBTS  FROM  NEW  ORLEANS  TO  FOREIGN  PORTS  FOR  THB  TEAR  ENDING  JUNB  80. 

18».  18i4.  18S$. 

Domestic  produce $67,768,726    $60,656,786    $54,988,827 

Foreign  merchandise 528,984  275,845  811,884 

Total  exports $68,292,660    $60,982,180    $56,300,711 

The  above  shows  a  falling  off  in  the  imports  from  the  last  year  of  about 
eleven  per  cent;  and  in  the  exports,  of  only  about  nine  per  cent  If 
the  promise  of  the  foreign  trade  for  the  next  year  shall  be  fulfilled,  the 
iDcr^se  will  be  great  both  in  imports  and  exports,  but  greatest  in  the  latter, 
from  the  large  shipments  in  breadstuffs  and  other  produce.  The  shipping  trade, 
BB  already  stated,  is  now  reviving;  freights  have  rapidly  improved,  and  iho  de- 
mand for  vessels  is  daily  increasing  20  per  cent.  Foreign  exchange  is  still  well 
maintained,  but  must  come  down  as  both  cotton  and  grain  go  forward. 


nW  YORK  COTTON  MARKET  FOR  THB  MONTH  EIDINd  SEPTEMBER  21. 

VBBPARBD  FOE  THB  H  BECHANTB' MAOAIIBB  BT  UaLHORN  &  rBBOBBlCKfON,  BR0KBR8,RBW  TOEK. 

Our  market  since  the  close  of  our  last  report,  August  24th,  has  declined  fully 
three-quarters  of  a  cent  per  pound  on  all  grades.  The  free  receipts  of  new  cot- 
ton at  the  South,  with  a  rapid  advance  in  freights,  together  with  weekly  unfavor- 
able advices,  as  regards  the  foreign  markets  and  the  stoppage  for  a  time  of  about 
175,000  spindles  at  the  eastward,  in  consequence  of  the  want  of  water  in  the 
various  streams — these  causes,  with  little  or  no  complaints  in  regard  to  the  grow- 
ing crop,  and  a  larger  stock  on  hand  on  the  1st  September  than  was  anticipated, 
gave  grounds  for  the  above  decline,  and  which  was  not  arrested  at  the  close  of 
Uie  present  report.  Our  own  spinners  continue  to  confine  their  purchases  to 
their  immediate  wants,  and  in  consequence  of  the  heavy  stocks  in  the  Easteni 
markets,  greater  inducements  have  been  oflTered  them  there  than  in  our  own  mar- 
ket. The  amount  purchased  for  export  has  been  small,  while  tbe  quantky 
shipped  under  advances  has  been  rather  large.  For  speculation  there  has  been 
but  little  done,  while  a  few  small  parcels  have  changed  hands  in  transitu. 

The  ofiicial  statement  of  the  cotton  crop  for  the  year  1854-5,  ending  31st 
August,  shows  the  total  receipts  to  have  been  2,847,339  bales,  which  is  a  decrease 
of  82,688  bales  from  the  previous  year,  and  416,643  bales  decrease  from  Ike 
year  before.  The  quantity  of  new  cotton  received  at  the  shipping  porta  to  the 
Ist  September  amounted  to  34,079  bales,  against  1,890  bales  last  year.  Tbe 
quantity  consumed  by  the  manufacturers  north  of  Virginia  is  593,584  bales, 
which  is  7,000  bales  less  than  the  year  previous.  The  estimate  given  for  the 
consumption  of  cotton  by  the  States  south  and  west  of  Virginia  is  put  down  si 
85,000  bales,  against  106,000  bales  for  the  previous  year.    This  estimate,  although 


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Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review,  469 

given  as  such  and  made  with  core,  we  think  falls  below  the  actnal  consumption 
of  cotton  in  the  territory  mentioned  above.  The  opening  of  new  channels  ot 
communication  in  the  South  and  VVest^  and  the  establishment  of  various  m  inu- 
factories,  together  with  the  Increasing  and  new  sources  for  the  consumption  of 
the  staple,  which  are  opening  daily,  demands  that  a  more  accurate  statement  be 
prepared  of  the  consumption  of  cotton  soath  and  west  of  Virginia  than  can  be 
obtained  by  ffuensing  Correct  statistics  cannot  be  too  dearly  obtained,  nor  too 
highly  prized.  The  export  to  Great  Britain  has  been  1,549,716  bales,  being  a 
decrease  of  54,034  bales  from  the  previous  year.  To  France,  409,931  bales — 
increase  over  year  previous,  35,873  bales.  To  North  of  Europe,  135,200  bales 
—decrease,  29,972  bales.  Other  foreign  ports,  149,362  bale8---decrea8e,  26,806 
bales.    Total  foreign  export,  2,244,209  bales— toUl  decrease,  74,939  bales. 

For  the  week  endincf  August  3ist  the  sales  were  estimated  at  6,000  bales. 
The  foreign  advices  being  favorably  construed,  the  market  closed  with  much 
firmness  at : — 

FBIOIS  ADOPTED  AUGUST   81  ST  FOB  THB  FOLLOWING  QUALITIES : — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.  O.  k,  Texas. 

Ordinary 10  10                10            lOi 

Middling Hi  Hi              llf          Hi 

Hiddling&ir 12i  12i              12i          121 

Fair 12*  12f              13            18i 

The  market  for  the  week  ending  September  7th  commenced  to  droop — there 
was  an  increased  desire  to  sell  in  consequence  of  the  stock  taking  on  the  Ist  of 
September  proving  larger  than  anticipated.    The  amount  being — 

On  hand,  unsold .bales  47,469 

Sold,  not  delivered 2.224 

On  shipboard,  not  cleared 7,15S 

ToUl 56,846 

The  foreign  advices  likewise  disappointed  holders,  and  the  market  closed  with- 
out inquiry — sales  for  the  week  5,000  bales, at  the  following  nominal  quotations: 

PRICKS  ADOPTED  SEPTEMBER  7tH   FOB  THB  FOLLOWING   QUAUTIE8 : — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.O.&  Texas. 

Ordinary 9f  9f  9f              10 

^diddling 11  Hi  Hi              Hf 

Middlingfair 12  12i  12i              12f 

Fair 12i  12i  12f              13 

The  sales  for  the  week  ensuing  did  not  exceed  4,500  bales.  A  decline  of 
I  a  i  cent  per  pound  failed  to  induce  purchasers  to  enter  the  market.  Telegraphic 
advices  from  the  South  of  heavy  receipts,  with  positive  orders  to  sell,  gave  buy- 
ers the  advantage  to  the  above  extent,  without  imparting  activity  to  our  market, 
which  closed  extremely  heavy  at  the  following : — 

PBICBS  ADOPTED  8EPTEMBEB    14tH   FOB  THB  FOLLOWING   QUALITIES  : — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.O.A&  Texas. 

Ordinary 9i  9i  9i                9i 

Middling «..         lOi  lOf  lOf              lOj 

Middlingfair \H  llf  llf              12i 

Fair 12  12i  12i              18 

The  sales  for  the  week  ending  September  21st  were  estimated  at  5,000  bales, 
at  a  further  decline  of  |  cents  per  pound.  The  accounts  both  from  the  foreign 
and  our  own  Southern  market  offered  no  encouragement  to  holders,  while  buy- 
ers at  each  decline  showed  less  desire  to  purchase.  The  scarcitv  of  freight  was 
also  felt  upon  the  market,  which  closed  nominally  at  the  following: — 

PBIOES  ADOPTED  SEPTEMBEB   21ST    FOB   THE  FOLLOWING  QUAUTIES: — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.O.A&  Texas. 

Ordinary 9  9  9  9i 

Middling lOi  lOi  lOi  lOf 

Middlingfair 10*  11  W^  llf 

Fair Hi  Hi  12  12i 


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470  Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance. 


JOURNAL  OF  BANKING,  CURRENCY,  AND  FINANCE. 


FINANCES  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Id  the  MerchanUf  Magazine  for  July,  1855,  (vol.  xzxiii,  page  93,)  we  pablished  a 
table  showiog  at  a  glance  the  debts,  population,  and  value  of  taxable  property  io 
nineteen  of  the  largest  cities  of  the  United  States.  That  table  was  prepared  by 
Marie  <b  Kanz.  The  following  f&cts  in  regard  to  the  same  cities  are  entitled  to  a  re- 
cord in  this  department : — 

New  Yobk.  The  sum  of  |5,l7l,808,  aocnmulated  as  a  sinking  fund,  ($540,141  of 
which  was  added  in  1854,)  is  to  be  deducted  from  the  amount  of  the  above  debt  The 
city  own  wharves,  real  estate,  markets,  &c,  appraised  at  $22,430,250,  besides  the 
aqueduct,  the  cost  of  which  was  $15,474,000— in  all  $37,904,250.  Tbe  revenue  from 
the  aqueduct  in  1854  amounted  to  $641,853.  Population  in  1845,  371,223 ;  in  1850. 
515,557 ;  in  1855,  about  700,0C0.  Taxable  property  in  1844,  $235,960,047  ;  in  1854. 
$462,285,780. 

Albany.  The  actual  debt  of  the  city  is  only  $282,016,  which  is  provided  for  by  a 
sinking  fund  of  $20,000  a  year.  The  interest  on  $1,550,000  is  paid  by  three  railroad 
companies,  whose  duty  it  is  to  provide  also  for  the  payment  of  the  principal  by  a 
sinkmg  fund.  The  revenue  of  the  aqueduct  is  sufficient  to  meet  the  interest  on 
$800,000  borrowed  to  build  it  The  Western  Railroad  had,  December  1,  1854,  a 
sinking  fund  of  $897,349  to  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  a  loan  of  $1,000,000,  pari 
of  the  above  sum  of  $1,550,000.  Population  in  1840,  41,139;  io  1850,  60,763;  in 
1855,  about  60,000. 

Baltiiiobe.  The  interest  on  $4,800,000  is  paid  by  various  railroad  companies.  The 
current  expenses  in  1855  will  be  less  than  $600,000.  The  payment  of  the  interest  is 
made  subject  to  a  deduction  of  a  tax  of  5  per  cent  Population  in  1850, 159,054;  in 
1866,  about  200,000. 

Boston.  There  are  assigned  to  the  payment  of  the  debt: — Ist.  A  special  tax  of  at 
least  $50,000  a  year — on  the  Isfc  of  January  the  sinking  fund  was  $1,411,868.  2d. 
The  product  of  sales  of  the  landed  property  of  the  city,  amounting  to  4,370,21 1  Fquare 
feet,  within  ten  years  the  sales  of  2,017,450  feet  have  produced  $1,866,873.  8d.  The 
revenue  of  the  aqueduct  the  cost  of  which  is  represented  by  a  debt  of  $5,482,261, 
and  the  net  revenue  in  1864  was,  without  deducting  the  interest  $137,674.  4th.  The 
balance  remaining  in  the  treasury  on  April  80,  of  each  year,  which  was  $157,344  in 
1854.  Population  in  1850,  136,881;  in  1855,  about  160,000.  Taxable  property  in 
1844,  $118,460,800;  in  1854,  $207,018,200. 

BaooKLTN.  This  city  and  its  suburbs,  Williamsburg  and  Bushwick,  were  consoli- 
dated into  a  single  municipality  in  January,  1856.  The  debt  was  increased  $460,000 
in  April.  It  will  be  reduced  m  July  by  the  payment  of  a  loan  of  $200,000.  The 
sinking  fund  amounts  to  $400,410.  The  property  belonging  to  the  city  is  valued  at 
$722,554.  The  debt  is  all  at  6  per  cent  Population  of  Brooklyn,  <fec^  in  1850, 
181,857.    The  consolidated  population  is  estimated  by  Uie  mayor  at  about  200,000. 

Cincinnati.  $875,000  emitted  for  the  construction  of  the  aqueduct  $1,130,000  in 
behalf  of  railroads.  The  law  at  present  prohibits  any  new  railroad  loan.  Tbe  debt 
has  just  been  increased  $500,000  m  payment  for  wharves  bought  of  the  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi Railroad.  The  city  owns,  beside  the  wharves,  property  valued  at  $5,568.526 ; 
the  aqueduct  is  $1,000,000;  railroad  stock,  $1,130,000  par  value;  and  the  White 
Water  Oanal,  $400,000.  Population  in  1830,  24,821 ;  1840,  46,838;  1850,  116,436; 
1866,  about  150,000. 

Cleveland.  $400,000  emitted  for  building  the  aqueduct  and  $266,000  in  behalf  of 
railroads.  The  city  owns  $331,000  in  railroad  stock,  of  which  $281,400  pay  a  divi- 
dend of  10  per  cent    Population  in  1840,  6,071 ;  in  1850,  17,600 ;  in  1868,  81,000. 

Chicago.  The  city  owned  in  December,  1864,  property  valued  at  $276,424,  beside 
the  aqueduct  which  cost  $400,000.  Population  in  1840,  4,479 ;  in  1846, 12,088 ;  in 
1860,  28,269 ;  in  1864,  estimated  at  75,000.  Taxable  in  1845,  $8,065,022 ;  in  1860, 
$7,220,249;  in  1854,  $24,392,239. 

DsraoiT.  In  the  debt  is  included  the  new  loan  of  $250,000  emitted  June  1 1, 1866 ; 
$600,000  in  all  have  been  emitted  for  the  construction  of  the  aqueduct,  the  revenue 


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Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance.  471 

from  wbich  will  ia  four  years  exceed  the  interest  on  this  sum.  The  taxable  and  no- 
taxable  property  of  the  city  is  appraised  at  121,790,820.  No  new  debt  for  municipal 
objects  can  be  incurred.  A  einkmg  fund  has  been  provided  for  by  which  the  debt  will 
be  cleared  off  in  seventeen  years.  Population  in  1830,  2,222  ;  in  1840, 9,102 ;  in  1850, 
21,019;  in  1854,  40,378. 

Jkeset  CiTT.  Thb  loan  was  contracted  for  the  construction  of  the  aqueduct  Tax- 
able property  in  1861,  $7,761,618  ;  in  1864,  «12,878,286.  Population  in  1860, 11,478  ; 
in  1854,  20,989. 

Louisville.  $700,000  emitted  for  subscriptions  in  railroads.  The  city  owns 
$744,696  in  real  estate  and  $863,458  in  stock  of  various  companies.  A  new  emission 
of  $100,000  in  favor  of  public  schools  will  soon  appear.  The  revenue  on  the  stock 
and  other  property  of  the  city  pays  the  interest  on  $1,062,000.  The  sum  of  $110,773 
has  in  the  course  of  the  year  been  paid  into  the  sinking  fund.  Population  in  1844, 
84,000;  in  1860,  48,184;  in  1864,  oflacial  estimate,  70,000.  Taxable  property  in 
1845,  $11,666,308;  in  1850,  $20,462,162  ;  in  1853,  $31,783,849;  in  1854,  $35,000,000. 

MiLWAUKiB,  $828,000  issued  in  behalf  of  railroads  and  secured  by  bond,  Ac.  The 
city  owns  $167,657  real  estate,  besides  about  $1,000,000  for  railroacf  stock.  Popula- 
tion in  1840,  1,700;  in  1850,  20,061 ;  in  1854,  over  35,000.  The  official  valuation  of 
taxable  property  represents  only  about  one-fourth  of^its  actual  value  or  $18,000,000. 

New  OaLEANS,  $4,000,000  of  this  has  been  issued  in  favor  ot  three  railroads,  a 
special  tax  bein^  imposed  for  the  payment  of  the  dividends.  $5,621,000  in  6  per  cent 
bonds,  payable  m  1892,  has  been  issued  in  exchange  for  the  bonds  of  the  old  munici- 
palities. The  obligations  of  this  last  class,  not  yet  exchanged,  amount  to  $2,526,262. 
To  insure  the  payment  of  interest  on  this  $8,147,262,  the  Municipal  Council  is  obliged 
by  the  charter  of  the  consolidated  cities  to  raise  annually  by  tax  $650,000,  to  be  ap- 
plied first  to  the  interest  on  the  debt,  and  the  remainder  to  the  redemption  of  the 
Donds.  If  the  levy  of  the  tax  of  $660,000  be  not  the  first  act  of  the  annual  session, 
every  subsequent  becomes  void.  By  an  act  of  State  Legislature,  passed  March  1 6th, 
1855,  the  city  is  prohibited  from  increasing  the  present  amount  of  its  debt,  and  as 
soon  as  the  debt,  by  the  action  of  the  sinkmg  fund,  shall  be  reduced  to  $12,000,000, 
the  authorities  cannot  under  any  pretext  raise  the  debt  above  that  figure.  Population 
in  1840,  105,490;  in  1850,  188,661 ;  in  1855,  about  160,000. 

Philadelphia.  This  city  owns  property  valued  at  $16,681,286,  which  bring  in  an 
income  of  $1,088,313;  of  this,  $3,276,000  is  in  railroad  stock  at  par  value,  and  the 
aqueduct  is  $1,966,000.  Of  this  property,  $7,186,685  cannot  be  alienated  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  debt.  A  tax  of  5  per  cent  is  deducted  from  the  amount  of  the  interest. 
Population  in  1350,  409,045;  in  1855,  about  600,000. 

PnrsBORG.  $1,800,000  issued  in  favor  of  railroads.  By  an  act  of  the  Legislature 
the  municipal  debt  cannot  exceed  $1,160,000.  The  property  of  the  city  includes 
$1,800,000  in  railroad  stock,  par  value.  Population  in  1830, 12,668 ;  in  1850, 46,601 ; 
in  1864,  about  62,000. 

St.  Louis.  $1,460,000  issued  to  railroads,  and  $308,896  for  the  construction  of  the 
aqueduct  The  property  of  the  city,  including  the  aqueduct,  is  valued  at  $2,026,000, 
beside  $1,450,000  in  railroad  stocks,  par  value.  The  city  will,  in  addition,  issue 
$660,000  in  favor  of  railroads.  The  sinking  fund  is  supported,  first,  by  a  payment  of 
$10,000  a  year;  secondly,  by  the  product  of  the  sale  of  $700,000  worth  of  lands; 
thirdly,  by  the  dividends  on  railroad  stock  belonging  to  the  city.  Taxable  property 
in  1846,  ?  15,000,000;  in  1850,  $29,770,649  ;  in  1856,  $51,223,869.  Population  in 
1845,  63.491  ;  in  1850,  76,860;  in  1855,  estimated  at  115,000. 

Sacbamento.  Of  the  debt,  $285,000  has  been  contracted  for  the  construction  of  the 
aqueduct  A  new  loan  will  soon  appear,  the  product  of  which  will  be  applied  to  the 
payment  of  the  loan  becoming  due  July  1,  1855,  and  to  the  liquidation  of  the  floating 
debt.  'ITie  interest  on  the  debt  will  amount  in  1855  to  $135,698.  The  ordinary  ex- 
penses of  the  city  are  estimated  at  $100,000.  Tax  on  real  and  personal  property 
amounts  to  $160,000,  and  is  to  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  the  debt  According  to 
the  message  of  the  mayor  the  indirect  imposts  will  be  sufficient  to  pay  the  expenses 
of  the  ciiy  governraeul.     Population  in  1852,  10,000;  now  much  greater. 

San  FaANCisco.  Sinking  fund  $60,000  a  year.  The  most  recent  valuation  of  tax- 
able property  fixes  it  at  $52,000,000.  The  city  having  decided  in  May  to  consolidate 
the  floating  debt,  there  will  soon  be  issued  about  $1,800,000  in  6  per  cent  bonds. 

Wheeling.  $500,000  issued  to  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  bear  the  guaranty 
of  the  State;  $350,000  bear  the  guaranty  of  railroads,  and  $260,000  are  guarantied 
by  a  special  tax  for  the  payment  of  interest,  and  by  an  annual  payment  of  $8,000  to 
the  sinking  fund.    Population  in  1860, 11,488 ;  in  1866,  14,186. 


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472  Journal  of  BanJcing^  Ourrency^  and  FinancB. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  ASSAY  OFHCE  IS  NEW  TOM. 
The  following  well- written  description  of  the  modus  operandi  of  adsaying  gold,  Ac^ 
at  the  office  in  "Wall-street,  was  published  in  the  Evening  Post  some  months  since' 
under  (he  title  of  "  An  Hour  at  the  Assay  Office."    With  a  slight  curtailment,  we 
transfer  it  to  the  pages  of  the  Merchants*  Magazine ;— 

What  becomes  of  the  gold  ?  Doubtless  this  is  the  question  that  some  of  the  read- 
ers of  the  Evening  Post  nre  often  puzzled  to  answer.  They  know  all  about  the  dig- 
ging, grinding,  and  washing  of  it  in  the  mountains  and  streams  of  California,  and  its 
traiismiBsion  over  the  Isthmus  till  it  reaches  the  port  of  New  York.  They  hear  of  its 
safe  arrival  in  the  trusty  hands  of  Adams's  and  other  express  companies,  but  after 
that  they  know  nothing  of  it,  except  when  they  are  reminded  of  its  presence  by  the 
sight  of  some  bright,  newly-stamped  five  or  ten  dollar  piece,  which,  however,  has  a 
proverbial  facility  for  taking  to  itself  wuigs,  before  the  possessor  has  had  time  to  re- 
flect whence  it  comes  or  whither  it  goes. 

If  our  inquisitive  readers  will  take  a  walk  with  us  to  the  rather  venerable  looking 
(at  least  for  New  York)  granite  building  adjoining:  the  Custom-House,  in  Wall  street, 
and  now  occupied  as  the  United  States  Assay  Office,  they  will  be  able  to  satisfy  their 
curiosity.  Mr.  Butterworth,  the  Superintendent,  of  whom  we  make  our  first  inquiriee, 
informs  us  of  the  objects  of  the  assay  office,  namely,  the  determination  of  the  value 
of  the  gold  brought  into  our  city,  and  the  preparation  of  it  for  coinage  by  the  United 
Staten  Mint  at  Philadelphia,  or  for  transhipment,  in  bars,  to  foreign  countries. 

Our  readers  will  bear  in  mind  that  the  assay  office,  where  the  melting,  refining, 
parting,  and  other  operations  upon  the  gold  are  performed,  is  in  the  rear  of  the  bulld- 
mg  fronting  on  Wall- street.  Tlie  latter  is  occupied  by  the  Sub-Treasurer's  office  and 
weighing-room,  and  by  the  private  rooms  of  various  incumbents  of  government  offices. 
But  before  we  witness  the  processes  referred  to,  let  us  visit  the  Treasurer's  weighing- 
room,  which  is  in  the  front  building.  Here  all  the  deposits,  whether  in  bars  or  dust, 
(generally,  however,  in  dust,)  are  first  brought,  and  here  their  original  weight  is  as- 
certainedL  The  dust,  which  lies  in,  it  may  l^,  half- peck  boxes  on  the  floor,  is  not,  as 
might  be  inferred  from  the  name,  a  fine,  bright  yellow  powder,  but  looks  rather  like 
dingy,  brass  colored  granite,  broken  by  a  hammer  into  the  fineness  of  ordinair  Turk's 
Island  salt.  After  weighing,  the  deposit  is  carried  into  the  Treasurer's  vault,  in  the 
assay  office  proper,  whence  it  is  taken  and  melted. 

The  melting  is  done  in  crucibles,  containing  two  or  three  gallons,  over  a  coal  furn- 
ace heated  to  an  intensity  that  would  satisfy  Nebuchadnezzar  himself.  The  poor, 
swarthy  melter,  who  superintends  with  a  long-handled  ladle,  say  ten  feet  in  length, 
even  at  that  distance  turns  to  a  most  copperish  hue  of  complexion,  and  has  to  aban- 
don the  work  in  a  few  hours  for  the  rest  of  the  day.  There  he  stands,  watching  the 
boiling  yellow  fluid,  alternately  covering  it  up  and  stirring  it  with  his  long  pole,  until 
in  an  hour  or  two  the  contents  of  the  crucible  can  be  dipped  out  and  the  molten  mass 
poured  into  molds,  by  which  it  is  shaped  into  bars  of  about  three  hundred  ounces 
each. 

The  gold  is  then  returned  to  the  vault  of  the  melter  and  refiner,  a  cell  some  twelve 
feet  square,  with  two  iron  doors,  secured  by  four  locks,  and  with  granite  walls,  put 
together  with  cannon  balls  inserted  between  the  stone  in  such  a  manner  as  to  defy  the 
most  ingenious  and  persevering  burglar.  Four  men  are  appointed  to  sentinel  this  de- 
pository at  night,  and  a  similar  provision  is  made  for  the  Treasurer's  vaolt,  where  the 
gold  that  has  gone  through  all  tne  processes  which  are  appointed  for  it,  is  placed. 

On  entering  this  vault  in  company  with  Mr.  Morfit,  the  courteous  assistant  melter 
and  refiner,  we  were  not  at  first  impressed  with  the  appearance  of  what  was  there 
exhibited.  Usually  one  derives  hid  idea  of  such  places  from  his  readings  in  fairy  tales 
and  in  the  Arabian  Nights,  where  we  are  told  of  caves  so  full  of  precious  metals  and 
jewels  that  the  mind  craves  a  little  variety  in  the  way  of  something  more  common- 
place. Not  so  here,  however.  In  one  comer  there  were  perhaps  a  couple  of  wheel- 
oarrow-loads  of  silver,  as  pure  and  white  as  the  goat-hunter,  clambering  over  the  hills 
of  Potosi,  pulled  up  with  the  roots  of  the  sapling  he  was  supporting  himself  by.  In 
another  corner  was,  perhaps,  the  same  bulk  of  gold,  weighing  about  four  times  as 
much.  In  such  a  situation  it  was  not  unnatural  to  think  how  pleasant  it  would  be  to 
trundle  that  glittering  heap  off  for  the  benefit  of  whom  it  might  concern,  and  how 
little  one  would  object  to  its  weight,  if  such  a  task  were  imposed.  But  how  much  it 
expanded  one*8  estimate  of  what  he  saw,  when  informed  that  that  diminutive  pile  of 
golden  bricks  was  worth  half  a  million  I    To  what  excellent  uses  could  ii  not  oe  ap- 


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Journal  of  Banking,  Currency,  and  Finance.  473 

plied  I  A  house  in  Fifth  Avenue,  ditto  at  Newport,  railroad  fttodcF,  reputation  as  a 
patron  of  philanthropic  eodeties  and  foreign  miaeions — all  the  possible  amenities  of 
life  are  suggested  by  that  little  heap  in  the  comer.    There  it  lay,  as  Hood  says  :— 

Gold!    Gold!    Gold!    Gold!  f 

Brl^t  and  yeiiov,  hard  and  cold ; 
Molten,  graven,  bammered,  and  rolled ; 
Heavy  lo  get,  and  lighi  to  hold  ; 
Hoarded,  bartered,  bought,  and  sold ; 
Stolen,  borrowed,  »qiuiidered,  doled  ; 
Spurned  by  the  young,  but  hugged  by  the  old 
To  the  very  verge  of  the  churchyard  mold ; 
Price  of  many  a  crime  untold ! 
Gold  I    Gold!    Gold!    Gold! 
Good  or  bad  a  thousand  fold  1 

But  to  return  to  business.  The  gold  having  been,  as  we  have  seen,  weighed,  meltedt 
weighed  again,  and  deposited  as  bullion  in  the  vault,  is  next  to  be  assayed— that  is,  to 
have  its  value  and  fineness  ascertained  by  a  delicate  chemical  process.  We  were  for- 
tonate  enoug^h  to  witness  the  operation,  as  superintended  by  Mr.  Mason,  the  assistant 
assayer.  ^  It  is  performed  in  this  wise :  on  each  deposit — which,  it  must  be  remembered, 
still  retains  witn  its  gold  the  various  impurities  with  which  it  first  came  out  of  the 
mine — two  bars  are  selected  at  random,  and  a  small  shaving  of  a  prescribed  weight 
is  cut  from  each.  A  pair  of  scales  is  employed,  so  delicate  that  the  thousandth  part 
of  a  grain  will  turn  it,  to  weigh  them  separately.  They  are  then  wrapped  roun<l  m  a 
thin  coating  of  lead,  and  having?  been  put  into  little  cups,  called  cupels,  made  of  phos- 
phate of  lime— or,  in  plain  English,  of  burnt  bone— are  subjected  to  an  intense  heat 
At  once  the  lead  melts,  and  uniting  with  the  copper  and  other  foreign  ingredients  of 
the  gold,  assists  their  ozjrdising,  and  with  them  is  absorbed  into  the  porous  substance 
of  the  cup,  leaving  no  sign,  except  a  dark  stain,  of  its  presence.  But  the  gold  still 
^ines  out  in  the  cup,  inclosed  by  a  trifling  wash  of  silver,  that  for  some  reason  or 
other  does  not  like  to  disappear  with  the  remaining  alloys. 

Now,  although  there  is  no  objection  to  silver  per  se,  the  assayer  would  prefer  that  it 
would  not  inclose  that  beautiful  round  button  of  pure  gold  that  remains  in  the  cup, 
for  the  same  reason  that  the  fastidious  boarder,  in  his  Chatham- street  headquarters, 
preferred  his  butter  and  his  hairs  on  separate  plates.  This,  then,  is  the  way  he  separ- 
ates them : — The  button  is  placed  on  an  anvil  and  flattened  with  a  hammer  to  such  a 
thinness  as  may  make  it  permeable  to  the  nitric  acid  in  which  it  must  now  be  im- 
mersed. A  small  long-necked  bottle,  called  a  mattrass,  contains  this  fluid,  into  which 
be  drops  the  button.  The  bottle  is  heated  over  a  foroace,  and  the  acid  completely 
absorbs  the  remaining  alloy,  leaving  the  gold  perfectly  pure,  with  only  a  slight  black 
covering  of  oxydized  alloy,  which  is  removed  by  annealing.  The  adhering  acids  are 
then  washed  off,  and  all  he  has  to  do  is  to  re  weigh  the  two  shavings  of  gold,  and  to 
ascertain  how  much  they  have  lost  by  the  chemical  changes  they  have  been  put  through. 
He  thus  discovers  what  proportion  of  pure  metal  is  contained  in  a  given  part  of  a  de- 
posit, and  from  this  judges  of  the  fineness  and  value  of  the  deposit  itself.  The  owner 
then  can  receive  its  value  in  pure  bars  of  other  gold,  and  go  on  his  way,  resigning  all 
cUim  to  the  original  quantity  which  he  brought  to  the  oflSce. 

The  assayer  has  now  done  his  work,  and  the  responsibility  of  tho  melter  and  refiner 
begins.  His  business  is  merely  that  of  his  predecessor,  only  on  a  less  delicate  and 
much  larger  scale ;  t.  e.,  to  free  the  entire  deposit  from  alloy,  just  as  the  assayer  had 
cleansed  bis  diminutive  shaving  of  a  few  grains  in  weight  from  its  impurities.  Let 
US  ascend  one  story  higher  in  the  building,  and  see  him  operate.  When  we  reach  this 
height  we  see  the  workmen  in  the  granulating  room  sweltering  over  seven  larq;e  fur- 
naces along  the  sides,  and  we  notice  that  the  cement  floor  of  the  apartment  is  covered, 
about  two  inches  deep,  with  iron  grating,  through  which  there  gleam,  at  all  times, 
small  particles  of  refuse  gold  or  silver,  which  have  been  carelessly  or  unavoidably 
dropped.  It  will  not  do  to  lose  them,  and  so  at  certain  periods  the  floor  is  carefully 
swept,  and  the  sweepings,  dirt  and  all,  with  the  men's  aprons,  the  discarded  crucibles, 
ladles,  itc,  are  collected,  burnt,  ground,  and  otherwise  transformed,  till  a  very  consid- 
erable revenue  of  precious  metal  is  obtained  therefrom.  What  it  amounts  to  in  the 
assay  oflSce  has  not  been  definitely  stated,  but  we  were  told  that  at  the  mint  in  Phila- 
delphia it  came  to  the  handsome  figure  of  160,000  a  year,  enough,  by  the  way,  if 
properly  applied,  to  bless  26,000  families  with  a  year's  supply  of  the  Weekiy  Evening 
Post. 

The  melter  and  refiner  takes  us  to  his  treasury  vault,  and  the  workmen  draw  their 
small  wagon  loads  of  gold  and  silver  into  the  melting  room.    The  melting  is  now  to 


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474  Jourrud  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finanu, 

be  attended  to.  One  hundred  pounds  of  silver  to  fifty  of  gold  is  placed  in  each  cru- 
cible, the  rule  being  two  of  the  former  to  one  of  the  latter.  After  an  hour  and  a 
quarter  the  two  are  rendered  fluid,  and  the  man  at  the  furnace,  with  his  locghandled 
ladle,  dips  out  the  mixed  metal,  and  swinging  round  the  edge  of  a  large  copper  ves- 
sel, pours  it  into  the  cold  water  contained  in  it.  This  rotatory  motion  has  the  effect 
of  preventing  the  solidification  in  a  mass  of  the  metal,  causing  it  to  harden  and  sink 
to  tlie  bottom  in  the  form  of  fiakes  or  grains.  Hence  it  is  called  the  process  of  gran- 
nlation,  and  the  mixed  metal,  from  the  excess  of  silver  m  its  composition,  is  called 
granulated  silver.  It  is  certainly  beautifully  white,  looking  like  the  oxydized  silver 
that  we  see  among  the  ornaments  of  a  jeweler's  window,  as,  indeed,  it  is  the  same 
thing.  Not  only  has  it  been  melted  itself,  but  it  has  facilitated  the  melting  of  the 
other  alloys  of  the  gold,  and  after  drawing  them  out  and  mingling  with  them,  has 
completely  incrusted  the  pure  yellow  metal  that  is  concealed  in  it. 

If,  now,  we  can  only  get  rid  of  this  incrustation  of  silver,  we  shall  have  the  genuine, 
unadulterated  gold,  that  will  need  but  little  more  than  pressing  into  bars  or  coining 
to  answer  the  purposes  of  Commerce,  which  is  never  sorry  to  witness  an  accession  to 
its  already  enormous  family  of  *'  yellow  boys."  To  ascertain  how  this  is  accomplished, 
we  must  go  up  two  flights  of  stairs  higher,  into  the  parting  room,  where  the  granulated 
silver  is  carried.  Here  we  find  four  rows  of  eight  porcelain  pots,  each  with  a  capacity 
of  from  twenty  to  twenty-four  gallons.  They  are  placed  in  troughs  of  boiling  salt- 
water, and  into  each  is  turned  a  charge  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  of  the  gran- 
ulated or  mixed  metal,  over  which  is  poured  as  many  pounds  of  nitric  acid.  This 
acid,  uniting  with  the  silver,  forms  a  solution  which  is  called  nitrate  of  silver,  and  the 
effect  of  such  an  alliance  is  to  separate  and  sink  the  pure  gold  to  the  bottom  of  the 
jar.  The  nitrate  of  silver  is  then  drawn  oflf  with  a  gold  syphon — gold  being  the  only 
metal  which  can  withstand  its  action — and  another  charge  of  nitric  acid  is  applied  to 
complete  the  work.  After  the  second  charge  has  been  in  the  same  manner  removed, 
we  see  at  the  bottom  of  the  pot  an  unpromising  sediment  remaining,  as  black  as  Jer- 
sey mud.  But  the  spectator  must  not  be  discouraged.  Like  a  singed  cat,  the  sedi- 
ment is  better  than  it  looks — in  short,  it  is  pure  yellow  gold,  as  will  be  shown  by 
washing  it  a  few  times  in  warm  water,  so  as  to  free  it  from  the  acid  that  still  clings 
to  its  exterior.  It  now  appears  thoroughly  pulverized,  and  fairly  entitled  to  the  name 
of  gold  dust 

The  next  operation  is  to  solidify  it  by  subjecting  it  to  a  pressure  of  two  hundred 
tons  from  a  hydrostatic  press,  when  it  comes  out  in  the  form  of  cheeses  about  a  foot 
in  diameter,  with  a  thickness  of  three  inches.  Then  put  it  on  a  furnace  heated  red- 
hot  so  as  to  expel  the  last  drop  of  water  from  it,  and  again  melt  it  in  a  crucible,  from 
which  it  must  also  again  be  molded  into  bars  of  fine  gold,  varying,  according  to  their 
size  and  fineness,  from  $6,000  to  $800  in  value.  TheHe  are  once  more  assayed  at  the 
hands  of  the  assayer,  by  the  process  before  explained,  stamped  to  indicate  their  num- 
ber, fineness,  and  weight,  and  committed  to  the  vault  of  the  Treasurer,  there  to  await 
his  disposal.  It  is  only  such  bars  that  are  received  at  the  banks,  who  are  unwilling 
to  accept  those  which  have  been  assayed  without  the  authority  of  the  goverument. 
Their  conversion  into  money  must  be  done  at  the  mint  in  Philadelphia. 

Our  merchants  also,  fur  several  reasons,  prefer  the  gold  bars  to  coin  in  making  their 
foreign  payments.  In  the  first  place,  they  are  cheaper,  as  they  are  compelled  to  pay 
fifty  ceuts  on  a  hundred  dollars  for  money,  while  the  charge  for  bullion  of  the  t-ame 
value  in  bars  is  but  six  cents.  They  are,  moreover,  obviously  more  acceptable  to  mer- 
chants abroad  than  our  national  coin,  except  m  those  countries  where  coin  is  wanted 
to  supply  emigrants  bound  for  our  t'hores. 

The  fineness  of  the  bars  manufactured  at  the  assay  ofiice,  as  shown  by  its  operations 
on  the  last  deposit  of  California  gold,  was  995  thousandths — a  success  not  hitherto 
equaled  by  any  other  similar  establishment.  When  first  deposited  with  the  assaj^er, 
it  ranges  on  an  average  from  860  to  885  thousandths  of  pure  metal  According  to 
the  requirements  of  Congress,  our  national  coin  must  contain  ten  per  cent  of  alloy,  i.  e^ 
one  hundred  parts  out  of  every  thousand.  Fine  bars,  by  the  same  rule,  are  required 
to  consist  of  889  thousand ths  of  pure  gold,  with  a  permission  to  refine  as  much  further 
as  may  be  found  possible. 

But  to  complete  our  account,  we  should  give  a  report  of  the  fate  of  the  silver, 
drawn  i  ff  in  solution  with  nitric  acid  from  the  porcelain  pots  which  we  have  men- 
tioned. All  we  have  to  say  is,  that  it  is  emptied  into  an  enormous  vat,  capable  of 
swimming  a  tolerably  sized  young  elephant,  and  nearly  filled  with  a  solution  of  com- 
mon salt.  The  silver  is  thus  precipitated — that  is,  sunk  in  a  solid  form  to  the  bottom, 
becoming  what  is  called  chloride  of  silver.     It  is  then  freed  from  the  acids  adhering 


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Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance.  475 

to  it,  in  the  same  maoner  as  we  have  mentioned  in  the  case  of  gold ;  reduced  to  a 
naetallic  powder  bv  an  immersion  in  vato  containing  sulphuric  acid  and  zinc,  washed, 
pressed,  dried,  and  clieesed,  in  precisely  the  same  way  as  gold,  and  is  thus  ready  to  be 
re-melted  and  re-employed  for  the  purification  of  the  more  precious  metaL 

Such  is  a  brief  account  of  the  processes  used  by  the  new  assay  office  in  performing 
the  duties  assigned  by  the  government  to  it.  Every  one  knows  how  important  and 
necessary  it  is  to  the  mterests  of  business  in  an  immense  commercial  city  like  New 
York ;  and  it  is  extremely  desirable  not  only  that  the  designs  of  provincial  jealousy 
for  curtailing  its  usefulness  should  be  defeated,  but  that  its  powers  and  responsibilities 
should  be  still  further  extended.  It  has  been  too  recently  established  to  enable  us  to 
present  any  statistics  showing  anything  more  than  a  probable  estimate  of  the  extent 
of  its  operation  ^or  a  year.  A  single  arrival  from  California,  on  an  average,  brings  it 
a  deposit  of  nearly  a  millionand aquarter  in  value,  and  such  arrivals  occur  weekly. 
This  would  give  a  monthly  accumulation  of  five  millions.  The  machinery  of  the 
office  is  enough  for  the  annual  assay  of  fifty  millions.  Fifty  men  are  now  employed 
in  carrying  on  its  operations.  The  officers  are  Sam.  F.  Butterworth,  Superintendent ; 
John  J.  Cisco,  Sub-Treasurer;  Prof.  John  Torrey,  Assay er,  with  A. Mason,  Assistant ; 
£.  N.  Kent,  Melter  and  Refiner,  with  C.  Morfit,  Assistant 


THE  HEW  YORK  COUNTRY  BANK  EXCHANGE. 

We  publish  below  the  plan  adopted  by  the  country  banks  in  the  State  of  New 
York  for  their  clearing  house  in  the  city  of  New  York: — 

AETIOLSa  or  ASaOOIATIOK. 

The  several  incorporated  banks,  banking  associations,  and  private  bankers  of  the 
State  of  New  York  who  shall  execute  this  instrument  in  the  manner  hereinafter  men- 
tioned, hereby  associate  together  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  in  the  city  of  New 
York  a  common  agency  fur  the  redemption  of  their  circulating  notes,  and  also  the  cir- 
culating notes  of  other  incorporated  banks,  banking  associations,  and  individual  bank- 
ers, pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  the  8  th  section  of  the  act  of  the  Legislature  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  entitled  *'  An  act  relating  to  the  redemption  of  bank  notes," 
passed  May  4, 1840,  under  the  following  rules  and  regulatioos: — 

1.  The  association  shall  be  known  as  the  *"  New  York  Country  Bank  Exchange.** 

2.  The  agency  shall  receive  all  the  circulating  notes  of  country  banks  in  good 
credit,  which  shall  be  sent  to  it  by  an  associate,  at  the  legal  discount  of  one-quarter 
of  one  per  cent.  The  circulating  notes  of  each  member  of  the  association  whicn  shall 
be  forwarded  to  the  agency,  or  otherwise  redeemed  by  it,  shall  be  duly  assorte<l  and 
returned  to  the  bank  issuing  the  same,  at  a  discount  of  one- fifth  of  one  per  cent  Ex- 
changes shall  be  made  and  the  balances  settled  and  paid  daily.  The  balances  due 
from  debtor  banks  shall  be  paid  by  them  through  the  bank  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
with  which  they  shall  respectively  keep  their  account,  on  the  draft  or  requisition  of 
the  manager  of  the  agency ;  and  the  balances  due  to  the  creditor  banks  shall,  in  like 
manner,  be  paid  by  the  manager  to  their  credit  respectively,  in  such  bank  in  said  city 
as  they  shall  deeignate. 

8.  The  association  shall  be  in  no  way  responsible  for  the  exchanges,  nor  for  the 
balances  resulting  therefrom,  except  so  far  as  such  balances  shall  have  actually  been 
pMud  into  the  hands  of  the  manager ;  and  in  such  case  the  responsibility  of  the  asso- 
ciation shall  be  limited  to  the  distribution  by  the  manager  to  tne  creditor  banks  of  the 
sums  received  by  him ;  and  should  any  loss  occur  while  such  balances  are  in  the  hands 
of  the  manager,  it  shall  be  a  charge  only  upon  the  specific  fond  hereinafter  provided, 
to  be  placed  in  the  charge  of  the  manager. 

4.  JEIach  member  of  the  association  shall  appoint  the  manager  thereof  its  legal 
agent  for  the  redemption  of  its  circulating  notes,  as  required  by  law. 

6.  For  the  purpose  of  redeeming  such  circulating  notes  as  shall  be  offered  at  the 
agency  otherwise  than  through  the  associated  banks,  each  bank,  or  individual  banker, 
on  becoming  a  member  of  the  association,  shall  deposit  with  the  manager  the  sum  of 
two  thousand  dollars,  and  in  case  its  circulation  received  from  the  Bank  Department, 
or  which  it  shall  be  authorized  to  issue,  shall  exceed  one  hundred  thousand  dollars, 
then  such  deposit  shall  be  equal  to  two  per  cent  upon  such  circulation ;  which  sum 
shall  remain  on  deposit  with  the  association  unimpaired  so  long  as  the  bank  or  banker 
depositing  the  same  shall  continue  a  member  thereof,  and  shall  be  returned  on  with- 


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476  Journal  of  Banking,  Ourreney,  and  JPinanee. 

drawing  tberefWnn — subject,  howerer,  to  any  iudebtedness  of  such  bank  or  banker  to 
the  association,  and  to  its  liability  for  its  proportion  of  the  losses  or  expenses  thereot 

6.  In  case  the  expenses  of  the  association  shall  exceed  its  income  from  its  bn^inesa, 
sach  expenses  shall  be  apportioned  by  the  executiye  committee,  and  paid  by  the 
associates  quarterly,  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  redemptions  made  ny  them  re- 
spectively. 

7.  Each  bank  belonging  to  the  association  may  be  represented  at  all  meetings  by 
one  or  more  of  its  princifNil  officers,  but  shall  be  entitled  to  but  one  vote. 

8.  A  meeting  of  the  association  shall  be  held  at  the  office  of  the  association  on  the' 
second  Wednesday  of  May  in  each  year,  at  which  meeting  a  president  shall  be  elected 
by  ballot  Special  meetings  may  be  called  by  the  executive  committee  at  their  dis- 
cretion, and  shall  be  called  by  them  on  the  written  request  of  any  ffve  of  the  asso- 
ciates.   Representatives  from  fifteen  banks  shall  at  all  times  constitute  a  quorum. 

9.  At  every  annual  meeting  a  standing  committee  of  ^ve  bank  officers  shall  be 
elected  by  ballot  as  an  executive  committee,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  act  as  a  board 
of  directors  of  the  association,  with  power  to  procure  from  time  to  time  suitable 
rooms  for  the  transaction  of  the  business  of  the  association ;  to  provide  whatever  may 
be  necessary  for  the  use  uf  the  agency ;  to  appoint  and  remove  all  officers,  clerks,  or 
other  persons  employed,  except  the  manager ;  to  fix  their  salaries,  apportion  and 
draw  far  the  expenses,  establish  rules  and  regulatioos  for  the  conduct  and  manage- 
ment of  the  business  in  all  cases  not  herein  provided  for,  and  generally  to  direct  the 
affairs  of  the  agency. 

10.  The  manager  shall  be  appointed  and  his  salary  fixed  by  the  association.  He 
shall  give  security,  to  be  approved  by  the  executive  committee,  in  the  sum  of  fifty 
thousand  dollars,  for  the  faithful  dischaige  of  his  duties,  and  each  derk  shall  give  like 
security  iu  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars. 

11.  The  manager,  under  the  direction  of  the  executive  committee,  shall  have  charge 
of  the  business  at  the  agency,  so  far  as  it  relates  to  the  manner  in  which  it  shall  be 
conducted,  and  all  the  clerks  shall  be  under  his  direction.  He  shall  have  power  to 
suspend  any  clerk  or  other  person  employed  for  cause,  and  shall  report  such  suvpen- 
sion,  and  the  reason  of  it,  to  the  executive  committee.  He  shall  act  as  secretary  at 
all  meetings  of  the  association  and  of  the  executive  committee. 

12.  The  executive  committee  shall  have  power  to  suspend  the  manager,  whenever 
in  their  opinion  the  interests  of  the  association  shall  require  it  Upon  such  suspension 
being  made,  the  committee  shall  immediately  cull  a  meeting  of  the  association,  and 
report  the  cause  of  such  suspension,  when  final  action  shall  be  taken  by  the  asso- 
ciation. 

13.  In  case  any  associate  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  provide  for  the  payment  of  any 
balance  against  such  associate,  arising  from  the  exchanges,  the  manager  may  thereupon 
in  his  discretion  return  the  circulating  notes  of  the  defaulting  bank  constituting  such 
balance,  to  the  bank  or  banks  from  which  the  same  were  received,  and  in  the  same 

Sroportion  as  sent  by  them,  first  causing  each  parcel  of  said  notes  so  returned  to  be 
uly  protested.  The  bank  so  in  default  shall  thereupon  be  suspended  from  the  aseo- 
ciatton  by  the  executive  committee,  or  in  their  absence  by  the  manager,  until  the  final 
determination  of  the  association  in  the  matter  at  a  meeting  to  be  called  as  soon  as 
practicable  thereafter. 

14.  The  executive  committee  shall  designate  a  bank  or  banks  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  in  which  all  drafts  drawn  for  balances  shall  be  deposited  and  the  funds  of  the 
association  kept 

15.  New  members  may  be  admitted  into  the  association  at  any  time,  with  the  as- 
sent of  the  executive  committee,  such  new  members  paying  an  admission  fee,  to  be 
fixed  by  the  executive  committee,  making  the  deposit  hereinbefore  mentioned,  and 
signifying  their  assent  to  these  articles,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  original  members. 

16.  For  cause  deemed  sufficient  by  the  association  at  any  meeting  thereof,  any  bank 
may  be  expelled  from  the  association,  provided  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  as- 
sociated banks  shall  vote  in  favor  thereof. 

17.  Any  member  of  the  association  may  withdraw  therefrom  at  any  annual  meet- 
iogt  on  giving  thirty  days'  previous  notice  of  its  intention  to  withdraw  to  the  exeon- 
tive  committee — first  paying  its  due  proportion  of  all  expenses,  liabilities,  and  losses, 
if  any. 

18.  For  the  purpose  of  oiganizatioo,  and  until  the  first  annual  meeting  shall  be 
held,  George  W.  Cuyler,  of  Palmjra,  in  the  county  of  Wayne,  shall  be  the  manager 
of  the  association,  at  an  annual  salary  of  ^ye  thousand  dollars ;  and  George  U.  Mum- 
ford,  of  Rochester,  George  W.  Tifft,  of  Buffalo,  Edward  B.  Judsou  and  Hamilton 


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Jimrwd  of  Bankinff^  Currency^  cmd  Fintmce,  All 

Wbite,  of  Syracuse,  Jopiah  N.  Starin,  of  Auburn,  Solon  P.  Hungerford,  of  Adams,  and 
William  R.  Obbome,  of  Biogbamtoo,  eball  constitute  the  executive  committee. 

19.  These  articles  shall  be  submitted  to  the  several  banks  and  individual  bankers 
of  the  State,  "wboee  notes  are  not  redeemed  at  par  in  the  cities  of  New  York,  Albany, 
or  Troy,  for  their  approval  and  adoption.  When  approved  by  the  boards  of  directors 
of  the  incorporated  banks  or  banking  associations,  or  by  individual  bankers,  such  ap- 
proval shall  be  signified  by  the  signatures  thereto  of  the  president,  cashier,  or  financial 
officer  of  the  bank  or  institution  adopting  the  same.  When  fifty  banks  shall  have 
adopted  these  articles,  the  agency  may  be  put  in  operation. 

SO.  AmendmentB  of  these  articles  may  be  made  at  any  meeting  of  the  aspociation 
by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  all  the  members  present,  being  not  less  than  a  majority  of 
all  the  members  belonging  to  the  association. 


THE  MAm  BRACE   OF  STATE  CREDIT. 

BT  J.  THOMPSON,  BANKER,  OF  MEW  YORK. 

The  stocks  or  certificates  of  indebtedness  of  a  nation.  State,  or  city,  should  be  largely 
held  directly  or  indirectly  by  its  own  citizens.  No  paper  security  not  so  held  ever 
acquires  a  high  standard  of  credit.  On  the  contrary,  all  State  or  corporate  indebted- 
ness so  held,  enjoys  the  confidence  of  capitalists,  wherever  and  whoever  they  are. 

The  payment  of  interest  or  principal  to  citizens  is  much  less  burdensome  and  far 
less  impoverishing  than  such  payment  to  non-residents. 

To  establish  and  illustrate  the  foregoing,  look  at  Great  Britain,  with  thousands  of 
millions  of  debt,  her  stocks  are  considered  the  best  in  the  world,  and  with  teus  of  mil- 
lions of  annual  interest,  all  promptly  paid,  without  ever  disturbing  her  finances  or  the 
regular  course  of  exchange.  These  happy  results  arise  from  the  fact  that  ninety-nine- 
hundredths  of  her  debt  is  owing  to  Englishmen.  Let  us  suppose  for  a  moment  that 
the  British  debt  was  held  by  citizens  of  other  countries,  how  long  would  Englishmen 
bear  the  burdens  of  either  direct  or  indirect  taxation  to  provide  the  interest  alone  ; 
aad  would  any  profound  reasoner  on  stock  or  paper  securities  trust  his  money  in  Brit- 
ish Consols  t  It  is  our  opinion  that  the  payment  of  interest  on  the  debt  of  Great 
Britain  to  non-residents  for  only  one  year  would  cause  the  bankruptcy  of  the  nation, 
a  revulsion  in  Ck>mmerce,  and  a  suspension  of  specie  payments  by  every  bank  in  the 
kingdom. 

We  could  show  by  statistics  that  the  credit  of  a  State  rests  principally  oo  two 
imndatlons — 

Ist.  By  the  per  centage  of  debt  due  its  own  ciUaens. 

2d.  By  the  character  of  its  population. 

The  amount  is  of  far  less  consequence  than  either  of  the  foregoing.  Had  any  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  stocks  of  Missis«<ippi,  Arkansas,  Illinois,  Indiana,  or  Michigan, 
beeo  held  by  the  citizens  of  those  States,  neither  would  ever  have  been  classed  among 
the  non-paying. 

Besides  the  loss  of  moral,  political,  and  interested  influence,  there  is  a  positive  finan- 
cial loss  in  owing  non-residents.  The  interest  semi-annually,  and  the  principal  when 
paid,  is  an  export  of  specie  or  its  equivalent — it  is  an  impoverishing  element 

The  remarks  on  this  subject,  as  well  as  our  article  on  the  two  systems  of  banking, 
published  in  the  Merchants^  Magazine  for  September,  1855,  (vol  xxxiii.,  pages  855-6,) 
have  an  object,  namely,  to  show  to  the  people  of  Virginia,  Tennessee,  and  Pennsylva- 
nia, that  tlieir  true  interest  liee  in  engrafting  the  Security  System  when  granting  bank- 
ing privilegesL 

Stocks  held  by  the  banks  of  a  State  as  a  basis  of  currency,  are  to  every  intent  held 
by  the  people  of  the  State,  and  the  same  happy  results  will  follow  that  are  SQ  protm- 
iDent  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  so  apparent  in  Great  Britain. 


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478  Journal  of  Banking,  Currency,  and  Finance, 

REAL  AlVD  PERSONAL  PROPERTY  OF  BROOKLYN. 

We  give  below  a  Btatement  of  the  asBessed  or  taxable  value  of  property  in  the  dif- 
ferent wards  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn,  (Long  Island,  New  York,)  for  the  years  1854 
and  1856:— 

. 1854. .  . 1855 V 

Wants.  ResL  Personal.  TotaL  ReaL  PcninnaL  TotaL 

1 |4,686»661  $1,058,738  $6,744,284  $4,937,900  $l,669.tf97  $6,507,897 

2 2,861,888     1,423,463     4,257,296     2.966.850     1,681,658     4,688,688 

8 7,161,280     2,628,425     9,779,955     7,810,760     2,891,660  10,208,400 

4 4,580,522   892,800  5,472.822  4,686,760   878,200  6.563,950 

5 2.598,053    15,000  2,618,068  2,806,225    87,600  2,843,826 

6 12,275,798     1,293,940  18  669,729     9,873,560     1,564,950  10,938,460 

7 6,599,626  91,000     6,640,626     6.806,966  92.800     6,899,265 

8 8,022,582   225,800  8,247,882  4,240,868   286,860  4,476.168 

9 6,156,416    162,620  6,269,086  6,274,260    69.000  5,383,260 

10 8,211,785   229,600  8,481,886  8,138,016   248,100  8.881,116 

11 7,681,681   284,500  7,816,481  8,007,245   286.000  8,-342,245 

12 8,850,415     8,000  8,.^58.416 

Total 64,665,117  $8,184,881  72,849,998  67,889,779  $9,591,786  77  481,515 

We  also  add  the  figures  of  Williamsburg  and  Bush  wick,  which  now  form  part  of 
the  city  of  Brooklyn  :— 

1  (18th). $6,180,265  $1,184,659  $7,864,824  $6,911,760     $869,000  $7,270,750 

2  (14th) 2.968,980        414,000     8,872,980     3,846,085        890,604     8,726,689 

8  (15th) 2,108,499  16,400     2,119,419     1,628.352  14,000     1,642,352 

16 1,653,245  96,000     1,662,745 

Total 11,242,664  $1,614,659  12,867,228  18,688',482  $1,781,104  14.811,686 

17 8,106,860        109,000     8,215,860     2,488,100       899,000     2.628,000 

18 , 1,559,887         82,000     1,641.387 

The  Seyenteenth  and  Eighteenth  Wards  constitute  what  was  known  as  Buahwick 
before  the  consolidation. 


COINAGE  OF  GOLD  AND  SILVER  IN  MINTS  OF  MEUCO  FROM  1521  TO  1853. 

A  document  has  been  published  in  Mexico,  under  the  title  **  Foreign  Commerce  of 
Mexico  since  the  Conquest,''  which  contaibs  interesting  statistics  concerning  the  amoont 
of  gold  and  silver  yielded  by  the  mines  of  that  country.  The  entire  worth  of  gold 
and  silver  stamped  by  the  different  mints  of  Mexico  from  1621  to  1852,  together  with 
manufactures  from  the  precious  metals,  amounts  to  $8,562,205,000,  as  follows : — 

Silver  coined  in  the  city  of  Mexico $2,248,1 65,000 

Ck>ld  coined  in  the  city  of  Mexico 11 1.806,000 

$2,869,971,000 

Silver  coined  in  other  Mexican  towns $859,621 ,000 

Gold  coined  in  other  Mexican  towns. 15,1 18,000 

874,784,000 

Gold  and  silver  manufactures 827,600,000 

Total $8,662,206,000 

The  whole  of  this  sum,  wiUi  the  exception  of  about  $100,000,000,  has  been,  it  is 
supposed,  exported.  In  the  year  1690,  the  amount  of  silver  coined  in  the  city  of  Mex- 
ico was  $6,286,000;  in  the  following  year  it  was  $6,214,000.  From  1691  until  1700, 
the  quantity  decreased  until  it  amounted  to  only  $8,379,000.  After  the  latter  year  it 
steadily  rose  until  it  reached,  in  1809,  its  highest  point,  viz.:  $24,708,000.  In  1810, 
only  $17,961,000  were  coined;  in  1811,  but  $8,966,000,  and  so  on  till  1887,  when  but 
516,000  silver  dollars  were  issued  by  the  Mexican  Mint  In  1888,  $1,089,000  wer« 
coined,  and  the  quantity  again  began  to  increase.    In  1862,  it  amounted  to  $2,770,000. 


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Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance,  479 

THE  BASK  OF  BSGUIVD  AID  ITS  I0TE8. 

Tbe  Bank  of  England  has  recently  changed  its  plan  of  printing  bank  notes.  The 
object  is  to  prevent  counterfeiting.  An  elaborate  account  of  tbe  old  and  new  modes 
is  given  in  the  last  number  of  the  Banker^  Magazine.  If,  says  tbe  writer,  we  exam- 
ine forms  of  notes  printed  by  typography,  we  » hall  observe  that  the  notes  of  the  Bank 
of  France  and  the  Belgian  notes  are  so  produced ;  but,  in  these  cases,  the  character  of 
the  note  b  adapted  to  the  style  of  printing,  and  even  there  the  number  printed  is  so 
■mall  as  to  appear  insignificant  when  compared  with  tbe  number  issued  by  the  Bank 
of  England,  At  the  former  establishment  about  800  impressions  are  printed  every 
day ;  at  the  latter  nearly  80,000  are  produced,  as  9,000,000  notes  are  Issued  per  an- 
num, representing  nearly  £300,000,000. 

A  paper-mill  is  in  operation  in  Hampshire,  England,  which  is  used  exclusively  for 
the  manufacture  of  bank-note  paper,  llie  first  ever  issued  was  made  in  these  mills, 
in  about  the  year  1719,  and  it  has  ever  since  been  produced  on  the  same  premises. 
From  an  analysis  lately  made  by  an  eminent  chemist,  it  has  been  ascertained  that  the 
water  of  this  river  is  well  adapted  for  the  purposes  for  which  it  is  required  in  this  es- 
tablishment The  building,  the  machinery,  and,  indeed,  the  entire  premises,  have  un- 
dergone very  considerable  alterations  and  improvements  of  late,  (in  hct,  they  are  not 
yet  brought  to  completion,)  in  order  to  adapt  them  to  the  perfect  execution  of  the 
paper  used  for  the  new  bank  note,  the  issue  of  which  is  to  commence  oo  New  Year's 
day. 

These  mills  are  used  exclusively  for  the  making  of  bank-note  paper,  and  at  the 
present  time  about  50,000  notes  are  made  daily.  The  artisans  and  work-people  live 
mostly  in  neat  and  picturesque  cottages,  adjoining  the  premises,  and  are  occupants  of 
the  same  dwellings  formerly  occupied  by  their  great-grandfathers. 

Tbe  quality  and  watermark  of  the  bank-note  paper  have,  in  the  new  note,  (now  on 
the  point  of  being  issued  to  the  public,)  been  brought  to  a  high  degree  of  excellence. 
The  molds  from  which  the  paper  is  made  are  executed  by  Mr.  Brewer,  who,  with  Mr. 
Smith,  patented  a  very  valuable  invention,  which  was  rewarded  by  a  medal  at  the 
Oreat  Exhibition  of  1861.  Suffice  it  to  say  that,  in  thus  improving  and  endeavoring 
to  perfect  the  bank-note  paper,  the  authorities  of  the  bank  have  had  entirely  in  view 
the  protection  of  the  public  from  fraud  and  loss. 


COmAGE  OF  THE  BRITISH  MINT. 

Tbe  annual  account  of  the  moneys  coined  at  the  Royal  Mint  of  Great  Britain  during 
the  year  1854,  has  been  laid  before  the  House  of  Commons.  It  states  the  total  value 
of  the  gold  coinage  to  have  been  £4,152,188,  including  921,890.478  ounces  weight, 
and  3,589,611  pieces  of  sovereigns,  and  144,480.840  ounces  weight,  and  1,125,144 
pieces  of  half-sovereigns,  the  value  of  which  latter  was,  of  course,  one-half,  or  £562,572. 
Ko  double-sovereigns  were  coined.  The  total  value  of  the  silver  coinage  amounted  to 
£140,480,  including  550,418  florin  pieces,  of  200,150 .  200  ounces  in  weight  and  £55,041 
io  value;  552,414  shilling  pieces,  of  100,489  ounces  weight  and  £27,620  in  value; 
840,116  sixpenny  pieces,  76,874.200  ounces  weight  and  £21,002  in  value;  1,096,618 
groats,  of  66,461 .450  ounces  in  weight  and  £18,276  in  value ;  4,158  fourpenny  pieces, 
of  252  ounces  in  weight  and  £69  6s.  in  value;  1,471,754  threepenny  pieces,  of  66,897 
onncris  in  weight  and  £18,896  in  value;  4,752  twopenny  pieces, of  144  ounces  weight 
and  £39  12s.  in  value  ;  and  7,920  silver  penny  pieces,  of  120  ounces  in  weight,  and 
£88  in  value.  The  total  value  of  the  copper  coinage  was  £61,688,  including  6,827,520 
pennies,  of  127  tons  in  weight  and  £28,448  in  value;  12,461,568  half-pennies,  of  115 
tons  in  weight  and  £25,961  in  value ;  6,504,960  farthings,  of  80  tons  in  weight  and 


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480  Commereial  RegulmUotM. 

£6,776  in  yalue ;  and  677*876  half- fitrthings,  of  1  ton  11  cwta.  2  qre.  in  weight  aod 
£852  168.  in  value.  It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  no  crowns  or  half-crowns  were 
coined  in  1854.  The  g^ross  total  valne  of  the  gold,  silver,  and  copper  coinage  of  1864 
amounted  to  £4,854,201. 


BANK  OF  MUTUAL  REDEMPTION. 

The  following  act  of  the  Legislature  of  New  Hampshire  authorises  banks  io  thai 
State  to  hdd  stock  in  the  Bank  of  Mntual  Redemptioo  to  be  located  in  Boston.  Thia 
act  was  passed  at  the  last  session  of  the  New  Hampshire  Legislature,  and  approyed 
July  14th,  1856.    The  act  takes  effect  from  and  after  its  passage : — 

AM   ACT  AUTHORIZING  BANKS  IN  THIS  STATE  TO  BOLD    STOCK  IN  THE  BANK  OP  VUTVAL 

BEDEMPTION. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  Hou9e  of  Representativei  in  General  Cowrt  etm- 
vened.  That  any  banking  corporation  in  this  State  may  subscribe  for,  and  hold  in  its 
own  name,  shares  in  the  capital  stock  of  the  Bank  of  Mutual  Redemption,  to  be  lo- 
cated in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  5  per  cent  of  the  capital 
stock  of  the  bank  subscribing  therefor ;  and  such  subscription  shall  be  made  only 
when  authorized  by  the  unanimous  voto  of  the  durectors  making  the  same. 


COMMERCIAL  REGULATIONS. 


OF  [MP0RTATI01I8  INTO  THE  UNITED  STATES  FROM  THE  BRITISH  PROVINCES. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  (James  Guthrie)  has  issued  the  following  circular  to 
collectors  and  other  officers  of  the  customs,  in  relation  to  merchandise  entitled  to  free 
entry  and  liable  to  duty  under  the  existing  revenue  laws : — 

Trkascrt  DKPAiTMKirr,  July  31, 1B5S. 

The  following  decisions  on  questions  submitted  to  this  Department,  arising  on  im- 
portations into  the  United  States  from  the  British  proTinces  of  Canada,  New  Bruna- 
wick,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Prince  Edward's  Island,  being  the  product  of  said  pruvincea, 
under  the  Reciprocity  Treaty  with  Qrcat  Britain  of  June  5, 1854,  are  communicated 
for  your  information  and  government: — 

XNTTTLED  TO  FaBB  ENTRY. 

Animals  of  all  kinds ;  ashes,  comprehending  pot  aod  pearl  ashes ;  black  salts  and 
salts  of  lye ;  bags,  barrels,  or  other  original  packages,  containing  flour,  wheat,  or  other 
free  product ;  barley ;  bark  of  hemlock  or  other  trees ;  beams,  when  rough  hewfi  or 
sawed  only  ;  beans ;  boards,  when  rough  hewn  or  sawed  only  ;  bran ;  breadstuffs  of 
all  kinds,  not  further  manufactured  than  flour  and  meal;  broom-corn;  burr-8tonea» 
hewn  or  wrought,  or  unwrought ;  butter ;  Canada  Balsam,  collected  from  a  species  of 
pine  tree,  as  turpentine  ;  castoreum,  a  product  of  the  beaver;  cattle  tails,  if  undressed ; 
cheese  ;  clap  boards,  if  rough  hewn  or  sawed  only  ;  coal ;  com,  Indian,  or  maize ;  cot- 
ton wool ;  dried  fruits;  dyestuffs ;  fish  of  all  kinds,  products  of  fish  and  of  all  other 
creatures  livmg  in  the  water,  the  exemption  from  duty  to  extend  to  the  fisheries  of 
Newfoundland  and  Labrador;  fish,  wholly  or  partly  cooked,  in  cans  hermetically 
sealed;  firewood;  flax,  unmanufactured ;  flour  of  all  kinds;  fresh  meats;  fruitii,  dried 
or  undried ;  fruits,  preserved,  in  cans  hermetically  sealed ;  furs,  nndreaaed  ;  grain  of 
all  kinds ;  grindstones,  hewn  or  wrought,  or  unwrought ;  gypsum,  ground  or  unground ; 
hair,  on  the  hide  or  skin  or  tail  thereof,  undressed ;  hair  seal  skins,  undressed ;  hemp, 
unmanufactured;  hides,  undressed;  horns;  horn* tips;  hubs  for  wheels,  knees  for  vea- 
•ela,  lasts,  last  blocks,  and  laths,  if  rough  hewn  or  sawed  only ;  lard ;  linseed ;  lumber 
ef  all  kinds,  round,  rough  hewn  or  sawed  only ;  manures ;  marble,  in  its  crude  or  un- 
wrought stato ;  meals  of  all  kinds;  meats,  fresh,  smoked,  or  salted ;  meats,  wholly  or 
partly  cooked,  preserved  without  oil  or  spirits,  in  cans  hermetically  sealed ;  miJdhnga, 
as  flour;  mill- feed,  as  flour;  nuts;  oats;  oatmeal;  oil,  from  fii*b;  ores  of  metahsof 
aU  kinds ;  palings,  pickets,  posts,  Ac^  if  rough  hewn  or  aawed  only ;  patea  or  acfsaps  af 


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Commercial  Regulatums.  481 

raw  hides  or  skins ;  pearl  and  pot  ash ;  peas ;  pelts ;  pitch ;  plants ;  potatoes ;  pool- 
tnr ;  poultry,  cooked  wholly  or  parUy,  preserred  in  cans  hermetically  sealed ;  products 
of  fish  and  all  other  creatures  living  in  the  water ;  provender,  from  wheat  or  other 
grain ;  rags ;  railroad  ties,  rough  hewn  or  sawed  only ;  raw  hides  and  skins,  or  parts 
thereof;  rice;  rotten  wood;  salted  meats;  salts  of  lye  and  black  salts,  (see  ashes;) 
sansages  and  sausage-meat ;  saw-logs ;  scantling,  rough  hewn  or  sawed  only ;  screen- 
ings from  grain  ;  seeds  ;  shingles,  shmgle-bolts,  and  shingle-wood,  rough  hewn  or  sawed 
onlY ;  shrubs ;  skins  or  tails,  undressed ;  skins,  or  parts  thereof,  undressed  ;  sbipstuffs, 
as  oreadstufi^ ;  slate ;  spars,  round  and  sawed  only ;  spokes  of  wheels,  if  rough  hewn 
or  sawed  only ;  stone,  in  its  crude  or  unmanufactured  state;  tails,  undressed;  tallow ; 
tar ;  timber  of  all  kinds,  round,  rough  hewn  or  sawed  only ;  tobacco  and  tow,  unman- 
u&ctured ;  trees ;  turpentine ;  vegetables ;  vegetables,  wholly  or  partly  cooked,  pre- 
served in  cans  hermetically  sealed;  venison ;  wool,  unmanufactured. 

LIABLX  TO  DUTT  UNDXH  THB  BZISTINa  BKVBKUB  LAWS. 

Beams,  (see  timber  and  lumber ;)  bear's  grease ;  beeswax ;  boards,  (see  timber  and 
lomber ;)  biscuit ;  bread  ;  cakes ;  felloes  for  wheels,  (see  timber  and  lumber ;)  grease 
of  all  kinds,  except  butter,  tallow,  and  lard ;  hay  ;  hops ;  hubs  for  wheels,  knees  for 
vessels,  lasts,  and  last-blocks,  (see  timber  and  lumber;)  lime;  milk;  oil-cake;  palings, 
pickets,  posts,  railroad  ties,  scantlings,  shingles,  shingle-bolts,  shingle-wood,  spars,  and 
spokes  for  wheels,  (see  timber  and  lumber ;)  spirits  of  turpentine. 

TiUBEa  oB  LoMBEa.  Articles  of  wood  entered  under  these  or  any  other  designa- 
tions, remain  liable  to  duty  under  the  existing  tariff,  if  manufactured  in  whole  or  in 
part  by  planing,  shaving,  turning,  or  riving,  or  any  process  of  manufacture  oUier  than 
rough  hewing  or  sawing. 

It  having  t)een  represented  to  the  Department  that  in  some  of  the  frontier  collection 
districts,  compensation  has  been  demanded  by  officers  of  the  customs  for  preparing 
the  papers  of  claimants  under  the  Reciprocity  Treaty  with  Great  Britain,  it  bc^comes 
necessary  to  remind  such  officers  that  the  laws  having  fixed  the  salaries  of  all  officers 
of  the  customs,  they  cannot  legally  demand  extra  compensation  for  any  services  ren- 
dered in  connection  with  their  several  offices ;  and  that  the  exactions  complained  of 
cannot  be  made  without  subjecting  them  to  the  heavy  penalties  provided  in  the  17th 
section  of  the  act,  **  Further  to  establish  the  compensation  of  officers  of  the  customs, 
Ac"  ap|>roved  May  7th,  1822. 

Questions  in  relation  to  the  charge  of /eft  on  the  entry  of  free  goods  having  been 
submitted  to  the  Department,  in  special  reference  to  importations  under  the  Reciproc- 
ity Treaty,  it  is  thought  proper  to  state,  that  the  7th  section  of  the  act  ^'To  provide 
for  obtaining  accurate  statements  of  the  foreign  Commerce  of  the  United  States,"  ap- 
proved February  10th,  1820,  requiring  the  regular  entry  and  examination  of  all/rtft 
goods,  the  fee  to  the  collector  of  20  cents  "  for  permit  to  land  goods,"  as  provided  in 
the  2d  section  of  the  compensation  act  of  March  2, 1799,  is  legallv  chargeable  in  each 
case  of  landing  free  goods ;  all  such  fees,  however,  as  well  as  all  others  received  by 
the  collectors  on  our  Northern,  North-eastern,  and  North-western  frontier,  to  be  ac- 
counted for  to  the  Treasury  in  the  form  prescribed  by  law,  the  salaries  of  such  collec- 
tors, allowed  by  the  act  **  To  regulate  the  foreign  and  coasting  trade,  Ac.,"  approved 
March  2,  1831,  modified  in  some  instances  by  subsequent  acts,  being  in  lieu  of  all  fees, 
salaries,  emoluments,  or  commissions,  allowed  prior  to  the  date  of  said  act. 

JAMES  GUTHRIE,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 


THE  TALUE  OF  MERCHANDISE  MUST  BE  INDORSED  ON  THE  BOND. 

By  a  regulation  of  the  United  States  Treasury  Department,  when  a  special  penal 
bond  is  given,  it  b  the  duty  of  collectors  to  indorse  on  the  bond  the  estimated  value 
and  the  date  of  importation  of  the  merchandise  before  it  is  delivered.  This  doty 
is  to  be  carefully  performed,  and  will  require  a  constant  and  faithful  supervision. 

If  anything  occurs  to  excite  doubt  of  the  continued  sufficiency  of  the  principal  or 
sureties,  the  collector  requires  either  a  new  bond  in  the  same  form  with  adequate  se- 
curity, or  in  case  the  parties  fail  to  give  it,  an  adequate  bond  on  each  importation,  as 
in  cases  where  no  special  penal  bond  is  given.  If  the  estimated  value  of  the  merchan- 
dise exceed  one-half  of  the  penalty  of  the  bond,  in  no  case  can  it  be  suffered  to  be 
delivered  to,  or  remain  in  possession  of  the  parties  subject  to  this  bond. 

VOL.  xxxiu. — NO.  IV.  3 1 


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482  Commercial  Beffulaiions, 

DUTIES  OF  OFnCERS  IN  CHARGE  OF  UNITED  STATES  WAREHOUSES. 

All  bonded  warehouses,  whether  public  or  private,  as  well  as  the  stores  occupied  hj 
the  appraisers,  where  there  are  such,  are  placed  by  the  collector  in  the  custody  of 
officers  designated  for  the  purpose,  to  be  known  as  storekeepers,  who  always  keep  the 
keys  thereof  in  their  own  possession,  and  personally  superintend  the  opening  and  clos- 
ing of  the  doors  and  windows.  They  are  required  to  be  in  constant  attendance  at  the 
stores  from  seven  o'clock,  A.  M^  to  sunset,  from  April  1st  to  October  Ist^  and  for  the 
residue  of  the  year  from  eight  o'clock,  A.  M.,  to  sunset,  except  the  time  necessary  lor 
their  meals,  not  over  one  hour  at  noon,  when  the  stores  are  closed.  They  are  prohib- 
ited from  allowing  any  goods  to  be  received,  delivered,  sampled,  packed,  or  repacked, 
except  in  their  presence  or  the  presence  of  some  person  designated  as  an  assistant  by 
the  collector,  and  they  are  required  to  keep  accurate  accounts  of  all  goods  received, 
delivered,  and  transferred,  and  of  all  orders  for  sampling,  packing,  repacking,  Ac  They 
are  also  required  to  make  daily  returns  of  all  goods  received  and  delivered,  and  inform 
the  Superintendent  of  any  infraction  of  the  warehouse  rules  and  regulations  by  in- 
spectors or  other  persons.  These  officers  are  also  required  to  keep  exact  accounts  of 
all  the  labor  performed  on  merchandise  sent  to  such  stores,  whether  unclaimed  or  in 
bond,  and  their  returns  to  the  custom  house  of  its  receipt  must  certify  the  nature  and 
amount  of  such  charges.  They  must  also  keep  rolls  of  all  persons  employed  in  audi 
warehouses,  which  rolls  must  exhibit  the  names  of  such  persons,  the  number  of  days 
employed,  the  rate  of  compensation,  and  the  total  amount  earned,  to  be  receipted  for 
by  the  person  to  whom  due,  and  paid  weekly  or  monthly,  according  to  the  custom  of 
the  port,  by  the  proper  disbursing  officer  of  the  customhouse,  on  certificates  or  tickets 
signed  by  the  officer  in  charge,  and  setting  forth  that  the  person  named  has  been  em- 
ployed for  the  number  of  days  stated,  at  the  rate  of  compensation  stated,  that  the 
amount  specified  therein  is  due  to  him,  and  that  he  has  signed  the  pay-rolls  therefor. 
At  the  close  of  the  quarter  these  rolls  are  to  be  returned  by  the  officer  in  charge  to 
the  collector,  to  be  compared  with  the  certificates  or  tickets  before  described,  and  oo 
which  the  payments  have  been  made,  and  to  accompany  such  collector*s  account  with 
the  vouchers  for  disbursements  on  account  of  public  stores  and  warehouse& 

CxaTiFicATE  TO  Camckl  Bond.  Ou  receiving  the  permit  for  the  deposit  of  merdian- 
dise  in  store  from  the  collector,  certified  by  the  storekeeper  that  the  goods  designated 
in  the  permit,  with  the  exception  of  such  as  have  been  ordered  to  the  appraiser's  store, 
have  been  deposited  in  the  store,  and  on  the  same  examination  being  had  as  is  required 
by  law  on  importations  of  merchandise  from  foreign  ports,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  col- 
lector, if  satisfied  that  the  goods  so  deposited  and  examined  are  the  identical  goods 
described  in  the  entry  and  invoice  received  by  him  from  the  collector  at  the  port  of 
withdrawal,  to  immediately  furnish  the  party  making  entry  with  a  certificate,  coun- 
tersigned by  the  naval  officer,  where  there  is  one,  of  their  delivery  in  the  proper  form, 
and  is  also  required  to  transmit  a  duplicate  of  such  certificate  to  the  collector  at  the 
port  of  withdrawal. 

SEIZED  AND  UNCUIMED  GOODS, 
lation  of  the  United  States  Treasury  Department,  unclaimed  and  aeiaed 
i  stored  in  stores  of  the  third  class  on  the  order  of  the  collector ;  and  the 
r  occupant  must  look  to  the  goods  for  the  storage  and  charges,  at  the  osual 
ry  rates,  and  is  liable  for  the  safe- keeping  of  the  merchandise  as  for  other 
le  collector  can  give  no  permit  to  withdraw  such  goods  without  the  pay- 
legal  duties  and  charges ;  and  if  the  g^oods  are  sold,  must  cause  the  stor- 
rges  to  be  paid  out  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale. 


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Commereial  Bepulations.  488 

TIB  mrn  of  8upbriiitb]idsit  of  pubuc  warehouses. 

Id  an  ports  where  the  natare  and  extent  of  business  maj  require  each  an  officer,  it 
is  the  dntj  of  the  collector  to  designate,  with  the  approlmtion  of  the  Treasury  De- 
partment, some  suitable  person,  to  be  styled  the  Superintendent  of  Warehouses,  whose 
duty  it  will  be  to  superintend  all  the  public  and  private  bonded  warehouses  in  such 
ports,  visiting  them  daily,  where  the  number  of  warehouses  will  admit,  or,  if  not,  as 
often  as  may  be,  to  ascertain  whether  the  officers  are  prompt  and  regular  in  their  at- 
tendance, the  books  correctly  kept,  the  merchandise  properly  stored,  and  all  the  regu- 
lations prescribed  by  the  department  and  the  collector  faithfully  observed  and  dili- 
gently enforced.  It  is  also  his  duty,  when  required  by  the  collector,  to  examine  and 
inspect  such  stores  as  may  be  offered  to  be  bonded  as  private  warehouses,  and  make 
report  thereon  to  the  collector,  and  generally  to  perform  such  duties  in  relation  to  the 
care  of  warehouses,  and  the  custody  of  the  goods  deposited  therein,  as  may  be  neces- 
sary to  their  security  and  the  protection  of  the  revenue. 

He  will  also  superintend,  with  the  officer  of  the  store,  all  silks  withdrawn  for  print- 
ing, dyeing,  <&c,  as  provided  in  these  instructions,  taking  an  account  of  the  same.  And 
it  is  also  the  duty  of  the  person  or  persons  withdrawing  such  goods  for  dyeing,  ^  to 
notify  the  collector  that  the  Superintendent  may  be  present  at  the  place  and  time  re- 
quired. 

Such  Superintendent  is  to  be  stationed  where  most  convenient,  and  is  required 
to  make  a  daily  report  to  the  collector  of  every  violation  of  the  warehouse  mstruo- 
tkms  and  rules,  and  of  all  other  matters  coming  under  his  observation.  It  is  intended 
that  this  officer,  under  the  directions  of  the  collector,  shall  have  a  general  supervision 
of  the  warehouse  business  in  the  several  warehouses,  to  see  that  the  laws  and  regula- 
tions are  faithfully  observed  by  the  officers  in  charge  of  each  store,  and  the  importer 
or  agent  having  joint  custody.  He  is  also  charged  with  the  superintendence  of  the 
cartage,  drayage,  or  lighterage  of  all  merchandise  sent  to  warehouse  under  bond,  or 
withdrawn  therefrom  for  transportition  or  exportation ;  and  also  the  cartage,  drayage, 
or  lighterage  of  all  merchandise  ordered  to  the  appraiser's  office  for  examination,  or 
the  public  stores  for  custody,  and  is  required  to  take  care  that  the  work  is  promptly 
and  faithfully  performed,  that  the  necessary  receipts  for  merchandise  are  returned  la 
due  season  to  tbe  officers  sending  or  delivering  the  same,  and  that  the  regulations  for 
the  government  of  this  branch  of  the  service  are  in  all  respects  complied  with,  and 
every  infraction  of  the  same  promptly  reported  to  the  collector. 


DEUYERT  OF  GOODS  SOLD  AT  AUCTION,  ETC. 
The  United  States  Treasury  Department  directs  that  immediately  after  the  sale  by 
an  auctioneer  of  any  goods — such  as  unclaimed  goods  with  the  duty  unpaid,  remain- 
ing in  a  public  store  one  year,  and  duly  bonded  merchandise,  remaining  stored  for  the 
space  of  three  years  from  the  date  of  importation — the  collector  shall  proceed  to  de- 
liver them  to  the  several  purchasers,  the  lots  or  parcels  belonging  to  them,  on  due 
payment  to  him  of  the  sum  or  sums  for  which  sold  This  delivery  shall  be  made  on 
a  general  permit,  to  be  countersigned  by  the  naval  officer,  if  there  be  any  at  the  port 
The  duties  of  the  auctioneer  are  to  be  limited  to  selling  the  goods,  and  his  charge  for 
such  service,  which  in  no  case  shall  exceed  the  usual  commission  at  the  port,  and  all 
other  expenses  properly  chargeable  on  the  goods  which  may  have  accrued,  must  be 
presented  and  paid  within  ten  days  of  date  of  sale.  These  expenses  must  be  propor- 
tioned pro  rata  on  the  different  lots  and  parcels,  and  a  statement  must  be  made  giving 
the  gross  proceeds,  the  amount  of  duty,  storage,  and  other  expenses,  and  the  net  pro- 
ceeds of  each  lot  of  goods  in  the  sale. 


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484  Chmmercial  Regulaium9. 

BONDS  MAT  BB  eiySV  BT  A9  IMPORTER  TO  11  nm^UOR  P0RT. 

It  is  Btated  in  the  Union,  on  the  anthority  of  the  United  States  Treafloiy  Depart- 
ment, that  in  order  to  fiicilitate  the  transmisBion  of  merchandise  in  bond  from  a  port 
of  entry  to  any  interior  port  of  delirery,  under  the  act  of  28th  March,  1854,  the  im- 
porter of  any  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise^  residing  at  an  interior  port  of  delivery, 
and  desiring  to  haye  the  merchandise  transported  in  bond,  can  prodnoe  his  invoice  to 
the  snryeyor  or  designated  collector  of  the  interior  port,  take  the  oath  or  oaths  required 
by  law,  and  execute  the  transportation  bond  according  to  the  prescribed  form,  with 
proper  sureties,  before  the  surveyor  or  collector  of  the  port,  who  is  required  to  certify 
on  said  bond  a  sufficiency  of  the  sureties,  and  transmit  the  bond  to  the  collector  of  the 
port  of  importation ;  and  the  bond  so  taken  is  as  valid  and  binding  as  though  executed 
io  the  office  of  the  collector  where  the  entry  is  made.  The  invoice,  with  the  oath  at- 
tached, can  be  transmitted  by  the  importer  to  his  agent  or  attorney  at  the  port  where 
the  goods  are  expected  to  arrive ;  who,  upon  their  arrival,  is  to  present  the  transpor- 
tation entry,  with  bill  or  bills  of  lading  therefor,  in  the  form  and  setting  forth  the  par- 
tieulars  required ;  after  which,  the  same  proceedings  are  to  be  had  as  in  other  entries 
for  transportation  under  bond  from  one  port  to  another  in  the  United  States. 

PoaTS  WHKKX  suoH  BoMDs  CAN  BE  EXECUTED.  The  interior  ports  of  delivery  at 
which  bonds  can  be  so  executed,  and  goods  transported  under  Uiem,  are  Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania ;  Cincinnati,  Ohio ;  Louisville  and  Paducah,  Kentucky ;  Nashvflle,  Mem- 
phis, and  Knoxville,  Tennessee ;  St  Louis,  Missouri ;  Wheeling,  Virginia ;  Evaneville, 
Jeffersonville,  and  New  Albany,  Indiana ;  Alton,  Cairo,  Qalena,  and  Quin<^,  Illinois ; 
Burlington,  Keokuk,  and  Dubuque,  Iowa ;  and  Tuscumbia,  Alabama. 


TIME  OF  TRANSPORTATIOJf  B05D  IBT  UHITfiD  STATES. 

If  the  port  to  which  the  merchandise  is  to  be  transported  be  not  more  than  one 
hundred  miles  distant  by  the  route  proposed,  the  time  inserted  in  the  bond  shall  be 
twenty  days ;  if  over  one  hundred,  and  less  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  thirty 
days ;  if  over  two  hundred  and  fifty,  and  less  than  fi've  hundred  miles,  sixty  days ; 
and  if  over  five  hundred  miles,  ninety  days ;  but  if  the  distance  be  over  two  hundred 
and  fifty  miles,  the  collector  may,  at  the  instance  of  the  party,  allow  thirty  additional 
■days. 

Nine  months  will  be  allowed  for  transportation  of  merchandise  in  bond  between 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  ports  of  the  United  States  around  Cape  Horn,  and  four 
months  by  other  routes  between  these  ports.  If  the  transportation  within  the  time 
prescribed  is  retarded  by  accident  or  other  unavoidable  cause,  on  regular  protest  and 
due  proof  of  the  accident  or  other  unavoidable  cause,  the  collector  may  receive  the 
goods,  or  any  part  thereof,  within  a  reasonable  time  thereafter. 


TEE  STOREKEEPER  OF  A  PORT  IBT  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  deputy  collector  is  the  ex  officio  storekeeper  of  the  port,  and  has  the  general 
superintendence  of  the  warehouse  business.  The  warehouse  superintendent  and  store- 
keeper at  the  several  stores,  with  the  clerks  employed  on  the  store  accounts,  and  on 
the  warehouse  business  generally,  are  under  his  immediate  direction,  subject,  however, 
to  the  control  and  supervbion  of  the  collector  of  the  port 

In  order  to  enforce  a  proper  responsibility  on  the  part  of  collectors  for  merchandise 
in  bond,  these  officers  are  required  to  account  for  the  duties  arising  on  merchandise 
entered  at  their  respective  districts  for  warehousing  or  re-warehousing  with  the  same 
particularity  as  to  details  as  they  are  now  required  to  account  for  the  duties  on  goods 
entered  for  consumption. 


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OommereiaX  EeffukUioM.  486 

REOUUTlOffS  AT  mOiTTIBR  PORTS  OF  THE  UinVD  STATES. 
On  the  arrival  of  mercfaaadiae  at  a  frontier  port,  and  the  due  delivery  of  the  mani- 
fest or  manifests  by  the  master  or  coodnctor,  the  collector  or  other  proper  officer  of 
the  CQStoms  is  required  immediately,  if  the  goods  be  forwarded  under  locks,  to  remove 
•uch  lock  or  locks  from  the  car  or  cars,  and  carefully  inspect  and  examine  the  pack- 
ages by  the  manifest  or  manifests,  to  ascertain  whether  they  agree  with  the  descrip- 
tion contained  therdn,  and  whether  they  have  been  in  any  way  violated.  The  same 
comparison  and  examination  will  also  be  required  of  the  cording,  sealing,  and  brand- 
ing, to  see  that  no  alteration  or  fabrication  of  ihe  seals  or  brands  has  taken  place. 
Should  the  goods  be  found  not  to  agree  with  the  manifest,  or  should  there  be  any  rea- 
aon  to  believe  that  any  violation,  alteration,  or  fabrication  has  occurred,  the  collector 
most  take  immediate  possession  of  the  goods,  and  send  a  statement  of  the  case  to  the 
department,  at  the  same  time  notifying  the  collector  of  the  port  from  which  the  goods 
were  forwarded.  If  the  packages,  however,  be  found  to  agree  in  all  respects  with  the 
manifests,  the  cords,  seals,  and  brands  unbroken  and  intact,  the  collector  or  other  officer 
will  permit  the  same  to  be  sent  forward  without  detention  to  their  destination  in  the 
province  designated.  Should  the  merchandise  arrive  at  the  frontier  port  before  the 
receipt  of  the  triplicate  entry,  it  will  not  be  detained  there  for  that  reason,  but  wiU 
be  inspected  and  checked  by  the  manifest.  When  the  entry  shall  have  been  received 
it  will  be  compared  with  the  manifest  or  manifest^,  and  if  it  shall  appear  that  all  the 
packsges  described  therein  have  passed  inspection,  and  been  duly  delivered  to  be  for- 
warded to  their  final  destination,  the  collector  shall  furnish  to  the  exporter  or  his  agent 
a  certificate  of  the  same. 


TRA9SP0RTATI0V  ROUTES  FOR  MERCHANDISE  lil  BOBTD. 

The  following  routes  for  the  transportation  of  merchandise  in  bond  from  one  port  of 
entry  to  another  port  of  entry,  or  delivery,  have  been  authorized  by  the  Treasury  De- 
partment:— From  the  ports  of  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Baltimore,  to 
Pittsburg,  Wheeling,  Oincinnati,  Louisville,  St  Louis,  Nashville,  Natchez,  Evans- 
Tille,  New  Albany,  Burlington,  (Vermont,)  Sacketfs  Harbor,  Rochester,  Oswego, 
Lewiston,  Bufialo,  Ogdensborg,  Plattsburg,  Cape  Vincent,  Erie,  Toledo,  Sandusky, 
Oleveland,  Detroit,  Michi)imackinac,  Chicago,  and  Milwaukie,  by  canal,  railroad, 
river,  or  lake,  wholly  or  in  part,  as  the  party  may  select  in  his  entry.  Also,  from 
a  port  or  ports  on  the  Atlsntic  to  any  other  port  on  the  Atlantic,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  or 
the  Pacific,  or  vice  vtrta^  by  such  route  or  conveyance  as  the  party  in  his  entry  may 
select  Also,  from  the  port  of  New  Orleans  to  any  port  of  entry  or  delivery  on  the 
Mississippi  and  its  tributaries,  and  by  such  conveyance  and  route  as  the  party  selects 
in  his  entry.  Also,  from  the  ports  of  Charleston  and  Savannah  to  the  ports  of  Knox- 
vlile,  Nashville,  and  Memphis,  by  such  conveyance  and  route  as  may  be  designated  on 
tiie  entry.  Whatever  mode  of  transportation  may  be  adopted,  whether  by  land  or 
water,  or  partly  by  land  and  partly  by  water,  the  route  is  required  to  be  set  forth  and 
particularly  described  in  the  entry. 


RATES  OF  LABOR  AND  STORAGE  IN  THE  PUfiUC  STORES. 
^  The  chai^ge  for  storing  goods  deposited  in  the  public  stores  must  be  at  the  usual 
rate  at  that  port,  and  the  charge  for  labor  at  these  stores  must  be  at  a  rate  that  will 
remunerate  the  government  If  collectors  frul  to  demand  and  receive  the  amounts 
due  for  the  storage  and  labor  accruing  in  public  stores,  or  the  pay  of  an  officer  re- 
quired in  private  stores,  they  will  be  charged  with  such  sums  in  their  quarterly  ac- 
counts by  the  commissioner  of  customs. 


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486  Commercial  BegulaUans* 

PACKIirO  AND  REPACRIIG  MERCHAIDI8B. 

All  merchandise  id  public  or  privaie  bonded  warehouses  in  the  United  States  may 
be  examined  at  any  time  daring  the  business  hours  of  the  port  by  the  importer,  oon- 
signee,  or  agent,  who  shall  have  liberty  to  take  samples  of  his  goods  in  quantities  ae* 
oordiog  to  the  usage  of  the  port ;  make  all  needful  repairs  of  packages,  and  to  repaid 
the  same,  provided  the  original  contents  are  placed  in  the  new  package,  and  the  orig- 
inal marks  and  numbers  placed  thereon,  in  the  mode  prescribed  in  the  seventy -fifth 
section  of  the  act  of  2d  March,  1199,  and  thirty- second  section  of  the  act  of  Ist  March, 
1828 ;  provided  that  no  samples  shall  be  taken,  nor  shall  any  goods  be  exhibited  or 
examined,  onless  under  the  immediate  supervision  of  an  inspector  of  the  customs,  and 
by  order  of  the  importer,  owner,  or  consignee,  at  hb  expense ;  nor  shall  any  package 
be  repaired,  or  goods  repacked,  without  a  written  order  from  the  collector  of  the 
port 

Pknaltt.  The  penalty  for  failure  to  transport  and  deliver  bonded  merchandise, 
withdrawn  from  warehouse  lor  transportation  in  the  United  States,  within  the  time 
limited  in  the  transportation  bond  provided  for  by  the  sixth  section  of  th3  act  of  28lli 
March,  1854,  is  deemed  and  taken  to  be  an  additional  duty  of  100  per  cent  on  the  in- 
Toice  or  appraised  value  of  the  merchandise  so  withdrawn.  Thus,  if  the  value  of  the 
merchandise  be  |400,and  the  rate  of  duty  25  per  cent,  the  duty  to  be  secured  by  the 
bond  will  be  |100,  and  the  additional  duty  of  100  per  cent,  |400 — making  the  sum 
of  $600  to  be  collected  in  case  of  non-compliance  with  the  condition  of  the  obligation 
in  the  bond. 

PENALTIES  IF  GOODS  ARE  RELANDED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

By  the  fourth  section  of  the  act  of  August  80, 1852,  authorizing  the  exportation  of 
merchandise  in  bond  by  certain  routes  to  Mexico,  it  is  provided  that  no  goods,  wares, 
or  merchandise  exported  out  of  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  according  to  the  pro- 
visions of  that  act,  shall  be  voluntarily  landed  and  brought  into  the  United  States  ; 
and  that  if  landed  or  brought  into  the  United  States,  they  shall  be  forfeited,  and  the 
same  proceedings  will  be  had  for  their  condemnation  and  the  distribution  of  the  pro- 
ceeds as  in  other  cases  of  forfeiture  of  goods  illegally  imported ;  and  all  persons  con- 
cerned in  the  voluntary  landing  or  bringing  such  goods  into  the  United  States,  shall 
be  liable  to  a  penalty  of  $400. 

It  will  be  necessary  to  maintain  a  great  vigilance  along  the  frontier  of  the  Rio 
Grande  to  prevent  the  illegal  introduction  of  merchandise  into  the  United  States  In 
all  cases  of  this  description  that  are  discovered,  the  full  penalties  of  the  law  will  be 
rigorously  enforced. 

EXPORTS  TO  CANADA  AND  OTHER  BRITISH  PROVINCES. 

Merchandise  intended  for  exportation  to  the  adjacent  British  provinces  can  be  for- 
warded from  the  ports  of  importation  in  the  United  States  by  way  of  any  of  the  fol- 
lowing designated  ports :— Rouse's  Point,  Ogdensburg,  Oape  Vincent,  SuspenaioD 
Bridge,  Lewiston,  Bufi^lo,  Oswego,  Rochester,  Dunkirk,  and  Plattsburg,  New  York; 
Burlington,  S wanton,  Alburg,  and  Island  Pond,  Vermont;  Detroit^  Michigan ;  East- 
port,  Maine ;  and  Pembina,  Minnesota.  ^ 

WAREHOUSE  AND  TRANSPORTATION  ENTRY. 

The  Union  states,  on  the  authority  of  the  Treasury  Department,  that  on  the  arriyal 
from  any  foreign  port  of  goods  destined  for  immediate  transportation  to  other  ports  of 
the  United  States,  the  warehousing  and  transportation  may  be  combined  in  one  entry ; 
the  oaths  to  be  the  same  as  prescribed  in  the  warehouse  entry. 


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Commercial  Regiilations,  487 

CARTAflB,  DRATA6B,  OR  LI0HTERA6B  OF  GOODS  IBT  BOND. 
All  goods  in  bond,  whether  pasaing  from  the  vessel  or  other  conyejaDCe  in  which 
imported  to  the  warehouse,  or  from  one  vessel  or  conveyance  to  another  vessel  or  con- 
veyance, or  from  the  warehouse,  on  permits  of  transportation  or  exportation,  all  un- 
claimed goods,  and  all  goods  ordered  to  the  appraiser's  store  for  examination,  are 
carted,  drayed,  or  lightered,  by  the  custom-house  eartmen,  draymen,  or  lightermen 
unemployed,  and  at  all  ports  by  persons  specially  authorized  by  the  collector  or  other 
chief  revenue  officer.  The  intention  is,  that  bonded  goods  shall  at  all  times  be  in  the 
custody  of  the  officers  of  the  customs,  or  their  authorized  agents.  Such  persons  are 
subject  to  the  orders  of  the  collector,  and  are  held  to  a  strict  compliance  with  all  the 
warehouse  rules  and  regulations.  The  officers  are  in  all  cases  required,  whether  at 
the  vessel  or  warehouse,  to  give  the  eartmen,  ^,  a  ticket  descriptive  of  the  merchan- 
dise delivered  to  them,  and  designating  the  store,  vessel,  or  other  place  to  which  it  is 
to  be  taken,  which  ticket  is  to  be  returned  to  the  officer  from  whom  the  merchandise 
was  received,  duly  receipted  by  the  officer  to  whom  the  merchandise  was  delivered. 
The  eartmen,  draymen,  and  lightermen  are  held  responsible  for  the  safe  conveyance 
of  all  merchandise  delivered  to  them,  and  for  the  good  condition  of  all  delivered  by 
them.  If  they  neglect  or  refuse  to  convey  all  merchandise  required  of  them  to  the 
public  stores  or  elsewhere  as  soon  as  it  is  ready,  on  report  to  the  collector,  they  are 
subject  to  dismissal  from  further  employment 


ENTRY  OF  MERCHANDISE  FOR  CONSUAIPTION. 

The  entry  for  consumption  must  state  in  full  all  the  particulars  required,  together 
with  the  invoice  and  bill  of  lading,  and  must  be  presented  at  the  collector's  office  to 
the  clerks  charged  with  the  duty  of  examining  it  When  examined,  if  found  correct,  it 
is  the  duty  of  the  clerks  to  estimate  the  duUea  on  the  invoice  value  and  quantity,  cer- 
tify to  the  invoice,  and  nuke  out  a  permit  in  the  form  prescribed  in  the  act  of  1799. 
The  entry  and  accompanying  papers  are  then  taken  to  the  naval  officer,  who  makes 
a  like  examination,  and  if  it  is  found  to  be  correct,  checks  the  entry,  invoice,  and  per- 
mit The  papers  are  then  taken  to  a  deputy  collector,  who  administers  the  oath,  de- 
signates the  package  or  packages  to  be  sent  to  the  appraiser's  store  for  examination, 
marking  the  same  on  the  invoice,  entry,  and  permit  If  the  importer  desires  to  avail 
himself  of  the  privilege  given  by  the  act  of  May  28,  1830,  and  obtain  possession  of 
his  goods  by  giving  the  bond  required  by  the  fourth  section  of  that  act,  he  must  give 
this  bond,  pay  the  duties  as  estimated,  and  send  his  permit  to  the  vessel  in  which  his 
goods  were  imported  ;  but  if  he  prefers  to  await  the  examination  by  the  appraisers, 
it  is  the  duty  of  the  collector,  after  having  administered  the  oath  and  directed  what 
packages  are  to  be  examined,  to  issue  an  order  to  the  officer  on  board  the  vessel,  and 
Bend  the  invoice  by  a  messenger  to  the  appraiser's  store. 


IMPORTERS'  BOND  FOR  MERCHANDISE. 

Merchants  receiving  frequent  importations  may,  to  obviate  inconveniences  which 
would  be  felt  in  giving  the  penal  bond  prescribed  in  the  fourth  section  of  the  act  of 
the  28th  of  May,  1880,  for  each  importation,  give  one  in  lieu  thereof  running  for  a 
period  not  exceeding  six  months. 

In  each  case  it  is  the  duty  of  the  collector  to  see  that  the  security  provided  by  the 
bond  is  substantial  with  regard  to  the  pecuniary  ability  of  the  obligors.  Great  care  is 
required  to  be  taken  by  the  collectors  and  other  officers  of  the  customs  in  the  pro- 
ceedings in  the  importations,  so  as  to  insure  beyond  doubt  the  sufficiency  of  the  bond 
should  the  United  States  be  compelled  to  resort  to  it 


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488  Pa$ial  Department. 

THB  BfiTU&V  OF  CUSTOM-HOUSE  APPRAISfiKS, 

The  appraisera,  io  everj  case,  are  required  to  make  their  report  or  return  of  appraise- 
ment  in  writing,  and  to  aign  the  same,  not  bj  the  initials  of  their  names,  but  in  foil 
The  report  or  retam  is  to  be  written  on  the  invoice,  if  practicable.  If  not,  on  a  sep- 
arate paper  to  be  permanentlj  attached  to  the  invoice.  The  return  of  the  appraisecB 
is  to  describe,  in  all  cases,  the  character  or  dass  of  the  merchandise,  as  nearly  as  pos- 
sible, in  the  terms  of  the  tariff,  and  state  under  what  schedule,  in  their  opinion,  it 
falls,  for  the  information  of  the  collector  or  naval  officer. 


POSTAL  DEPARTMENT. 


MODmCATIOll  OF  PBUSSIlV-AAISaiCAil  POSTAL  TEEATT. 

The  rates  of  postage  for  the  correspondence  between  the  United  States  and  foreigo 
countries,  passing  through  the  Gkrman  Postal  Union,  under  the  Prussian- American 
Postal  Conyentioo,  have  undergone  some  slight  modification  since  the  publication  of 

the  foreign  postage  taUe  of  March  1, 1856,  and  the  following  list  embraces  all  the 
countries  and  places  to  which  letters  and  newspapers  may  be  forwarded  in  said  cloeed 
mail,  with  the  necessary  alterations. 

Postmasters  should  compare  this  with,  and  note  the  alterations  upon,  the  postage 
table  above  referred  ta 

FRKPATinCMT  OFTIONAL. 

German- Austrian  Postal  Union,  States  of,  viz.: — Prussia,  all  other  German 
States,  and  the  whole  Austrian  Empire,  by  the  Prussian  closed  mail,  via 

London  and  Oetend cents  SO 

Alexandria cents        88  {  Norway 46 

Altona 88    Papal  Stotes 35 

Beyrout 40  |  Parma 88 

Candia. 40  j  Poland 87 

Cesme 40    Rhodes. 40 

Constantinople 40   Russia 87 

Dardanelles,  the 40,SaIonica 40 

Denmark 86  |  Samsum 40 

Galatz 40  '  Sardinia 88 

Gallipoli 40   Smyrna 40 

Greece 42   Sweden 42 

Ibralia 40  1  Switzerland. 85 

Ionian  Islands 88   Taltcha. 40 

Italy 83   Trebizonde 40 

Larrnca 40  Tuloza 40 

Lauenburg. 88   Tuscany 85 

Lombardy 88  i  Varna 40 

Modeua 83  | 

PaXPATMKMT  BJCQUIBKD. 

China,  except  Hong  Kong,  via  Trieste cents  63 

East  Indies,  Engliah  possessions  in,  via  Trieste. 88 

East  Indies,  and  all  other  countries  in  and  beyond  the  East  Indies,  via  Trieste.  70 

Hong  Kong,  via  Trieste 88 

Egypt,  except  Alexandria 88 

Turkey,  Wallacbia,  Moldavia,  Servia,  Levante,  and  Turkijh  Islands  in  the  Med- 
iterranean, via  Trieste,  except  Alexandretta,  Antivari,  Beyrout,  Bourghas, 
Oaifa,  Candia,  Caoea,  Cesme,  Constantinople,  Dardanelles,  Durazzo,  Galati, 
Gallipoli,  Ibralia,  Ineboli,  Jaffi^  Lamsa,  Latakia,  Mersina,  Mytelene,  Prevesa, 
Rhodes,  Salonica,  Sinope,  Smyrna,  Tencdos,  Trebizonde,  Taltcha,  Tuloza, 

y alona.  Vara,  and  Yolo,  by  Prussian  closed  mail 80 


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Postal  Department.  489 

Alexandretta,  ADtivari,  Bourghas,  Gaifo,  Durafso,  Ineboli,  Jafia,  Latakia,  Mer- 
sina,  Mytelene,  Prevesa,  Sioope,  Tenedos,  Valona,  and  Volo,  via  Trieste,  by 
PraBsian  closed  mail 40 

The  rates  above  mentioned  are  the  full  postage  through  to  destination,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  "Turkey,  Wallachia,  Moldavia,  Servia,  Levant,  and  Turkish  Islands  in  the 
Mediterranean,"  as  requiring  the  prepayment  of  80  cents  a  letter,  which  is  the  United 
States  and  Prussian  postage. 

Newspapers  to  be  sent  in  the  Prussian  closed  mail  must  be  prepaid  six  cents  each, 
which  is  the  full  United  States  and  Prussian  postage.  If  to  go  through  said  closed 
mail  to  the  British  possessions  in  the  East  Indies,  or  to  Hong  Kong,  they  must  be  pre- 
paid ten  cents,  and  if  to  other  points  in  Ohina,  or  to  countries  beyond  the  East  Indies* 
thirteen  cents  each.  But  to  the  East  Indies  and  Ohina  it  is  believed  that  the  cheapest 
route  for  newspapers  is  in  the  British  mail  via  Southampton,  four  cents  each,  to  be 
prepaid,  being  the  full  United  States  and  British  Postage. 

With  reference  to  the  Prussian  closed  mail,  we  are  desired  to  remark,  also,  that  in 
many  instances,  letters  which  should  come  in  this  mail,  particularly  from  the  southern 
part  of  Qermany,  are  received  in  the  open  mail  generally  via  France,  thus  rendering 
them  subject  to  additional  and  much  higher  rates  of  postage ;  and  it  is  suggested  that 
writers  would  aid  greatly  toward  correcting  this  irregularity  by  requesting  their  cor- 
respondents in  Qermany  to  inform  themselves  as  to  the  correct  rates  of  postage,  and 
to  mark  their  letters  specially  to  be  forwarded  in  the  "  Prussian  closed  mail  via  Ostend 
and  London." 

It  should  also  be  observed  that  a  prepayment  in  either  country  of  less  than  the 
combined  rate  of  thirty  cents  on  a  single  letter  goes  for  nothing,  no  account  being 
taken  of  partial  payments. 


ACCOUNTS  AND  RETURNS  OF  POSTMASTERS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Every  postmaster,  according  to  the  Union,  speaking  on  the  authority  of  the  Post- 
Office  Department,  is  required  to  make  up  his  accounts  and  forward  transcript s  of 
them  to  the  third  Assistant  Postmaster- General,  at  the  end  of  every  quarter,  which  is 
on  the  last  days  of  March,  June,  September,  and  December.  In  case  of  death,  resig- 
nation, or  removal  of  a  postmaster,  or  the  discontinuance  of  an  office,  or  in  case  of  the 
giving  of  a  new  official  bond  in  consequence  of  a  change  in  the  name  of  an  office,  the 
expiration  of  the  term  for  which  the  postmaster  may  have  been  appointed,  or  other- 
wise, the  accounts  are  required  to  be  made  up  to  the  day  (though  it  is  not  the  end  of 
a  quarter)  in  which  the  office  ceases  to  operate,  or  the  new  appointment,  or  the  new 
bond,  as  the  case  may  be,  takes  effect.  Many  postmasters  have  been  in  the  habit  of 
forwarding  to  the  department  their  original  accounts,  keeping  no  duplicate  or  copy. 
This  is  contrary  to  the  regulations  of  the  department,  and  will  not  be  permitted.  The 
department  requires,  in  all  cases,  transcripts  or  copies  only  to  be  sent,  and  the  original 
accounts  to  be  carefully  preserved  for  inspection. 


P08TA0E  ON  BACK  NUMBERS  OF  NEWSPAPERS. 

Back  numbers  of  newspapers,  if  addressed  to  a  regular  subscriber,  are  chargeable 
with  a  postage  of  one  cent  each,  payable  either  at  the  office  of  publication  or  the 
office  of  delivery ;  but  if  sent  to  a  person  not  a  subscriber,  they  are  considered  trans- 
ient papers,  and  as  such  are  chargeable  with  one  cent  each  if  prepud,  and  with  two 
cents  if  not  prepaid.  None  but  regular  subscribers  to  newspapers  are  entitled  to  the 
benefit  of  quarterly  or  yearly  prepayment 


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490  Postal  Department 

PUBLICATIONS  SENT  TO  THE  LIBRARY  OF  CONGRESS  AND  SMITHSONIAN  IN- 

STITUTE. 

The  fifth  eectioo  of  the  act  of  CoDgress,  approved  8d  March,  1855,  extendmg  the 
right  to  send  books,  maps,  and  charts,  or  other  publications  entered  for  copyright,  and 
"which,  under  the  act  of  August  10, 1846,  are  required  to  be  deposited  in  the  Library 
of  Congress  and  in  the  Smithsonian  Institute,  by  mail,  free  of  postage,  does  not  con- 
flict with  the  provisions  of  the  third  section  of  the  act  approved  SOth  August,  1852, 
which  provides  "  that  there  shall  be  no  word  or  communication  printed  en  the  same 
after  its  publication,  or  upon  the  cover  or  wrapper  thereof,  nor  any  writing  or  marks 
upon  it,  nor  upon  the  wrapper  thereof,  except  the  name  and  address.  There  shall  be 
DO  paper  or  other  thing  inclosed  in  or  with  such  printed  matter  -"  and  "  if  such  condi- 
tions are  not  complied  with,  such  printed  matter  shall  be  subject  to  letter  postage." 

The  written  notification  from  the  author  or  publisher  of  works  to  be  entered  fbr 
copyright  should  be  forwarded  by  mail  prepaid,  as  the  right  to  receive  maps,  charts, 
or  other  publications,  free  of  postage,  does  not  embrace  written  letters  accompanying 
them,  though  the  letters  may  relate  exclusively  to  the  subject. 

THE  DUTIES  OF  POSTMASTERS  IN  REGARD  TO  WASTE  PAPER. 

James  Campbell,  the  Postmaster  General,  has  made  the  following  important  order 
in  reganl  to  waste  paper : — 

**  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  postmaster,  or  of  one  of  his  assistants,  in  all  cases  im- 
mediately before  the  office  is  swept  or  otherwise  cleared  of  rubbish,  to  collect  and 
examine  the  waste  paper  which  has  accumulated  therein,  in  order  to  guard  against 
the  possibility  of  loss  of  letters  or  other  mail  matter,  which  may  have  fallen  on  the 
floor,  or  have  been  intermingled  with  such  waste  paper  during  the  transaction  of  busi- 
ness. The  observance  of  this  rule  is  strictly  enjoined  upon  all  postmasters,  and  its 
violation  will  constitute  a  grave  offense.  Postmasters  must  be  careful  to  use,  in  mail- 
ing letters  or  packets,  all  wrapping  paper  fit  to  be  used  again ;  and  the  sale  of  any 
such  paper  is  strictly  forbidden  by  the  regulations  of  the  Department" 


REGISTRATION  OF  LETTERS. 

In  the  new  system  of  registration  for  the  greater  security  of  valuable  letters  sent 
by  mail,  with  each  letter  bill  sent  from  the  mailing  office  a  blank  letter  bill  is  sent, 
which  is  denominated  the  return  letter  bill,  and  which  should  be  filled  up  at  the  office 
of  delivery  according  to  instructions,  and  returned  to  the  mailing  office  from  which  it 
was  received.  We  are  informed  that  several  postmasters,  disregarding  the  general 
instructions  with  which  they  have  been  furnished,  and  misunderstanding  the  instme- 
tions  printed  on  the  bill  received  from  the  mailing  office,  (which  is,  to  return  to  "  this 
office,")  are  in  the  habit  of  returning  these  bills  to  the  Department.  We  are  ad- 
vised that  postmasters  at  distributing  offices,  in  making  their  entries  in  their  acoonot 
of  distributed  registered  letters  sent,  should  treat  such  letters  precisely  as  if  not  re- 
gistered, taking  no  account  whatever  of  the  registration  fee.  No  distribution  commis- 
sion is  allowed  them  on  the  registration  fee. 


LOST  DRAFTS  OR  WARRANTS. 
The  Washington  Union  learns  from  tlic  Postmaster- General,  that  in  all  cases 
where  application  is  made  for  the  issue  of  a  duplicate  draft  or  warrant,  upon  the  al- 
legation that  the  original  is  lost,  every  such  application  must  be  addressed  to  the 
Auditor  for  the  Post-Office  Department,  and  must  be  accompanied  by  a  statement,  or 


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Commercial  Statistics.  491 

ofttb,  or  affirmation  by  the  applicant,  or  by  tbe  person  who  is  the  legal  holder 
thereof,  showing  the  time,  place,  and  all  the  circumstances  attending  the  loss  or  de- 
struction of  the  draft  or  warrant,  witl^its  number,  date,  and  amount;  in  whose  favor 
it  was  issued,  and  if  assigned,  to  whom  made  payable ;  together  with  any  other  par- 
ticulars relating  to  it  within  the  knowledge  of  the  applicant  The  applicant  must 
also  produce  a  letter  or  certificate  from  the  officer  or  person  on  whom  the  draft  or 
warrant  may  have  been  drawn,  showing  that  it  has  not  been  paid,  also  that  pay- 
ment of  the  same  will  not  thereafter  be  made  to  the  owner  or  any  other  person 
whatever. 


COMMERCIAL  STATISTICS. 


IMPORT  OF  CLOTHS  I5T0  THE  USTITED  STATES. 

The  following  tabular  statement,  compiled  from  the  Treasury  Reports,  shows  the 
comparative  import  of  cloths  and  cassimeres  into  the  United  States  from  Holland, 
Belgium,  France,  England,  <bc.,  for  each  of  the  years  from  1889  to  1854.  It  will  be 
seen  that  the  cloths  of  Germany  and  France  have  been  rapidly  gaining  on  England  in 
the  American  market: — 

IMPORT  OP  CLOTHS  AMD  0AB8IMBRE8  INTO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Haose  Towns 

and  Holland,  Belgfom.  France.  England.  Total. 

1840 $16,612  $93,185  $89,'767  $4,490,880  $4,696,529 

1841 18,171  141,168  180,478  4,697,145  4,942,867 

1842 16,268  208,046  296,689  8,476,022  8,996,677 

1848 6,879  60,240  92,998  1,195,970  1,860,628 

1844 48.877  860,128  694,648  8,784,466  4,777,940 

1845 66,966  277,078  1,244,825  8,815,868  6,411,860 

1846 198,210  298,194  1,33",701  2,864,894  4.192,810 

1847 274,409  888,370  1,703,678  2,207.821  4,527,742 

1848 716,031  896,712  2,466,802  2,777,612  6,364,145 

1849 810,468  896,710  1,178,260  2.118,439  4,996,967 

1860 1,000.231  769.799  1,689,706  2,771,282  6,184,190 

1861 1,411,282  478,682  1,988,181  8,786,070  7,669,520 

1862 1,826,062  444,987  1,786.680  8.401,892  6,908,471 

1868 2,474,082  642,497  2,288,478  6,821,486  11,071,906 

1864 8,681,189  494,786  1,771,482  7,692,966  18,159,668 

SHIPS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

"We  give  in  this  number  of  the  Merchants*  Magazine  a  tabular  statement  of  the 
number  of  vessels,  with  their  tonnage,  included  in  the  commercial  marine  of  the 
world,  except  those  of  China,  Japan,  and  the  East,  concerning  which  little  is  known. 

Most  of  the  jSgures,  as  will  be  seen,  are  given  from  official  reports  of  the  various 
governments,  at  different  dates  from  1848  to  1864,  with  the  estimates  of  increase  from 
tbe  date  of  reports  to  1864,  founded  on  past  rates  of  increase  and  their  present  com- 
mercial activities,  so  that  the  table  presents  a  tolerably  correct  view  of  the  shipping 
of  the  world  in  1864.  For  the  figures  we  are  indebted  in  part  to  a  long  and  able  ar- 
ticle in  the  London  Ifewt  of  April  12th,  1865.  llie  number  of  Bremen  vessels  in  the 
table  may  be  that  of  arrivals  of  their  own  ships  rather  than  the  actual  number  owned 
in  that  city.  The  number  of  American  vessels  is  not  given  in  the  report,  but  it  will 
be  seen  that  our  tonnage  is  about  one-ninth  more  than  the  British,  including  our  steam- 
boats and  small  fishing  craft  Adding  one  ninth  to  the  number  of  their  vessels  we 
have  about  40,600  as  the  number  of  our  own : — 


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492 


Commercial  Statistics. 


SHIFFINO  OF  THE  WORLD  IN   1854. 

United  States  in  1864 

Great  Britain  and  colonies  in  1854 > 

France,  official,  in  1850 

Increase  to  1854 

Spain  and  colonies  in  1850 7,606 

Increase  at  5  per  cent  in  1854 880 

Portugal  in  1848 789 

Increase  at  7  per  cent  to  1854 47 

Sardinia,  Tuscany,  Naples,  Sicily,  and  the  Papal 
States  to  1854,  supposed 

Austria  in  1849 6,083 

Increase  at  5  per  cent  to  1854 1,620 

Greece  in  1854 

Turkey  in  1854 

Egypt  in  1854 

Belgium  in  1850 149 

Increase  to  1854 

Hollandinl850 1,798 

Increase  at  15  per  cent  to  1854 297 

Hanover  and  Oldenburg  in  1854  may  have. . . . 

Hamburg  in  1852 

Lubeck 

Bremen 

Mecklenburg 

Prussia  in  1 849 1,581 

Increase  at  80  per  cent  to  1864 459 

Denmark  in  1852 4,695 

Increase  at  2  per  cent  to  1854 94 

Tonnage  at  10  per  cent 

Norway  in  1851 

Sweden  in  1862 

Kussia  less  than 

Mexico,  Brazil,  and  all  the  States  of  Central 

and  South  America 

Sandwich  and  Society  Islands 


Giving  Norway  852  vessels,  which  is  less  than 
her  tonnage  would  warrant 


We  have  as  the  shipping  of  the  world. 
Giving  to  Russia 


VesielB. 

Tonnage. 

40,500 

6,661,416 

85,960 

6,048,270 

14,854 

•  •  •  •  • 

688,180 
28,000 

861,401 
18.020 

716,130 

7,986 

87MM 

80,635 

5,681 

886 

1^,166 

17,066 

259,688 
64,895 

646,021 

7,608 

824,447 

8,970 

264,981 

2,220 

182,000 

280 

80,577 
5,428 

88.790 

149 

896,924 
59,538 

86,000 

2,090 

456.462 

600 

40,000 

869 

119,884 

70 

9,880 

500 

160,000 

160 

288,638 
86,091 

40,000 

1,990 

189,190 
'18,919 

868.729 

4,789 

208,109 

.... 

868.G82 

886 

147.928 

800 

1,530 

198,785 

100 

8,000 

189.148 

14,457,977 

852 

145,500 


105,509 


And  we  have  as  the  tonnage  of  the  world 15,600,000 

At  $50  the  ton,  the  shipping  of  the  world  is  worth  the  enormous  amount  of 
1776,000,000.  Of  this  fifteen  and  a  half  millions  of  tonnage,  more  than  ten  and  a 
half  millions  belong  to  the  English  race ;  more  than  twelve  and  a  half  millions  belong 
to  Protestant  nations,  including  that  of  France  ;  more  than  thirteen  millions  of  this 
•*  abundance  of  the  sea  "  is  in  part  already  "  converted  to  the  Church."  It  presents  at 
the  present  hour  the  great  barrier  to  the  conquest  of  the  world  by  military  absolutism, 
and  a  great  bulwark  of  civil  and  religious  liberty. 


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Commercial  Statistics.  493 

COfifPARATIYE  NAVIOiTION  OF  GREAT  BRITAIIf  AlfD  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  following  table  shows  at  a  glance  the  comparatiye  tonnage  entering  the  ports  of 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  «t  different  periods,  from  the  commencement  of 
the  present  centurj  to  1864,  inclusive.  It  will  be  seen  by  this  table  that  Great  Britain 
was  in  1864  nearly  2,000,000  tons  ahead  of  the  United  States;  but  in  a  few  years, 
with  the  same  ratio  of  increase,  the  United  States  will  become  the  first  commercial 
power  in  the  world : — 

ENTERED  GREAT  BRITAIir.  ENTERED  UNITED  STATES. 

Yearn.  Great  BrttAln.    Foreign.  Total.  United  States.  PoreiinJ.  Total. 

1800 922,694  780,156  1,'702,749  682,871  128,882  806,758 

1807 907,764  680,144  1,487.407  1,089,876  47.672  1.287,648 

1814 1,290,248  899,287  1,889.585  69.626  48,302  107,928 

1820 1,668,060  477,611  2,116.671  801,252  79,204  880,467 

1880 2,180,042  758,828  2,938,070  870,299  134,419  1,004.718 

1840 2,807,867  1,298,840  4,106,207  1,676,946  712.863  2,209,809 

1860 4,078,544  2,085,152  6,113,696  2,678,016  1,775,628  4,348,839 

1862 4,267,816  2,462,354  6,730,169  8,285,522  2,067,868  5,292,880 

1868 4,618,207  8,284,843  7,797,660  4,004,018  2.277,930  6,281,948 

1864 4,789,986  8,109,766  7,899,742  3,762,116  2,182,224  6,884,339 


EXPORTS  OF  TEA  FROM  CHINA  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

We  have  received  from  a  correspondent  at  Hong  Kong,  the  CTiina  Maily  containing 
fall  statistics  of  the  tea  trade  for  each  year  from  June  30, 1846,  to  Jane  80,  1864,  and 
from  June  80, 1864,  to  June  10,  1856,  from  which  we  condense  the  exports  to  the 
United  States  (years  ending  in  June)  as  follows: — 

YeaiB.  Vessels.      Total  green.        Total  black.  Total  lbs. 

1846 18,812,099         6,960,469         20,762,668 

1846 40         14,236,082         4,266,166         18,502,288 

1847 87         13,853,182         4,318,496         18,171,625 

1848 88         16,845,030         8,998,617         19,888,640 

1849 37         13,818,700        4,858,800         18,672,800 

1860 44         14,896,400         7,861,400         21,767,800 

1861 64         15,215,700       13,545,100         28,760,800 

1852.., 68         20,937,300       13,396,700         84,334,000 

1853 72         26,489,800       14,484,700         40,974.500 

1854 47         18,280,300         9,587,200         27,867,600 

The  total  export  of  tea  from  the  undermentioned  ports  from  Ist  of  July,  1864,  to 
10th  June,  1866,  has  been  as  follows  : — 
Canton 2,400,000  |  Shanghae 1 9,6 1 0  |  Fuhohan 4,860,000 

IRON  IBIPORTED  INTO  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  1860-64. 
The  following  statement,  exhibiting  the  quantity  and  value  of  railroad  iron  imported 
into  the  United  States  from  June  30,  1850,  to  June  30, 1864,  inclusive  ;  and  also  the 
quantity  in  bond  on  the  80th  of  June,  1864,  is  derived  from  a  report  made  by  F 
Bigler,  Register  of  the  Treasury  : — 

Cost  par 
Year  ending—  Tons.      Cwt.  Value.  Duty.  ton. 

June  80,  1861 188,626  16  H901,462  $1,470,486  60  $26  98 

1852 246,626  10  6,228,794  1,868,638  20  26  86 

1868 298,996  04  10,426,037  8,127.71110  84  87 

1864 282,866  19  12,020,309  3,606,092  70  49  49 


Total 1,016,118  09   $88,676,692  $10,072,977  60    

In  bond  June  80, 1864...    47.732  18    1,986,184   $4161 


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494  Journal  of  Mining  and  Manufactures, 

WOOL  IMPORTED  INTO  GREiT  BRITAIS. 

We  give  below  a  statemeDt  of  the  quaDtity  of  wool  imported  into  Great  Britain  in 
each  of  the  last  fifteen  years — that  is,  from  1840  to  1864,  inclusiye : — 

Total.                      Germaoy.  AnatralU. 

Years.                                              Pounds.                    Pounds.  Pounds. 

1840 49,486,284             21,812,664  »,726,24S 

1841 66.170,974             20,969.376  12,890.362 

1842 46,881,689             16,613,269  12,979,966 

1848   49,243,098             16,806,448  17,488,780 

1844 66,718,761             21,847,684  17,682,247 

1846 76,818,766             18.484,786  24,177,217 

1846 66,266,462             16,888.706  2 1,789,846 

1847 62.692.698             12,678,814  26,056,816 

1848 70.864.847             14,429.161  30,018.221 

1849 76,768.647             12.750,011  86,879.171 

1850 74.326,778               9,166,781  89,018,221 

1861 83,811,976               8,219.286  41.810,917 

1862 98,761.468             12.766,268  48,297,402 

1863 119.896,549             11,684,800  47.076.010 

1864 lOd.121,996             11.448,618  47,489,660 

THE  IMPORTS  FaOIC   OTHSa  COUNTRIES   INCLUDED  IN  TBE  ABOYB    FIOURKS,  ARK: — 

1840.  18§i. 

From  South  Africa 741,741  8.228,698 

East  Indies 2.441,870  14,966,191 

South  America 4,887,274  5,134,834 

Continent  of  Europe,  exclusive  of  Germany 

and  Spain 8,4  4 1,264  14,481 ,488 

Other  foreign  countries 618,823  2,964,921 

Spain 1,266,906  424,800 


JOURNAL  OF  MINING  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


THE  COAL  HELDS  ASD  PRODUCTS  OF  THE  OHIO  TALLET. 

BT  MR.  SMITH,  OF  THE  CINCINlf  ATI  RAILROAD  RECORD. 

The  coal  trade  is  likely  to  increase  so  rapidly  and  become  so  large  an  element  of 
railway  traffic,  that  it  is  worth  while  to  look  into  the  sources  of  supply  and  demand. 
The  first  thing  that  strikes  us  is  the  remarkable  and  most  important  fact,  that  the 
Ohio  Valley  contains  (proportionally)  the  largest  coal  field  in  the  world  A  seoond 
fact,  scarcely  less  remarkable,  is  that,  including  the  natural  water  courses,  and  the  ex- 
istent and  probable  artificial  lines  of  Commerce,  it  has  the  largest  means  of  inter- 
communication. A  third  striking  fact  is,  that  in  the  abundance  of  food  and  the  great 
quantity  and  variety  of  minerals,  it  has  the  greatest  inducements  for  the  consomptioo 
of  coal  in  manufacturing. 

In  this  article  we  shall  consider  the  first  branch  of  this  subject,  the  coal  fields  and 
products  of  the  Ohio  Valley. 

1.  What  is  the  Ohio  Valley  ?  The  Ohio  Valley  comprehends  all  that  space  of 
country  penetrated  and  watered  by  the  Ohio  River  and  its  tributaries.  It  compre- 
hends Western  Pennsylvania,  Western  Virginia,  all  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois^  up 
to  the  narrow  rim  of  the  Lakes,  and  the  States  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  It  com- 
prehends a  surface  of  about  230,000  square  miles ;  and  on  that  surface  the  coal  basins, 
or,  in  other  words,  the  surface  which  is  underlaid  with  coal  is,  according  to  the  best 
authorities,  as  follows : — 


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Journal  of  Mining  and  Manufacturea.  495 


Western  Virginii. 

Ohio 

Indiana 

niioob 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 


Sarfkoe. 

Coal  surface. 

20,000  equare  miles. 

10,000 

equare  miles 

26,000             " 

18,000 

86,000             •*          « 

10,000 

u 

88,000             « 

7,500 

u 

40,000 

86,000 

u 

40,000             " 

18,600 

« 

40,000 

6,000 

n 

Aggregate 288,000  "  99,000 

The  above  surfaces  are  not  those  of  the  States  named,  but  of  that  part  in  the  Val- 
ley of  the  Ohio.  We  see,  then,  the  extraordinary  fact  that  more  than  one-third  the 
Valley  of  the  Ohio  is  underlaid  with  coal  I  That  we  may  see  clearly  the  immense 
advantage  enjoyed  by  the  Valley  of  the  Ohio  in  this  particular,  we  subjoin  a  table  of 
proportionable  coal  surfaces  in  the  most  civilized  nations : — 

Oreat  Britain 

France 

Belgium » 

United  States 

Ohio  Valley 

Here,  then,  we  find  that  one-half  the  coal  surface  of  the  United  States  is  in  the 
Ohio  Valley ;  and  that  it  is  six  times  greater  than  all  the  coal  fields  of  Great  Britain, 
France,  and  Belgium !  To  illustrate  this  still  further,  we  give  a  table  of  distances 
from  the  principal  towns  in  the  Ohio  Valley  to  the  nearest  workable  bed  of  coal : — 

MUes.  MilM. 


Vhole  surface. 

Coal  surface. 

t^q.  miles. 

s?q.  miles. 

Per  cent. 

120,804 

12.000 

10 

218,838 

2,000 

1 

10.000 

600 

6 

8,800,000 

200,000 

6 

283,000 

99,000 

42 

Pittsburgh,  Penn 0 

Steubenville,  Ohio 0 

Wheeling,  Va 0 


Lexington,  Ky 60 

Louisville 120 

New  Albany,  Ind 120 


Zanesville,  Ohio 0  j Indianapolis 66 

Marietta..... 20jTerre  Haute 10 

Chillicothe    80   La  Fayette 60 

Columbus «. .     40  i  Vincennes 40 

Dayton 110  !  Springfield,  IIU 50 


St  Louis,  Mo 10 

Kuoxville,  Tenn 10 

Nashville 20 


Cincinnati 1 10 

Covington,  Ky 110 

Newport 110 

It  will  be  noted  in  the  above  table,  that  no  place  in  the  Valley  of  the  Ohio  is  more 
than  from  100  to  120  miles  from  coal  banks.  If  sinking  shafts  were  resorted  to  and 
under  ground  mining,  as  in  England,  it  is  possible  no  place  is  more  than  60  miles. 
But  100  miles  carriage  b  no  objection  to  the  consumption  of  coal.  On  the  contrary, 
it  can  be  carried  for  five  cents  per  bushel,  and  then  be  cheap  enough. 

Let  us  now  look  at  what  the  production  of  coal  is  in  the  Oliio  Valley,  and  what  it 
will  be.  The  present  production  of  coal  in  the  Ohio  Valley  is,  after  careful  investiga- 
tion, supposed  to  be  as  follows : — 

Consumption  of  Pittsburgh  for  all  purposes bush.      22,300,000 

Exportation  from  Pittsburgh 14,400,000 

Consumption  of  Wheeling 2,000,000 

Product  of  Pomeroy  and  vicinity 7,000,000 

Received  at  Cleveland  from  Ohio  mines 8,000,000 

Product  of  Nelsonville 1,200,000 

*        other  places  in  Ohio 8,000,000 

•*        Kentucky 2,000,000 

**        Indiana 1,600,000 

"        Illinois 1,000,000 

«•        Tennessee 1,000,000 

Aggregate 68,400,000 

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496  Journal  of  Mining  and  Manufactures. 

In  round  numbers,  we  produce  sixty  millions  of  boahels  of  bitnminoiiB  coal  in  the 
Valley  of  the  Ohio.  But  what  is  that  in  comparison  with  the  oonsompUon  in  other 
countries,  and  compared  %ith  what  it  will  be  ?  Let  or  look  at  the  consumption  and 
population  of  other  countries  and  compare  it  with  our  own. 

Consamption. 

PopalftUon.             Boshelv.  Ratio. 

Great  Britain 27,000,000  826,000,000  84  to  1 

France 86,000,000  105,000,000  8  to  1 

Belgium 6,000,000  126,000.000  26  to  1 

Pruseia 12,000,000             8,600,000  i  to  1 

United  States 24,000,000  280,000,000  H  to  1 

Ohio  Valley 6,000,000  60,000,000  10  to  1 

This  shows  that  the  consumption  of  coal  in  the  Ohio  Valley  now  is  not  more  than 
one- third  in  proportion  to  that  of  France,  England,  cr  Belgium,  although  the  coal  banks 
there  are  not  one-sixth  part,  in  proportion,  what  they  are  here. 

This  is  owing  to  the  cheapness  of  wood,  and  the  want  of  capital  to  develop  the 
mines.  But  these  obstacles  are  rapidly  passing  away.  Wood  is  becoming  dear  in 
the  commercial  towns,  and  capital  is  fast  learniog  that  mining  is  a  profitable  business. 
It  is  quite  obvious  that  the  time  is  not  far  off  in  which  the  proportion  of  coal  consumed 
will  be  quite  as  high  in  the  States  of  the  Ohio  Valley  as  in  Belgium.  Beside  this,  it 
must  increase  likewise  with  the  increase  of  population  Combining  these  so  as  to  ad- 
vance the  ratio  in  the  proportion  of  the  increased  population  for  the  next  thirty  years, 
and  we  have  the  increase  of  coal  consumed  as  follows,  viz. : — 

Population.  Ratio.  Con.  of  coal. 

In  1860 6,000,000             10  60,000,000 

In  1860 8,000,000             18  104,000,000 

In  1870 10,601,000             17  180,000.000 

In  1880 14,200,000            28  826,000,000 

This  will  probably  be  much  below  the  results ;  for  the  rapid  increase  of  manube- 
ture  consequent  on  the  opening  of  the  Central  Western  mines  of  coal,  iron,  copper, 
ainc,  and  lead,  will  increase  population  at  a  more  rapid  rate  than  is  above  stated ; 
and  the  same  cause  will  also  increase  more  rapidly  the  ratio  of  consumption  to  popu- 
lation. 

In  fine,  when  we  regard  coal  as  the  great  motive  power  of  all  machinery,  as  the 
principal  fuel  for  domestic  purposes,  and  then  look  at  the  vast,  inexhaustible  amounts 
which  are  piled  up  in  all  the  hills,  mountains,  and  vales  of  the  Central  West,  we  most 
regard  it  as  the  great  element  in  its  future  growth,  and  as  securing,  in  the  language  of 
Johnson,  "  wealth  beyond  the  dreams  of  avarice." 

STATISTICS  OF  BREWERIES  IS  TflE  BRITISH  ISLANDS. 
There  are  about  two  thousand  brewers  in  the  British  Islands,  and  the  number  of 
victualers  who  brew  their  own  ale  is  set  down  at  28,000.  In  London  ihem  are  about 
one  hundred  wholesale  brewers.  In  1860,  there  were  21,668  tons  of  hops  grown  in 
England,  paying  a  doty  of  £270,000,  or  $1,360,000.  j^/acitwooc/ sets  this  down  ai 
probably  a  larger  quantity  than  is  furnished  by  all  the  rest  of  the  world  together. 
Of  this  amount  only  98  tous  were  exported,  and  on  the  other  hand  320  tons  were  im- 
ported.  The  English  boast  of  their  cultivation  of  the  hop,  and  extol  "  this  branch  of 
farming  as  the  most  liberal,  the  most  remarkable,"  and  the  most  expensive  of  any  in 
England.    In  the  same  year  (1860)  the  barley  and  here  crops  of  Ireland  stood  thus: 

Acres.  Quarters  of  8  bosbela. 

Barley 268,860  1,299,835 

Bere. 67,8U  208,3»1 


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Journal  of  Mining  and  Manufactures.  497 

V£W  PROCESS  OF  TASSISQ  LfiATflfiR. 

Oq  the  18th  of  July,  1856,  a  patent  was  granted  to  Boewell  Baos,  for  taoniog  sole 
leather  by  a  new  process,  aud  from  specimens  of  leather  prodaced  placed  in  our  hands 
for  examination  by  the  patentee,  as  well  as  from  reading  the  specification,  we  are 
convinced  that  the  process  is  a  good  one.  No  new  substances  are  employed,  those 
which  the  patentee  uses  having  been  long  known  to  tanners ;  he  only  employs  them 
in  a  different  manner  from  that  which  has  been  practiced  heretofore: — 

**  The  hair  is  first  removed  from  the  hides  in  any  usual  manner,  and  the  hides  thor- 
onghly  cleansed  in  either  pure  water  or  in  a  solution  of  salt  and  water.  A  batch  of 
fifty  sides  are  then  placed  in  a  liquor  composed  by  steeping  forty  pounds  of  Sicily 
sumac,  or  one  hundred  and  iifty  pounds  of  unground  native  sumac,  in  two  hundred 
and  fifty  gallons  of  water,  and  adding  twenty-five  pounds  of  salt  thereta  The  sides 
remain  in  said  liquor  from  twelve  to  twenty- four  hours — the  length  of  time  depending 
npon  the  temperature  of  the  said  liquor  and  the  condition  of  the  sides.  About  blood 
heat  is  the  best  temperature  for  the  aforesaid  liquor.  After  the  sides  have  remained 
the  aforesaid  length  of  time  in  the  salted  infusion  of  sumac,  the  liquor  is  strengthened 
by  adding  thereto  somewhere  about  two  hundred  gallons  of  strong  oak  or  hemlock 
liquor,  and  fifteen  pounds  of  salt,  and  the  sides  allowed  to  remain  in  this  strengthened 
liquor  for  the  space  of  from  twelve  to  twenty-four  hours.  The  sides  should  then  be 
withdrawn,  and  placed  in  about  the  same  quantity  of  a  strong  cold  oak  or  hemlock 
liquor,  containing  twenty  pounds  of  salt  in  solution,  and  allowed  to  remain  in  it  for 
Ayb  or  six  days.  They  are  then  withdrawn  and  placed  in  the  same  quantity  and  qual- 
ity of  liquor — save  that  it  should  be  of  about  blood- warm  temperature,  are  allowed 
to  remain  therein  five  or  six  days,  which  latter  operation  should  be  repeated  for  six 
or  seven  times,  when  the  side  will  generally  be  found  to  be  completely  tanned.    While 

Eassing  through  each  stage  of  this  said  tanning  process  the  sides  should  be  repeatedly 
andlt^  as  all  tanners  are  fully  aware." 

This  is  a  description  of  the  process.  Practical  tanners  will  perceive  that  neither 
acids  nor  alkalies  are  used  for  raising  the  hides,  but  that  the  salt  sumac  liquor  is  em« 
ployed  for  the  preparatory,  and  the  common  tan  liquor  for  the  finishing  process.  The 
inventor  is  an  <dd  experienced  tanner,  and  he  says: — 

<*  The  salt  suooac  liquor  enters  at  onee  into  the  pores  to  the  very  heart  of  the  sides, 
and  so  acts  upon  them  as  to  give  them  an  exceedingly  pliable  yet  firm  basis,  and  so 
prepares  them  that  the  strongest  liquors  of  oak  or  hemlock,  dux,  may  afterwards  be 
applied  without  binding  or  injuring  the  hides.** 

Tanniog  is  a  chemical  process,  and  consists  in  applying  such  substances  to  the  skins 
of  animals  as  will  combine  with  them,  aud  form  a  compound  firm,  pliable,  and  insol- 
uble in  water,  which  we  term  "  leather."  It  is  easy  to  make  leather,  but  there  are  aa 
many  qualities  of  it  as  there  are  of  cloth.  The  tanning  processes,  to  make  good 
leather,  are  tedious  and  expensive,  requirirg  months  to  complete  all  the  operationa. 
To  shorten  the  time  required  in  the  process,  many  plans  have  been  employed,  and 
numerous  substances  used  to  bloat  the  hides,  so  as  to  allow  the  tannjng  to  combine 
rapidly  with  their  gelatine.  Some  of  these  have,  indeed,  shortened  the  process,  but 
at  the  expense  of  the  quality  of  leather,  it  being  rendered  very  brittle ;  hence,  a  gen- 
eral, aud  perhaps  a  just,  prejudice  exists  among  practical  tanners  against  new  pro* 
cesses  in  this  art  No  such  prejudice  can  exist  against  this  new  process,  as  no  new 
eubetancea  are  used.  The  sole  leather  which  we  have  seen  made  by  it  will  bear  the 
most  severe  scrutiny.  We  have  also  been  assured  that  the  sole  leather  made  by  this 
process,  from  sweated  Buenos  Ay  res  bides,  will  make  sewed  work  equally  aa  well  aa 
the  limed  slaughter  hides.  The  leather  is  also  tough  and  strong.  The  length  of  tima 
required  for  tanning  a  dry  Buenos  Ay  res  hide  is  ninety  days,  with  76  per  cent  gaia 
The  time  required  for  tanning  an  Oronoco  hide  is  much  less,  with  a  gain  of  80  or  86 
per  cent.  This  method  will  tan  slaughter  sole  leather  in  thirty  days ;  harneas  or  up- 
per leather  in  the  rough  in  twenty  days,  and  calfskins  in  firom  six  to  twalve  daya. 

VOL.  zxxui. — NO.  IV.  82 


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498  Jfmmai  of  Mining  and  Matm/kehiret. 

We  believe  the  public  ie  more  deeeived,  and  gein  leas  resl  ralue  for  their  money,  ib 
oommoo  boots  and  shoes  than  any  other  article  osed  as  parts  of  homan  coTering'.  The 
Ugfater  kinds  of  shoes  especially,  sold  in  (he  stores,  are  a  disgrace  to  the  trade,  both 
as  it  respects  the  sewing  and  the  leather.  The  uppers  are  generally  made  of  glased 
sheep-skin,  about  as  thick  and  strong  as  old-fashioned  brown  paper,  and  the  sewing, 
which  is  now  performed  in  many  instances  by  machines,  is  so  carelessly  executed  as 
to  bring  into  disrepute — uojustly,  we  think — the  character  of  those  machines.  In  coo- 
Tersation,  a  few  days  ago,  with  a  journeyman  carpenter,  in  our  city,  who  has  a  family 
of  five  children,  he  declared  it  impossible  for  him  to  keep  bis  fiunily  in  such  shoes  as 
were  sold  at  the  stores.  He  had,  iVom  necessity,  been  compelled  to  learn  the  art  of 
making  boots  and  shoes  for  his  children,  and  one  pair  of  his  own  making,  he  assured 
us,  lasted  four  times  as  long  as  a  **  market  pair."  This  should  not  be,  for  we  are  coo- 
▼inoed  that  the  lighter  as  well  as  the  heavier  kinds  of  leather  can  be  made  far  belter 
ttian  most  of  that  which  is  now  generally  used,  and  we  hope  this  new  process  of  tan- 
ning will  be  the  means  of  effecting  a  total  reformation  in  the  character  of  the  material 
for  making  common  boots  and  shoes. 


THE   COAL   TRIDS    OF  PS9HSTLVA9I1: 

1T8  PAST,  ITS  PEI8XMT,  AlfD  TTS  FVTDEa. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  Penneylvania,  says  the  Inquirer  of  that  State,  may  be  esti- 
mated by  millions.  It  is  one  of  the  most  invaluable  resources  of  the  State.  Its  history 
•Dd  progress  are  quite  extraordinary.  But  the  other  day,  comparatively  speaking^ 
and  the  first  ton  of  coal  was  sent  to  the  Philadelphia  market — now,  the  aggregate  per 
animm  amounts  to  millions  of  tonsi 

In  the  year  1920  the  entire  amount  of  coal  sent  to  market  firom  the  Tarkras  regkne 
of  Pennsylvania  was  866  tons.  In  1864  it  was  6,847,161.  And  the  total  since  1820 
is  48,907,800  tons.  The  trade,  too,  is  constantly  increasing.  Goal  is  almost  daily  be- 
ing J^plied  to  new  uses,  and  thus  new  demands  are  continually  arising.  The  capital 
invested  in  the  various  works,  such  as  the  Reading  Railroad,  the  Lehigh  Canal,  th« 
Schuylkill  Canal,  and  the  various  subordinate  railroads,  amounts  in  the  aggregate  to 
many  millions  of  dollars.  But  we  cannot  conceive  of  any  mode  of  inveaUnent  more 
laudable. 

The  coal  in  the  mines  is,  comparatively  speaking,  valueless ;  but,  dug  from  the 
bowels  of  the  earth  and  sent  over  the  various  railroads  and  canals,  and  thence  again 
to  more  distant  towns  and  cities  by  means  of  veesels,  it  becomes  a  truly  important 
article  not  only  of  manufacture,  but  of  Commerce ;  and  while  it  imparts  heat  to  the 
homes  of  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  the  community,  it  afibrds  employment 
io  the  various  operations  of  mining,  transporting,  and  manufacturing,  to  a  very  large 
dass  of  the  children  of  industry. 

The  history  of  the  coal  trade,  so  far  as  Pennoylvania  is  concerned,  possesses  the 
deepest  interest  to  all  who  have  paid  the  slightest  attention  to  the  development  of 
■fttional  resources  and  the  progress  of  human  events.  How  many  fortunes  have  beeo 
won  and  lost  by  speculations  connected  with  railroads  I  How  many  farms,  whidi  a 
fow  years  ago  were  regarded  as  valueless  in  a  great  measure,  are  now  considered  as 
precious  as  some  of  the  mines  in  California  t  And  yet,  we  repeat,  the  trade  is  in  its 
kifimcy. 

We  are  only  beginning  to  realise  the  true  importance  of  this  feature  of  the 
mineral  wealth  of  Pennsylvania.  It  is  true,  that  the  future  may,  in  some  degree,  be 
measured  by  the  past ;  and  yet  H  is  diflicult  to  persuade,  even  the  most  sanguine, 
fhatsMbwiUbethecaae. 


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Journal  of  Mining  and  Manu/ae(ttre$,  499 

THE  MANUFACrURB  OF  WATCHES. 

A  watdi  is  do  longer,  as  it  was  formerly,  an  object  of  luxury,  destined  exclusively 
for  the  rich ;  it  has  become  an  article  of  the  first  necessity  for  eyery  class  in  society, 
and  as,  together  with  the  increased  perfection  of  this  article,  its  value  has  in  the  same 
thne  considerably  diminished,  it  b  evident  that  a  common  watch,  which  will  exactly 
indicate  the  hour  of  the  day,  is  actually,  by  its  low  price,  within  the  reach  of  almost 
•very  individual,  who  will  likewise  feel  anxious  to  possess  one. 

For  this  reason,  and  in  proportion  as  commercial  and  maritime  relations  are  extended 
and  emancipated  from  the  trammels  in  which  the  great  central  marts  of  Commerce 
have  involved  them,  so  will  distant  nations  become  civilized ;  and  it  may  be  fairly  an- 
ticipated that  the  art  of  watdi-making  will  form  a  part  of  the  great  current  of  im- 
provement 

The  number  of  watches  manufactured  annually  in  Neufchatel  may  be  calculated  to 
be  from  100,000  to  120,000,  of  which  about  85,000  are  in  gold,  and  the  rest  in  silver. 

Now,  supposing  the  first,  on  an  average,  to  be  worth  $30,  and  the  others  $4,  it 
would  represent  a  capital  of  $1,890,000,  without  taking  into  consideration  the  sale  of 
clocks  and  instruments  for  watch  making,  the  a^nount  of  which  is  very  large. 

The  United  States  of  America  consume  the  largest  quantity  of  those  watches.  With 
the  exception  of  gold  and  silver  for  the  manufacture  of  the  watchcasea,  the  other  ma- 
terials for  the  construction  of  the  works  or  mechanism  of  the  Neufcl^atel  watches  are 
of  little  value,  consisting  merely  of  a  little  brass  or  steeL  The  steel  is  imported 
from  England,  and  is  reckoned  the  best  that  can  be  procured ;  the  brass  is  furnished 
by  France. 

With  respect  to  gold  and  silver,  the  inhabitants  of  Neufchatel  have  bad  for  a  long 
time  no  other  resource  but  to  melt  current  money,  until  they  received  gold  from  Eng- 
land, which  the  English  merchants  received  from  Oalifuroia. 

The  number  of  workmen  tvho  are  employed  in  watch  making  is  estimated  at  from 
18,000  to  20,000,  but  it  is  difiicult  to  arrive  at  the  exact  number,  as  the  population 
employed  carry  on  the  business  in  their  own  houses. 

The  spirit  of  adventure  is  very  strong  among  ih>i  inhabitants  of  the  Jura  Mountams. 
A  great  many  of  them  have  traveled  into  very  remote  countries,  whence  some  have 
returned  with  considerable  fortunes. 

COTTON  MASUFACTURB  Iff  TH£  SOOTH. 

An  able  writer,  in  a  Northern  periodical,  says  a  Southern  cotomporary,  has  taken 
up  this  subject,  and  shows  very  conclusively  that  the  Southern  States  ought  to  become 
the  manufacturers,  as  well  as  producers,  of  cotton  for  the  world.  From  facts  furnished 
by  this  writer,  it  appears  that  the  cotton  manufacture  makes  up  nearly  one-half  of  the 
external  trade  of  the  British  kingdom.  The  United  States  furnish  four-fifths  of  the 
six  hundred  millions  of  pounds  imported  into  Great  Britain.  The  writer  proves,  by 
statistics  and  figures,  that  the  Britifih  manufacturer  receives  five  times  as  much  for 
coovertiog  Ihe  cotton  into  cloth  as  the  farmer  for  producing  the  raw  material,  and 
both  employ  the  same  amount  of  capital  It  appears  that  the  same  disproportion  ex- 
ists between  the  profits  of  the  Southern  planter  and  the  Northern  manufacturer.  The 
writer  then  sets  forth  the  great  advantage  possessed  by  the  Southern  planter  for  man- 
ufiicturing,  and  shows  that  the  mere  saving  in  the  transportation  would  gy  largely  to 
the  payment  of  the  manufacture.  He  urges  that  instead  of  increasing  the  product, 
already  too  great,  the  true  Southern  policy  is  to  enter  largely  into  the  manufacture, 
and  thus  withdraw  a  portion  of  the  labor  engaged  in  the  productioD,  and  employ  it  in 
the  more  profitable  mode  of  manufactures. 


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Journal  of  Mining  and  Manu/aeiures. 
PROGRESS  OF  IROI  MISUFICTURES  IS  OHIO. 


Iron  manufactures  haye  of  late  years  made  gratifying  progress  in  Ohio,  as  the  hi- 
lowing  statistics  of  the  interest  in  that  State,  gathered  in  the  year  1858,  will  show : — 

PIQ  laoM. 


Furnaces. 

Tons  of  iron  ore  used 

Tods  of  pig  iron  made. . . . 
Bushels  of  coal  consumed.. 


Factories 

Fig  metal,  iron,  and  ore  used. 

Castings  made 

Coal  consumed 


Factories 

Pig  metal  need 

Blooms 

Goal  consumed , 

Coke  and  charcoal  used. 


86    Bushels  coke  and  charcoal.  6,428,000 

140,61 0    Operatives  employed 2,415 

22,658    Capital  invested $1,600,000 

605,000    Value  of  products 2,000,000 

IKON  CASTINGS. 

188  I  Coke  and  charcoal  used.. . .  865,120 

41,000  I  Operatives  employed 2,758 

S8,000  I  Capital  invested $2,000,000 

840,000  1  Value  of  products  • 8,200.000 

^WaOUOHT  IRON. 

17 


Operatives  employed.. . . 
Wrought  iron  produced.. 

Capital  invested 

Value  of  products 


708 

14.416 

$700,000 

1,500,000 


8,676 

2.900 
600.000 
466,900 

This  exhibits  a  total  of  285  establishments,  producing  to  the  value  of  $6,700,000, 
with  a  capital  of  $4,800,000,  and  employing  5,881  operatives 


SILT  MAJVUFACTURE  AT  SYRACUSE. 

The  manufacture  of  salt  at  the  salt  springs  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  is  da- 
ried  on  but  seven  months  in  the  year.  The  average  annual  product  of  solar  and  fine 
salt  is  about  five-and-a-half  millions  of  bushels,  though  the  Syracuse  Journal  thinks 
the  amount  manufactured  the  present  year  will  reach  six  million  bushels.  Any  one 
who  owns  a  **  block,"  or  **  vats,"  as  the  works  are  called,  can  get  the  salt-water  from 
the  State  for  one  cent  a  bushel  of  salt  made,  which  includes  cost  of  inspection.  Cer- 
tain rules  are  observed  among  those  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  salt,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent competition,  dull  prices,  &c  No  manufacturer  is  allowed  to  make  more  than 
20,000  bushels  per  annum,  and  the  minimum  price  is  fixed  at  $1  26  per  barrel  of  five 
bushels.  The  present  price  is  $1  89  per  barrel.  A  committee,  chosen  by  the  mana- 
fiicturers,  act  as  selling  agents ;  each  party's  salt  is  sold  by  turn,  and  the  whole  details 
are  equitably  and  eminently  for  self-interest  There  is  more  salt  manufactured  at 
these  springs  than  the  aggregate  manufacture  of  all  other  parts  of  the  country.  Some 
of  the  salt  wells  are  sunk  directly  through  the  fresh  waters  of  Onondaga  Lake,  but 
most  of  the  sprmgs  are  on  its  borders.  The  salt  is  of  a  far  superior  quality,  and  gen- 
erally finds  a  good  market ;  if,  however,  sales  are  small,  the  price  never  iklla  below 
$1  26  per  barrel. 

PRICES  OF  BOILER  TUBES. 
Thomas  Prosser  dc  Son,  in  a  circular  dated  June  16th,  1855,  furnish  the  price  list  of 
their  boiler  tubes  and  free-joint  iron  tubes  for  crow-bars,  railings,  awning-fhunesik  lead- 
ers, Ac    The  following  is  their  list  of  prices  for  boiler  tubes: — 

Per  ft. 
cts. 
22 
26 


INam. 
inches. 

H.... 
If.... 

2 


If. 


28 
82 


10 


DIam. 
inches. 

2i... 

2i... 

2f... 

8.... 


Per  ft 

cts. 
86 
89 
48 

48 


Diam. 
inches. 

8i.... 

8i.... 

4.,... 


Per  ft. 

CIS. 

55 
66 
84 


Diaaii. 

inches. 

5 

6 

7.... 


Per  A. 

eta. 
140 
200 
260 


FaEXJODfT  ia02f  TCBXS. 


2i. 


12 
14 


2i.. 
2f.. 


16 
18 


8.. 
8f. 


20 
2S 


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Journal  of  Mining  and  Manufactures.  501 

THE  HAHUFICTURE  OF  PAPBR  Iff  THE  UVITED  STATES. 

There  are  in  the  UDited  States  750  paper-mills  io  actual  operation,  having  8,000 
engines,  and  producing  in  the  year  270,000,000  pounds  of  paper,  which  is  worth,  at 
10  cents  per  pound,  $27,000,000.  To  produce  this  quantity  of  paper,  405,000,00^ 
pounds  of  rags  are  required,  1^  pounds  of  rags  being  necessary  to  make  one  pound 
of  paper.  The  yalue  of  these  rags,  at  4  cents  per  pound,  is  $16,200,000.  The  cost  of 
labor  is  If  cents  upon  each  pound  of  paper  manufactured,  and  is  therefore  $3,875,000. 
The  cost  of  labor  and  rags  united  is  $19,575,000  a  year.  The  cost  of  manufacturing, 
aside  from  labor  and  rags,  b  $4,050,000,  which  makes  the  total  cost  $28,625,000  of 
manufacturing  paper  worth  $27,000,000.  We  import  rags  for  this  maoufiicture  from 
twenty-six  different  countries,  and  the  amount  in  1858  was  22,766,000  pounds,  worth 
$982,887.  Italy  is  the  greatest  source  of  supply,  being  more  than  one-fifth  of  the 
whole  amoubt,  but  the  supply  has  been  gradually  falling  off  every  year.  From  Eng- 
land we  imported  2,666,005  pounds  in  1858.  The  cost  of  imported  rags  has  been  as 
follows:— 1850,  8.61  cents;  1851,  8.46  cenU;  1852,8.42  cents;  1858,  8.46  cents. 
The  consumption  of  paper  in  the  United  States  is  equal  to  that  of  England  and  France 
together. 

CARPET  MANUFACTURE. 

At  the  anniversary  dinner  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  Mr.  Orossley,  M.  P.,  the  great  car- 
pet manufacturer,  stated  some  circumstances  of  interest  with  regard  to  the  effect  of 
the  Great  Exhibition  on  that  particular  trade.  He  mentioned  that  prior  to  1854  his 
house  had  been  unsuccessfully  competing  with  America  in  carpets,  but  through  the 
Exhibition,  he  said,  they  discovered  that  the  excellence  of  American  carpets  arose 
from  their  being  manufactured  by  machinery,  and  his  firm  having  spent  a  very  large 
sum  in  procuring  machinery,  they  were  enabled  to  manufS&cture  for  2|d.  a  yard  that 
which  formerly  cost  them  in  labor  14d.,  while  their  workmen  earned  better  wages, 
worked  fewer  hours,  and  a  corresponding  reduction  in  price  was  made  to  the  con- 
sumer. 

The  m&cbinery  referred  to  by  Mr.  Crossley  was  invented  by  Mr.  Bigelow,  of  Olinton, 
Massachusetts.  Many  of  our  readers  will  recollect  that  we  gave  some  account  of  the 
manufacture  of  Brussels  carpets  by  the  machinery  invented  by  that  gentleman,  and  a 
sketch  of  his  life,  in  a  former  number  of  the  MerehanU  Magaxine, 


WHAT  IS  AMONDTIUADO  SHERRY  7 

The  author  oi^Notet  and  Querita"  thus  answers  the  question.  He  says  the 
peculiar  flavor  is  caused  by  a  process  of  fermentation,  over  which  the  growers 
have  no  control,  and  for  which  they  cannot  account  Sometimes  only  one  or  two  butts 
in  a  vintage  will  be  affected,  and  in  other  years  none  at  all  Those  which  some  mys- 
terious influence  designs  for  Amondtillado  produce  a  kind  of  vegetable  weed  after 
having  been  put  in  the  cask ;  it  is  long  and  stringy,  like  some  of  our  freshwater  weeds, 
but  with  very  fine  fibers,  and  bears  a  very  minute  white  flower.  Immediately  after 
shedding  these  flowers,  the  whole  plant  dies  away,  and  never  again  appears,  but  it 
leaves  that  peculiar  flavor.  I  have  bad  thb  desoriptioD  positively  stated  and  yerified 
by  those  who  have  visited  the  Spanish  wine  districts. 


FIRST  WOOLEN  MANUFACTURES  IN  AMERICA. 

E.  D.  ExLLOGa,  Esq.,  in  a  recent  lecture  before  the  woolen  manufactures  of  Berk- 
shire, Massachusetts,  claimed  for  that  county  the  honor  of  having  manu&ctured  the 
first  American  broadcloth,  in  1804.    He  was  not,  probably,  aware  that  in  1794,  a 


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602  Jaurrud  of  Insurance, 

woolen  foctory  wm  baQt  «t  tlie  Falls  of  Parker  River,  So  Newburj,  bj  an  incorporated 
compaoj.  The  first  fulliog-mill  in  America  was  erected  by  John  Pearson,  clothier,  in 
1648,  on  Mill  River,  in  Rowley,  Massachusetts.  The  first  fine  broadcloth  was  ondonbt- 
•dly  made  in  Pittsfield,  from  the  fleeces  of  imported  Meriooes,  by  Arthur  Scbolfield 
In  1808,  he  manufoctured  a  piece  of  thirteen  yards,  which  was  presented  to  President 
Madison,  who  wore  a  suit  made  firom  it  when  he  was  inaugurated. 


TUB  MASUFACTURES  OF  LOWELL 
The  capital  ioTeeted  in  the  manufiMtories  of  Lowell  on  the  1st  of  January,  18M, 
amounted  to  over  $14,000,000.  There  are  fifty- two  mills,  running  871,888  spindUs, 
and  11,407  looms.  At  these  and  other  departments  of  the  woolen  and  cotton  manii- 
liicture,  8,788  females  and  4,642  males  are  employed.  Tbb  working  force  produee 
weekly  2,280,000  yards  of  cotton  cloth,  80,000  yards  of  woolen,  25,000  yards  of  car- 
peting, and  60  rugs,  consuming  therefor  786,000  lbs.  of  cotton  and  90,000  lbs.  of  wooL 


JOURNAL   OF   INSURANCE. 


UW  OF  UF£  A88URA1ICE. 

OV  TBI  IRTIEI8T  IN  TEIS  LIVIS  OF  ONC*8  EKLATIONB  OR  FEIEMDS. 

A  father  cannot  insure  the  life  of  his  child,  or  one  relation  or  friend  the  life  of  lui- 
other,  unless  the  party  has  some  pecuniary  interest  in  such  life,  or  would  suffer  some 
pecuniary  loss  by  the  death  of  such  relation  or  friend.  This  is  the  only  safe  rule.  If 
persons  could  insure  the  lives  of  their  relations  or  friends,  merely  on  the  ground  of 
friendsbip,  or  the  sorrow  experienced  on  their  loss,  it  would  tend  to  all  the  evils  of 
wager  policies,  and  be  the  more  dangerous  because  persons,  united  by  these  ties,  are 
naturally  thrown  off  their  guard,  and  much  more  exposed  to  the  fraudulent  designs  of 
those  who  are  inclined  to  take  advantage  of  such  a  situation ;  and  the  guilty  party  is 
more  likely  to  escape  detection,  for  the  apparent  friendship  tends  to  ward  off  suspi- 
don.  Therefore,  where  a  father  had  insured  the  life  of  his  son  in  which  he  had  no  pe- 
cuniary interest,  it  was  held  that  he  was  not  entitled  to  recover ;  and  it  being  stated 
that  the  offices  were  in  the  habit  of  taking  such  assurances.  Lord  Tenterden  said  that, 
*  if  a  notion  prevailed  that  eudi  assnrances  were  valid,  the  sooner  it  was  corrected  tke 
Utter." 

Mr.  Ellis  states  that  the  offices  in  England  are  in  the  custom  of  paying  upon  poli- 
cies, without  regard  to  interest ;  and  that  so  general  has  this  custom  become  that,io  a 
case  where  the  executor  of  a  party  who  bad  purchased  a  policy,  in  which  the  interest 
had  or  was  about  to  expire,  brought  an  action  to  recover  back  the  purchaae  money, 
the  court  admitted  evidence  of  such  costom,  and  held  that^  although  the  defendaal 
had  no  interest,  in  point  of  law,  and  the  payment  of  the  policy  could  not  be  eolbroe4 
yet,  though  the  law  would  not  enforce  such  payment,  there  may  be  reasonable  expec- 
tation that  it  wonld  be  paid ;  and,  therefore,  if  tliere  was  no  improper  coooealmeot  of 
fticts,  or  fraud,  to  vitiate  the  sale,  the  purchaser  could  not  recover. 

It  has  been  held,  however,  that  a  wife  insuring  the  life  of  her  husband,  need  ooi 
prove  her  interest  in  his  life ;  for  in  Reed  vs.  Royal  Exchange  Assurance  Compeoy, 
when  the  plaintiff's  counsel  were  proceeding  to  prove  that  Reed  was  entitled  to  the 
faiterest  of  a  large  sum  of  money,  which  went  from  him  at  bis  death,  and,  tberelbra, 
that  the  plaintiff  was  interested  in  his  life.  Lord  Kenyon  said  it  was  not  necessary,  as 


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Journal  of  Inttrntmee.  501 

it  most  be  pretomed  thai  eveiy  will  htd  an  iottrest  in  the  life  of  her  hatband.  Sts 
abo,  a  us^le  woman,  dependent  on  her  brother  for  support  and  edooation,  has  a  snfll- 
cient  interest  in  bis  life  to  entitle  her  to  insnre. 

In  New  York  a  special  statote  has  been  passed  on  this  subject ;  thus  it  was  enacted, 
that  **  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  married  woman  by  herself  and  b  her  name,  or  in  the 
name  of  any  third  person,  with  his  assent,  as  her  trustee,  to  cause  to  be  insured,  ler 
her  sole  use,  the  life  of  her  husband,  for  any  definite  period,  or  for  the  term  of  his 
natural  life ;  and  in  case  of  her  surviTtng  her  husband,  the  sum  or  net  amount  of  the 
insurance  becoming  due  and  payable,  by  the  terms  of  the  insurance,  shall  be  payable 
to  her,  to  and  for  her  own  use,  free  from  the  claims  of  the  representatives  of  her  hut- 
band,  or  of  any  of  his  creditors ;  but  such  an  exemption  shall  not  apply  where  the 
amount  of  premium  annually  paid  shall  exceed  three  hundred  dollars.  In  case  of  the 
death  of  the  wife  before  the  decease  of  her  husband,  the  amount  of  the  insurance  may 
be  made  payable,  after  her  death,  to  her  children,  for  their  use,  and  to  their  guardian, 
if  under  age.'' 

In  Vermont,  a  statute  has  been  enacted,  which  is  a  literal  transcript  of  the  one  hi 
New  York,  with  an  additional  clause,  aUowing  unmarried  women  to  insure  the  livee  of 
their  fathers  or  brothers  to  the  same  extent  A  law  of  similar  character  has  been 
passed  in  Rhode  Island. 

These  statutes,  so  far  as  regards  the  interest,  cannot  be  considered  as  extending  the 
right  of  effecting  assurances,  but  merely  as  doing  away  with  proof  of  the  pecuniaiy 
interest  in  the  assurances  authorised  by  such  statutes ;  for  an  insurance  by  one  rela- 
lation  or  friend  of  the  life  of  another,  where  the  person  for  whose  benefit  the  assur- 
anoe  is  effected  is  supported  by  the  person  whose  life  is  the  subject  of  the  assurance, 
would  be  legal  In  all  such  cases,  however,  not  coming  under  the  statute,  it  would  be 
necessary  to  prove  the  pecuniary  interest,  L  e.,  that  they  were  supported  by  the  per- 
sons whose  life  is  the  subject  of  the  assurance. 

An  assurance,  also,  in  such  cases,  would  not  be  valid  beyond  the  amount  of  peM- 
niary  aid  received ;  whereas,  in  the  cases  provided  for  by  statute,  the  assurance  would 
be  valid  to  the  extent  allowed,  although  the  aid  received  might  be  less  than  the  amount 
of  the  assurance  effecte<L 

or  WAaaARTT  IK  OENXaAL  AND  ITS  KVrEOT. 

A  warranty  is  a  stipulation  inserted  in  writiog  on  the  face  of  the  policy  or  on  a 
paper  referred  to  therein,  on  the  literal  truth  or  fulfillment  of  which  the  validity  of 
the  entire  contract  depends. 

The  law  m  regard  to  warranty  is  very  strict,  and  the  least  breach  of  one,  however 
unimportant,  releases  the  assurer  from  all  liability,  for  it  is  a  well-settled  principle  of 
insurance  law,  that  when  a  thing  is  warranted  to  be  of  a  particular  nature  or  descrip- 
tion, it  must  be  exactly  what  it  is  stated  to  be,  and  it  makes  no  difference  whether  the 
thing  be  material  or  not  This  principle  has  been  followed  in  all  the  English  and 
American  cases. 

Therefore,  should  the  assured  die  from  some  other  cause  not  in  the  least  connected 
with  the  breach  of  the  warranty,  yet  the  assurer  is  none  the  less  discharged.  It  there- 
fore becomes  of  the  utmost  importance  to  both  parties  to  know  what  declarationa  on 
the  part  of  the  assured  are  to  be  construed  as  warranties,  so  as  to  apply  to  such  de- 
clarations the  strict  construction  and  severe  effect  iucident  to  a  warranty. 

or  nil  OLAUsa  tbat  the  AstoatD  la  '*iv  good  bsai.th.'' 
Under  the  clause  that  the  assoied  Is  **  in  good  health  "  at  the  time  of  effecting  lie 
«tsurance,  a  party  will  be  entitled  to  recover,  though  he  may  be  afflicted  with  soMe 


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504  Jowmtd  of  Insurance, 

in&TXDxiy/if  his  life  be  in  fact  a  good  one  and  he  be  in  a  reasonable  state  of  health  and 
Bucb  as  to  be  insured  on  common  terms.  Thus;  in  an  action  on  a  policy  made  on  the 
life  of  Sir  James  Ross  for  one  year,  from  October,  1769,  to  October,  1760,  warranted 
in  good  health  at  the  time  of  making  the  policy,  the  hd  was  that  Sir  James  had  re- 
ceived a  wound  in  his  loins  at  the  battle  of  La  Feldt,  in  the  year  1747,  which  had 
•ccasioned  a  partial  relaxation  or  palsy,  so  that  he  could  not  retain  his  urine  or  faeces, 
and  which  was  not  mentioned  to  the  iosurersb  Sir  James  died  of  a  malignant  fever 
within  the  time  of  the  assurance.  All  the  physicians  and  surgeons  who  were  ex- 
amined for  the  plaintiff  swore  that  the  wound  had  no  sort  of  connection  with  the 
fever,  and  that  the  want  of  retention  was  not  a  disorder  which  shortened  life,  but  he 
might,  notwithstanditig  that,  have  lived  to  the  common  age  of  man  ;  and  the  surgeon 
who  opened  him  said  that  his  intestines  were  all  sound.  There  was  one  phyucian 
examined  for  the  defendant  who  said  the  want  of  retention  was  paralytic;  but  being 
asked  to  explain,  he  said  it  was  only  a  local  palsy  arising  from  the  wound,  but  did 
not  affect  life.  But,  on  the  whole,  he  did  not  look  upon  him  as  a  good  life.  Lord 
Mansfield  said : — 

**  The  question  of  fraud  cannot  exist  in  this  case.  When  a  man  makes  insurance 
upon  a  life  generally,  without  any  representation  of  the  state  of  the  life  insured,  the 
insurer  takes  all  the  risk,  unless  there  was  some  fraud  in  (he  person  insuring,  either 
by  his  suppressing  some  ch-cum&tance  which  he  knew,  or  by  alleging  what  was  false  ; 
but  if  the  person  knew  no  more  than  the  insurer,  the  latter  takes  the  risk  In  this 
case  there  is  a  warranty,  and  whenever  that  is  the  case,  it  must  at  all  events  be 
proved  that  the  party  was  a  good  life,  which  makes  the  question  on  a  warranty  much 
larger  than  that  on  a  fraud.  Here  it  is  proved  that  there  was  no  representation  at  all 
as  to  the  state  of  life,  nor  any  question  asked  about  it,  nor  was  it  necessary.  Where 
an  insurance  is  upon  a  representation,  every  material  circumstance  should  be  men- 
tioned, such  as  age,  way  of  life,  ^c. ;  but  where  there  is  a  warranty,  then  nothing 
need  be  told,  but  it  roust  in  general  be  proved,  if  litigated,  that  the  life  was  in  fact  a 
good  one,  and  so  it  may  be  though  he  have  a  particular  infirmity.  The  only  question 
18,  Whether  he  was  in  a  reasonably  good  state  of  health,  and  such  a  life  as  ought  to 
be  insured  on  common  terms  ?** 

The  jury  upon  this  direction,  without  going  out  of  court,  found  a  verdict  for  the 
plaintiff 

Again,  in  an  action  on  a  policy  on  the  life  of  Sir  Simeon  Stuart,  Bart,  from  the  Ist 
of  April,  1779,  to  the  Ist  of  April,  1780,  and  during  the  life  of  Eliza  Edgly  Ewer ; 
the  policy  contained  a  warranty  that  Sir  Simeon  was  about  fifty-seven  years  of  age, 
and  in  good  health  at  the  time  the  policy  was  underwritten.  It  was  proved  on  the 
trial  that  although  the  insured  was  troubled  with  spasms  and  crampe  from  violent  fita 
of  the  gout,  yet  he  was  in  as  good  health  when  the  policy  was  underwritten  as  he 
had  been  for  a  long  time  before ;  and  also  that  the  underwriters  were  told  that  the  in- 
sured was  subject  to  the  gout 

Dr.  Heberden  and  other  physicians  who  were  examined,  proved  that  spasms  and 
convulsions  were  symptoms  incident  to  the  gout  Lord  liansfield  said :  **The  imper- 
fection of  language  is  such,  that  we  have  not  words  for  every  different  idea;  and  the 
real  intention  of  parties  must  be  found  out  by  the  subject  matter.  By  the  present 
policy  the  life  is  warranted  to  some  of  the  underwriters,  m  health — to  others,  in  good 
health ;  and  yet  there  was  no  difference  intended  in  point  of  fact  Such  a  warranty 
can  never  mean  that  a  man  has  not  the  seeds  of  disorder.  We  are  all  bom  with  the 
seeds  of  mortality  in  us.  A  man  subject  to  the  gout  is  a  life  capable  of  being  in* 
sored,  if  he  has  no  sickness  at  the  time  to  make  it  an  unequal  contract**  Verdict  for 
the  plaintiff 


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StaUsHcs  cf  Agrieulturey  etc.  505 

Id  an  action  on  a  policy  of  insurance,  dated  22d  November,  1802,  whereby  the  de- 
fendants, for  a  certain  consideration,  insured  the  life  of  the  plaintiff's  wife,  then  war- 
ranted in  good  health,  and  of  the  description  set  forth  in  a  certain  eertiticate  signed 
and  dated  9th  Norember,  1802,  it  was  held  that  declarations  made  by  the  wife,  while 
lying  in  bed  apparently  ill,  as  to  the  bad  state  of  her  health,  and  her  apprehensions 
that  she  could  not  live  ten  days  longer,  were  admissible  in  evidence  to  show  her  opin- 
ion, who  beat  knew  the  fact  of  the  ill  state  of  her  health,  at  the  time  of  effiecting  this 
policy. 


STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE.  &c. 


5EW  SCUTCHING  MACfllNE  FOR  FLAI. 
We  have  received  from  Paris,  says  the  Belfast  MereatUile  Journal  and  Statistical 
Register,  a  letter  from  Mr.  0.  Merteu8,of  Gheel,  in  Belgium,  commending  to  our  notice 
a  new  self-acting  machine  for  breaking  and  scutching  flax,  which  he  has  invented  and 
patented  He  statee  in  his  communication,  which  is  too  long  for  us  to  translate  and 
publish  in  extenso,  that  this  machine  is  calculated  to  supply  a  want  that  has  been  felt 
ibr  a  long  time  past,  in  all  flax-growing  districts,  of  a  machine  capable  of  breaking  and 
scutching  flax  straw  without  the  assistance  of  skilled  hands.  The  expense  of  employ- 
ing trained  workmen  for  this  purpose  is  a  serious  item  in  the  preparation  of  flax,  and 
even  these  have  become  scarce.  The  rapid  extension  of  the  new  systems  of  steeping 
flax,  on  a  large  scale,  in  retteries,  renders  more  important  than  ever  the  introduction 
of  a  self-acting  machine,  doing  a  large  quantity  of  work,  independent  of  workmen. 
This  new  break  and  scutching  machine  accomplishes  all  the  objects  required.  Being 
double,  it  is  perfectly  self  acting,  merely  requiring  the  flax  straw  to  be  put  in  on  one 
tide,  without  being  broken,  and  the  finished  flax  taken  out  at  the  other.  From  the 
moment  the  flax  enters  the  machine,  no  further  attention  is  necessary ;  the  machine 
does  all,  and  delivers  it  out  perfectly  scutched.  The  single  machine  is  employed  with 
the  same  economy,  and  does  not  require  more  hands  or  more  proportionally  than  the 
double  machine.  The  only  assistance  necessary  is  one  person  to  put  in  the  flax,  an- 
other to  take  it  out,  and  some  children  to  hand  the  flax  to  and  from  these  persons. 
All  clasps  or  holders  for  fastening  the  flax,  or  breaking  machines,  are  dispensed  with, 
BO  that  the  work  is  of  the  simplest  possible  kind,  the  attendants  being  all  of  the  class 
of  ordinary  laborers,  and  the  cost  of  scutching  b  thus  largely  diminished.  The  double 
machine  will  do,  in  the  day  of  twelve  hours,  from  forty-five  to  fifty-five  stone,  (of  six- 
teen pounds  each,)  according  to  the  quality  of  the  flax.  The  single  machine  does  the 
half  of  that  quantity.  They  are  adapted  for  all  kinds  of  straw  flax,  whether  hard  or 
soft,  and  can  be  altered  in  a  moment  to  suit  different  qualities.  Ihe  flax  is  scutched 
with  perfect  safety  to  the  fiber,  leaving  the  reed  whole  from  end  to  end.  It  is  evident 
the  yield  of  fiber  from  a  given  quantity  of  straw  flax  must  be  greater  than  in  any  of 
the  ordinary  modes  of  scutching.  Hardly  any  tow  and  no  dust  is  produced  by  the 
machine.  The  power  required  for  driving  the  double  machine  is  four-horse,  and  half 
the  power  ft>r  the  single  machine. 

One  of  these  machines  is  at  the  Industrial  Exhibition  in  Paris,  and  may  be  seen 
there  at  work,  by  any  of  our  spinners  or  flax  merchants  who  are  desirous  of  inspecting 
it  It  is  not  for  us  to  say  whether  it  is  superior  in  any  respect  to  the  machmes  at 
present  in  use,  but  we  are  always  glad  to  have  the  opportunity  of  bringing  forward 
any  improvement  calculated  to  advance  the  interests  of  the  great  staple  trade  upon 
which  the  prosperity  of  our  province  is  so  materially  dependent. 


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Statistics  of  Population^  etc.  509 

STATISTICS  OF  POPULATION,  &c. 


THB  IMMIGRATIOIf  SIIICB  1790:  A  STATISTICAL  ESSAY. 

BY   LOUIS  80HADE,  ESQ.,  OF  WASHINGTON,  D.  a 

It  will,  probably,  be  of  mach  interest,  iD  the  present  political  struggle,  to  have  an 
exact  idea  of  what  the  immigratioo  to  this  country  has  been,  and  what  it  has  amount- 
ed to.  There  have  been  very  many  opinions  advanced  in  relation  to  our  immigration, 
and  some  of  its  statistics,  although  the  works  of  men  enjoying  a  reputation  amongst 
ns  as  statisticians,  have  been  of  such  a  character  that  they  rather  seemed  intended  to 
flatter  political  party  spirit  than  to  diifuse  knowledga  and  correct  ideas  on  the  subject. 
The  writer  has,  therefore,  with  great  labor  and  care,  attempted  to  redress  this  evil,  by 
a  compilation  of  tables,  made  up  in  the  only  way  possible  to  ascertain  the  real  state 
of  our  immig^tion  sbce  the  first  census  of  the  United  States  in  1790.  By  compar- 
ing the  result  obtained  with  ofiicial  statistics  of  other  countries,  every  doubt  of  the 
correctness  and  reliability  of  this  work  will  be  removed. 

In  1790,  the  population  of  the  lipited  States,  including  white  and  free  colored  per- 
sons, was  8,281,980.  If  all  increase  from  immigration  had  been  cut  off,  the  surplus  of 
births  over  deaths  would  have  constituted  the  only  growth  in  our  population.  If  we 
take,  now,  the  census  returns  for  1850,  we  shall  find  the  number  of  births  to  be 
048,885,  and  the  number  of  deaths  271,890 — confining  ourselves  to  the  white  and  free 
colored  population.  The  difference  being  276,945,  was  the  increase  of  population  for 
1850,  from  the  excess  of  births  over  deaths.  The  whole  population  in  1850  of  white 
and  free  colored  persons  was  19,987,578.  The  increase,  therefore,  from  the  excess  of 
births  over  deaths,  was  one  per  cent  and  thirty-eight  hundredths.  To  show  that  this 
per  centage  furnished  by  the  returns  in  1850  is  reliable,  we  give  a  table,  carefully 
made  out,  showing  the  per  centage  in  a  number  of  countries  from  which  we  have 
official  retonis.    The  table  is  as  follows : — 

TABLE  SHOWINQ  THB  INCREASE  OF  FOFULATION  BT  THE  6DEPLU8  OF  BIRTHS  OVER  DEATHS. 

Increaae 
Year.             Country.  Inbabitaota.  Births.  Deaths.        p.oenL 

1850     United  States* 1 9,987,573        548,885        27 1,690        1 .  88 

1850  England  and  Wales 17,927,609        598,422        868,986        1 .  25 

1851  France 86,788,170        948,061        784,488        0.44 

1886     Russia. 69,000,000     2,178,065      1,781,884        0.74 

1849  Prussia 16,881.187  691,562  498,862  1.17 

1850  Holland 8,056,591  105,888  67,588  1.28 

1850  Belgium 4,426,202  120,107  92,820  0. 61 

1849  Portugal 8,478,758  114,881  88,992  0.72 

1852  Saxony 1,987,882  80,822  68,789  1.08 

As  might  be  expected,  it  is  seen  that  the  excess  of  births  over  deaths  in  the  United 
States  b  larger  than  in  any  other  country,  and  hence  we  have  no  hesitation  in  adopt- 
ing the  per  centage  of  annual  increase  of  one  and  thirty-eight-hundredths  as  reliable. 
This  furnishes  us  a  rule  to  solve  the  problem  before  stated.    The  population  in  1790 

*  The  United  States  censas  of  1850  gives  the  birlha  and  deaths  of  the  white  and  ftee  colored  pop- 
nlatkm  in  one  oolumn,  without  any  separation.  Therefore,  it  lias  become  necessary  to  include  the 
Dree  colored  population  in  all  other  tables  hereafter  given.  As  to  the  slave  popolatlon,  the  writer 
sees  for  his  purpose  no  necessity  to  mention  anything  of  it  at  all,  as  it  has  no  oonnectioa  whatever 
with  the  immigration.  ^  . 


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510 


Statistics  ef  Papulation^  He. 


was  8,231  »930.  Ezdading  all  immigratioD,  the  increase  of  popalatioo  each  year 
would  be  at  the  rate  of  1 .38  per  cent  This  increase  added  each  year  to  the  aggre- 
gate of  the  preceding  year,  down  to  1850,  will  give  us  the  population  of  the  United 
States  in  1850,  as  it  would  have  been  upon  the  illiberal  policy  of  excluding  all  immi- 
gration. In  the  following  table  will  be  also  shown  what  oar  population  in  1850  would 
hare  amounted  to  if  immigration  had  been  stopped*  in  1800,  1810,  1820,  1830,  or 
1840.  The  calculation  is  a  long  and  tedious  one,  but  the  result  is  mathematically  cer- 
tain:— 


TABLE  8B0WINQ  THB  INCRBABE  OF  TDB  WHrFE  AND  FREE  COLORED  POPULATION  Or  THE  UNITBD 
STATES,  IF  WITHOUT  IMMIQBATION,  8IN0B  THB  EBSPBOTIVB  TEARS  1790  TO  I8f>0,  ArrER 
THB  RATIO  OF  IN0RBA8B  IN  1850. 


Tears. 

1790  . 

1791  . 

1792  . 
1798  . 

1794  . 

1795  . 

1796  . 

1797  . 

1798  . 

1799  . 

1800  . 

1801  . 

1802  . 
1808  . 

1804  . 

1805  . 
1800  . 

1807  . 

1808  . 

1809  . 

1810  . 

1811  . 

1812  . 
1818  . 
1814  . 

1816  . 
181IS  . 

1817  . 

1818  . 

1819  . 

1820  . 

1821  . 

1822  . 
1828  . 

1824  . 

1825  . 

1826  . 

1827  . 

1828  . 
1829 

1880  . 

1881  . 

1882  . 
1S88  . 
1884  . 
1«85  . 


Annuti  Increase  of 
the  white  and  free 
colored  population, 
if  without  Immi- 
gratiun  since  .790. 
8,231,980 
8,276,630 
8.821,746 
8,867,686 
8,414,058 
8,461,172 
8,508,986 
8,557,859 
8,606.450 
8,666,219 
8,706.674 
8,757.826 
8,809,684 
8,862.257 
8,916,556 
8,969,690 
4,024,858 
4,079,896 
4,186,197 
4,198.279 
4,251,143 
4,809,808 
4,869,283 
4.429,679 
4,490,707 
4,652.678 
4,615.504 
4,679,197 
4,748,769 
4,809,238 
4,875,600 
4,942,883 
6,011,094 
6,080,247 
6,160,854 
6.221,428 
6,298,478 
6,366.522 
6.440,680 
6,515,659 
5,691,776 
6,668,941 
6,747.172 
6,826,482 
6,906,887 
6,988,402 


Annual  increase  of 
the  while  and  free 


Annual 

culorvd  population. 

ABno&l 

surplus  of 
births. 

if  without  Iminl- 

surplua  of 

44,600 

46,216 

46,840 

46,472 

•    •  •  • 

47,114 

47,764 

48,428 

49.091 

49,769 

60.455 

4,412.834 

• .  •  •  • 

61,152 

4,478,781 

60.897 

61,858 

4,686,619 

61.788 

62,678 

4,598,109 

«2<690 

68,2'.»9 

4,661.662 

68,468 

54.034 

4,725,991 

64,829 

64,768 

4,791,209 

65,218 

66.687 

4,867,827 

66,118 

66,802 

4,924.868 

67.081 

67,079 

4,992,814 

67.966 

67.867 

6,061,207 

68.898 

68,666 

6,181,051 

69,844 

69,476 

6,201,859 

70,808 

60,296 

6,278.644 

71,786 

61,128 

6,346,409 

72,766 

61,971 

6,420,189 

78,780 

62.826 

5,494,990 

74,801 

68,693 

6,670,820 

76,880 

64,672 

6,647,697 

76,877 

65,464 

6,724,788 

77.086 

66,867 

6.808,734 

79,001 

67,288 

6,888,825 

80,091 

68,211 

6,966.021 

81,196 

69.168 

6.047,388 

82,817 

70.107 

6,130,791 

88.468 

71.074 

6,216,296 

84.604 

72.065 

6.801,066 

86.771 

78,049 

6,388.020 

86.964 

74,068 

6.476,174 

88,164 

76.079 

6,666.646 

89^71 

76,116 

6,666.149 

90.604 

77,16* 

6,748,008 

91,8M 

78,281 

6.841,127 

f8,ltt 

79,810 

6,986,682 

94,40f 

80,406 

7,08 1, 24S 

96,710 

81,616 

7,128,278 

97,081 

Digitized  by  CjOOQIC 

Ymn, 

1886  . 

1887  . 

1888  . 

1889  . 

1840  . 

1841  . 

1842  . 
184B  . 

1844  . 

1845  . 

1846  . 

1847  . 

1848  . 

1849  . 

1850  . 


Teara. 

1810 
1811 
1812 
1818 
1814 
1816 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
18S6 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1880 
1881 
188a 
1888 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1840 
1841 
1842 
1848 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 
1849 
1860 


Statietks  of  Population,  etc. 

ADooal  Increase  of  Annual  Increase  of 

the  while  and  free  the  white  and  free 

culored  pofiulatlon,  Aonnal  colored  populatiun. 

if  without  iinmf-  uurplusof  if  without  imnii- 

grallon  Hiuce  1790.  hiriha.  gratioo  since  1800. 

6,071,041  82,689  7.226,648 

6,164,821  83,780  7,826,470 

6,289,767  84,936  7,427,676 

6,825,866  86,108  7,580,076 

6.418,161  87,296  7.688,991 

6,501,662  88,601  7,789,840 

6,691,884  89,722  7.846,142 

6,682.846  90,961  7.964,418 

6,774,661  92,216  8.064,188 

6,868,049  93,488  8,176,478 

6,962,828  94,779  8,288,294 

7,059,116  96,287  8,402,672 

7,166,580  97,416  8,618,628 

7,255,800  98,770  8,636,186 

7,855,428  100,123  8,766,864 

Annnal  iocrcase  of  Annual  Increase  of 

the  white  and  tree  the  white  and  free 

colored  population,  Annual  colored  population, 

if  wiihoui  immi-  surplus  of  If  wUbout  Imml- 

graliun»lnc«ltilU.  births.  grallon  since  18S0. 

6.048,450  

6,131,918  88,468  

6,216,588  84,620  

6,802.826  86,788  *"'. 

6,889,298  86,972  

6,477,470  88.172  

6,566,859  89,389 

6.657,481  90,622  ....   *'] 

6,749,864  91,878  

6,842,495  98,141  ]. 

6,986.921  94,426  8,100.093 

7.082.650  95,729  8,211,874 
7.12U,700  97,050  8,826.197 
7,228,089  98,889  8,440,184 
7,827.836  99,747  8,656.668 
7,428,970  101,124  8,674,789 
7,581.479  102,519  8,794,449 
7,685.418  108,984  8,915,802 
7,740,781  105,868  9,088,840 
7,847,608  106,822  9,163,576 
7,955,899  108,296  9,290/)82 
8.065.691  109.792  9,418,284 
8.176,997  1 1 1,306  9,548.206 
8,404,288  114,899  9,678,970 
8,620.216  116.978  9,812,589 
8,687.794  117,678  9,947,952 
8.766,996  119.201  10,086,288 
8.877.841  120,846  10.224,409 
9,000.365  122.514  10,366.506 
9.124,569  124.204  10,508,548 
9,250,477  125,918  10.668,665 
9,878,188  127,656  10,800,684 

9.607.651  129,418  10,949,682 
9,688,765  131.204  11,100,727 
9,771.769  188,014  11,268.917 
9.906,619  184.860  11,409,221 

10,048.880  186,711  11,666,668 

10,182.927  188.597  11,726,288 

10,828,461  140,624  11,888,110 

10,466.914  142,468  12,052,166 

10,610,848  144,429  12,218,484 


511 


Annual 
surplus  of 
births. 
98,870 
99,727 
101,106 
102.500 
108,916 
105,349 
106,802 
108,276 
109,770 
111.286 
112,821 
114,378 
115,966 
117,667 
119,179 


Annual 

surplus  of 

births. 


111,781 
118,328 
114,987 
116,474 
118,081 
119.711 
121,858 
128,088 
124,786 
126,467 
128.202 
129,971 
130,766 
188.669 
185,418 
187.281 
189,176 
141,096 
148,048 
145,017 
147.019 
149,048 
151,104 
158,190 
155,804 
157,447 
159,620 
161,822 
164,066 
166^1« 


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512 


Statistics  of  Populaticn^  etc. 


Yean. 

1880  . 

1881  . 
1832  . 

1883  . 

1884  . 

1885  . 
1836  . 

1887  . 

1888  . 

1889  . 

1840  . 

1841  . 

1842  . 

1843  . 

1844  . 

1845  . 

1846  . 

1847  . 

1848  . 

1849  . 
1860  . 


Annoal  increMe  of 
the  white  and  tme 
CQlored  populatloot 
if  without  immi- 
gration liuce  1830. 
10,866,977 
11,006,808 
11,158,696 
11,812.686 
11,468,801 
11,627,070 
11,787,628 
11,950,190 
12.116,102 
12,282,290 
12,461,785 
12,628,619 
12,797,824 
12,974,888 
18,158.878 
18,334,874 
18,518.895 
18,705,456 
18,896,590 
14,086,886 
14,280,726 


Aimiial  increase  of 

the  white  and  free 

Annual       colored  popolaUon,     Annual 

flurploa  of      if  without  immi-    snrploB  of 

blrtha.         graUon  ainoe  1840.      blitfaa. 


149,826 
151.898 
153,990 
156,116 
158,269 
160.468 
162.667 
164.912 
167,188 
169.495 
171.884 
174,206 
176.509 
179.046 
181.496 
184,021 
186,660 
189,186 
191,746 
194.891 


14.681.998 
14.788.229 
14.986.287 
16,192.038 
16,401.683 
15.614.226 
16,829,701 
16,048,161 
16,269.615 
16,494,186 
16,721,674 


201,281 
802,008 
206,796 
209,660 
212,643 
216,476 
218,449 
221.464 
224,620 
227,539 


To  these  are  to  be  added  the  results  for  LouisiaDa,  (1808 ;)  Florida,  (1821 ;)  Galifor 
nia,  New  Mexico.  Texas,  and  Oregon.  Louisiaca  had.  in  1808, 77,000  iohabitants,  of 
which  53,000  were  slaves.  Florida,  in  1821,  bad  about  10,000.  California  and  New 
Mexico,  at  the  time  of  their  acquisition,  bad  about  60,000.  Texas  and  Oregon  only 
brought  back  into  the  Union  citizens  who  had  emigrated  thither  but  a  short  time  be- 
fore. If  we  put  them  down  in  1850.  after  the  above  scale,  with  200,000  white  and 
free  colored  persons,  the  writer  thinks  he  has  done  them  more  than  ample  justice. 

RECAPITULATION — THE  UNITED  STATES  WOULD  HAVE  IM  1850. 


If  without  immigration  since  1790  . 
Addition  for  Louisiana,  Florida,  ifcc. 

If  without  immigration  since  1800  . 
Addition  for  Louisiana,  Florida,  &c. 

If  without  immigraticn  since  1810  . 
Addition  for  Florida,  ^ 


If  without  immigration  since  1820  . 
Addition  for  Florida,  Ac , 


If  without  immigration  since  1880 

Addition  for  New  Mexico  and  California . 


If  without  immigration  since  1840 

Addition  for  New  Mexico  and  California . 


7,355.428 
200.000 

8,756.364 
200,000 

10.610,343 
100.000 

12.218.484 
100.000 

14.280.726 
50.000 

16.721.674 
60,000 


Thej  have  actually,  however.. 


7,666.428 

8.965.364 

10.710.848 

12,818,484 

14,880.726 


16.771,674 
19.987,578 


This  will  be  to  many  an  astonishing  result,  but  the  author  is  well  assured  of  the 
correctness  of  his  statement  There  may  be  a  difference  of  some  hundreds  or  thous- 
ands, but  the  millioDs  cannot  be  altered.  And  in  order  to  show  how  well  the  above 
estimates  correspond  with  the  increase  of  other  countries,  and  to  remove  any  doubt  of 
tb^  correctness,  the  following  table  has  been  compiled : — 


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Nautical  Intelligence,  618 

INCRKASB  OF  YARIOUB  EUROPEAN  NATIONS  SINCE  THE  LAST  DECENNAET  Of  THE  18tH  CENTURY. 

England  and  Wales  in  1790 8,676,000  )  r^„^^^  .  qa  Der  cent. 

*  '  28,600,000)       „         ,5. 

86,614.466  f  ^'^^ 


Austria 

1792 

u 

1861 

France 

1789 

i< 

1861 

Prussia 

1797 

*t 

1849 

Spain 

1797 

u 

1849 

Sweden 

1790 

t< 

1849 

Sardinia,  (Island,) 

1790 

u                   u 

1848 

United  States 

1790 

26,000,000 

1861 36,783,170  7 

'*•"- 8,660,000^ 

16,881,187 

10,861,075 

14.216,219  : 

2,160,493  J        «         ,   g. 

8,316,636)  ^'^* 

, 466,990 

647,948  S 

, 8,281,980 

Witliout  immigrafn,  1860 7,656,423  " 


1.87 
1.88 
1.83 


1.19 
2.88 


This  table  clearly  proves  the  above  estimates  of  the  population  of  the  United 
States,  without  immigration  since  1790,  to  be  not  only  a  correct  one,  but  even  exhib- 
iting a  higher  increase  than  any  other  country.  England,  the  highest  among  them  all, 
is  still  27  on  the  hundred  behind  the  United  States. 

The  immigrants  and  theur  descendants  number  in  1860  since — 


1790. 

1800. 

1810. 

1820. 

1830. 

1840. 

,482,160 

11,032,109 

9,277,230 

8,669,089 

6,668,847 

8,266,899 

To  speculate  on  these  astounding  results  is  not  the  object  of  the  author,  and  he 
leaves  this  to  all  those  who  feel  an  interest  in  these  statistics,  as  he  is  coayinced,  that 
in  the  present  political  struggle  his  statements  will  be  regarded  and  appreciated  by 
all  parties.  His  point  of  view  is  not  so  much  a  political  as  a  scientific  one,  and  there- 
fore he  hopes  that  by  all  statisticians  these  calculations  will  be  honored  with  a  thor- 
ough examination. 


NAUTICAL  INTELLIGENCE. 


BRAZILIAN  REGULATIOiVS  IN  RELATION  TO  SIGNALS. 

SIGNALS    FROM    FLAG-STAFF    NEAR    LIGHT  HOUSE    AT   POINT   ATALAIA. 

Departmkut  or  State,  Washinoton*  September  11, 1855. 
To  Freeman  Hunt,  Edilcr  of  the  Merchants'  Magazine : — 

Sir: — The  Brazilian  Government  having  communicated  to  the  Minister  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  a  copy  of  the  "*  Regulations  in  relation  to  signals  which 
will  be  made  from  the  flag-sialT  near  the  light- house  at  Point  Atalaia,  to  vessels  which 
arrive  at  that  point,  in  want  of  a  pilot,  fur  the  port  of  the  city  of  Belem,  the  capital 
of  the  Province  of  Para,"  the  said  copy  was  transmitted  to  this  Department  for  gene- 
ral information. 

A  translation  of  these  regulations  has  been  prepared  by  the  Department  with  a 
view  to  its  official  publication,  but  as  no  newspaper  is  of  such  universal  circulation  in 
shipping  circles  as  your  own  valuable  magazine,  I  have  deemed  it  best  for  parties  in- 
terested to  place  the  translation  at  your  disposal  for  publication. 

I  am,  Sir,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

W.  L.  MARCY. 

VOL.  ZXZIII. — NO.   IV.  33 


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514  Nautical  Intelligence. 

[tramslation.] 
Regulations  in  relation  to  the  signals  which  will  be  made  from  the  flag-staff  near 
the  light  house  at  Point  Atalaia,  to  vessels  which  arrive  at  that  Point,  in  want  of  a 
pilot  for  the  port  of  the  city  of  Belem,  the  capital  of  the  Provinca  of  Para : — 

1.  A  white  flag,  with  a  blae  cross  through  it. 

2.  A  flag,  upper  half  red,  lower  half  white. 
8.  A  flag,  all  blue. 

4.  A  flag,  all  red. 

No.  2  signifies  that  there  is  a  pilot,  and  a  boat  to  oonvej  him  to  the  vessel  wanting 
him. 

Nos.  1  and  2.  The  vessel  in  want  of  a  pilot  will  be  on  the  lookout  for  him,  as  he  is 
on  the  point  of  leaving  immediately. 

Kos.  1  and  8.  The  vessel  must  wait,  because  it  is  not  a  suitable  time  for  the  pilot 
to  go  out 

Nos.  1  and  4  The  pilot  requested  will  leave  before  noon. 

Nos.  2  and  1.  The  pilot  requested  will  leave  in  the  afternoon. 

Nos.  2  and  8.  The  pilot  requested  will  leave  before  midnight 

No&  2  and  4.  The  pilot  requested  will  leave  after  midnight 

Nos.  3  and  1.  The  vessel  in  want  of  a  pilot  is  to  send  a  l^at  for  him  if  it  knows  the 
place. 

Nos.  8  and  2.  There  is  no  pilot  ready,  and  therefore  you  must  be  on  the  lookout  for 
the  signal  to  be  made  when  one  arrives. 

Nos.  8,  4,  8  and  4,  and  4  and  8,  are  not  included  in  this  scheme,  because  they  are  to 
be  employed  in  the  signal  regulations  for  vessels  in  distress,  burning,  <&&,  announced 
on  the  6th  of  December,  1848. 

A  white  flag  with  a  blue  cross  through  it  is  a  signal  to  show  that  the  signals  from 
Salinas  are  perceived  at  Atalaia. 

A  fla^,  inner  half  white,  outer  half  red,  is  the  signal  which  a  vessel  wanting  a  pilot 
must  hoist  at  the  head  of  the  prow. 

A  flag,  red  and  white  chequered  is  the  signal  which  the  pilot  must  make  to  the  ves- 
sel that  wants  him. 

Regulations  for  the  signals  which  are  to  be  made  from  the  town  of  Salinas  towards 
Atalaia,  where  the  flag-staff  is  placed : — 

1.  A  flag,  all  white. 

2.  A  flag,  inner  half  white,  outer  half  red. 

No.  1  signifies  that  there  is  a  pilot  and  a  boat  to  take  him  on  board  the  vesaeL 
No.  2.  There  is  a  pilot,  but  no  boat  to  take  him  on  board. 
Nos.  1  and  2.  There  is  no  pilot 

Regulations  for  the  signals  which  are  to  be  made  by  night  from  Salinas  to  Atalaia : 

SHIPS*  LANTERNS  WrTH  UNOOLOaSD  GLASSES. 

Two  lights  placed  diagonally  signifies  there  is  a  pilot 

Two  lights  placed  one  above  the  other  signifies  tnere  is  a  pilot,  but  no  boat. 

Two  lights  placed  on  a  line  signifies  there  is  no  pilot. 

Night  signals  to  be  made  at  Atalaia  to  a  vessel  wanting  a  pilot : — 

SHIPS*  LANTERNS  WITH  EBD  GLASSES. 

Two  lights  placed  diagonally  signifies  there  is  a  pilot. 

Two  lights  placed  one  above  the  other  signifies  there  is  a  pilot,  but  no  boat 

Two  lights  placed  on  a  line  signifies  there  is  no  pilot  at  present. 

One  red  light  is  the  manner  in  which  to  acknowledge  at  Atalaia  a  signal  made  to  it 
from  Salinas  by  night 

One  white  light  is  the  signal  by  night  which  a  vessel  arriving  at  Atalaia,  and  want- 
ing a  pilot,  must  hoist  at  the  head  of  the  prow. 


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Nautical  Intelligence,  515 


Int.  Those  vessels  which  arriye  at  Atalaia  Point,  io  quest  of  a  pilot  for  the  port  of 
the  city  of  Belem,  the  capital  of  the  Province  of  Para,  shall  hoist  at  the  head  of  the 
prow  the  flag  which  has  been  designed,  and  ordered  to  be  used  for  that  purpose  by 
the  proclamation  of  the  18th  of  January,  1850. 

Sd.  When  the  signal  is  made  from  Atalaia  that  it  is  not  a  suitable  time  for  the  pilot 
to  go  out,  the  vessel  in  want  of  him  shall  endeavor  to  bring  to,  (never  attempting  to 
cast  anchor  within  six  and  seven  fathoms  of  water,)  leaving  the  light-house  to  the 
S.  E.,  sailing  off  and  on,  when  the  water  is  at  high  tide,  and  keeping  from  the  land 
when  the  tide  is  low. 

Sd.  The  vessel  desiring  a  pilot,  in  order  to  obtain  him  as  speedily  as  possible,  will 
endeavor  to  keep  itself  N.  W.  and  S.  E.  from  the  light-house. 

4  th.  Masters  of  vessels  who  want  a  pilot  are  to  understand  that  it  is  the  custom  of 
the  pilots  to  leave  the  interior  of  the  harbor  of  the  town  of  Salinas  at  high  tide,  which 
occurs,  according  to  the  lunar  days,  on  shore  at  half  past  seven — and  at  the  place  where 
they  are  accustomed  to  anchor  at  fifteen  minutes  past  eight. 

5th.  The  same  masters  of  vessels  must  be  careful  to  look  out  for  the  signals  which 
may  be  made  to  them  from  Atalaia,  and  not  those  which  are  made  from  the  town  of 
Salinas  for  that  place,  keeping  well  in  mind  that  the  night  signals  from  Atalaia  are  of 
a  red  light,  and  those  of  Salinas  are  uncolored. 

6th.  The  master  of  a  vessel  to  whom  signals  are  made  from  Atalaia  ought  to  be 
provided  with  a  yard,  because  in  calm  and  fair  weather  signal  flags  are  most  conspic- 
uous therefrom. 

7th.  When  a  vessel,  in  stormy  or  foggy  weather,  (day  or  night,)  arrives  at  a  place 
which  she  suspects  or  knows  from  some  indications  or  other  to  be  in  front  of  Salinas 
or  Atalaia,  in  order  to  call  a  pilot  she  will  fire  a  gun,  which  will  be  answered  at  Ata- 
laia by  another  discharge.  This  response  will  be  understood  to  mean  that  the  vessel 
which  fired  the  gun  will  wait  until  an  opportunity  offers  to  send  her  a  pilot. 

A  true  copy,  FRAN.  X.  BOMTEMPO. 


IRON  UOHT.HOUSES  FOR  THE  FLORIDA  COAST. 

An  iron  lighthouse  to  be  put  up  on  Coffin's  Patches,  on  the  Florida  coast,  has  been 
constructed  io  Philadelphia,  under  the  superintendence  of  Lieut.  George  C.  Mead,  of 
the  United  States  Topographical  Corps,  who  has  charge  of  the  light-house  operations 
upon  that  dangerous  coast  This  lighthouse  is  one  of  the  chain  projected  which 
when  complete,  will  greatly  improve  the  navigation  of  the  Florida  coast,  as  the  navi- 
gator will  have  a  succession  of  lights  to  guide  him,  so  located  that  one  will  always  be 
in  sight 

The  entire  height  of  this  structure  is  about  150  feet.  The  light-house  is  en- 
tirely of  iron,  and  consists  of  eight  posts  surrounding  a  central  post  The  lower 
sections  of  these  posts  are  twelve  inches  in  diameter,  and  each  weighs  about  four 
tons.  They  are  pointed  at  the  ends,  and  will  be  driven  by  means  of  a  pile-driver  into 
the  coral  reef  for  eight  or  ten  feet,  affording  a  substantial  foundation.  The  light- 
keepei^s  house  is  located  within  the  third  section,  and  from  that  to  the  lantern,  which 
is  above  the  seventh  section,  a  spiral  staircase  winds  around  the  center  post,  the  whole 
being  inclosed  with  boiler  plate  iron.  The  stairway  is  lit  by  windows  in  each  sectioa 
The  lantern  ia  to  contain  a  Fresnel  light  of  the  first  order,  and  the  structure,  when 
complete,  will  be  the  largest  iron  light  house  in  the  world. 


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516 


Bailroad,  Canal^  and  Steamboat  Statistics, 


RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 


RAILROADS  IJI  6ERMA5T. 

The  following  table,  exhibiting  the  names  of  roads,  time  of  their  completion,  length 
in  German  miles,  diyidenda  in  1850  and  1851,  and  gross  receipts  in  1852,  was  com- 
piled from  official  sources  for  the  Department  of  State : — 

When           Length  in       Divideoda.  Reoeipto 

Names  of  railroads.                            completed.     German  mis.  1850.  1851.  in  IH52. 

Ttialen. 

Berlin  Potodam August    7,1846     19.6      8  3^  868,280 

Berlin  Anbalt Sept      10,1841     80.8      5  6  963,902 

Berlin  Hamburg Dec       15,1846     89.5      4^  4i  1,498,000 

Berlin  Stettin August  15,  1848     14.8      5  1-5  7f  766,848 

Breslau  Schwednitz  Freiburg. .  October  29,  1 843      8.8       3^  8f  21 9.581 

Bonn  Cologne Feb.       16,1844      8.9       6  5  118,000 

Bergish-Markische Dec        29,1848      7.7       ..  1  276,092 

DusseldorfElberfield August    8,  1841       8.5      4^  3  280,579 

Cologne  Minden October  15,  1847     86.8      5^  5  7-12  2,376,482 

Magdeburg  Leipsic August  18,  1840     15.7     16  16  760,042 

Magdeburg  Halberstadt July       16,  1848      7.7      8  9  348,158 

MuDsterHamm May       26,1848      4.6      8^  2  87.936 

Magdeburg  Wittenberge August    5,1849     14.2       ..  4  240.492 

Lower  Silesia  line Sept.         1,1846    51.7       8^  4  2,026,565 

Lower  Silesia  branch' line.... August    8,1846      9.5       ..  88,916 

Neisse  Brieg Noy.       26,1848       6.8       2  MO  2f  71,638 

Upper  Silesia  line October    8,1846     26.3      7  8  1,802,347 

Prince  Wilhelm's  line October    1,1847       4.8       ..  .  98,184 

Rhenischline October  16,  1843     114       2i  8i  780,646 

Ruhrort  Crefeld October    6,1849      5.6       ..  .  87.708 

Stargard  Posen August  10,  1848     22.6       8i  3^  277,144 

Thuringian  Ime June       20,  1 846     26.1       8  8  903,500 

Wilhelm's  line Jan.          1,1847       7.1       4  6  1-6  223,684 

Florins. 

Emperor  Ferdinand's N. line.. Jan.          6,1838    55.8      7  10^  6,968,678 

Vienna-Gloggnitz May       29,1841     11.8      7  8  1,972,921 

Vienna-Bruck Sept      13,1846      5.6      7  8  162.417 

Taunusline Sept      11,1889       6.8      5  5  2-6  497,118 

Palatine  LudwigB  line August    1,1849     16.7       ..  ..  716,821 

Tbalefv* 

Westphalian  line October    1,1860     10.1       ..  ..  166,160 

Leipsic  Dresden April        7,1839     15.6       6  8  756.652 

Frederick  Wilbem's  N.  line. .  .March    30,  1848     19.2       . .  . .  803,407 

Mecklenberg May         1,1847     19.3       ..  ..  278,646 

AltonaKiel Sept         9,1844     14           6  5^  842,864 

Gluckstadt-ElmshoinL. July        19,1846       2.2       ..  ..  86.886 

Rendsburg  Neumunster Sept      18,1846      4.4       ..  ..  114,846 

LubeckBuch October  16,  1861       6           ..  ..  109.646 

For  the  year  ending  the  80th  of  November,  1862,  the  traffic  and  receipts  on  the 
Vienna-Gloggnitz  line  have  been,  passengers,  1,601,668;  centimes  of  goods,  5,613,744 ; 
and  receipts,  2,089,610  florins.  On  the  Vienna-Gloggnitz  line  for  the  year  ending 
80th  November,  1851— passengers,  1,437,653;  centimes  of  goods,  5,360,620 ;  receipts, 
1,918,666  florins. 

On  the  Vienna-Bruck  line  for  the  year  ending  80th  November,  1862 — passengen^ 
146,066;  centimes  of  goods,  691,849 ;  receipts,  166,124  florins.  On  the  Vienna- 
Bruck  line  for  the  year  ending  November  30th,  1861— passengers,  180,444  ;  centimes 
of  goods,  623,104 ;  receipts,  166,799  florins. 

A  German  mUe  is  equal  to  4 .  60  English  miles ;  a  thaler  is  equal  to  69  cents ;  and 
a  florin  is  equal  to  46  cents. 


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Railroad^  Canal,  and  Steamboat  Statistics,  517 

DISCIPLINE  ON  BOARD  STEAMERS  AND  SHIPS. 

Taking  oar  accustomed  ease  one  morning  some  weeks  ago,  says  a  correspondent^  in 
our  barber's  shop,  we  overheard  the  following,  as  it  fell  from  the  lips  of  one  of  our 
most  distinguished  American  poets : — 

**  I  am  of  the  firm  opinion  that  if  there  had  been  on  board  the  Arctic — as  I  con- 
tend should  be  the  case  on  every  steamship  that  crosses  the  Atlantic — the  discipline 
of  a  man-of-war,  that  dreadful  calamity,  at  least  in  part,  might  have  been  avoided. 

**  It  was  the  lack  of  authoritative  concert  between  the  captain  and  his  officers,  and 
the  officers  and  the  crew,  which  at  the  outset  led  to  the  deplorable  event 

"  When  the  steamer  Princeton,  Captain  Stockton,  had  made  a  portion  of  a  pleasure 
excursion  down  the  Potomac,  you  will  remember  that  in  firing  a  salute  with  the  '  big 
gun,'  it  burst,  and  destroyed  several  precious  lives,  among  others  that  of  the  then 
Secretary  of  the  Navy.  Now,  I  have  it  from  the  very  best  authority — that  of  Oom- 
modore  Stockton  himself— that  when  the  gunners  had  fired  the  piece  and  witnessed 
its  terrible  effects,  they  resumed  their  position  amidst  the  carnage  it  had  created,  nor 
did  they  move  from  it  until  ordered  to  do  so  by  their  commander.  Can  it  be  doubted 
that  obedience  and  discipline  such  as  this  might  have  saved  our  unfortunate  oceao 
steamer  f ' 

**  But,"  interposed  the  hearer, "  is  it  certain  that  any  discipline  could  have  saved  all 
the  passengers  T 

"  I  don't  know  what  others  may  think,  but  for  myself  I  have  not  the  slightest  doubt 
of  it.  Let  me  mentiou  a  circumstance  which  once  occurred  on  Lake  Champlain,  and 
of  which  I  myself  was  an  eye-witness: — 

**  I  was  on  board  the  steamer  Burlington — this  was  some  twenty-five  or  thirty 
years  ago— commanded  by  Capt  Sherman,  one  of  the  most  careful,  the  most  method- 
ical, the  most  exact  captains  that  ever  trod  a  steamer's  deck.  Everybody  knows, 
who  ever  traveled  with  him,  that  there  never  was  seen  a  speck  of  dirt  about  his  boat 
as  big  as  a  pea;  that  his  directions  were  given  in  a  tone  so  low  that  they  were  seldom 
heard  save  by  those  to  whom  they  were  especially  addressed ;  and  generally  they 
were  indicated  by  a  merely  subdued  hiss  or  whistle. 

"On  the  occasion  of  which  I  speak,  the  steamboat  had  approached  the  middle  of 
the  widest  part  of  the  lake,  somewhere,  if  I  recx>llect  rightly^  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Plattsburg,  when  a  circle  of  smoke  was  seen  issuing  from  around  the  smoke-pipe. 
The  alarm  instantly  arose :  '  The  boat  is  on  fire  I  the  boat  is  on  fire  1' 

**  I  rushed  to  the  saloon,  where  several  ladies  who  were  of  the  pleasure  party  to 
which  I  myself  was  attached,  were  assembled  in  a  state  of  great  fear.  Ladies,  I  said, 
don't  be  alarmed ;  I  know  Capt.  Sherman,  and  his  prudence,  energy,  and  determina- 
tion so  well,  that  although  it  is  certain  that  the  boat  has  caught  fire,  yet  I  consider 
your  lives  as  safe  as  if  you  were  in  your  own  parlors. 

**  Meantime  there  was  no  bustle,  no  loud  orders,  no  shouting  or  disorder  upon  the 
deck;  and  when  I  returned  to  it,  I  found  two  lines  of  men,  all  of  the  crew,  passing 
full,  and  receiving  empty  buckets  in  return,  and  in  fifteen  minutes  the  fire,  which  had 
reached  considerable  headway,  was  entirely  extinguished.  An  hour  or  two  after, 
when  all  excitement  in  relation  to  the  fire  had  subsided,  as  I  met  ihe  captain  on  deck 
I  ventured  to  ask  him :  Captain  Sherman,  will  you  tell  me  how  it  was  that  you  were 
enabled  to  preserve  such  perfect  order  among  your  crew,  and  to  put  out  a  fire  bo 
speedily  which  had  gained  such  headway  f" 

"  Oh,  yes  !'*  replied  the  captain ;  "  the  whole  thing  is  very  simple  and  easily  ex- 
plained. It  all  consists  in  being  prepared  for  such  an  emergency.  Now,  I  have  re- 
hearsed the  very  scene  which  you  have  witnessed  to-day  more  than  fifty  times  with 
my  men,  on  the  deck  of  thb  boa^" 


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518  Mailroad,  Canal j  and  Steamboat  Statistics, 

"  And  there,"  said  Mr.  H ,  •*  was  seen  the  benefit  of  discipline.     Suppose  that 

the  men  on  board  the  Burlington  had  been  running  hither  and  thither,  without  con- 
cert and  without  confidence,  frightening  others  and  only  anxious  to  save  themselves* 
what  would  have  been  the  result  ?  The  boat  would  have  been  destroyed  to  a  cer- 
tainty." 

Is  not  this  worthy  of  imitation  ? 


STATISTICS  OF  THE  RAILROADS  OF  MAIVE. 
We  are  indebted  to  John  A.  Poor,  Esq.,  editor  of  the  State  of  Maine,  one  of  the 
best  commercial  journals  in  the  country,  for  the  following  tables  showing  the  opera- 
tions of  the  railroads  of  Maine  in  1850,  1858,  and  1854 : — 

18§0. 

No.  of  Receipts  for     Receipti 

Length.         Cost  paseenRere.  passengers,  forfrelgbt 

Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrer.ce...         47      |2,244,814  151,100  $88,528       $54,062 

Androscoggin  and  Kennebec.        56         1,621,878  79,492  58,208         84,05S 

Kennebec  and  Portland 84        1,000,000  96,964  60,424         19,562 

Portland,Saco,&  Portsmouth         51         1,818,000  188,564  192,448         86,598 

Bangor  and  Piscataquis  ... .         18           850,000  85,000  14,000          4,800 

Buckfield  Branch 12           120,000  6,882  2,653          4,620 

Calais  and  Baring 6  120,000  

York  and  Cumberland 9           860,000  5,000  1,250             800 

227       $7,129,692         507,002      $412,501     $154,010 

18S3. 

No.  of    Receipts  for  Receipts  for    Other 

Length.     Cost         pas^ogers.  pat^seogers.     freight         sums. 

Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence .. .   149  $5,806,720     161,854  $180,475  $167,733  $17,869 

Androscoggin  and  Kennebec  .     55     2,030,140     110,784      79,305      68,170      6,594 

Androscoggin 20       315,865       20,747        9,168        9,556         428 

Bangor  and  Piscataquis 18       188,918      72,178      28,269       18,911       1,957 

Calais  and  Baring    6       217,255       14,554        1,861       25,675       1,001 

Kennebec  and  Portland 72^  2,520,981     241,67 1     134,482      84,628       7,941 

Machiasport 7^      100,000      9,715         100 

Portland,  Saco,  «fe  Portsmouth.    51     1,803,895     297,818     187,808      68,197     16,061 

York  and  Cumberland 18       748,609      85,170      18,906         284 

Buckfield  Branch 12       

404  12,681,878     919,106     600,988    411,496     62,236 

Atlantic  and  St  Lawrence .. .  149  $6,019,929  185.105  $168,616  $296,890  $20,141 

Androscoggin  and  Kennebec«.  56     2,196,334  129,045       97,615      78,646       2,091 

Androscoggin 20        343,817  22,285       13,916       15,146          834 

Ban«or  and  Piscataquis 13       178,238  76,980      26,344      18,867          177 

Calais  and  Baring 6       277,770  16,720         1,420      29,060       1,160 

Kennebec  and  Portland 72i  2,613,410  268,992     160,631      46,716     10,100 

Machiasport 7i     100,000      7,000         200 

Portland,  Saco,  A  Portsmouth.  61     1,315.976  284,635     202,592      62,838       6,904 

York  and  Cumberland 18       765,018      82,640      16,348       14,864      

Buckfield  Branch 12      

404  18,759,988  1,066,862    672,392     687,388     41,017 
It  will  be  seen  by  the  above  that  in  1860  Maine  had  227  miles  of  railway  in  opera- 
tion, costing  $7,119,692,  carrying  695,721  ftassengers,  for  which  it  received  $412,501, 
and  181,916  tons  of  freight,  receiving  therefor  $154,010.     The  total  receipts  of  the 
railways  of  Maine  for  1850  was  $566,511. 

In  1854  the  railways  of  Maine  had  cost  $15,000,000.    They  carried  1,066,852  pa*- 
sengers,  and  the  total  receipts  for  1854  $1,280,812. 


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BaUroad,  Canal,  and  Steamboat  Statistics,  519 

AMBRICAV  STEiBIBOATS. 

[rmOX  MADAMS  POMTKHAT's  TBAVIL8  ih  amieica.] 

"  If  the  first  and  moet  constant  need  of  an  Englishman  is  to  exalt  his  country ;  of  a 
Frenchman  to  boast  of  his  person ;  of  an  Italian  to  boast  of  his  singing ;  of  a  Spaniard 
to  be  jealous ;  of  a  Rnssian  to  swagger — -the  first  and  most  constant  need  of  an  Ameri- 
can is  assuredly  to  act,  or  better,  to  transport  himself  from  one  extremity  to  the  other 
of  his  vast  country.  In  fact  there  is  not  a  people  in  the  world  who  travel  as  much 
and  with  as  little  preparation  as  the  Americans.  They  start  on  a  journey  of  four 
thousand  kilometers  as  we  do  from  Paris  to  Rouen.  I  should  say  more :  they  do  not 
even  take  the  trouble  to  cat ry  a  trunk  on  their  longest  voyages.  The  clothing  which 
they  have  on  their  backs  the  day  of  departure  suffices  them,  save  stopping  at  the  first 
city,  and  at  the  first  store  on  the  way  replacing  the  cast-off  clothing  which  they  throw 
to  winds  on  the  road,  giving  thus  to  their  peregrinations  the  lively  impulsion  charac- 
terized by  these  words,  *  Go  ahead  V — en  avant ! 

"  The  life  aboard  the  steamboats,  although  not  so  varied,  has  none  the  less  real 
charms.  Who  has  not  heard  of  those  magnificent  boats  navigating  Lake  Erie,  the 
Hudson,  the  Ohio,  the  Mississippi,  or  the  St.  Lawrence !  Boats  which  cost  sometimes 
a  million  of  firancs,  and  which  earn  in  a  season  of  six  months  as  high  as  two  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  francs  of  profit  for  their  owners.  The  Eclipse,  which  plies  between 
Louisville  and  New  Orleans,  is  nearly  three  hundred  feet  long.  The  interior  is  of  a 
magnificence  incredible  in  France ;  the  ladies'  saloon,  also  that  of  the  gentlemen,  sur- 
passes in  richness  and  elegance  the  moet  splendid  boats  of  England.  The  Eclipse  eon- 
tains  about  two  hundred  chambers  and  five  hundred  beds.  On  the  panels  of  Uie  door 
of  each  chamber  is  painted  with  care,  and  sometimes  with  art,  a  view  taken  on  the 
borders  of  the  Ohio  or  Missouri.  The  decorations,  sculpture,  and  tapestry,  have  ming- 
led their  marvels  of  beauty  and  painting.  Around  the  steamboat,  which  resembles  a 
floating  palace,  there  is  an  exterior  gallery,  from  which  the  traveler  may  admire  the 
plantations  which  border  the  river. 

**  The  table  and  the  service  are  in  unison  with  all  this  splendor.  It  is  not  rare  to  see 
the  inhabitants  of  Kentucky,  of  Indiana,  and  Missouri,  embark  at  Louisville,  Cairo,  or 
St.  Louis,  destined  to  New  Orleans,  where  they  stop  some  days,  and  afterward  re- 
mount to  the  point  of  departure,  having  thus  remained  three  weeks  on  the  rivers,  sole- 
ly for  the  pleasure  of  being  some  time  away  from  home,  and  to  change  constantly  the 
perspective,  without  leaving  their  comfortable  temporary  home.  The  distractions 
which  are  enconntered  on  board  these  steamboats,  are  all  that  Americans  demand 
To  smoke,  to  drink,  to  talk,  to  gamble,  that  is  the  life  of  the  men ;  as  for  the  women, 
they  read,  embroider,  or  play  on  the  piano  of  their  saloon  unpublished  airs.  Nowhere 
but  in  France  have  I  encountered  women  who  know  how  to  do  nothing.** 

THE  «  GREAT  EASTERN  »>  STEAMSHIP. 

A  gentleman  of  New  Bedford,  who  recently  visited  the  ship  yard  of  Messrs.  Scott, 
Ku«fell  &,  Co.,  in  London,  has  furnished  the  following  memoranda  of  the  dimeneions  of 
the  stupendous  iron  steamship  now  building  in  that  place  for  the  Australian  trade, 
and  which  is  expected  to  be  launched  about  next  Christmas: — 

The  hull  measures  in  length  675  feet,  greatest  breadth  of  beam  88  feet;  depth  of 
hold  63  feet.  The  hull,  even  with  the  upper  deck,  is  to  be  iron  plate ;  and  from  the 
keel  to  eight  feet  above  the  water  line,  she  will  be  double,  or  two  hulls  one  within  the 
other,  leaving  thirty-six  inches  space  within  the  walls.  The  hull  is  built  in  ten  water- 
tight compartments,  sixty  feet  each,  all  of  iron  an  inch  in  thickness,  with  two  longitu- 
dinal iron  walls  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  ship.  Her  bottom  is  flat,  four- 
teen feet  on  either  side  of  the  keel.    Her  capacity  by  measurement  is  25,000  tons ; 


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draft  twenty  feet,  and  when  loaded  thirty  feet  She  has  four  decks,  and  saloons  to 
accommodate  600  first-class,  and  1,800  second  class  passengers,  and  10,000  troops. 

Her  engine  will  be  of  three  thousand  horse  power,  with  four  cylinders,  each  of  which 
will  require  35  tons  of  melted  metal,  and  when  clean  will  weigh  about  SO  tons  each; 
20  flue  boilers  6  by  SO  feet  in  length.  Her  engines  are  low  pressure,  and  will  gira 
motion  to  side  wheels  or  pa<idle?,  and  screw  propeller.  The  engine,  when  put  toge- 
ther, will  be  64  feet  in  height  The  weight  of  her  machinery  will  be  about  3,000  tons, 
hull  10,000;  making  an  aggregate  of  about  18,000  tons  of  iron  employed  in  her  con- 
struction. 

The  *'  Great  Eastern  "  will  be  rigeed  with  six  masts  with  fore-and-aft  sails,  and  it  is 
expected  will  be  capable  of  a  speed  of  from  eighteen  to  twenty  knots — enabling  her 
to  make  the  passage  from  London  to  Australia  in  thirty  days,  and  to  return  by  way 
of  Cape  Horn  in  an  equal  time.  She  is  building  by  a  company  at  an  estimated  cost 
of  £400,000,  or  $2,000,000;  and  when  completed  will  be  launched  broadside  to  the 
water.  H<»r  architect  is  I.  K.  Brunei,  and  about  500  men  are  now  employed  upon 
her  in  various  departments. 


MERCANTILE  MISCELLANIES. 

THE  RELATIOX  OF  MERCHANTS  TO  NATIONAL  INDEPENDENCE. 

The  eloquent  and  appropriate  remarks  below  were  published  in  the  **  Philadelphia 
Merchant"  a  few  days  before  the  seventy  ninth  anniversary  of  our  American  indepen- 
dence— X  festival  which  in  the  highest  sense,  is  associated  with  the  establishment  of 
great  principles  and  the  performance  of  great  deeds.  In  these  remarks  we  trace  the 
mind  and  style  of  an  able  and  eloquent  divine,  Rev.  Hsnrt  Baoon,  of  Philadelphia. 

**  The  vast  variety  of  journals  in  our  country,  representing  every  phase  of  the  Amer- 
ican mind,  will  present,  each  from  its  own  point  of  view,  the  meaning  of  this  festival; 
for  60  grand  were  the  purposes  and  so  far-reaching  the  principles  for  which  our  fathers 
contended,  that  whatever  may  be  the  social,  political,  moral,  or  religious  standpoint 
which  we  take,  American  Independence  assumes  a  commanding  importance.  Brought 
AS  we  are,  by  the  purposes  of  our  paper,  into  constant  contact  with  mercantile  life,  it 
is  natural  for  us  to  look  on  the  commercial  view  of  this  great  matter.  American  In- 
dependence was  a  great  piece  of  Business,  as  well  as  a  mighty  War ;  and  the  first  and 
most  difiBu^ult  work  to  be  accomplished  was,  the  culture  of  self-denial,  which,  in  the 
«pirit  of  a  noble  patriotism,  could  lay  all  the  interests  of  trade,  all  the  revenues  of 
commerce,  all  the  accumulations  of  fortune,  on  the  altar  of  freedouL  Merchants  rule 
the  cities ;  from  the  cities  goes  out  into  the  rural  towns  the  awakening  power  of  patri- 
otism ;  and  when  the  first  stroke  is  given  to  the  *  thunder-drum '  yet  to  be  *  heard 
round  the  world,'  it  is  in  obedience  to  the  key-note  of  Liberty  given  in  the  city,  where 
the  sacrifices  involved  in  the  War  are  most  clearly  seen  and  most  speedily  felt 

^Military  skill  and  undaunted  courage  had  their  place  in  the  stupendous  achieve- 
ment of  our  national  Independence.  Withered  be  the  hand  that  would  pluck  a  single 
laurel  from  the  warrior's  brow — that  would  tarnish  the  honor  due  Washington  and  his 
unparalleled  companions  in  the  bloody  field.  They  were  men  who  did  a  Divine  work 
in  a  providential  era,  and  did  it  well — so  well  that  the  very  instinct  of  the  American 
now  is,  that  he  was  bom  to  lead  in  the  best  achievements  possible  to  our  race.  But 
while  giving  unlimited  honor  to  the  heroes  of  the  camp  and  the  battle-field,  we  ask 
that  due  consideration  he  given  to  the  Business  that  lay  behind  all  this — the  mercan- 
tUe  macbisery,  so  to  apeak,  which  mightily  aided  the  transcendent  achievement  that 
enabled  Washington  to  resign  his  command  under  skies  of  victory  and  in  paths  of 
laurels.  That  was  a  stem  battle  which  was  fought  where  supplies  were  to  be  secured^ 
and  crippled  And  confused  finances  were  to  be  managed.  The  mighty  deeds  of  Robert 


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Mercantile  Miscellanies,  521 

Morris  were  less  apparent  as  great  yictories  than  a  startling  battle,  and  yet  what 
stupendous  issues  were  made  dependent  on  his  wonderful  art  in  almost  creating 
money  at  many  a  fearful  crisis  1  Mercantile  tact  had  its  part  in  the  splendid  achieve- 
ment of  American  Independence  as  truly  as  military  ekUl  and  unshaken  bravery,  and 
this  will  yet  be  exhibited  in  clearer  lines  than  history  has  been  wont  to  record  it. 
Admirably  has  one  of  our  own  merchants,  in  hi^  late  report  as  president  of  the  Mer- 
chant Fund  Society,  said  of  the  Merchant — ^  His  pecidiarity  is,  that  he  is  the  repre- 
seniatiw  and  exponent  of  credit  in  this  and  every  commercial  country.  His  business, 
his  fortune,  his  capital,  must  suffer,  when  from  any  cause,  or  combination  of  causes, 
the  monetary  condition  of  the  country  is  disturbed.  It  is  the  commercial  profession 
which  first  feels,  and  must  chiefly  bear  the  shock.  Against  this,  as  a  breakwater,  every 
wave  beats  and  expends  its  force ;  while  behind  this  barrier  many  a  bark,  which  other- 
wise would  be  wrecked,  may  lie  at  safe  and  peaceful  anchorage.* 

"*  How  important  it  is  that  this  fact  should  be  duly  appreciated  I  The  credit,  the 
honor,  the  influence,  of  the  merchants  of  our  Revolutionary  era,  threw  up  many  a 
barricade  behind  which  the  brave  military  fought  with  hopeful  valor.  When  the  pres- 
ent was  chaotic  and  the  future  was  darkness,  mercantile  power  touched  springs  of 
hope  and  a  new  sun  seemed  bom  in  the  heavens ;  and  to  those  who  may  need  to  look 
first  beyond  American  history,  in  order  to  see  how  vital  are  the  monetary  concerns  of 
a  nation,  before  they  can  see  what  honor  is  due  beyond  the  camp,  have  only  to  open 
Allison's  Introduction  to  his  continuation  of  his  History  of  Modem  Europe,  in  connec- 
tion with  his  Essays,  and  study  his  working  of  the  great  problem  of  Money  and  An- 
cient Home.  But  such  need  only  to  look  into  the  records  of  the  English  Parliament 
for  a  few  months  past,  and  read  in  the  revelations  of  the  *  Roebuck  Commiltee,'  what 
is  the  necessity  for  Business  accomplishments — tact,  energy,  promptitude — in  union 
with  the  forces  in  the  field,  to  give  success  to  arms  that  won  Waterloo.  The  Merchant 
in  his  plain  dress — with  no  train  of  attendants  or  attractive  show— going  quietly,  yet 
with  energy,  about  his  business  of  finance  and  supplies,  in  the  time  of  war,  can  never 
expect  to  win  the  applause  which  waits  on  the  victorious  general,  yet  he  holds  as 
many  of  the  essentials  to  success  as  the  warrior. 

"  As  were  the  relations  of  the  Merchant  to  the  final  achievement  of  American  In- 
dependence, such  are  they  now  to  the  maintenance  of  our  national  success,  our  accu- 
mulating superiority.  In  the  forthcoming  volume  of  '  Mercantile  Biographies,*  by  the 
accomplished  editor  of  the  Merchants*  Magazine,  a  memoir  of  the  Hon.  James  Oore 
King  will  doubtless  have  a  prominent  place.  Let  that  biography  be  read,  and  see 
there  the  relations  of  the  merchant  to  the  real  independence  of  the  country — the  stim- 
ulus to  industry,  to  inventive  achievement — the  support  of  education,  and  the  promo- 
tion of  religion,  the  dispensing  of  large-handed  charity :  we  mean  the  healthy  condi- 
tion of  the  monetary  aifiurs  of  the  country. 

**  But  not  only  upon  the  few  foremost  merchants,  but  upon  the  many  less  prominent, 
does  the  real  independence  of  the  country  rest — men  who,  amid  the  noise  and  bustle 
of  trade,  confessing  by  their  labor  to  the  necessity  for  effort,  are 

*  Richer  than  dolog  nothing  for  t  bauble ; 
Prouder  than  rustling  In  unpaid-Tor  allk.* 

The  greatest  need  just  now  is  to  turn  the  tide  of  feeling  away  from  aspiration  for  po- 
litical office,  to  the  essential  toil  of  real  business  life.  The  most  fatal  thing  in  the 
present  aspect  of  our  nation  is,  the  vastness  of  the  number  of  men  who  are  eager  to 
live  on  the  public  treasury — who  deem  all  methods  of  drawing  means  therefrom  per- 
fectly justifiable,  and  whose  conscience?  seem  to  be  of  an  exceedingly  spongy  nature 
Such  are  no  helps  to  the  great  work  of  America.  They  may  talk  of  *  the  plodding 
man  of  trade*  in  derision,  bat  they  scorn  the  hand  that  feeds  them,  and  are  blind  to 


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522  Mercantile  Miscellanies* 

the  real  greatness  to  which  this  *  plodding  *  may  lead.  So  far  as  real  manhood  is  con- 
cerned— the  real  progress  -which  the  genius  of  our  nation  demands  of  each  of  her  sons, 
these  would  be  mere  leeches,  are  but  as  a  gate  that  moves  only  as  its  hinges  are 
moved  by  an  independent  hand. 

"  The  coming  of  the  *  glorious  Fourth  *  should  be  hailed  with  moral  admiration  of 
the  self-denial,  toil,  and  suffering,  which  glorified  the  spirits  who  achieved  our  inde- 
pendence, and  with  a  resolute  purpose  to  do  each  his  part  in  the  work  of  n'>tional 
progress.  Mercantile  life  has  as  truly  its  manifold  relations  to  this  great  work  as 
statesmanship,  and  by  indolence  and  craft  in  the  counting-room  or  store,  national  in' 
terests  may  be  imperilled,  as  by  bad  diplomacy  or  wicked  legislation." 


FABRICATED  TRAD£  MARKS. 

[prom  the  MBRCAKTILK  JOURNAL  AKD  STATISTICAL  RKOISTKR,  BKLPaBT.] 

Our  readers  will  recollect  that  we  have  frequently  called  their  attention  to  the  se- 
rious falling  off  which  has  taken  place  of  late  years  in  the  character  of  American 
flour,  owing  either  to  carelesf^ness  or  fraud  in  the  inspection,  inferior  qualities  having 
been  systematically  branded  and  sold  as  extra  superfine,  to  the  great  loss  of  the  pur- 
chaser, and  the  character  of  the  country  in  which  such  unprincipled  transactions  oc- 
curred. In  our  last  remarks  on  this  subject  we  strongly  recommended  our  American 
friends  to  endeavor  to  get  rid  of  the  system  of  "  inspection  **  altogether,  in  which  case 
every  miller  would  be  obliged  to  pay  proper  attention  to  the  character  of  bis  manu- 
facture, as  upon  it,  and  upon  it  alone,  would  his  reputation  and  success  as  a  miller  de- 
pend. To  furnish  a  case  in  point,  as  we  have  then  showed,  we  have  only  to  call  the 
recollection  of  our  friends  to  the  period  when  all  the  flaxseed  imported  here  had  to 
pass  through  an  Inspector's  hands  before  being  offered  for  sale,  but  which  system  was 
abolished  about  twenty-eight  or  thirty  years  ago,  owing  to  its  being  found  not  to  an- 
swer the  purpose  for  which  ii  was  intended,  that  of  securing  to  the  farmer  sound  and 
pure  sowing  seed  ;  not  from  any  fault  on  the  part  of  the  inspector,  but  from  its  being 
found  that  the  same  casks  were  frequently  used,  besides  other  modes  adopted,  even  of 
a  worse  description,  to  evade  the  vigilance  of  the  inspecting  officer. 

We  are  sorry  to  find  that  there  are  as  yet  no  syraptons  of  improvement  on  the  part 
of  our  American  friends,  a  circumstance  which  we  regret  exceedingly,  as  a  persever- 
ance in  such  a  questionable  mode  of  doing  business  will  be  the  means  of  forcing 
us  to  seek  for  flour  in  other  quarters,  where  the  first  principles  of  Commerce  are  bet- 
ter appreciated.  We  extract  the  following  excellent  remarks,  taking  a  more  extended 
and  general  view  of  the  system  of  trade  marks,  from  the  London  Journal  of  Com- 
merce : — 

"  Among  the  many  dishonest  trade  practices  and  systems  of  fraud  which  prevail, 
there  U,  perhaps,  none  which  is  carried  out  on  a  more  extensive  scale  than  the  imita- 
tion of  popular  articles  of  consumption  and  manufacture,  both  for  home  and  foreign 
consumption.  It  is,  however,  to  foreign  markets  that  these  are  mostly  shipped,  and 
trade  marks  on  goods  for  export  are  forged  to  a  most  unheard-of  extent.  It  is  only 
lately  that  steps  have  been  taken  to  put  a  stop,  in  America  and  the  colonies,  to  this 
dishonest  practice.  The  rigid  enforcement  of  the  law  against  counterfeiting  trade 
marks  is  essential  not  only  to  the  pecuniary  interests  of  merchants,  and  the  character 
of  our  traders,  but  also,  in  some  degree,  to  the  sanitary  interests  of  the  public  In 
London,  it  may  be  remembered,  there  was  recently  seized  a  large  quantity  of  spuri- 
ous ale.  It  contained  very  vile  ingredients,  and  the  bottles  were  fraudulently  labeled 
*  Alsopp's  Ale,'  being  intended  for  export  to  New  York.  The  guilty  parties  were 
prosecuted  for  counterfeiting  the  labels  and  trade  marks,  and  sentenced  to  twelve 
months'  imprisonment  to  hard  labor.  This  is  a  severer  penalty  than  that  prescribed 
by  the  law  of  the  State  of  New  York,  enacted  in  1860,  oy  which  knowingly  forging 
or  counterfeiting,  or  causing  to  be  forged  or  counterfeited,  trade  marks  of  any  kind  is 
punishable  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  for  a  period  not  exceedbg  six  months. 


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Mercantile  Miscellanies,  528 

There  is  also  a  clause  in  that  act,  (session  law,  I860,  pp.  197-98,)  malting  the  party 
baying  *  in  his  poeeession  any  die,  plate,  eDgraving,  or  printed  label,  stamp,  or  wrapper 
representation,  likeness,  similitude,  copy,  or  imitation  of  the  private  stamp,  wrapper, 
or  label,  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  in  the  sale  of  imitated  goods,'  Ac,  equally  guilty 
with  the  manufacturer  and  vendor,  and  subject  to  the  Bame  punishment  It  is  well 
known  that  almost  every  article  of  merchandise  possessing  a  high  reputation  in  this 
country  is  eztensifely  imitated  in  America.  Being  apt  and  cunning,  the  universal 
Yankee  nation,  we  are  told  by  one  of  their  own  trade  organs,  tries  its  band  at  decep- 
tion, and  hence  imitative  Champagne,  Shtrffield  cutlery,  Rowland's  macassar,  Cognac 
brandy,  Worcestershire  sauce,  Belgium  cloths,  Burton  ales,  Irish  linens,  French  silks, 
Scotch  shawls,  and  a  thousand  other  things,  are  manufactured  there,  and  sold  as  the 
'real  originals.' 

**  The  law  on  this  subject,  and  the  cases  bearing  upon  it,  have  occasionally  been  al- 
luded to ;  but  some  recent  decisions  which  have  been  given  may  be  adverted  to  here 
for  the  benefit  of  traders  and  merchants.  In  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  in  the  case 
of  Allcroft  vs.  Culverwell,  the  plaintififd,  the  successors  of  Dent  <fe  Co.,  the  celebrated 
glove  manufacturers,  recovered  £200  damages  for  an  infringement  of  their  trade 
mark,  inferior  gloves  having  been  spuriously  stamped  with  their  distinguishing  mark. 
Mr.  Holloway  obtained  an  injunction  in  the  Rolls  Court  in  November,  1860,  against 
his  brother  for  fraudulently  copying  the  labels,  direction  papers,  Ac,  of  his  pots  and 
boxes  of  pills  and  ointment  In  November,  1864,  Mr.  Lent,  the  great  Staley  Bridge 
manufacturer,  obtained  a  perpetual  injunction,  with  costs,  in  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Calcutta,  restraining  two  native  houses  from  using  a  fabricated  mark  for  stamping 
grey  shirtings  of  an  inferior  character,  so  as  to  lead  persons  to  believe  they  were  gen- 
uine. It  was  given  in  evidence,  that  by  means  of  this  practice  second  class  goods 
were  constantly  sold  for  those  of  a  superior  quality.  This  decision  is  stated  to  have 
an  astonishing  effect  upon  the  bazaar  dealers  in  India.  A  case  or  two  of  this  nature, 
prosecuted  with  effect,  does  wonders  in  stopping  the  wholesale  system  of  fraudulent 
imitations.  So  general  had  the  practice  become  in  India  that  it  was  common,  when 
wines  were  bottled  by  native  coopers,  for  the  question  to  be  put,  whether  the  bottles 
should  be  sealed  with  the  seal  of  Burdon  «fe  Gray,  White,  or  Shaw,  Ac.  The  Amoe- 
kea^  Manufacturing  Company  obtained  an  injunction  in  the  New  York  Court,  in  1849, 
against  Spear  A  Ripley,  to  restrain  them  from  using  their  trade  marks  on  tickings. 
The  mark  was  an  oval,  with  the  letters  *  A.  C.  A.'  below  the  center,  and  surrounded 
by  a  vignette  in  red.  A  motion  to  dissolve  the  injunction  was  subsequently  argued 
and  denied ;  the  judge,  however,  reserving  the  question  of  the  right  of  the  company 
to  the  letters  'A.  C.  A.,'  unless  united  with  the  vignette.  A  decree  has  since  oeen 
made,  establishing  the  right  of  the  company  to  the  whole  trade  mark,  and  also  to  the 
letters  *  A.  C.  A.,'  whether  in  combination  or  by  themselves.  The  courts,  both  of  this 
country  and  of  the  United  States,  will  now  issue  injunctions,  not  only  against  copying 
trade  marks,  but  also  against  what  was  formerly  often  done — imitating  them  with  a 
slight  difference.  A  case  was  decided  in  1864,  where  an  action  was  brought  in  the 
Superior  Court  of  Connecticut  by  Messrs.  J.  A  P.  Coats,  of  Paisley,  Scotland,  against 
the  Wellington  Thread  Company,  of  Tolland  County,  Connecticut,  for  an  infringement 
of  the  labels  used  on  the  spools.  They  were  in  the  habit  of  using  a  label  m  black 
and  gilt,  with  the  following,  amongst  other  words  and  figures,  printed  thereon — *  J.  A 
P.  Coats,  best  six  cord,  200  yards.'  The  Wellington  Company  imitated  this  mark  by 
making  it  appear  as  *  Coats'  best  six  cord,  200  yards.'  An  injunction  was  granted  by 
the  Superior  Court  against  the  Wellington  Company,  to  prevent  the  further  use  of  the 
*  false  and  simulated  wrappers  on  the  thread,'  under  the  penalty  of  £2,000,  and  the 
defendants  had  to  pay  the  costs  of  the  suit 

"  The  more  generally  and  universally  this  subject  of  fraudulent  imitations  of  trade 
marks  is  discussed,  the  more  likely  is  the  practice  to  be  put  an  end  to,  and  private 
and  public  interests  protected  thereby.  A  jury  of  business  men  will  almost  invariably 
convict  for  such  an  offense,  and  it  is  but  right  that  ingenuity,  skill,  and  outlay  should 
be  protected.  The  names  of  firms  become,  in  the  course  of  time,  popular  and  cele- 
brated from  their  identification  with  peculiar  articles,  and  the  forgerjr  of  these,  the 
trading  on  another  man's  credit,  the  filching  of  his  good  name  by  some  unprincipled 
adventurer,  in  order  to  deceive  the  public  and  enrich  himself,  is  base  and  criminal  in 
the  extreme,  and  demands  tlie  rigorou<)  application  of  the  law.  Almost  all  commercial 
nations  have  now  joined  in  reprobating  such  proceedings,  and  legislating  for  the  re- 
dress of  the  wrong  by  inflicting  damages  and  levying  penalties  of  various  kinds ;  and 
the  good  sense  of  the  public,  and  of  all  honest-minded  traders,  agree  in  the  necessity 
for  carefully  guarding  private  interests  of  this  kind." 


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524  Mercantile  Miscellanies, 

FIRST  BOOKS  Iff  AflfERICi. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  in  a  year  after  the  first  priDting  press  was  established 
in  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  or  in  1640,  an  American  book  was  issued  from  it,  (be- 
ing the  first  published  in  what  are  now  the  United  States,)  which  was  soon  after  re- 
printed in  England,  where  it  passed  through  no  less  than  eighteen  editions,  the  last 
being  issued  in  1764 ;  thus  maintaining  a  hold  on  English  popularity  for  one  hundred 
and  fourteen  years.  This  was  the  "  Bay  Psalm  Book.**  It  passed  through  twenty- 
two  editions  in  Scotland,  where  it  was  extensively  known,  the  last  bearing  date  1759; 
and  as  it  was  reprinted  without  the  compiler  enjoying  pecuniary  benefit  from  its 
sale,  we  hare  irrefutable  proof  that  England  pirated  the  first  American  book,  being  in 
reality  the  original  aggressor  in  this  line. 

This  first  American  work  enjoyed  a  more  lasting  reputation,  and  had  a  wider  cir- 
culation than  any  volume  since,  of  American  origin,  having  passed  in  all  through 
seventy  editions — a  very  remarkable  number  for  the  age  in  which  it  flourished.  Suc- 
cess attended  the  colonial  press,  and  in  1663  the  first  Bible  printed  in  America  waa 
published  at  Oambridge.  It  was  unlawful  to  print  an  English  version  of  the  Scrip- 
tures— that  right  being  a  monopoly  enjoyed  by  privilege  and  patent  in  England.  The 
one  printed  in  Massachusetts  was  Elliott's  famous  Indian  Bible ;  and  although  fifteen 
hundred  copies  were  struck  off,  they  are  now  quite  rare  and  "  sealed  books,**  as  the 
tongue  in  which  they  are  written  is  literally  a  "  dead  language,**  the  tribe  and  all 
who  had  a  knowledge  of  the  dialect  being  long  extinct.  Elliott's  work  is  unique,  be- 
ing at  once  a  monument  to  his  piety,  perseverance,  and  learning.  Its  literary  suc- 
cessor was  Newman's  Concordance  of  the  Scriptures.  This  was  compiled  by  the  light 
of  pine  knots  in  a  log  cabin,  in  one  of  the  frontier  settlements  of  Massachusetts.  It 
was  the  first  of  its  kind,  and  for  more  than  a  century  was  admitted  to  be  the  most 
perfect,  holding  its  place  in  public  esteem  until  superseded  by  OrudeD*e,  which  it 
suggested. 


PARIS  FUEL  SHOPS. 

The  fuel  with  which  to  cook  a  dinner  in  Paris  costs  nearly  as  much  as  the  dinner 
itself.  Fuel  is  very  scarce,  and  the  American  is  surprised  to  find  shops  all  over  the 
city,  fitted  up  with  shelves  like  those  in  shoe  stores,  upon  which  is  stored  wood,  split 
up  in  pieces  about  the  size  of  a  man*8  finger,  and  done  up  in  bundles,  as  matches  were 
in  the  days  of  the  tinder-box,  steel,  and  flint :  they  are  about  the  size  of  a  bunch  of 
asparagus.  These  littld  bundles  sell  at  from  two  to  six  sous.  Larger  sticks  are  bun- 
dled up  in  the  same  way,  and  sell  at  a  frightful  price.  Charcoal  is  sold  by  the  weight, 
and  hard  coal  being  nearly  as  expensive  as  wood,  can  be  bought  in  tlie  smallest  quan- 
tity at  any  of  these  fuel  shops.  The  windows  of  these  shops  are  often  decorated  with 
a  curtain  or  inside  shutter,  upon  which  split  wood  and  round  wood  are  printed  to 
represent  the  bundles  sold  within. 


HOW  TO  MAKE  JUJUBE  PASTE. 
Hie  jujube  plant  has  been  recently  introduced  mto  this  country.    The  following  re- 
cipe for  making  jujube  paste  is  furnished  by  the  United  States  Patent  Office: — 

**  Take  jujubes,  one  pound,  and  water,  two  quarts ;  boil  half  an  hoar,  strain  with  ex- 
pression, settle,  decant  the  clear,  and  clarify  with  white  of  eggs ;  add  a  strained  solu- 
tion of  gumarabic,  six  pounds  in  four  quarts  of  water,  and  to  the  mixture  six  pounds 
of  white  sugar;  gently  evaporate,  at  first  constantly  stirring,  and  afterwards  without 
stirring,  till  reduced  to  the  consistence  of  soft  extract;  add  orange-flower  water,  six 
ounces,  and  place  the  pan  in  a  yessel  of  boiling  water.  In  twelve  hoars  earefollj  re- 
move the  scorn,  pour  tne  matter  into  slightly-oiled  tin  molds." 


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THE  BOOK  TRADE. 


1. — Theitm :  the  Witnees  of  Reason  and  Nature  to  do  All-wise  and  Beneficent 
Creator.  By  John  Tullock,  D.  D.,  Principal  and  Priroariua  Profepsor  of  Theology 
St  Mary's  College,  St  Andrew's.  12mo.,  pp.  431.  New  York :  Robert  Carter  «fe 
Brothers. 

Mr.  Bamett,  a  benerolent  merchant  of  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  among  other  acts  of 
liberality,  bequeathed  certain  sums  to  be  expended  at  intervals  of  forty  years,  in  the 
shape  of  two  premiums,  inciting  to  the  discussion  of  the  evidences  of  religious  truth, 
and  especially  to  the  consideration  and  confirmation  of  the  attributes  of  Divine  Wis- 
dom and  Goodness.  The  writer  of  this  essay  received  the  second  premium  of  £500, 
the  judges  who  decided  on  its  merits  having  been  Mr.  Isaac  Taylor,  Henry  Royles, 
and  the  Rev.  Padre  Powell.  The  writer,  it  seems,  kept  very  prominently  in  view  the 
anti-theistic  tendencies  of  our  time,  especially  as  manifested  in  the  form  of  Positivcism, 
Materialistic  Pantheism,  in  the  shape  of  Positive  Philosophy,  has  assumed  a  dignity 
and  importance  which  invest  it  with  a  new  character,  and  require  a  new  and  more 
comprehensive  mode  of  treatment  Miss  Martineau's  recent  translation  of  Oomte's 
great  work,  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Lewis*  popular  exposition  of  Positiveism,  give  additional 
significance  to  the  purpose  of  Dr.  TuUock's  prize  essay. 

2. — A  Memoir  of  the  Rev.  Sydney  Smith.  By  his  Daughter,  Lady  Holland.  With 
a  Selection  from  his  Letters,  Edited  bv  Mrs.  Austen.  In  two  volumes.  12mo.,  pp. 
871  and  611.     New  York :  Harper  ^'Brothers. 

It  is  ten  years  since  the  decease  of  this  talented  and  independent  preacher.  The 
public  have  had  hut  brief  sketches  and  small  recollections  of  his  noble  and  Christian 
life.  His  biography  and  letters  will  therefore  be  welcomed  by  all  who  love  a  record 
of  the  truly  good.  The  memoir  in  the  first  volume  by  his  daughter  beautifully  por- 
trays his  domestic  life,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  book  is  filled  with  his  witty  and 
brilliant  sayings.  The  other  volume  contains  a  l.^rge  collection  from  his  correspond- 
ence, edited  by  Mrs.  Austen.  Both  books  are  exceedingly  interesting.  The  London 
Leader  lias  said  mof  t  truly,  "  that  a  more  lovely  picture  has  seldom  been  presented  to 
the  world  than  that  of  this  brave  and  bright  creature,  so  rich  in  wit,  humor,  high 
animal  spirits,  inexhaustible  kindliness,  manly  independence,  sagacious  good  sense. 
To  read  this  book  is  a  moral  tonic.  It  is  a  lesson  in  life.  It  makes  us  happier  and 
better." 

S.--~Pen  Pictures  of  the  Bible.  By  the  Rev.  Charles  Bxeoher.  With  an  Introduc- 
tion by  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe.  First  Series.  18mo.,  pp.  315.  New  York :  J.  C. 
Derby.    Boston :  Phillips,  Sampson  &  Co. 

The  fir^t  of  a  series  of  books  designed  to  interest  young  readers  in  the  study  of  the 
Old  Tebtameut  Mrs.  Stowe  does  not  look  upon  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament  as 
mere  literary  fragments  of  a  rude  and  barbarous  age,  of  no  more  value  than  any 
other  literary  writings  of  ancient  time,  but  regards  them  as  the  electric  principle  to 
the  germs  of  liberty.  The  author  has  paraphrased  some  of  the  most  interesting 
stories  of  the  Bible,  and  rendered  them  attractive  to  children. 

4. — Disapline  of  Sorrow.     By  Rev.  William  G.  Eliot,  D.  D.,  of  St  Louis.    Boston : 

American  Unitarian  Association. 

Under  this  title,  one  of  the  most  aflfectionate  of  pastors  and  best-beloved  of  preach- 
ers has  issued  a  little  book  in  four  chapters — "Preparation,  Trial,  Weakness  and 
Strength,  Compensation.'*  Its  recommendations  are,  that  it  is  written  from  a  full 
heart,  in  a  cheering  tone,  and  with  a  child-like  trust;  so  small  that  it  can  easily  be 
slipped  into  one's  pocket,  it  offers  all  the  suggestions  that  Christian  sympathy  can 
prompt  and  the  struggling  heart  can  crave. 

6.— The  Illustrated  Manners  Book,     A  Manual  of  Good  Behavior  and  Polite  Ac- 
complishments.    ISmo.,  pp.  502.     New  York :   Leland,  Clay  <k  Co.     Stringer  & 
Townsend. 
A  book  that  will  amuse  the  reader,  if  it  does  not  reform  or  improve  his  manners. 

The  numerous  illustrations  are  rather  comical  caricatures  of  the  manners  of  "  polbhed 

Bociety.'* 


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6. — Leeturea,  delivered  before  the  Young  Men*fl  OhristiaD  AsBociation  in  Exeter  Hall, 
London,  from  November,  1864,  to  February,  1866.  12mo^  pp.  600.  New  York  : 
Carter  ^  Brothers. 

"We  noticed  some  months  since  the  publication  of  the  series  of  lectures  delivered 
before  the  same  association  for  1868-4.  That  was  the  ninth  annual  series  that  has 
been  delivered  before  the  Young  Men*s  Christian  Association,  but  the  first  republished 
in  this  country.  The  present  volume  contains  thirteen  lectures.  Some  idea  of  their 
character  may  be  gathered  from  the  titles  of  the  topics  discussed,  and  the  names  of 
their  eminent  authors,  as  follows: — 1.  On  the  Origin  of  Civilisation,  by  the  Archbishop 
of  Dublin.  2.  Labor,  Rest,  and  Recreation,  by  Rev.  John  Oumming,  D.  D.  8.  Popu- 
lar Fallacies,  by  Rev.  William  Landels,  4.  The  Glory  of  the  Old  Testament,  by  Rev. 
Hugh  Stowell,  M.  A.  6.  Philosophy  of  the  Atonement,  by  Rev.  Thomas  Archer.  6. 
Man  and  his  Maker.  7.  The  Intelligent  Study  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  by  Henry  Al- 
ford,  B,  D.  8.  Constantinople  and  Greek  Christianity,  by  Rev.  Richard  Burgess,  R  D^ 
Prebendary  of  St  Paul.  9.  Agents  in  the  Revival  of  the  Last  Century.  10.  God's 
Heroes  and  the  World's  Heroes,  by  Rev.  J.  H.  Gurney,  M.  A.,  Rector  of  St.  Mary's, 
Marylebone.  11.  The  Dignity  of  Labor,  by  Rev.  Newman  Hall,  B.  A„  Surrey  Chapel 
12.  Ragged  Schools,  bv  Rev.  Thomas  Guthrie,  D.  D.  18.  Oppositiou  to  Great  Inven- 
tions and  Discoveries,  by  Rev.  Samuel  Martiu,  Westminster  Chapel.  The  lectures,  it 
will  be  seen,  are  well  calculated  to  promote  moral  thoughtfulness  and  living  earnest- 
ness in  young  men. 

7. — The  Iroquois;  or  the  Bright  Side  of  Indian  Character.     By   Minnie  Mtetle. 

12mo.,  pp.  818.    New  Yoris:  Appleton  A  Brothers. 

This  work  has  evidently  been  prepared  with  much  research  and  care.  The  writer 
has  consulted  the  various  works  of  the  antiquarian,  the  historian,  and  the  scholar ;  but 
not  there  alone,  she  has  become  acquainted  and  resided  with  portions  of  the  race  she 
describes,  and  if  she  has  not  told  the  whole  truth,  what  she  has  "  written  is  truth,  in 
its  minutest  details."  There  is  scarcely  a  topic  connected  with  the  character,  manners, 
habits,  religion,  government,  ^^  <&c.,  of  the  Iroquois  that  is  not  described  and  dis- 
cussed, and  on  the  whole  it  contains  the  most  comprehensive  view  of  "  the  bright  side 
of  Indian  character,"  it  has  been  our  fortune  to  meet  with  in  our  varied  reading. 

8. — America  Vindicated  from  European  Theologico- Political  and  Infidel  Aspersion*. 
By  Thomas  J.  Vaiden,  M.  D.  In  the  79th  year  of  American  Constitutional  Lib- 
erty.   12mo.,  pp.  812.    New  York :  Morgan  A  Co. 

A  singularly  written  book  which,  besides  other  matters,  purports  to  embrace  in  its 
review  Compte,  in  his  "  Positive  Philosophy,"  and  the  Baron  D'  Holback,  in  his  "  Good 
Sense  and  System  of  Nature."  The  author  lays  down  a  position  which  few  will  com- 
prehend, viz.:  that  *'the  American  code  of  Morality  or  Infidelity  is  only  extinguish- 
able  by  Monotheist  Normal  principles."  Dr.  Vaiden,  the  author,  bails  from  St.  Paul, 
Minnesota  Territory. 

9.— 7%4?  British  Poets.  Boston :  Little,  Brown  &  Ca  New  York:  James  S.  Dick- 
erson. 

The  enterprising  publishers  continue  to  issue  their  series  of  the  British  Poets  in 
the  same  uniform  and  beautiful  style.  We  have  now  before  us  the  poetical  works  of 
.Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,  edited  by 'Mrs.  Shelley,  with  a  memoir,  in  three  volumes  ;  and 
the  poetical  works  of  George  Herbert,  with  a  memoir  of  the  author  and  notes,  by  Rev. 
Robert  Aris  Willmott,  incumbent  of  Beor  Wood.  We  regard  this  edition  of  the 
British  Poets  as  the  most  desirable  for  libraries  that  has  yet  been  produced  in  this 
country. 

10.— 0/t>;  or  the  Old  West  Room.     Tlie  Weary  at  Work  and  the  Weary  at  Rept 
By  L.  M.  N.     12mo.,  pp.  626.    New  York:  Mason  <&  Brothers. 
We  find  this  story  full  of  characters  and  adventures  of  all  kinds.     The  plot  is  not 

very  skillfully  wrought,  yet  there  is  some  merit  in  the  work  Olie.    The  orphan  is  the 

principal  character — her  fortune  the  reader  follows  with  considerable  interest    The 

morality  of  the  book  is  good. 

W.-^Xew  Hope ;  or  the  Rescue.    A  Tale  of  the  Great  Kanawha.      1 2roo.,  pp.  891. 

New  York :  Bunco  <&  Brothers. 

This  work  is  a  reprint,  having  formerly  appeared  under  the  title  of  **  Our  Kate." 
The  story  is  an  animated  and  graphic  description  of  Western  life  in  all  its  phases. 
The  reader  will  find  much  entertainment  in  its  various  characters  and  spirited  s-cenes. 


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12. — New  Hampfhire  Ai  It  Is,  In  Three  Parts.  Compiled  from  Numerous  Authen- 
tic Sources.  By  Edwin  Charlton.  Claremont,  N.  H. :  Tracy  4  Sandford.  Bos 
ton :  James  French. 

This  Tolume,  covering  some  six  hundred  pages,  furnishes  a  pretty  full  historical 
sketch  of  New  Hampshire  from  its  first  settlement  to  the  adoption  of  the  Federal 
Constitution.  The  second  part  is  devoted  to  a  Gazetteer  of  the  State,  embracing  de- 
scriptions of  the  towns,  cities,  villages,  remarkable  curiosities,  minerals,  <tc.,  and  a 
general  view  of  the  counties,  both  historical  and  topographical.  In  the  third  and  last 
part  we  have  a  very  good  general  view  of  New  Hampshire,  including  a  description  of 
Its  soil,  productions,  climate,  its  geological  and  mineralogical  features,  mountains,  lakes, 
and  rivers,  educational  and  religious  institutions,  banks,  railroads,  <Sec.  The  work  is 
interspersed  with  a  number  of  portraits  of  the  diftinguished  men  who  have  emanated 
from  that  State,  with  comprehensive  biographical  sketches.  To  the  sons  and  daugh- 
ters of  New  Hampshire,  scattered  over  every  State  and  Territory  of  our  wide-spread 
Union,  the  work  will  have  a  peculiar  interest,  and  as  a  contribution  to  the  historical, 
statistical,  and  other  valuable  information  of  a  portion  of  the  "  Great  Republic,"  it 
will  be  regarded  with  favor  by  the  American  public  generally. 

18. — MathematiccU  Dictionary  and  Cyclopedia  of  Mathematiccd  Science^  comprising 
Definitions  of  all  the  Terms  employed  in  Mathematics ;  an  Analysis  of  each  Branch, 
and  of  the  Whole,  as  forming  a  single  Science.  By  Charles  Davies,  LL.  D.,  author 
of  a  **  Complete  Course  of  Mathematics,"  and  Wiluam  G.  Peck,  A.  M.,  Assihtant 
Professor  of  Mathematics,  United  States  Military  Academy.  Svo.,  pp.  592.  New 
York :  A.  S.  Barnes  <&  Co. 

A  valuable  dictionary,  not  only  for  the  student  in  mathematics,  but  for  the  general 
reader,  who  will  find  it  to  contain  all  he  needs  on  the  subject  He  can  learn  trom  it 
the  signification  and  use  of  every  technical  term,  and  trace  such  term,  in  its  connec- 
tions, through  the  entire  science.  It  is  emphatically  what  it  purports  to  be — "  A  Dic- 
tionary and  Cyclopedia  of  Mathematical  Science."  The  success  which  has  marked 
the  mathematical  manuals  of  Dr.  Davies,  and  the  industry  and  learning  of  Mr.  Peck, 
the  accomplished  Professor  in  the  United  States  Military  Academy,  presage  for  the 
present  work  a  wide  circulation  among  a  large  circle  of  scholars  and  students. 

14. — The  Turkish  Empire^  embracing  the  Religion,  Manners,  and  Customs  of  the  Peo- 
ple. With  a  Memoir  of  the  Reigning  Sultan  and  Omer  Pacha.  By  Edward  Joy 
Morris,  author  of  "Travels  in  the  East"  12mo.,  pp.  216.  Philadelphia :  Lindsay 
<&  BlakistoD. 

The  present  struggle,  in  which  Turkey  is  deeply  involved,  gives  to  the  present  ac- 
count of  the  history,  political  and  religious  condition,  and  physical  resources  of  the 
people  of  that  nation  particular  interest.  Mr.  Morris  has  presented,  in  a  concise  form, 
a  general  view  of  the  past  and  present  condition  of  the  Ottoman  people  and  empire. 
It  is  chiefly  a  translation,  rendered  more  complete  by  the  incorporation  of  portions  of 
the  French  writings  on  Turkey  and  Constantinople,  by  Jouannin,  Van  Gover,  and  La- 
croix,  intermingled  with  a  considerable  amount  of  matter  suggested  by  Mr.  Morris's 
travels  in  Turkey  and  the  East 

16. — The  Creed  of  Christendom;  its  Foundations  and  Superstructure.  By  William 
Rathbone  Greg.  12mo.,  pp.  867.  New  York :  Calvin  Blanchard. 
Whatever  may  be  the  opinion  entertained  by  different  minds  under  varied  infitf- 
ences,  few  will  dispute  the  logical  acumen  of  the  author.  The  conclusions  which  he 
has  endeavored  to  make  clear,  to  quote  from  his  own  summary,  are  these : — "  That 
the  tenet  of  the  Inspiration  of  the  Scriptures  is  baseless  and  untenable  under  any 
form  or  modification  which  leaves  it  to  a  dogmatic  value ;  that  the  gospels  are  not 
textually  records  of  the  sayings  and  actions  of  Jesus,  but  ascribe  to  him  words  which 
he  never  uttered,  and  deeds  which  he  never  did ;  and  that  the  apostles  only  partially 
comprehended,  and  imperfectly  transmitted,  the  teaching  of  their  Great  Master." 
The  work  will  be  read  with  interest  by  the  free  inquirer  after  religious  truth. 

16. — First  Book  in  Composition,  ioT  the  use  of  Schools.     By  J.  Brookfield.    New 

York :  A.  S.  Barnes  <fe  Co. 

This  little  work  seems  well  adapted  for  the  aid  of  beginners  in  the  difficult  task  of 
composition.  From  examination  we  should  judge  that  it  would  be  very  useful  as  a 
suggestive  of  thought  and  expression  to  the  youthful  mind,  and  would  meet  the  want 
which  children  feel  in  attempting  that  branch  of  education. 


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17. — My  Bofidage  and  My  Freedom.    Part  1.  Life  as  a  Slave.    Part  2.  Life  as  a  Free- 
man.    By  FaEDK&iOK  Douglas.      With  au  introduction  by  Dr.  James  McCubs 
Smith.    12mo.,  pp.  464.    New  York  :  Miller,  Orton  <&  Mulligaa 
More  than  two-thirds  of  the  four  hundred  and  sixty-four  pages  of  this  book  is  de- 
voted to  the  author^s  life  as  a  slave,  and  we  are  assured  that  the  details  are  facts,  that 
there  is  not  a  fictitious  name  or  place  in  the  whole  volume.    In  a  letter  to  Dr.McCuDe 
Smith,  a  gentleman  of  African  descent,  who  has  written  a  preface  to  the  work,  Mr. 
Douglas  gays : — '*  It  is  not  to  illustrate  any  heroic  achievements  of  a  man,  but  to  vin- 
dicate a  just  and  beneficii  1  principle,  by  letting  in  the  light  of  truth  upon  a  system, 
esteemed  by  some  as  a  blessing,  and  by  others  as  a  curse  and  a  crime."    The  work  is 
interesting  in  several  particulars,  and  displays  a  power  of  description  and  delineaticii 
that  would  do  credit  to  men  whose  lives  had  been  blessed  with  the  advantages  of  a 
higher  literary  culture. 

18. — The  Hidden  Path.    By  Marion  Harland,  author  of  "Alone."    12ma,  pp.  4S4. 

New  York :  J.  0.  Derby. 

Miss  Harland  has  laid  the  plot  of  this  work  in  her  own  State,  (Virginia,)  where  slie 
is  familiar  with  the  scenes  and  characters  which  are  described  with  so  much  natural- 
ness. The  heroine  of  the  story  is  happily  drawn  and  sustained.  It  is  the  picture  of 
a  young  girl  who,  by  the  reverses  and  vicissitudes  of  life,  is  thrown  upon  her  own  re- 
sources, but  through  noble  endurance,  perseverance,  and  patience,  is  enabled  to  pass 
through  trials,  encounter  difficulties,  and  at  last  triumph  by  steadfast  adherence  to 
duty."  Many  other  characters  are  very  life-like,  and  exhibit  lessons  which  may  be  in- 
structive to  the  reader.  We  commend  the  work  for  the  truth  it  is  meant  to  convey — 
that  peace  and  happiness  can  only  be  secured  by  stern  persistence  in  well  doing,  what- 
ever temporary  sacrifice  it  may  cost 

19. — T/ie  Romance  of  the  Revolution^  being  a  History  of  the  Personal  Adventures, 

Ht^roic  Exploits,  and  Romantic  Incidents,  as  enacted  in  the  War  of  Independence, 

Edited  by  Ouver  B.  Buxck.    12mo.,  pp.  434.    New  York:  Bunce  <fe  Brothers. 

In  the  present  volume  we  have  a  collection  of  the  strange  and  romantic  events  of 

our  revolutioDury  history  which  have  appeared  in  various  forms  during  the  last  fifty 

or  sixty  years.    Few,  if  any,  of  these  pas?ages  have  heretofore  been  collected  in  a 

permanent  form.    This  work  is  designed  to  perpetuate  and  preserve  these  legendary 

pictures.    Tlie  collection  of  Mr.  Bunce  is  made  with  discrimmation,  and  illustrates  in 

a  remarkable  degree  the  old  and  ttite  adage  that  truth  is  stranger  than  fiction. 

20. — Cotton  is  King  ;  or  the  Culture  of  Cotton,  and  its  Relation  to  Agriculture,  Man- 
ufactures, and  Commerce;  to  the  Free  Colored  People;  and  to  tliose  who  hold  that 
Slavery  is  in  itself  Sinful.  By  an  American.  12mo.,  pp.  210  Cincinnati :  Moore, 
Wilstack,  Keys  &  Co. 

A  more  interesting  work  upon  the  subject  cannot  be  conceived.  In  the  details  of 
the  influence  of  the  growth  of  our  principal  Southern  product  upon  the  slave  popoU- 
tion,  the  author  has  fortified  himself  with  facts  and  figures,  which  bear  the  closest 
scrutiny.  The  tabular  statements  are  also  new  and  interesting,  and  are  alone  wortb 
more  than  the  price  of  the  book.  It  is  printed  in  a  beautiful  style,  and  worthy  tbft 
imprint  of  a  Pickering  or  a  Moxon. 

21. — Light  and  Darkness  ;  or  the  Shadow  of  Fate.     A  Story  of  Fashionable  lalie. 

12mo.,  pp.  319.    New  York:  D.  Appleton  <t  Co. 

This  btory  is  intended  to  depict  life  as  it  is ;  its  purpose  is  to  prove  that,  to  the  m- 
governed  pafisiona  and  foibles  of  the  many,  rather  than  to  the  hateful  crimes  of  th« 
few,  we  owe  the  miseries  which  darken  social  life.  The  melancholy  results  of  those 
who  are  slaves  of  impulse,  and  are  not  actuated  by  true  principles,  are  also  truly  de- 
picted. There  is  a  healthy  moral  tone  pervading  the  whole  story,  the  scenes  and  ch«- 
acters  lively  and  truthful 

22. — A  Manual  of  Denial  Economy  ;  or  Practical  Instruction  on  the  Physiology  audi 
Treatment  of  the  Teeth,  in  order  to  check  their  Diseases,  repair  their  Injuries,  sod 
insure  their  Preservation.  By  Dr.  Charles  S.  Rowell,  Surgeon  Dentist  New 
York :  Chai  les  Scribner. 

A  very  ut-eful  manual,  giving  much  information  regarding  the  teeth,  both  lor 
adults  and  cbiliiren,  the  knowledge  of  which  would  prevent  much  suffering  and  «(- 
pense,  by  giving  timely  attention  to  the  preservation  of  the  teeth.  The  advtoe  to 
parents  is  sound  and  practical,  the  author  himself  being  a  practical  dentist 


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HUNT'S 


MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE. 

EsUiblUlied  JTnly^  18889 

BY  FREEMAN  HUNT.  EDITOR  AND  PROPRIETOR. 

VOLUME  XXXIIL  NOVEMBER.   186  6.  NUMBER  V 

CONTENTS  OF  NO.    V.,  VOL.  XXXIII. 
ARTICLES. 

1.  FINANCE,  FOOD,  AND  FUTUBE  OF  FRANCE.    By  Diztbr  F.  Parker,  of  MaMb^*"* 
chiuetts 531 

IL  MONEY  AND  BANK  NG.    Bj  Richard  Sul lit,  of  TndiaDa. 541 

III.  COMMERCE  AND  THE  MERCHANT.  Commerce,  wh&t  it  is— NatanU  to  Man— DiTor»- 
ity  of  EmpIoymeDt— Biblical  Uoinmeree — Acquisition  an  Instinct  from  Divinltj — What 
the  Tbirel  Tor  tiold  has  Accompllsbed— Commerce  brings  Wealth  And  Power — A  Com- 
mercial People— An  lllaHratii'n  o(  the  Beneficence  of  Commerce — The  HUrher  Datlea  of 
the  Merchant— His  Exalted  Station— In  Bnstneas  he  must  Combine  Wisdom  and  Inno- 
cence—The Merchant  obeys  the  l^irs  of  hia  rk>untry— The  Merchant  shoold  be  Rapid  in 
Decision  and  Action,  etc.    By  Hun.  Grorob  W.  CLiirroRf  of  New  York 558 

lY.  COMMERCE  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES.- No.  xix.  French  and  Spanish  War~8ao- 
cesses  of  England— Vast  Extension  of  Colonial  Empire — Trade  during  and  after  the  War 
—Enforcement  of  the  old  Sugar  Act—**  Writs  of  Assistance"— New  Tariff  Acta— Ruin 
of  the  Foreign  West  India  Trade— Effects  on  the  Colonies,  on  the  West  Indies,  and  on 

England— PropoS' I  Ion  of  a  Stamp  Duty.    By  Emoch  Ualb,  Jr.,  Esq.,  of  New  York 559 

V.  COMMERCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  CITIES  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES.— No.  xti. 
THE  CITY  OP  LYNN,  MASSACHUSETTS.    By  E.  H.  Dbrbt,  Esq.,  of  Moisaachuaetta.  5M 

VI.  PRIZE  LAW— FREE  SHIPS  MAKE  FREE  GOODS 573 

Vn.  THE  LAW  MERCHANT.-No.i.    THE  APPLICATION  OP  VOLUNTARY  PAYMENTS. 

By  Abbott  Buothbrs,  Counselors  at  Law,  of  New  York 579 

VIII.  THE  BANK  OF  E.^GLAND  IN  1854 581 

JODKNAL  OF  MERCiNTILB  LAW. 

Lawof  Common  Carriers— Bank-bill  as  Freight 585 

Law  of  Salea—Fiand— Factor's  Lien 586 

BUI  of  Exchange  before  Acceptance— Rights  of  Attaching  Creditor  of  Drawer  and  Payee 588 

Steamboats  Liable  lor  Robbery 590 

COfflMEKCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW: 

BMBRAOnrO  A  FIWANOIAL  AXD  COMSCERCIAL  &KYIKW  OP  THS  UNITKD  BTATB8,  ITO.,  ILLUSTEA. 
TED  WITH  TABLK8,  ITO.,  AS  FOLLOWS  : 

Indications  of  Commercial  and  Financial  Prosperity — Causes  of  Disquiet — Connection  with  Fi- 
nancial Dlfllcultiea  Abroud- Effect  ui'  tbe  War  upon  the  Cotton  Trade— Foreign  Capital  in 
American  Enterprise— Foreign  Exchanue,  and  the  Supply  of  Gold— The  Canal  across  the  lath- 
mua  of  Darieo— Keveuue  for  the  laol  Quarter  at  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore, 
Charleston,  New  Orleans,  and  St.  LoHi»— Thu  Bunk  Morement— Receipts  of  Gold  at  New 
York  Assay  Ofllce  and  at  the  New  Orleans  Mint — Importa  at  New  York  for  September  and 
from  January  Est- Imports  of  Dry  Goods— Cash  Duties  received  at  New  York— Exporta  from 
New  York  for  September  and  from  January  1st— Exporta  of  Domestic  Produce-The  Food 
Question— Struggle  for  Specie  between  England  and  France,  etc.,  etc 50S-OO1 

VOL.  xxxin. — NO.  V,  84 


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530  CONTENTS   OF   NO.  V.,  VOL.  XXXIH. 

rAOEi 

COMMEKCIAL  STATISTICS. 

Trade  and  CommeroeofNew  Orleans  in  1854-55 601 

Export  Trade  or  Charleston,  Souib  Carolina 9H 

CouBumpUon  of  Sardines  in  the  United  States.— NayigaUon  of  the  Port  of  New  Orleans 606 

Export  Trade  of  Savannah,  Georgia 607 

Commerce  of  the  Brazilian  Empire 608 

The  Fur  Trade 609 

JOURNAL  OF   BANKING,   CUBKENCT,   AND   FINANCE. 

Relative  Value  of  Real  and  Personal  Estate  in  the  City  and  County  of  New  York 610 

Condition  or  the  New  Orleans  Banlts 611 

Finances  of  the  aty  of  New  York 6l« 

Revenue  and  Expenditures  of  the  Brazilian  Empire 613 

Coinage  ot  the  World  from  J 848  to  1854 614 

Costoms  Revenue  of  the  Principal  Ports  of  the  United  States.— Constitutional  Liability  of  Bank 
Btociiholdera 616 

COHHERCIAL   REGULATIONS. 

The  Mexican  Tariff  of  1855 617 

Free  Ships  Make  Free  Coods 618 

Hie  New  Salvage  Law  of  Louisiana.— Accounts  and  Returns  of  Merchandise 619 

Application  to  Bond  Warehouses,  etc— Act  of  Louisiana  relative  to  Personal  Property  Pledged.  6^ 

Regulaiions  lor  the  Inspection  of  Flour  in  New  Orleans 631 

Purchase  of  Belligerent  Ships  by  N  eutrals.r-4iow  Bonds  for  Duties  must  be  Signed 621 

JOURNAL  OP  INSURANCE. 

Legal  Opinion  on  nitnois  Insurance  Law 693 

Actof  New  York  relative  to  Dividends  of  Insurance  Companies 6i4 

NAUTICAL   INTELLIGENCE. 

Of  Piloto  appointed  by  the  Pilot  Oomml!«lone«  In  New  York 634 

Princess  Channel — Eutrance  to  the  Thames 625 

Coast  of  Spain :  Straitof  Gibraltar -Alteration  of  Tarifa  Light 6;tf 

POSTAL  DEPARTMENT. 

Complete  statistics  ofthe  United  states  Post-Office* 6^ 

Progress  of  ttie  Irish  PostOfflce 637 

StatUttiGs  of  the  British  Po6t-Offlce.-Post-Offlce  Management eS 

STiTISTICS   OF   POPULATION,  be. 

Deaths  Doings  with  the  Population  of  Massaohnsetts.— Marriages  In  the  State  of  Kentucky  ....  639 

Native  and  Foreign  PopuUuion  of  the  United  8uies 63U 

Population  of  Boston  at  Diflbrenl  Periods. — Progress  of  Population  in  the  London  Oiatricta. 63U 

Populauon  of  Jersey  City  inl85Uand  It^ 631 

STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE,  &c. 

Culture  of  Cotton  and  Tobacco  in  Algeria 631 

The  Histor>  of  Butter.— Effects  of  Free  Labor  in  the  South 633 

Tobacco:  the  Popular  Plant  In  the  World 634 

Broom-Corn:  the  Method  and  Cost  of  Cultivation 635 

Land  dales  m  the  United  Stales  in  1854-55.— Beet  Sugar  of  Fianoe 636 

RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 

Steamboat  Disastere  on  the  Western  Waters 637 

Canals  and  Railroads. -Cost  of  Fuel  to  Railroads 63S 

Tratncufthe  Erie  and  Central  Railroads  In  1854  and  1855 639 

Morrises  Method  of  Steering  Iron  Ships  by  Compass.— Brooklyn  City  Railroad  Company 639 

JOURNAL  OF  MINING  AND  MANUFACTURES. 

Origin  of  Wire  Rope :  its  Qualities  and  Economy M9 

Whlieuing  Pins  and  Needles  made  of  Iron  and  Steel <M9 

Superiority  of  American  Iron $41 

The  Essence  ofCoala  Sub»tituie  for  Oil  of  Turpi>nilne.— New  York  HaU 643 

Alcohol  from  Beet-Root — Uow  Lager  Bier  is  made 643 

Wetting  Bricks  lor  Buildiugs 644 

MERCANTILE    MISCELLANIES. 

Hnni^s  Biography  of  A  merican  Merchants 644 

The  Names  of  Ships  a  National  Characteristic -Chocolate  Trade  of  Beaton 646 

Magneusm  in  Tradtf.— Bu>iiig  Wine  by  Sample 647 

Stick  to  Some  One  Pureult.— Facts  about  Cuba  Tobacco  and  Cigara 648 

New  York  Cotton  Market.    By  Uluorn  4c  FRanaaicKsoii,  Brokers,  New  York. ^  649 

THE  BOOR  TRADE. 

Nottoesof33  new  Books  or  new  Edlttona «...«  651  69i 


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COMMERCIAL  REVIEW, 


NOVEMBEK,    1855. 


Art.  L— FWANCB,  FOOD,  AND  FnTOBE  OF  FRANCB. 

Perhaps  the  mercantile  reader  may  wonder  at  our  linking  together 
three  such  uncongenial  words  as  the  headinff  of  an  article  wnich  is  to 
treat  of  the  causes  of  those  revolutions  that  nave  visited  France  for  the 
last  three-quarters  of  a  century,  and  rendered  her  government  vacillating 
and  unstable ;  but  if  he  will  read  us  attentively,  we  believe  that  we  shaU 
evidence  to  him  conclusively  that  Finance  and  Food  have  been  the  mighty 
agents  that  five  times,  in  the  course  of  sixty  years,  have  revolutionized 
France,  and  hurled  from  their  seat  of  power  despots,  kings,  and  republi- 
cans ;  and  also  that  her  Future  can  be  read  with  unmisUiable  certainty 
by  these  lights  of  past  experience — lights  which  have  ever  guided  the  feet 
of  statesmen,  and  made  them  able  to  judge  of  the  destinies  of  republics, 
nations,  and  empires. 

At  present  we  see  seated  upon  the  throne  of  France  one  whose  power 
seems  to  be  gradually  strengthening,  and  the  stability  of  whose  govern- 
ment is  ascribed  to  the  magic  power  of  a  name,  instead  of  admitting  it  to 
be  the  result  of  the  sound  policy  he  has  pursued,  as  the  dispenser  of  a 
nation's  wealth,  and  as  the  guardian  of  her  pecuniary  and  economical  in- 
terest When  he  ascended  3ie  throne  as  Napoleon  III.,  he  was  the  jibe 
and  jeer  of  every  government  in  Europe ;  but  to-day  he  is  looked  upon  as 
one  of  the  ablest  sovereigns  upon  the  continent,  and  the  stability  and  per- 
petuity of  his  government  seems  to  be  almost  beyond  doubt,  and  grim, 
bloody  revolution  appears  to  have  fled  the  soil  that  so  long  has  nour^ 
ished  it,  and  relinquished  to  despotism  the  field  it  has  battl^  for  since 
1789.  France's  present  condition  seems  almost  an  anomaly,  and  its  durar 
tion  seems  generally  to  be  admitted.  But  in  order  that  we  may  see 
clearly  the  slight  foundations  upon  which  her  present  government  rests^ 
we  will  examine  her  past  and  present  financial  conditijon,*  and  show  the 
cause  that  produced  the  revolutions  of  1789,  1802,  1830,  1848,  and  1861. 


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532 


Finance,  Food,  and  Future,  of  France. 


Prom  the  very  earliest  periods  of  French  history  we  find  traces  of  the 
restlessness  of  her  citizens  under  any  oppressive  systems  of  taxation.  As 
early  as  1461  Guienne  rose  in  arms  against  Charles  VIL  solely  on  account 
of  the  arbitrary  taxes  he  levied  upon  her ;  and  even  in  the  eighth  century 
her  nobles  demanded  exemption  from  all  taxation  whatever.  M.  A. 
Genevais,  in  his  "Recherches  Statistique  sur  les  Finance  du  Royaume  de 
France,"  says  that  most  of  the  revenues  of  the  early  kings  of  France  were 
drawn  from  their  feudal  and  tributary  subjects ;  and  he  cites  the  follow- 
ing remarks  of  Rochfort,  Chancellor  to  Charles  VIII.,  as  indicative  of  the 
then  financial  policy  of  the  king :  "  It  is  not,  said  he,  the  intention  of  the 
king  to  draw  upon  the  purses  of  his  subjects ;  he  begins  his  reiffn  by  con- 
secrating the  revenues  of  his  domains  to  the  expenses  of  his  throne  and 
discharging  the  liabilities  of  the  State,  and  he  will  demand  only  the  con- 
tributions that  are  necessary  and  indispensable  to  the  defense  of  his  king- 
dom." 

In  accordance  with  this  policy  he  began  his  reign,  and  as  Genevais 
dates  his  financial  history  from  this  period,  we  give  ube  reader  the  annual 
sums  levied  upon  France  from  the  days  of  Charles  VIL,  in  1461  (the 
amount  levied  under  this  king  and  Louis  XI.  is  given  by  Philip  de  Co- 
mines)  to  1781 : — 


Revenue. 

Year.  Francs. 

1461 1,800,000 

1471 4,700,000 

1483 24,600,000 

1661 141.000,000 

1610 80,000,000 

1648 89,000,000 


Deficit. 
Franca. 


66,000,000 


BeTeDae. 

Year.  FVancs. 

1661 90,000.000 

1690 112,000,000 

1700 119,000.000 

1769 189,000,000 

1769. .•••••  ••••.   ••• 

17ol .••••••  ••■••.••• 


1649 92,000,000         74,000.000 


Defldt 

Fraoea. 

62,000,000 

217,000,000 
100.000,000 
218,000,000 


Year. 

1662. 

1689. 

1696. 

1660. 


DEBT  OP  FBANOB  PBIOB  TO  1782. 

France.         Year. 

17,000,000  I  1698 

888,649,700  |  1710 

96,900,000     1726 

788,400,000  I  1781 , 


1,201,690,000 

4,886,818,760 

2,000,000,000 

269,750,000 

Such  was  the  financial  condition  of  France  at  the  beginning  of  1 783, 
and  at  the  close  of  our  revolutionary  war,  in  which  she  was  our  ally.  One- 
half  of  her  soil  belonged  to  the  clergy ;  most  of  her  nobility  were  free 
from  any  heavy  taxation,  while  her  agriculturalists,  who  owned  about  one- 
third  of  the  empire,  and  were  generally  small  proprietors,  were  forced  to 
pay  the  government  seven  parts  out  of  every  twelve  they  produced — and 
if  the  produce  of  the  laud  amounted  to  3/.  2*.  7fl?.,  the  king  received  for 
his  proportion  1/.  18^.  4e/.,  and  18«.  5d,  went  to  the  cultivation  of  the 
soil — and  if  he  cultivated  his  own  land,  the  king  took  I/.  I8s.  4d.j  and  the 
little  proprietor,  1/.  4«.  3d, 

The  taxes  upon  consumption  amounted  to  260,000,000  francs ;  and  the 
peasants  of  France  were  76  per  cent  poorer  than  the  same  class  of  labor- 
ers in  England.  Add  to  this,  the  fact  that  the  clergy  exacted  from  the 
people  130,000,000  francs  in  addition  to  the  government  levy,  and  you 
have  some  idea  of  the  causes  that  drove  France  to  a  bloody  and  relentless 
revolution — one  that  sapped  the  very  foundations  of  its  society,  and  bid 
fair  at  one  time  to  overtiu-n  even  every  existing  good  institution  in  her 
midst 


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Fmanee^  Foody  and  Future^  of  France.  588 

What  at  this  time  was  the  condition  of  the  finances  of  France  ?  Below 
we  g^ve  a  table  showing  her  income,  expenditure,  and  deficits ;  also  her 
debt  in  1789:—* 

Rerenoe.  ^  Bxpeosea.  Deficit 

Tear.  FraDOS.  Franoa.  Francs. 

1784 286,888,000  288,162.000  46,829,000 

1786 474,047.64»  689.184,996  116.187,846 

1787 474.048,289  699,1 86,796  125,087,667 

1788 472,416.649  627,256,089  •  160,000,000 

1789 469,988,246  659,000,000  1 89.000,000 

Such  was  the  condition  of  the  finances  of  France  at  this  period ;  and  al- 
though in  1775  and  some  succeeding  years  she  was  an  exporter  of  food, 
yet  from  1784  to  1789  she  was  an  importer;  and  the  second  agent  of 
revolutions  was  in  those  years  slowly  raising  its  head  amongst  the  over- 
taxed and  gradually  starving  population  of  France. 

In  July,  1788,  a  fearful  storm  destroyed  the  entire  harvest  of  that  coun- 
try, and  men,  goaded  on  by  want  and  maddened  by  hunger,  hurled  from 
the  throne  the  monarch  that  had  robbed  the  people  by  taxation,  and  de- 

S rived  them  of  the  means  of  subsistence  by  taxes  upon  the  land  that  pro- 
uced  their  food. 

Of  the  twelve  years  of  anarchy  and  disaster  that  followed  we  can  say 
but  little,  for  the  finances  of  the  State  were  made  up  of  enormous  confis- 
cations, 2,565,133,000  francs  of  private  property  being  applied  to  the  ex- 
igencies of  the  State,  and  yet  its  annual  deficits  were  100,000,000  francs; 
its  land  and  window  tax  was  265,000,000  ;  while  16  per  cent  of  the  in- 
come of  the  people  went  to  a  relentless  and  bloody  revolutionary  govern- 
ment 

In  1802  Napoleon  was  elected  Consul  for  an  additional  ten  years,  and 
as  at  this  nenod  France  was  almost  convulsed  with  another  revolution, 
we  will  look  for  a  moment  at  the  condition  of  her  then  regulated  finances. 
The  direct  contributions  levied  upon  her  soil  at  this  time  amounted  to 
273,600,000  francs,  while,  to  use  the  language  of  the  Due  de  Gaeta, 
"  there  were  some  of  the  land  proprietors  who  were  paying  the  fourth, 
third,  and  even  the  half  of  their  incomes  to  the  government  The  con- 
sular government  was  besieged  with  petitions  upon  the  burdensome  nature 
of  the  tax,  and  Napoleon  paved  his  way  to  the  throne  of  France  by  re- 
modeling her  entire  system  of  taxation,  remarking  in  the  Council  of  State 
in  regard  to  it,  *  Your  system  of  land  tax  is  the  worst  in  Europe.  The  re- 
sult of  it  is  that  there  is  no  such  thing  as  property  or  civil  liberty  in  the 
country ;  for  what  is  freedom  without  security  of  property  ?  A  man  who 
has  3,000  francs  of  rent  a  year  cannot  calculate  upon  having  enough  next 
year  to  exist  upon — everything  may  be  swept  away  by  direct  taxation. 
Nothing,*  says  he,  *  has  ever  been  done  in  France  to  give  security  to  prop- 
erty. The  man  who  shall  devise  an  equal  law  on  the  subject  of  the 
cadastre  (survey  of  lands)  will  deserve  a  statue  of  gold.' " 

In  1804  Napoleon  changed  this  plan  of  direct  taxation  to  indirect  con- 
tribution, by  levyilig  small  imposts  upon  articles  of  consumption.  By 
this  means  he  diminished  the  taxes  upon  the  land  to  the  amount  of 
10,200,000  francs.  By  1807  he  had  reduced  the  debt  of  the  nation  from 
5,587,000,000— at  which  it  was  in  1790 — to  1,912,000  francs.  Below  we 
give  his  budgets  for  certain  years  up  to  181 2 : — 

*  The  goreromeiit  kad  borrowed,  from  178]  to  1786, 1,646,000,000  fhmes ;  annnAl  deficit  in  the 
Mine  time,  140,000,000  (huice ;  and  in  1789  U  was  180,000,000  franca ;  and  Ita  debt  was  5,587,000,000 
francs. 


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5S4 


Finance,  Food,  and  Future,  of  France. 


Year. 

1801.... 

ReTenue. 
Franos. 
450,000,000 
670,000,000 
688,062,000 
688,998,705 
682,823.740 
664.879,901 
728,514,020 

ExpendUare. 
Franca. 

Year. 

1.810. . . . 

1811.... 

1812*... 

1818.... 

1814.... 

1815.... 

Bovsmta. 
Franca. 
744,892,027 
907,296,657 
876,266.180 
824.278,749 
1,176,800,000 
520,000,000 

Franca. 

1803*.... 

1804 

666,155,789 

1805*-.. 

1807* 

780,000,000 

1808 

827,416,000 

1809.... 

Such  was  the  general  financial  condition  of  the  empire  in  1814,  though 
the  year  previous  the  agent  that  dethroned  Louis  XVI.  had  began  to 
work.  The  disastrous  result  of  the  Russian  campaign  had  embarrassed 
the  state  of  the  finances,  and  in  November,  1813,  Ni^oleon  gave  orders 
to  add  30  centimes,  or  nearly  a  third,  to  the  land  and  window  tax,  to 
double  the  personal  tax,  and  add  three-fifths  to  the  excise  duties  and  salt 
tax,  which  measure  affected  every  inhabitant  of  France,  and  made  them 
weary  even  of  Napoleon  le  Grand, 

In  January,  1814,  the  land  tax  was  increased  fifty  per  cent,  and  the  du- 
ties on  doors  and  windows,  as  well  as  duties  upon  personal  and  assessed 
taxes,  were  doubled.  The  effect  of  this  last  financial  act  upon  the  waning 
popularity  of  Napoleon  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  in  France,  at  that  time, 
but  17,000  propnetors  possessed  above  200/.  a  year,  while  8,000,000  of  its 
inhabitants  were  so  poor  as  to  be  only  taxed  16«.  10c?.  per  head,  and  yet 
the  land  tax  bore  directly  upon  them  and  extorted  from  them  the  follow- 
ing sums  in  the  years  given  below : — 

1808.  1807.  1808.  18U. 

Franca.  Francs.  Franca.  Franca. 

188,000,000  172,227,000  181,458,491  282,985.928 

To  show  who  these  taxes  fell  upon,  we  subjoin  the  following  table,  com- 
piled by  the  Due  de  Gaeta,  Napoleon's  Minister  of  Finance  : — 


Taxed  at— 

1,000 

600  to  1,000 

101 

to 

600 

61 

to 

100 

81 

to 

60 

21 

to 

80 

Below 

21 

Franca.. 


No.  taxed. 

Amount  of  tax. 

17,746 

81.649.468 

40,748 

27.668.016 

469,937 

90.411.706 

694,648 

41.181.486 

6i»9,637 

27,229,618 

704,871 

17,682.088 

7,897.110 

47,178.649 

10,414,721 

282.985,928 

In  addition  to  this  burdensome  tax,  provisions  began  to  foil,  and  famine, 
the  ally  of  finance  in  revolutions,  began  to  play  its  part  in  dethroning 
one  who  once  had  the  strongest  hold  upon  the  French  nation  that  any 
man  ever  possessed  over  a  people,  either  in  ancient  or  modem  times.  In 
1802  and  1803  France  was  forced  to  be  an  importer  of  grain;  but  from 
1804  to  1810  she  was  an  exporter;  while  in  1811,  1812,  and  1813,  she 
ajg^ain  became  an  importer  of  the  food  that  was  necessary  to  furnish  sub- 
sistence to  her  people.  This  fact  filled  Napoleon  with  the  deepest  alarm, 
and  even  when  anticipating  it,  he  addressed  the  following  letter  to  Mob- 
talivet.  Minister  of  the  Interior : — 


*  In  1803  the  contribnttona  from  Italy  were  SSjOOO,000  ;  and  In  1905  there  were  lerled  npoo  c;eBoa, 
Italy,  and  Holland  130,000,000.  In  1807  Germany,  Italy,  t^paln,  Portugal,  and  Auntria  paid  tnto  Um 
Imperial  treasury  of  Prance  772,226.023  fmncs,  which  sum  supported  Napoleon's  Orand  jSrwu$  at 
200,000.  and  lefl  htm  a  aorpiua  uf  543.226,9^  fVancs.  In  six  yesra  Napoleon  exacted  from  bla  cob- 
qnered  enemies  $155,0004)00.  In  twelve  years  (iSOO-lSlSj  he  expended  upon  pabUe  worka  bi  tb« 
empire  1,030,000,000  francs,  or  •300,000,000. 


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Fmemee,  Food,  and  Future,  ofFrtme$.  W^ 

<*  MoHsifeXTR  LE  CoHTE : — ^I  send  yon  a  very  important  ncyte  from  the  Council- 
lor of  State,  Maret,  on  the  question  of  corn.  Come  to  the  Council  on  Monday 
supplied  with  all  the  information  which  you  can  procure  on  this  important  affuir. 
I  have  given  orders  to  that  Councillor  of  State  to  attend  with  all  the  documents 
which  are  in  his  hands.  You  will  see  that  this  Councillor  of  State  believes  that 
all  the  wheat  of  1808  and  1809  will  have  been  consumed  by  the  end  of  the  year. 
I  have  forbidden  the  exportation  of  rye  from  what  he  says  of  its  dearness.  I 
have  doubled  the  export  duty  on  wheat.  Those  two  decrees  shall  be  dispatched 
during  the  night  Bring  with  you  on  Monday  all  that  the  good  of  my  service 
shall  suggest  to  vou  as  useful  and  suitable  for  remedying  t£e  present  state  of 
things.  Bring  likewise  returns  of  the  exports  since  the  month  of  August  This 
question  is  the  most  important  of  all,  and  I  cannot  delay  beyond  Monday  taking 
a  definite  resolution  on  the  subject  I  request  you  to  verify  the  fact,  and  to  take 
measures  that  the  reserve  stores  shall  be  fully  supplied.  You  have  inspectors 
who  are  charged  with  that  verification.  The  existence  of  that  supply  is  con- 
fided to  your  zeal  for  my  service.  I  have  sacrificed  a  million  a  year  during  eight 
years  for  that  purpose.  It  would  be  truly  unfortunate  were  those  eight  millions 
and  those  eight  years  of  anxiety  lost  at  the  moment  when  the  fruit  should  be 
collected,  f  cannot  sleep  tranquilly  on  the  subject  until  I  am  completely  reas- 
sured. On  your  part,  make  it  your  particular  care  to  verify  that  a  sufficient  sup- 
ply for  Paris  exists.  There  is  no  government  measure  more  susceptible  of  pro- 
ducing an  influence  on  the  happiness  of  the  people  and  on  the  tranquillity  of  the 
»lmini3tration  than  the  certainty  of  the  existence  of  that  supply.  It  is  not  be- 
yond your  attributes  to  demand  a  statement  of  the  supplies  which  are  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  War  Department  See  that  the  Invalides  and  the  hospitals  have 
their  supplies,  and  that  they  are  not  taken  unawares.  It  would  be  terrific  if  it 
were  true,  as  I  am  assured  it  is,  that  40  millions'  worth  of  grain  have  been  ex- 
ported to  England  since  the  month  of  August  last  I  have  imposed  a  double 
duty  on  the  export  of  wheat  Give  me  an  account  of  the  exporU,  and  tell  me  if 
it  be  possible  to  increase  it  still  more.  I  would  further  desire  to  increase  the 
snpply  of  Paris  still  more  out  of  the  million-and-a-half  which  1  receive  from  the 
eustoms  duties.    I  pray  to  God  that  he  may  keep  you  under  his  holy  protection. 

"  NAPOLEON." 

These  sad  forebodings  of  Napoleon  were  but  too  true,  for  in  1811, 
1,400,000  quintals  of  grain  were  obliged  to  be  imported  into  France. 
Two  hundred  thousand  rations  were  daily  distributed  among  the  people,  and 
20,000,000  francs  were  required  from  the  imperial  treasury  to  pay  the  ex- 
tra charges  upon  the  government  and  keep  the  people  in  a  state  of 
quietude ;  and  no  language  of  ours  could  so  well  express  the  effect  of  this 
scarcity,  and  its  relation  to  the  stability  of  government,  as  does  that  let- 
ter of  Napoleon  to  Mantalivet,  written  when  he  was  anticipating  that 
even  he  might  be  driven  from  France  by  the  forces  of  finance  and  food. 

At  last  he  became  the  victim  of  his  own  suicidal  policy ;  for  he  ex- 
hausted the  finances  of  France,  deprived  her  people  of  the  means  of  sub- 
sistence by  his  vast  drains  upon  her  producing  population,  and,  as  a 
penalty  for  his  oppressions,  finance  and  food  revolutionized  the  sentiment 
of  the  empire,  and  made  its  people  glad  to  receive  as  a  ruler  and  king  a 
descendant  of  the  hated  dynasty  of  the  Bourbons. 

This  new  dynasty  commenced  their  reign  under  the  most  inauspicious 
circumstances.  Though  Napoleon,  as  we  are  informed  by  the  minister  of 
Louis  XVIIL,  left  a  debt  of  only  126,000,000  francs,  yet  when  he  was 
obliged,  by  his  reverses  in  Austria,  to  give  up  his  favorite  policy  of  making 
war  pay  for  war,  instead  of  resorting  to  credits  he  had  recourse  to  exorbi- 
tant taxations,  and  thus  exhausted  France  at  a  single  stroke,  instead  of 
eking  out  her  substance  by  paying  interest  upon  enormous  loans.  France 
was  unable  to  bear  even  ordinary  taxation,  and  the  deficits  of  1814, 1815, 


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Hererae. 

ExpeoM. 

Franc*. 

Teara. 

Franca. 

Franca. 

1,487,000.000 

1825  .... 

946,098,000 

Surplus. 

1,221,000,000 

I826t  ... 

942,618,000 

f  19,000.000 

1,040,000,000 

1827  .... 

98«.627,000 

§5,000.000 

t26,000,000 

1828  .... 

989,848,000 

Deficit 

, 

1829  .... 

976,708,000 

Deficit 

6M  I^mame^Fooi^amdl^Umre^I^rmMO. 

and  1816,  amomitod  to  89,051,115  franca,  wbfle  in  1817  it  rose  to 
349,000,000,  which  resulted  in  part  from  the  enonnons  contributions  levied 
upon  her  by  the  Aliiea,  (viz. :  1,550,000,000  francs,)  in  retaliation  of  the 
policy  of  Napoleon,  who  had  extorted  from  his  enemies  1350,000,000. 
Add  to  this  the  fact  that  famine  was  staring  France  in  the  face,  and  that 
76,000  francs  was  paid  daily  in  Paris  to  keep  down  the  price  of  breads 
and  we  have  some  idea  of  the  financial  diflBculties  that  beset  that  country, 
imd  the  extent  of  which  forced  Bignot  to  declare  "  that  France  was  at  the 
mercy  of  the  Allies,  and  unless  they  were  generous  to  her  another  revo- 
lution must  add  to  her  already  ruinous  and  disastrous  condition.'*  The 
Allies  3rielded  to  these  appeals,  cut  down  their  demands  from  1,500,000,000 
francs  to  360,000,000,  and  thus  gave  France  an  opportunity  to  regain  her 
position  among  the  powers  of  Europe.  The  Spanish  and  Algeria  war  in 
a  few  years  followed  these  events,  and  we  give  the  budgets  of  France  from 
1815  to  1830  in  the  columns  below : — 

RevMiae. 

Tettin  Fraim. 

1817     ...  1,088,294.967 

1818 993.244,022 

1819»...  1,085,000.000 

1820 889.209,000 

1823  ....  1,123,466,892 

1824 992,888.968 

Such  was  the  condition  of  the  finances  under  Charles  X.,  each  year  ex- 
hibiting a  deficit,  and  making  it  necessary  to  ask  for  new  loans  to  carry 
out  the  measures  of  the  government  Under  his  and  the  preceding  ad- 
ministration 6,434,000,000  francs  had  been  added  to  the  debt  of  France, 
and  the  various  surpluses  noted  above  were  but  the  result  of  enormous 
loans.  In  addition  to  these  financial  embarrassments,  famine,  that  had  al- 
ready dethroned  Louis  XVI.  and  Napoleon,  began  to  battle  against  him 
also,  and  in  1828  and  1829,  riot  and  disorder  pervaded  every  part  of 
France — bread  rose  in  value  a  third — 28,000,000  bushels  were  imported 
to  supply  the  demand  of  the  people,  who,  urged  on  by  hunger  and  exas- 
perated by  taxations  too  grievous  to  be  borne,  openly  rebelled,  and  placed 
upon  the  throne  the  Citizen  King,  Louis  Philippe. 

Thus  the  third  change  of  rulers  and  of  government  since  1789  was 
caused  by  disordered  finances  and  lack  of  food.  The  accession  of  Louis 
Philippe  to  the  throne  of  France  seemed  to  betoken  an  auspicious  day  for 
that  country,  but  the  first  year  of  his  reign  was  marked  by  a  deficit  in  the 
budget  to  the  amount  of  530,000,000  francs,  while  in  1832  the  indirect 
contributions  decreased  59,000,000  francs.  If  we  examine  in  detail  his 
reign,  we  shall  see  it  disgraced  by  riots  and  internal  disorders  at  home, 
war  abroad,  and  lack  of  confidence  everywhere.  To  his  credit,  though, 
be  it  said,  that  he  introduced  in  his  reign  good  post-roads  for  France,  and 
also  other  useful  internal  improvements,  but  almost  every  year  that  he 
sat  upon  the  throne  was  marked  with  a  deficit,  partly  the  result  of  his  for- 
eign relations,  and  partly  the  fruit  of  his  own  housenold  expenditure.  Be- 
low will  be  found  the  state  of  Francois  finances  from  1830  to  the  revolu- 
tion of  1848,  which  drove  him  from  France : — 


*  The  deficits  from  1814  to  1819  ware  replaced  by  loans,  which  amounted  In  oil  to  1,030,000,000 
tnnes,  Thesarplus  In  1810  was  44,500,000  francs.  In  1821,  Uie  taxes  were  reduced  17,000^000 
ftranes;  In  1823, 9S,0OOg00O  francs. 

♦  ttuirplns. 

%  In  1826,  war  with  Spain.    In  1837.  a  loan  of  800,000,000  franca  was  neffotiated  br  Um  ^orertt- 
meat.    Algeria  war  began  In  18S8,  and  In  18S0  tbe  army  was  raised  A-om  180^  to  420,000  men. 
I  Oefldt. 


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Finanee,  Food,  and  Future  qfJ^anee^ 


58f 


BATeane. 

Defldt 

Years. 

Fraocs. 

Francs. 

Years. 

1880»... 

..        981,610,000 

680,000,000 

1842 

1881.... 

..     1,172,000,000 

Deficit 

1848 

1M2.... 

..     1,097,000,000 

Deficit 

1846 

1838.... 

966,870,000 

Deficit 

1846 

1884.... 

924,000,000 

Deficit 

1847 

BeTeana.  Deficit 

Fraocs.  Francs. 

1,162,000,000        Deficit 
1,847,000,000  t988,640,886 
1,864,489,406     170,000,000 
1,361 ,000,000     J4 1 ,000,000 


It  will  be  seen  above  that  nature,  as  though  she  was  the  sworn  enemy 
of  kings,  armed  her  children  against  that  sovereign  who  was  but  the  toy 
of  a  wild  and  sudden  revolution,  for  famine  had,  in  1847,  made  France 
one  field  of  riot,  while  its  disordered  finance  forced  the  king  to  raise  its 
land  tax,  so  that  every  land  holder  in  France  paid  30  per  cent  of  his  in- 
come to  the  government,  and  280,000,000  francs  were  levied  upon  the 
small  yet  poor  tillers  of  that  country's  soil.  The  people  were  goaded  al- 
most to  frenzy ;  redress  was  demanded  from  the  throne,  and  fearing  that 
it  might  not  come,  the  people  demanded  a  revolution,  and  the  fourth  king  of 
France  was  driven  from  his  throne  by  the  coalition  of  finance  and  famine. 
The  ruler  chosen  by  a  revolution  became  himself  at  last  its  victim,  because 
the  people  demanded  food  for  their  nourishment  and  exemption  from  bur- 
densome taxations,  in  order  that  they  might  enjoy  the  fruits  of  their 
labor. 

He  left,  as  a  legacy  to  the  revolutionary  government  that  followed  his, 
a  floating  debt  of  630,000,000  francs,  and  they  aggravated  this  embarrass- 
ment still  farther  by  increasing  the  array,  enrolling  the  Guard  Mobile,  and 
by  an  ill-timed  reduction  of  the  impost  in  the  sum  of  160,000,000  francs. 
To  remedy  this,  recourse  was  had  to  a  loan  of  250,000,000,  but  each  year 
only  added  to  the  embarrassment  of  the  government,  and  the  seizure  of 
its  administration  by  Napoleon  was  acquiesced  in  by  the  people  because  it 
promised  some  dimmution  in  taxation,  and  unlike  the  two  revolutions  that 
preceded  it,  it  added  nothing  to  the  embarrassment  of  the  finances,  but  by 
the  dissolution  of  the  National  Guard  it  promised  a  reduction  in  the  ex- 
penses of  government,  and  was  gladly  acquiesced  in  by  the  people.  We 
will  now  give  the  budget  of  the  revolutionary  government : — 


Revenue.  Defldt 

Years.                       Francs.  Francs.       Tears. 

1848§ 1,629,000,000  76,000,000  I  1860  . . . 

1849 1,492,000,000  455,614,978  |  1851 1  . . 


Revenoe.  Deflclt 

Francs.  Francs. 

1,488.000.000  66,000,000 

1,448,000,000  101,000,000 


Each  year,  as  seen  above,  shows  a  fearful  deficit  in  the  budget  of  the 
government,  but  this  time  nature  saved  France  from  another  disorganizing 
revolution,  for  from  1848  to  1852  the  crops  were  so  abundant  that  she  ex- 
ported 30,000,000  bushels  of  grain,  by  means  of  which  $19,000,000  was 
added  to  her  national  wealth.  Taxation  was  therefore,  in  1852,  her  only 
grievance;  16,000,000  landed  proprietors  demanded  relief  from  its  bur- 
dens, and  the  coup  d'etat  of  Napoleon  was  hailed  with  delight,  for  it  prom- 
ised stability  of  government,  and,  as  a  necessary  eflfect  of  it,  increase  in 
the  "  indirect  contributions  "  of  the  empire,  and  consequently  diminution 


*  Charles  X.  deposed  and  Ix>als  Philippe  made  kin?.  In  1833,  a  loan  of  70,000,000  was  effected. 
In  1833,  the  debt  of  Prance  was  5,417,595,0]7  francs.  In  1S43,  there  was  snuther  loan  of  150.000,000 
francs.  The  cost  of  the  Algerine  war  was  200,000,000  francs.  The  fortlflcations  aronnd  Paris  that 
were  bailt  hj  this  monarch  cost  647,610,000  franca.  Id  1847,  France  imported  270.000,000  francs' 
worth  of  food,  and  it  acn^in  borrowed,  by  means  of  loans,  350,000,000  fraocs.  lu  debt  bad  now 
raached  the  enormons  sum  of  0,450,000,000  franca. 

t  Deflcit  from  1840  to  1844. 

i  Deficit. 

I  Increase  in  exppndituraa  In  1848, 876,000,000  francs,  which  was  met  by  a  loan  of  350,000,000. 
The  indirect  coninbulions  in  the  same  year  decreased  142,000,000  francs. 

I  Coup  tCetat  of  Nupoleon, 


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5S8  Finance,  Food,  €ind  Future  of  Fttmce, 

in  direct  taxations,  thus  giving  labor  greater  chances  of  support,  and  capi- 
tal greater  security  in  its  investments  in  manufactures,  Commerce,  and 
trade. 

The  remarkable  success  that  thus  far  has  attended  his  reign,  the  quietude 
of  France  under  it,  and  the  regard  of  the  nation  for  him  have  been  as- 
cribed to  all  causes  save,  as  we  shall  show,  the  true  one,  for  finance  and 
food  have  been  his  allies  instead  of  his  enemies.  During  the  sixteen  years 
of  Louis  Philippe's  reign  the  indirect  contributions  to  the  revenue  increased 
yearly  at  the  rate  of  19,000,000  francs,  but  under  Napoleon  III.  they  have 
increased  at  the  rate  of  44,000,000  francs  a  year.  By  diminishing  the 
army  he  has  reduced  the  land  tax  down  to  161,000,000  francs,  the  lowest 
point  ever  attained  since  the  revolution.  This  reduction  alone  amounted 
to  27,000,000  francs,  and  pressed  almost  entirely  upon  the  laborers  in  the 
rural  districts.  He  has  also  relinquished  the  octroi  duties,  consisting  of  a 
tenth  levied  upon  certain  taxes,  and  yielding  7,000,000  francs,  and  he  has 
abolished  other  taxes,  (including  the  reduction  of  two-thirds  of  the  duty 
upon  salt,)  making  in  all  the  sum  of  40,000,000  francs,  that  he  has  taken 
since  1852  from  3ie  burdens  of  the  poor.  To  compensate  for  these  re- 
ductions no  recourse  has  been  had  to  new  loans,  but  France's  prosperity 
has  so  increased  the  "  indirect  contributions  "  that  her  treasury,  as  we  shall 
soon  see,  has  for  two  years  had  a  surplus.  The  items  of  expenditure  for 
1864  are—for  War,  315,897,791  francs;  for  Marine,  127,602,402  francs; 
for  Instruction  and  Public  Worship,  66,719,722  francs ;  for  Public  Worki, 
156,785,242  francs;  Minister  of  Finance,  711,964,619  francs.  We  will 
now  give  Napoleon  lll.'s  budgets  from  1851  to  1855  : — 

Revenae.  DeflcUs.                                       ReYenue.  Deficit 

Ye«™.                        Francs.  Francs.        Years.                         Prance.  Francs. 

1862* 1,422;000,000     24,000,000  I  ISfiif 1,614,26M48  18,467.630 

1868 1,460,000,000       4,000,000  |  1866 1,666,012,218  t8,981,M« 

Such  are  the  budgets  of  Napoleon  to  June,  1855,  and  upon  them  Bineau, 
Minister  of  Finance,  thus  remarks : — "  The  Council  of  State  is  at  this  mo- 
ment examining  the  budget  of  1865.  It  presents  an  equilibrium.  The 
budget  of  1851,  that  which  preceded  your  accession,  left  a  deficit  of 
101,000,000  francs.  The  deficit  of  1 852  has  only  amounted  to  26,000,000 
francs;  that  of  1853  will  be  only  about  4,000,000  francs.  This  progress 
will,  I  hope,  continue ;  and,  except  in  the  case  of  extraordinary  wants  for 
1854,  the  equilibrium  will  become  customary  in  our  finances,  as  it  should 
be  the  rule-  of  them. 

"  I  have  concluded.  Sire,  the  account  of  the  financial  situation  of  the 
empire.  This  statement  is  not  less  satisfactory  than  that  which,  at  a  sim- 
ilar period  last  year,  I  had  the  honor  to  submit  to  you;  1862  and  1853, 
two  memorable  years  in  the  political  history  of  France,  will  be  also  re- 
markable in  her  financial  history.  During  these  two  years,  at  the  same 
time  that  the  emperor  re-established  order  and  authority,  he  has  re-estab- 
lished the  public  and  the  private  prosperity ;  without  new  taxes  or  a  new 
charge  for  the  country,  the  emperor  has  maintained  the  reduction  of  the 
salt  tax  and  lessened  the  land  tax ;  without  a  loan,  your  Majesty  has  exe- 
cuted in  two  years  extraordinary  public  works  to  the  amount  of  160,000,000 
francs — the  expense  of  which  works  might,  however,  have  been  cast  on 
the  future,  which  will  enjoy  the  fruits  of  them ;  and,  instead  of  borrowing, 


•  Valae  of  breadelnSiB  exported  $10,790,000;  Tmlneof  tbe  same  imported  in  1852,  $13,400,000. 
f  Loan  of  250,000,000  lyanos,  necesfcitated  by  the  war  lb  the  Elit.    Increased  expt^ditimt  f 
1855,-40,156,565  Cnuica;  alM>  a  new  loan  of  400,000,000  franca. 
X  tSiirplua. 


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FhMnee,  Food^  and  Future,  of  France.  639 

jovtr  MtijeRty  has,  by  the  conversion  and  paying  off  of  the  6  per  cents,  re- 
duced by  21,600,000  francs  the  annual  interest  of  the  public  debt" 

Such  is  the  language  of  Bineau,  and  he  might  have  added  that  even  na- 
ture herself  was  upon  his  side,  for  while  in  1853  France  imported  bread- 
stuffs  to  the  value  of  $13,400,000,  still  in  1851  and  1852  she  exported 
ihe  same  material  to  the  value  of  129,330,000,  thus  showing  that  nnance 
and  food  are  still  the  friends  of  Napoleon  IE.,  and  by  their  power  and  by 
their  influence  he  sits  firmly  upon  the  throne  of  France.  Once  famine 
shook  at  him  her  heavy  fingers,  but  he  paid  from  the  public  tr^ury,  as 
did  Louis  XVIIL  before  him,  sums  large  enough  to  compensate  the  bakers 
for  not  raising  the  price  of  bread,  and  Paris  was  tranquil,  as  the  result  of 
his  policy,  and  to-day  he  seems  to  sit  fast  upon  the  throne  of  France,  and 
tranquillity  upon  her  soil  has  taken  the  place  of  riot  and  revolution. 

But  what  is  her  future  ?  We  may  almost  say  with  truth  that  we  have 
already  answered  the  question.  Every  revolution  that  has  overthrown  the 
rulers  of  France  has  been  preceded  by  a  war.  Thus  a  costly  war  preceded 
the  dethronement  of  Louis  XVI.,  the  election  of  Napoleon  in  1 802,  (as 
Consul,  thus  paving  his  way  for  becoming  Emperor^  nis  dethronement  in 
1816,  the  revolution  of  July  that  ejected  Charles  X.  from  his  throne,  and 
the  revolution  of  February,  1848,  that  drove  Louis  Philippe  from  his  king- 
dom, while  the  increase  of  the  army  under  the  Republic  that  followed  him, 
so  embarrassed  the  finance,  that  the  people  rejoiced  at  the  change  that 
made  Napoleon  emperor  of  France.  Let  us  look,  therefore,  for  a  moment 
at  the  effect  of  the  present  war  upon  the  future  tranquillity  of  this  coun- 
try. 

In  the  budget  for  1856,  that  we  have  already  laid  before  the  reader, 
nothing  but  ordinary  peace  expenses  are  included,  and  in  commenting 
upon  it  as  regards  the  war  the  Constitutionnel  observes : — "  It  is  from  pub- 
lic credit  that  the  resources  required  for  carrying  it  on  will  be  demanded. 
Nothing  is  more  just  in  principle,  for  if.it  is  true  that  in  fighting  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  European  equilibrium  we  protect  the  interests  of  the 
future,  it  is  for  that  very  reason  most  just  that  future  generations  should 
aid  us  to  support  the  burden  of  it.  Nothing  is  more  wise,  in  fact,  for  it  is 
good  policy  to  show  consideration  to  a  country  which  has  only  just  issued 
from  a  revolutionary  crisis,  and,  above  all,  to  take  money  where  it  can  be 
procured — an  immense  advantage  which  the  recourse  to  public  credit  pre^ 
sents." 

In  pursuance  of  this  policy  a  loan  of  250,000,000  was  effected  in  March, 
1864,  before  the  campaign  was  fairly  opened,  and  the  following  additional 
sums  were  voted  in  the  budget  that  was  based  upon  a  peace  footing : — 

Interest  upon  the  loan  above  mentioned francs  16,407,988 

Increase  fur  army  and  navy 16.938,146 

For  Minister  of  Finance 20,684,261 

Other  soma 2,24 1 ,966 

Making  in  all,  (after  deducting  6,400,000  taken  from  the  Poblie  )         ^q  .hq  qqq 
Works,)  an  increase  of )  '      ' 

Since  this  peace  estimate  was  made,  80,000  soldiers  have  been  added  to 
the  army,  50,000  sent  to  the  Crimea,  part  of  which  expense  was  paid,  no 
doubt,  by  Great  Britain ;  but  still  the  government,  even  at  the  present 
time,  have  effected  a  new  loan  of  450,000,000  francs,  which  will  add 
61,000,000  francs  to  the  yearly  expenses  of  France.  Add  to  this  fact  the 
one  that  the  floating  debt  at  the  present  time  is  760,000,000  francs,  that 


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540  If^nance,  Food,  and  Fuiurt^  of  France, 

the  sinking  fund  is  suspended,  and  that  1 10,000,000  francs  will  have  to  be 
added  to  me  budget  of  1 856,  and  we  have  an  idea  of  the  slender  thread 
upon  which  hangs  the  tranquillity  of  France,  for  she  is  approaching  toward 
financial  embarrassments  that  are  inevitable,  and  which  a  year  <?  famine 
will  accelerate,  and  aid  in  producing  and  causing  another  revolution.  In 
a  single  month  war  has  reduced  the  bullion  in  her  bank  $8,000,000,  and 
already  commercial  revulsions  are  beginning  to  occur  in  all  parts  of  the 
empire.  One  year  of  scarcity  now  would  be  but  the  precursor  to  another 
revolution.  Let  us  here  remark  that  it  is  not  the  fickleness  of  the  people 
that  produces  these  changes,  but  it  results  from  the  peculiar  position  of 
the  nation,  owing  to  the  subdivision  of  its  landed  property. 

We  have  already  alluded  to  the  extent  of  these  divisions  in  1815,  and 
judging  from  that  date  there  are  at  present  in  France  17,000,000  landed 
proprietors,  most  of  whom  are  too  poor  to  ever  taste  of  meat,  and  who 
eke  out  but  a  miserable  subsistance.  The  result  of  this  svstem  is  that 
France  has  no  "  extraordinary  resources  "  on  which  to  draw  m  case  of  war, 
for  if  she  were  to  levy  upon  land  a  tax  of  $26,000,000  to  support  a  war, 
it  would  bear  directly  upon  17,000,000  of  her  people,  while  in  £ngland  it 
would  only  affect  70,000  owners  of  the  soil.  Thus  England  doubles  her 
land  tax  of  $31,000,000  in  a  single  year,  and  yet  it  produces  only  wordy 
debates,  but  if  France  were  to  increase  hers  $6,000,000,  it  would  almost 
insure  a  revolution,  for  in  the  last  case  it  would  take  bread  from  the  mouths 
of  10,000,000  people,  while  in  the  first  it  would  reach  the  pocketa  of  2,000 
English  farmers,  who  own  2,000,000  acres,  and  67,000  more  who  own  the 
same  extent.  The  difference  in  the  nation's  resources  explains  the  stability 
of  the  one  and  changes  of  the  other,  and  while  England  in  sixteen  years 
has  taken  off  taxes  from  her  people  to  the  amount  of  $90,000,000,  France 
has  diminished  hers  only  $3,000,000.  The  one  has  exhausted  her  capa- 
bilities of  great  taxation  upon  land  by  its  subdiinsions,  the  other  has  in- 
creased hers  by  preventing  even  a  political  division  of  the  soil.  Such  is 
France's  position  in  regard  to  taxation  and  war. 

Let  us  look  at  her  supply  of  food.  So  inadequate,  even  in  years  of 
plenty,  is  her  means  of  supplying  food*  for  her  people  that  400,000  chests 
nut  trees  are  depended  on  as  one  means  of  furnishing  subsistence  to  her 
citizens,  and  as  our  tables  will  show,  she  has  now  no  longer  the  means  of 
furnishing  constantly  an  mlequato  supply  of  food  for  her  inhabitants.  A 
frost  destroys  her  chestnut  crop,  and  annihilates  in  a  single  night  8,000,000 
bushels  of  food,  while  a  week's  storm,  as  in  1788  and  1847,  destroys  a 
whole  harvest,  and  incites  her  people  to  revolution.  She  is  reaching  the 
acme  in  her  financial  affairs,f  and  beyond  which  she  cannot  pass,  and  each 
day  widens  the  gap  between  her  own  demand  and  home  supply  of  food. 
Revolutions  upon  her  soil  need  no  human  propagandists.  They  come 
with  hail,  frost,  and  blight,  deficits  in  budgets,  new  taxes  upon  land,  and 
new  drains  upon  labor.  Quietude  to  France  is  an  impossibility — nature  her- 
self wars  against  it.  Uer  rulers  also  prevent  it,  and  five  governments  have 
been  overturned  upon  her  soil,  because  war  embarrassed  the  finances  and 
nature  destroyed  her  food.  The  same  mighty,  invincible  agents  are  now 
at  work  in  her  capital ;  war  is  creating  deficits  in  her  treasury  and  taxes 
for  her  people,  and  her  future,  like  her  past,  is  to  be  marked  with  succes- 
sive revolutions,  and  the  active  unceasing  agents  that  will  surely  produce 
them  will  be  Finance  and  Famine. 

*  In  185S  the  demands  14,OuO,000  butbetodT  foralgn  mla  for  booM  ooostuapUoo. 
t  Un  in  1855  borrowed  750,0U0,000  francs. 


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MoMy  cmd  Banking,  541 


Art.  n.— HONET  AND  BANKING. 

Ik  recurring  again  to  the  subject  of  money  we  do  not  intend  to  enter 
into  an  erudite  history  of  the  process  of  its  adoption,  nor  into  an  exposi- 
tion of  the  economical  diflSculties  of  that  phase  of  society  antenor  to  ita 
use.  '  imatters  little  for  the  present  whether  a  yoke  of  oxen  was  ever  the 
medium  of  exchange  or  the  measure  of  the  value  of  other  commodities, 
or  how  long  it  is  since  the  necessities  of  man  prompted  him  to  invent  so 
obvious  a  convenience  as  metallic  money.  Commerce  appears  to  be  so 
natural  and  necessary  to  man,  that  it  is  difficult  to  suppose  that  he  could 
exist  upon  the  earth  for  any  material  length  of  time  without  its  develop- 
ment— and  this  conclusion  appears  to  agree  with  the  most  ancient  records. 
It  is  difficult  to  believe,  therefore,  that  those  writers  are  correct  who,  while 
they  admit  that  metallic  money  was  extant  in  Palestine,  Egypt,  and  the 
surrounding  countries  for  two  thousand  years  before  Christ,  are  right  in 
supposing  that  the  Greeks  could  possibly  be  without  it  in  the  time  of  Ho- 
mer. Gold  and  silver  must  always  have  been  desirable  commodities,  and 
no  doubt  early  attracted  the  attention  of  man.  Plutarch  remarks,  in  his 
Kfe  of  Theseus,  the  founder  of  the  Athenian  Republic,  that  he  stamped 
his  coin  with  the  figure  of  a  bull,  which  was  probably  two  hundred  years 
before  the  time  of  Homer,  and  may  serve  to  elucidate  the  cause  of  val- 
uing a  set  of  armor  by  a  certain  number  of  oxen. 

But  let  us  turn  to  our  subject.  It  is  not  our  object  to  show  that  money 
is  useful,  but  rather,  notwithstanding  its  antiquity,  that  its  true  principles 
are  not  yet  understood.  It  was  several  years  since  asserted  in  the  Mer- 
chanW  Magazine^  that  for  the  interest  of  society  money  ought  only  to  in- 
crease in  the  same  ratio  as  other  capital,  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  but 
thift  axiom  is  true.  But  we  have  lately  been  told  that "  money  is  to  society 
what  fuel  is  to  the  locomotive  and  food  to  man — the  cause  of  motion, 
whence  results  power."  Now  if  this  axiom  were  true,  and  the  inference 
of  the  writer,  the  former  axiom  laid  down  would  be  fallacious.  Accord- 
ing to  the  inference  drawn  an  increase  of  money  must  not  only  be  an  in- 
crease of  capital,  but  also  the  foundation  upon  which  all  profit  is  built 
But  let  us  apply  the  operating  principle  of  this  axiom,  and  see  how  far  it 
will  carry  the  inference  which  has  been  drawn  from  it 

In  the  first  place,  fuel  is  to  the  locomotive  the  primary  and  absolute 
cause  of  motion  and  power,  for  for  the  rest  of  the  capital  would  be  entirely 
useless  without  it.  On  the  other  hand,  when  society  is  formed  money  is 
the  effect  of  power  and  motion,  a  mere  convenience  arising  out  of  experi- 
ence, which  increases  power  by  making  motion  easier  than  before.  In 
other  words,  it  increases  the  power  of  labor  in  the  aggregate  by  rendering 
a  division  possible,  and  setting  aside  a  small  portion  of  society  as  mer- 
chants instead  of  the  two  characters,  of  laborer  and  merchant,  being  re- 
tained by  every  individual  in  the  community.  Beyond  this  money  has  no 
egitimate  influence — it  ought  never  to  be  exclusively  the  cause  of  the  in- 
creased or  the  decreased  motion  of  other  capital,  and  when  it  is,  it  results 
in  a  general  speculation.  We  cannot,  therefore,  admit  that  this  is  a  cor- 
rect definition,  either  of  the  principle  or  the  functions  of  money,  but  think 
it  is  entirely  inapplicable.  But  notwithstanding  the  simile  is  bad  in  its 
ncepUon  and  principle,  it  may  be  perfectly  parallel  in  some  of  its  details. 

money  be  increased  unnaturally,  or  out  of  due  proportion  to  other  cap- 


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M2  Money  and  Banhkiff. 

ital,  it  will  cause  evil  and'  loss  to  society,  just  as  the  application  of  an  un- 
due proportion  of  fuel  to  the  loQomotive  will  cause  explosion  and  destruc- 
tion. Thus  the  premises  adopted  will  not  support  the  inference,  but  if 
rigidly  adhered  to  would  bring  us  to  an  opposite  conclusion.  We  may 
further  remark  that  the  idea  that  profit  depends,  per  se^  upon  the  quick- 
ness of  motion,  which  the  writer  seems  to  infer,  is  perfectly  ridiculoua. 
But  it  was  not  our  intention  to  pursue  the  subject,  but  rather  to  be  content 
to  show  the  evils  consequent  upon  the  present  system,  and  also  to  point 
out,  if  possible,  a  system  that  shall  be  more  in  accordance  with  political 
science. 

It  was  quite  natural  that  when  society  had  progressed  so  far  that  an  ex- 
change of  commodities  became  indispensable,  that  it  should  adopt  as  a 
medium  the  most  desirable  commodity  which  could  be  found  for  the  pur- 
pose, and  which  would,  of  course,  in  time,  become  the  general  standaixi  or 
measure  of  value,  notwithstanding  the  evils  and  inconveniences  which 
might  arise  out  of  such  a  regulation  in  the  future.  Commerce  is  now  the 
paramount  interest  of  the  world — the  great  mover  and  civilizer — and  so- 
ciety can  no  longer  aflford  "  to  spend  its  labor  for  that  which  is  not  breads 
Commerce  is  of  that  vast  importance  at  present  that  it  requires  more  than 
ever  a  correct  and  unvarying  standard  of  value,  and  a  medium  of  exchange 
which  shall  expand  only  in  the  natural  or  necessary  ratio  of  other  capital, 
and  would  therefore  preclude  the  evils  of  fluctuation.  As  a  matter  of  ne- 
cessity, coin  must  always  have  reference  to  weight,  as  that  is  the  only  cor- 
rect method  of  ascertaining  a  quantity  of  metal.  The  evil  arises  from  the 
quantity  being  fixed  which  shall  be  the  standard  of  value  for  all  other 
commodities,  notwithstanding  the  supply  of  the  metals  may  vary,  or  may 
increase  beyond  the  supply  of  all  other  commodities. 

In  recurring  to  Adam  Smith,  we  find  that  since  the  middle  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  up  to  the  time  in  which  he  wrote,  a  period  of  about  two 
hundred  years,  the  metallic  currency  of  Europe  (silver)  had  increased  be- 
yond the  rate  of  other  capital  at  least  200  per  cent.  This  shows  at  once 
the  practical  working  of  the  present  monetary  system.  It  will  readily  be 
perceived  that  the  admission  of  this  extra  production  of  silver  placed  Dr. 
Smith  upon  one  of  the  horns  of  a  dilemma — he  had  either  to  give  up  his 
well-reasoned  theory  of  production,  or  to  believe  that  silver  would  at  that 
time  be  had  for  the  mere  cost  of  carriage ;  so  ie  chose  to  attribute  this 
overplus  to  the  extra  fertility  of  the  mines,  but  appears  to  have  had  no 
idea  that  its  position  as  money  had  perverted  its  relation  to  the  principle 
which  regulated  the  production  of  other  commodities.  It  will  be  admitted 
by  all  political  economists  that  a  common  rate  of  profit  upon  capital  is 
the  result  of  the  operations  of  society,  with  the  exception  of  that  part  of 
it  which  is  engaged  in  hazardous  enterprises  and/unpleasant  callings — con- 
sequently, as  a  general  rule,  production  must  tend  to  an  equilibrium.  Let 
us  inquire,  then,  how  the  present  system  of  money  works  to  produce  such 
an  anomalous  efiect  as  that  admitted  by  Dr.  Smith. 

To  elucidate  our  principle  we  will  take,  for  example,  the  number  of 
commodities  to  be  a  tnousand,  and  the  rate  of  increase  to  be  10  per  cent; 
then  let  us  suppose  that  the  increase  of  one  commodity  should  be  sudden- 
ly raised  to  15  per  cent  What  would  be  the  consequence?  The  price 
must  fall,  and  one  of  two  circumstances  must  ensue.  Either  an  extra  con- 
sumption must  take  place,  or  some  of  the  producers  of  that  particular 
conmiodity  must  seek  employment  in  other  pursuits,  until  the  production 


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JtfbiMy  and  BwMng.  543 

was  again  brou^t  bad:  to  the  effectual  demancl.  And  this  must  always 
be  the  case  where  the  principle  of  production  is  left  free  from  legal  enact- 
ment or  artificial  stimulus.  But  how  is  it  with  the  production  of  the 
precious  metals  under  present  circumstances  ? 

Let  us  carry  forward  our  supposition  of  a  thousand  commodities,  and 
make  one  the  medium  of  exchange  and  the  general  measure  of  value  for 
the  rest,  and  then  inquire  what  will  result  from  an  increase  of  that  com- 
modity ?  We  shall  find  that  instead  of  its  production  being  checked  by 
the  first  extra  increase,  it  must  of  necessity  go  on  until  the  prices  of  all 
other  commodities  are  increased  sufficiently  to  react  upon  its  productiom, 
before  it  could  be  restrained  or  even  retarded.  Thus  it  would  be  necessa- 
ry to  increase  this  particular  commodity  Jive  thousand  per  cent  before  the 
same  eflfect  would  take  place  in  checking  its  production^  as  in  the  case  of 
Uie  extra  increase  of  5  per  cent  in  any  other  commodity ;  and  then  the 
serious  question  arises — Will  this  point  ever  be  reached  under  such  cir- 
cumstances !  Will  not  the  present  system  of  money  continue  to  cause  an 
effectual  demand  for  the  precious  metals  to  an  indefinite  extent,  until  we 
may  increase  our  money-capital  to  five,  ten,  or  even  twenty  times  its  pres- 
ent nominal  amount,  without  adding  a  fraction  to  the  real  capital  of  the 
community,  and  therefore  to  its  manifest  detriment,  and  loss  of  the  whole 
amount  of  the  labor  involved  in  this  extra  production  ?  This  is  a  question 
which  ought  to  be  solved  without  delay  ;  experience  teaches  that  there  has 
been  no  cessation  to  the  increase  of  prices. 

As  I  have  said  in  a  former  article,  "  it  is  of  the  nature  of  money  to  de- 
velop its  own  employment"  In  other  words,  it  may  be  increased,  under 
the  present  system,  without  limit,  or  without  reference  to  the  quantity  of 
other  conmiodities.  According  to  Dr.  Smith,  prices  had  increased  200 
per  cent  in  about  two  hundred  years,  and  if  that  had  taken  place  in  Eng- 
land, it  must  also  have  taken  place  all  over  the  world.  Need  we  wonder, 
then,  at  the  decline  in  the  wealth,  power,  and  prosperity  of  Spain,  who  had 
gratuitously  furnished  the  world  with  all  this  extra  amount  of  gold  and 
silver  ?  This  may  be  a  startling  conclusion,  but  it  is  none  the  less  true, 
and  perhaps,  as  Dr.  Smith  intimates,  her  protective  system  might,  to  some 
extent,  accelerate  her  downfall.  But  if  the  peculiar  commercial  system  of 
Spain  kept  her  currency  of  gold  and  silver  full  to  repletion,  we  have  a  sys- 
tem of  currency  equally  vicious  in  that  particular,  and  much  more  vicious 
in  principle. 

Our  banking  system,  founded  upon  the  fictitious  representation  of  the 
metals,  keeps  our  currency  continually  full,  and  in  addition  to  the  evil  of 
forcing  all  the  precious  metals  into  foreign  countries,  has  a  tendency  to 
collect  the  rest  into  the  hands  of  a  few  individuals,  who  obtain  them  from 
the  community  without  giving  any  equivalent  in  return.  We  may  say  at 
a  rough  calculation  that  we  have  added,  within  the  last  five  years,  three 
hundred  millions  of  dollars  to  the  currency  of  the  world,  the  whole  of 
which  has  been  a  tax  upon  the  people  of  the  United  States,  at  least  as  far 
as  they  have  been  producers ;  and  yet  this  production  of  gold  goes  on 
without  abatement  or  intermission.  It  used  formerly  to  be  an  apology  for 
the  circulation  of  paper  that  sufficient  gold  and  silver  could  not  be  ob- 
tained for  the  legitimate  demands  of  currency,  but  in  the  short  period 
named  it  is  probable  we  have  doubled  the  amount  in  circulation,  and 
therefore  this  apology  will  not  serve  the  friends  of  banking  any  longer. 

The  present  system  of  banking  must  be  vicioiis  under  any  circumstances, 


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544  Money  and  Banking, 

but  it  must  be  doubly  so  in  a  gold-producing  country.  T^e  system  of  in- 
convertible paper  has  been  almost  universally  condemned,  not  because  its 
abuse  has  really  been  greater  than  that  of  the  opposite  system,  but  because 
it  has  been  more  palpable,  and  yet  it  is  the  more  honest  system  of  the 
two.  The  invention  of  paper- money  appears  to  have  originated  as  eariy 
as  the  twelfth  century,  in  the  Republic  of  Venice,  though  apparently  with- 
out any  intention  of  fraud.  The  government,  in  a  case  of  emergency, 
took  a  forced  loan  from  the  merchants  of  the  republic,  allowing  tnem  4 
per  cent  interest,  which  was  duly  paid,  and  therefore  the  stock  was  still, 
to  some  extent,  profitable,  and  the  merchants  continued  to  use  it  as  money, 
by  transferring  it  on  the  books  of  the  bank  from  one  to  another,  to  liqui- 
date balances  between  them.  The  Bank  of  Amsterdam  came  next,  as  a 
bank  of  deposit,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  while  it  was  honestly 
managed  it  was  a  great  convenience  to  the  public,  but  like  many  other  in- 
stitutions it  abused  the  confidence  placed  in  it,  and  lent  out  those  deposits 
which  had  been  placed  in  its  possession  for  safe  keeping  and  convenience. 
In  this  instance  paper  was  issued,  called  bank-money^  but  when  it  became 
redundent,  from  the  surreptitious  loans  of  the  specie  which  it  represented, 
the  bankers  were  too  cunning  to  allow  a  panic  to  supervene,  and  therefore 
kept  agents  in  the  market  to  buy  up  bank-money  whenever  it  fell  to  a  dis- 
count. By  this  means  the  bank  constantly  absorbed  and  applied  to  its 
own  use  all  the  money  deposited  with  it  by  its  customers,  and  was  enabled 
continually  to  increase  the  amount  of  bank-money  as  the  wealth  of  the 
community  increased. 

This  famous  bank  of  deposit  was  therefore  little  else  but  a  swindling  in- 
stitution to  ease  the  community  of  the  care  of  their  hard  money  for  the 
gain  of  the  bank.  But  this  is  the  true  operation  of  all  banks  as  the  valut, 
of  a  currency  can  never  be  increased,  however  its  amount  may  be  aug- 
mented. But  the  world  is  slow  to  acknowledge  truth,  for  this  has  be€ai 
stated  long  ago,  though  not  logically  carried  out  by  the  writer.  But  no 
one  ought  to  be  deceived  in  this  but  an  idiot — all  bank  paper  is  praeticai- 
ly  inconvertible,  as  ten  or  twelve  dollars  in  specie  can  never  pay  in  full  a 
hundred  dollar  bill,  10  or  12  per  cent  being  the  usual  amount  ostensibly 
kept  for  the  purpose  by  the  banks.  Thus  the  mere  sham  of  convertibility 
ought  no  longer  to  deceive  the  public.  In  fact,  all  the  profit  arising  from 
the  issue  of  paper  springs  from  its  inconvertibility.  From  this  it  is  plain 
that  no  paper-money  ought  to  be  circulated,  but  such  as  may  be  issued  by 
the  government,  the  value  of  which  would  always  be  guarantied  by  its  re- 
ceipt for  taxes  and  other  necessary  uses.  This  paper  could  not  depreciate 
if  Kept  within  the  certain  limits  of  utility ;  and  as  the  profits  arising  from 
its  use  belong  to  the  whole  people,  they  ought  'to  go  into  the  public  treas- 
ury. 

Probably  nine-tenths  of  the  paper  of  the  Bank  of  Amsterdam  was  at 
all  times  inconvertible,  as  if  the  receipt  (according  to  bank  regulation)  was 
suffered  to  run  beyond  six  months  without  a  renewal,*  the  specie  or  bul- 
lion was  the  property  of  the  bank.  This  regulation  was  devised  foT  the 
purpose  of  securing  the  bank  from  any  extraordinary  reaction  which  might 
occur  from  any  unforeseen  circumstance ;  but,  as  I  have  stated,  they  dsaed 
not  trust  entirely  to  this  regulation.  From  the  operation  of  this  bank  we 
may  easily  see  the  difference  between  the  action  of  monopoly  and  free 

*  If  reoewed  ml  ttie  ead  of  six  moatki,  tbe  depoaiior  had  to  iMjr  a  qaarter  oT  one  vmremi  fer 
aafe  keeping. 


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Jfcmy  and  BauMMf.  645 

tiadd  in  banking,  which  has  been  so  much  lauded  by  many  writers  upon 
the  subject  The  Bank  of  Amsterdam  being  a  unit,  having  only  its  own 
interest  to  provide  for,  could  at  ail  times  secure  the  public  from  the  effects 
of  fluctuation,  and  itself  from  discredit,  by  simply  keeping  its  paper  at  par 
in  the  market ;  but  this  is  a  matter  of  impossibility  where  there  are  so 
many  interests,  and  every  one  wishing  and  striving  to  over-ride  its  neigh- 
bor. But  where  is  the  necessity  for  the  issues  of  bank  paper  ?  It  is  now 
well  understood  by  all  parties,  and  experience  has  proved  beyond  a  doubt, 
that  paper-money  cannot  be  increased  beyond  a  certain  relation  to  coin. 
In  other  words,  you  cannot  push  prices  beyond  a  certain  limit,  unless  you 
are  prepared  to  pay  the  balances  in  the  precious  metals.  From  the  very 
principle  of  our  present  monetary  system  you  cannot  augment  the  valtie 
of  the  currency,  either  by  additions  of  paper  or  gold.  Therefore  the  daily 
receipts  of  gold  from  California  are  only  so  much  capital  and  labor  thrown 
away,  as  they  will  be  presented  gratuitously  to  the  rest  of  the  world.  But 
it  may  be  said  that  England  is,  to  some  extent,  in  the  same  position,  but 
her  currency  is  better  guarded  from  fluctuation  and  artificial  increase  than 
that  of  the  United  States,  and  much  less  gold  is  likely  to  seek  direct  in* 
vestment  in  England  from  Australia  than  will  be  the  case  in  the  United 
States  from  California.  However  the  amount  of  gold  may  increase  in  the 
English  currency,  bank  issues  cannot  be  increased,  but  will  continue  to  di- 
minish as  they  have  done  for  the  last  ten  years,  unless  the  banking  law  be 
altered. 

But  with  regard  to  the  currency  of  the  States,  it  has  been  increased  at 
a  rapid  rate.  Within  five  or  six  years  60  per  cent  has  been  added,  or  one- 
third  of  its  present  amount,  while  the  specie  upon  which  it  is  based  has 
increased  little  more  than  30  per  cent,  and  small  as  this  basis  is,  in  relation 
to  the  liabilities  of  the  bank,  it  may  be  lessened  almost  at  any  moment  by 
unforeseen  circumstances,  which  may  cause  new  panics  and  revulsions.  In 
the  mean  time  our  population  has  increased  at  the  rate  of  17  per  cent, 
showing  a  discrepancy  in  favor  of  the  currency  of  33  per  cent.  What, 
then,  is  the  inference  ?  That  money  has  increased  three  times  as  fast  as 
otber  movable  capital,  and  we  are  content  to  take  our  share  in  bank  notes, 
said  to  be  convertible.  From  these  premises  may  be  drawn  the  following 
conclusions : — 

Supposing  California,  within  the  last  five  years,  to  have  produced  three 
hundred  millions  of  gold,  and  we  had  had  no  expansion  of  the  paper  cur- 
rency, two  hundred  millions  only  would  have  been  exported,  while  the 
other  hundred  would  have  remained  in  the  hands  of  the  community  in- 
stead of  being  exported,  and  its  value  absorbed  by  the  banks  by  an  in- 
creased issue  of  paper ;  and  in  addition  to  this  conservation  of  the  public 
interests,  we  should  also  have  escaped  the  evils  of  the  late  panic  It  is 
unnecessary  to  say  much  upon  former  panics,  or  the  past  history  of  bank- 
ing— it  is  familiarly  known,  or  may  be  easily  ascertained  by  intelligent 
men — it  is  a  history  of  the  meanest  frauds,  the  grossest  subterfuges,  and 
the  most  gigantic  swindles  that  have  cursed  and  afflicted  mankind  through- 
out all  time.  It  is  a  cruel,  base,  and  wicked  system,  and  as  we  have  proved, 
without  the  least  benefit  to  balance  the  evil  it  inflicts — it  therefore  ought 
to  be  inmiediately  abolished.  It  is  in  vain  to  talk  of  progress,  civilization, 
morality,  or  religion,  it  continually  retards  the  one,  while  it  has  sapped  the 
foundation  of  the  other.  Under  its  operation  the  greatest  we^th  and 
splendor  is  made  to  be  compatlUe  with  the  most  abject  and  squalid  pov- 

VOL.  xxxin,— KO.  V.  35 


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Bi^  Money  and  Bankia^. 

erty  in  the  same  counfry — the  most  eminent  and  talented  men  become 
yicious,  honesty  is  a  bye-word,  and  oonmiercial  honor  a  thing  ceaaed  to  he 
expected.  No  one  prates  of  the  honor  of  banks  and  bankers.  It  is  a  uni- 
versal  axiom,  that  they  will  be  honest  just  as  long  as  it  is  their  interest  to 
be  so,  and  no  longer.  There  are  exceptions  of  coarse  to  all  rules,  but  this 
is  the  rule. 

But  perhaps  no  one  ou^ht  to  be  blamed  more  than  another — ^the  fault 
is  in  the  system — it  would  corrupt  an  angel,  and  therefore  men  cannot 
reasonably  be  expected  to  resist  such  enormous  temptations.  By  every 
expansion  of  the  currency  the  banks  continue  to  amass  wealth  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  community,  and  instead  of  making  money  cheaper,  or  more 
plentiful,  they  necessarily  make  it  scarcer  and  dearer,  24  per  cent  being 
only  a  common  rate  of  interest  in  times  of  pressure.  These  are  both  ne- 
cessary incidents  of  the  system — money  can  only  be  increased  in  nominal 
amount,  but  not  in  value.  Thus,  a  community  will  be  as  rich  with  half 
the  sum  in  circulation  as  with  the  whole,  the  only  thing  in  which  all  are 
interested  is  the  permanence  of  its  relative  amount ;  therefore,  the  com- 
mon idea  of  increasing  money  by  increasing  bank  capital  is  perfectly  ri- 
diculous, as  well  as  grossly  injurious.  Dr.  Smith  was  never  more  mistaken 
in  his  life  than  when  he  penned  the  following  sentence : — "  When  paper 
is  substituted  in  the  room  of  gold  and  silver  money,  the  quantity  of  ma- 
terials, tools,  and  maintenance,  which  the  whole  circulating  capital  can 
supply,  may  be  increased  by  the  whole  value  of  the  gold  and  silver  which 
used  to  be  employed  in  purchasing  them." 

This,  as  we  have  proved,  is  an  unmitigated  fallacy,  and  upon  this  falla- 
cy is  the  whole  paper  money  system  is  built  The  usual  deep  and  keen 
penetration  of  the  Dr.  appears  to  have  been  put  to  sleep  upon  this  point; 
ne  was  no  doubt  struck,  as  he  seems  to  intimate,  with  the  sudden  prosper- 
ity of  Scotland,  immediately  after  the  banks  were  established,  believing 
that  a  great  part  of  that  prosperity  was  to  be  attributed  to  the  increase  <^ 
capital  by  the  issues  of  the  banks,  so  easy  is  it  to  be  deceived  by  outside 
appearances.  And  yet  there  would  be  nothing  very  wonderful  in  the  ap- 
parent prosperity  of  a  nation,  even  ruled  by  a  despot,  who  had  the  inge- 
nuity not  only  to  tax  his  people  without  their  knowledge,  but  at  the  same 
time  to  inculcate  the  belief  that  the  operation  by  wWch  this  efiect  was 
produced  was  entirely  for  their  benefit,  and  thereby  to  stimulate  their  ex- 
ertions, to  build  and  beautify  his  palaces  and  country*seats,  and  to  contrib- 
ute in  every  possible  way  to  his  luxuries.  A  traveler  passing  through  such 
A  country,  would  certainly  form  a  very  high  opinion  of  its  material  pro*- 
•perity,  but  if  he  went  a  little  below  the  surface,  he  would  find  the  serfis  or 
laborers  worse  off  than  in  those  countries  which  were  subject  to  no  such 
fictitious  operations. 

We  have  only,  then,  to  substitute  the  bankers  and  favored  mercantile 
classes  of  Scotland  for  the  despot,  and  remember  at  the  same  time  that 
labor  was,  at  the  period  spoken  of,  just  half  the  price  in  Scotland  that  it 
-was  in  England.  We  may,  however,  also  take  into  consideration  the  pro- 
verbial prudence  of  the  Scotch  character,  which  had  its  influence  upon 
the  management  of  these  banks,  and  is  also  the  secret  of  thdr  proverbial 
success,  and  the  problem  is  solved  which  Dr.  Smith  failed  to  penetrate. 

The  same  material  prosperity  is  to  be  seen  in  England,  and  yet  her 
working  classes  are  trodden  in  the  dust  And  this  is  the  legitimate  result 
of  the  system,  even  when  carried  on  with  some  kind  of  prudence  and  ar- 
rangement ;  but  how  much  greater  evils  will  take  place,  in  making  Uie 


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Money  and  Banhvng.  547 

'  rich  richer  and  the  poor  poorer,  where  it  is  carried  on  without  rule  or  or- 
der. A  free  trade  in  banking  is  a  free  trade  in  private  taxation  to  the  ut- 
most possible  extent. 

We  have  seen  that  within  the  period  of  a  few  years  the  banks  have  in- 
creased their  issues  one  hundred  millions,  which,  added  to  two  hundred, 
which  they  had  previously  absorbed,  makes  the  sum  of  three  hundred 
millions,  upon  which  they  are  enabled  to  tax  the  people,  for  interest  and 
exchange,  about  forty-five  millions  of  dollars  a  year,  for  the  greater  part 
of  which  the  people  receive  not  the  slightest  compensation.  And  we  may 
still  go  on  piling  up  this  mountain  of  paper  to  all  eternity,  for  there  can 
be  no  cessation  to  the  demand  for  money  under  the  present  system.  We 
may  go  on  increasing  our  bank  capital,  but  to  what  will  it  amount  ? — a 
mere  mass  of  credits  founded  upon  credits — the  money  cannot  exist  in  the 
country  where  it  is  issued  to  redeem  a  tenth  part  of  it  without  severe  panic 
and  revulsion. 

But  let  us  illustrate  the  effects  of  the  system  as  manifested  a  few  months 
ago.  We  will  take  a  short  paragraph  from  the  Tribune^  (semi-weekly,) 
July  18,  1864: — "The  natural  effect  of  an  increase  in  the  facility  of  pro- 
ducing any  commodity  is  a  reduction  in  its  price.  Gold  is  now  obtained 
with  a  facility  heretofore  unknown,  little  less  than  four  hundred  millions 
having  been  yielded  by  California  and  Australia  since  midsummer,  1 840, 
a  period  of  five  years  only,  and  yet  the  price  of  money  (meaning  interest) 
has  remained  steadily  at  from  10tol5tol8  per  cent  per  annum  for  more 
than  a  year  past,  and  so  continues  with  small  nope  for  a  decline  in  future. 
The  rich  are  thus  being  made  richer,  while  the  poor  are  being  made  poorer. 
The  millionaire  doubles  his  fortune,  while  the  poor  shopkeeper  finds  him- 
self eaten  up^— his  family  driven  from  house  and  home,  because  his  profits 
are  all,  and  more  than  all,  absorbed  by  the  usurious  interest  he  is  required 
to  pay ;  and  all  this  is  taking  place  under  circumstances  that  would  war- 
rant the  expectation  of  a  steady  decline  in  interest" 

This  paragraph  goes  far  to  illustrate  the  working  of  our  banking  sys- 
tem and  some  of  our  positions,  though  the  writer  did  not  apparently  per- 
ceive that  the  issues  of  bank  paper  had  entirely  vitiated  the  commercial 
relations  of  money  as  a  commodity,  to  the  law  of  supply  and  demand, 
producing  the  paradox  of  a  decrease  in  price  and  an  increase  in  profit 
But  the  truth  of  the  matter  is,  that  all  the  discount  charged  above  the 
common  rate  of  interest,  beyond  a  little  for  extra  risk,  must  be  set  down  to 
the  depreciation  of  paper.  We  come,  then,  to  the  conclusion  that  under 
our  free  banking  system  we  have  suffered  a  depreciation  of  8  or  10  per 
cent  upon  all  bank  currency  for  more  than  a  year,  up  to  July,  1864 ;  and 
at  a  later  period  in  some  of  the  commercial  cities  of  the  South  and  West, 
the  rate  of  discount  was  said  to  be  from  30  to  36  per  cent.  So  true  is  it, 
as  Dr.  McCulloch  said,  "  whatever  bank  notes  may  be  in  law,  they  are 
practically  and  in  fact  a  legal  tender."  If  the  Dr.  came  to  this  conclusion 
in  England,  where  discount  seldom  rises  above  6  per  cent,  and  the  banks 
fto  much  easier  of  access,  may  we  not  fairly  take  the  same  position  on 
this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  where  the  denomination  of  bank  notes  is  so  much 
amaller,  and  their  proportion  to  specie  so  much  larger  than  in  England. 
Convertibility,  therefore,  is  a  mere  hypothesis,  which  ou^ht  no  longer  to 
deceive ;  and  it  is  not  wonderful  that  some  of  the  banks,  who  lay  their 
plans  cunningly,  should  be  able  to  divide  large  profits,  and  to  sustain 
themselves  through  the  severest  panics. 


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548  Mcmy  and  BmMng. 

But  there  is  jet  another  «de  of  the  question — ^%  losses  and  reTands 
of  condition  which  must  take  place  at  every  explosion  or  revulsion  of  the 
system.  We  can  best  show  some  of  these  evils  by  quoting  a  short  para- 
graph from  the  New  York  H^ald,  (November  11,  1864.)  It  will  be 
found  under  the  head  of  '^  Speculation,  Revulsion,  and  Eascality  in  Trade." 
The  editor  remarks : — "  We  have  realized,  as  was  shown  the  other  day  in 
these  columns,  an  average  depreciation  <^  30  per  cent  in  our  railroad  se- 
curities, and  of  75  per  cent  on  all  other  speculative  stocks  during  the  last 
twelve  months.  Resd  estate  has  fallen  25  per  cent  Improved  property 
has  fallen  more  than  this,  but  taking  the  whole  together,  this  is  a  safe  av- 
erage. Merchants  will  bear  us  out  in  the  assertion,  that  the  regular,  im- 
port trade  has  not  been  profitable  during  the  year ;  we  presume  an  average 
JOSS  of  20  per  cent  upon  investments  would  not  be  far  out  of  the  way.  Of 
our  two  staple  exports,  com  has  paid  well,  chiefly  to  the  foreign  consignee ; 
cotton  has  been  a  source  of  cruel  loss^^ 

Now,  without  taking  into  consideration  the  loss  of  liie  labor  of  the 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  workmen  thrown  out  of  employment  during 
many  months  of  the  year,  and  the  consequent  misery  of  their  families, 
here  is  a  picture  presented  which,  if  we  could  dive  into  its  details,  would 
be  truly  horrible.  Was  ever  a  commercial  system  so  fraught  wiUi  evil ! 
The  true  principle  of  honorable  plodding  Commerce,  which  used  to  look 
to  honest  persevering  industry  for  a  competency  in  old  age,  has  become 
extinct,  and  left  nothing  in  its  stead  but  a  demoralizing  system  of  gam- 
bhng  and  swindling,  which  often  sets  at  naught  the  most  persevering  ex- 
ertions, and  makes  honest  men  dependent  upon  others,  when  they  ought 
to  live  comfortably  and  happily  upon  their  own  earnings.  The  individual 
who  could  willingly  leave  such  a  system  as  a  heir-loom  to  his  family  or 
his  country,  can  certainly  be  neither  patriotic  nor  wise — ^it  ought  to  be  im- 
mediately abolished  at  all  hazards.  But  we  have  said  that  the  principle  of 
the  monetary  system  itself  is  wrong,  contradistin^shed  from  that  of 
banking,  and  not  according  to  the  true  principles  oi  science.  It  is  a  rule 
which  may  be  laid  down  without  fear  of  successful  contradiction,  that  un- 
der ordinary  circumstances  one  commodity  can  be  freely  exchanged  for 
another  requiring  an  equal  amount  <^  labor  to  produce  it ;  and  also,  that 
circumstances  are  c(mtinually  varying  and  changing  these  amounts  in  re- 
lation to  each  other.  Therefore,  no  commodity  can  be  made  permanently 
the  standard  of  value  for  the  rest  without  doing  violence  to  natural  prin- 
ciples, and  violence  and  antagonism  must  always  create  evil  Our  present 
monetary  system  has  grown  out  of  ignorance  of  scientific  principles.  It 
was  only  natural,  as  I  have  before  intimated,  that  when  tne  metals  first 
came  into  use  as  a  medium  of  exchange,  that  they  should  pass  from  hand 
to  hand  by  weight,  and  that  the  value  of  every  other  commoditj  diooki 
be  finally  referred  to  them.  The  consequences  may  be  easily  traoed.  All 
c<mtractB  and  dealings  being  had  and  made  througn  the  medium  of  a  cer- 
tain quantity  of  these  metius,  it  would  naturally  cause  a  constant  and  uni- 
yersal  demand  for  them ;  and,  notwithstanding  they  would  daily  and  hourly 
become  cheaper,  all  persons  would  be  forced  to  receive  them,  and  it  would 
be  to  the  interest  of  all  persons  to  pay  them.  Thus,  no  cessation  in  the 
demand  for  them  could  posubly  take  place^  and  Uierefore  no  slackening  in 
their  production. 

History  shows  Uiat  we  have  gone  on  piling  up  this  mass  of  gold  and 
silrer,  and  increasing  prices  ever  since  the  commencement  of  theoommer- 


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Mcfney  and  Banking,  549 

cial  era,  and  we  shall  onlj  stop  when  the  present  ahsnrd  ^tem  is  abol- 
ished. As  has  been  before  stated,  the  quantity  of  money  in  existence  is 
not  of  the  least  consequence,  as  no  profit  is  derived  from  it  as  such  beyond 
the  saving  of  labor  in  the  exchange  of  other  commodities ;  therefore,  when 
enough  of  the  metals  have  been  obtained  to  allow  of  the  coins  being  made 
of  convenieut  size,  no  more  is  required  than  an  increase  proportionate  to 
the  increase  of  other  capital — all  beyond  is  an  unnecessary  waste  of  ci^i- 
tal  and  labor,  and  must  fall  as  a  tax  upon  the  community  producing  it. 
Therefore,  if  we  continue  our  present  monetary  system  we  must  be  con- 
tent, in  spite  of  our  protective  tariff,  or  any  we  can  erect,  finally  to  become 
a  mere  agricultural  power.  We  have  the  example  of  Spain  to  warn  us  of 
our  fate,  and  yet  she  bad  no  banking  system  to  nK)re  than  double  the  evil, 
and  accelerate  her  fall. 

Having  now  exposed  the  evils  of  the  monetary  system  we  should  recom- 
mend, preparatory  to  an  entire  change,  that  all  notes  of  a  less  denomina- 
tion tiian  twenty-five  dollars  be  withdrawn  from  circulation  as  early  as 
convenient.  But  to  make  our  ideas  practicable,  it  will  be  necessary  that 
we  should  develop  some  other  system  of  money  by  which  the  evils  of  the 
present  can  be  obviated.  In  illustration,  we  propose  to  quote  a  short  par- 
agraph from  Raguet  on  "  Currency  and  Banking,"  (chapter  on  the  impol- 
icy of  adhering  to  our  present  mint  proportions  between  gold  and  silver.) 
He  says : — "  Let  the  standard  of  gold  coin  be  restored  to  its  former  high 
grade,  corresponding  with  those  of  Great  Britain,  Portugal,  and  Brazil — 
mat  is  eleven  parts  of  pure  gold  and  one  part  of  alloy ;  and  let  there  be 
no  coins  struck  at  the  mint  but  ounces,  half-ounces,  and  quarter-ounces, 
without  any  Jixed  legal  proportions  to  silver,  but  left  to  find  their  way  into 
circulation  at  their  fair  market  equivalency,  as  gold  coins  do  in  France  and 
other  countries  of  Europe.  By  having  coins  of  familiar  and  well-known 
weights,  the  people  would  form  right  conceptions  of  the  true  nature  of 
money,  and  as  the  bullion  dealers  and  brokers  in  the  cities  would  quote 
the  prices  of  ounces  of  gold  as  they  do  of  sovereigns,  they  would  be  at 
all  times  current  at  their  market  value,  and  could  never  be  driven  from  the 
country  by  our  own  legislation,  nor  that  of  other  States." 

There  is  much  truth  in  the  above  quotation,  and  much  more  than  ap- 
pears upon  the  surface.  The  common  idea  which  the  public  have  of  mo- 
ney is,  that  its  value  is  fixed  and  immovable,  and  that  it  is  only  the  price 
and  value  of  other  commodities  that  vary.  But  nothing  can  be  more  fal- 
lacious. No  law  nor  regulation  can  affix  the  price  or  value  of  any  com- 
modity, for  it  will  vary  according  to  the  circumstances  of  its  production. 
Gold  and  silver  are  continually  varying  in  value  towards  each  other,  which 
makes  it  imposible  to  keep  a  double  standard  correct  for  any  length  of 
time.  If  the  federal  government  had  adopted  the  policy  recommended  by 
Mr.  Raeuet  at  the  time,  gold  would  now  have  been  sold  at  so  many  dol- 
lars and  cents  per  ounce,  and  its  price  paid  in  other  commodities ;  or  it 
jnight  have  been  sold  in  like  manner  in  liquidation  of  debts  which  had 
been  contracted  according  to  the  common  standard,  (the  silver  dollar,)  but 
it  would  have  made  no  difference  in  the  case  if  a  silver  dollar  had  never 
existed ;  it  would  have  been  paid  and  received  just  in  the  same  manner, 
being  measured  like  other  commodities,  according  to  the  comparative 
amount  of  labor  required  to  produce  it.  Thus,  there  is  no  necessity  for  a 
fixed  price  of  the  metals — it  is  a  clumsy  expedient,  which  has  grown  out 
of  ignorance,  and  has  caused  more  expense  and  confusion  in  society  than 


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550  Money  cmd  Banking, 

any  other  commercial  regulation,  and  is  at  the  foundation  of  the  erib  of 
the  currency. 

,  If  the  law  relating  to  the  amount  of  gold  and  silver  contained  in  a  dol- 
lar were  repealed,  the  dollar  would  become  a  mere  nominal  unit  instead 
of  a  silver  one — a  decimal  scale  to  measure  the  relative  amount  of  labor 
in  each  commodity,  and  gold  and  silver  among  the  rest  Gold  and  silver 
would  still  continue,  as  heretofore,  to  be  the  medium  of  exchange,  but 
would  be  sold  by  weight  instead  of  by  tale  as  at  present  Commercial 
transactions  would  then  cease  to  have  reference  to  a  certain  weight  of  the 
precious  metals,  and  would  be  paid  in  dollars'  worths,  according  to  their 
price  in  the  market  It  would  then  be  of  no  consequence  to  society  what 
amount  of  gold  and  silver  might  be  produced,  it  would  make  no  difference 
to  previous  engagements  nor  outstanding  debts.  In  fact,  it  would  be  a 
matter  about  which  society  would  cease  to  be  interested,  and  we  should 
not  even  take  the  trouble  to  read  the  newspaper  accounts  of  the  produc- 
tion of  gold,  because  it  would  fluctuate  less  than  any  other  commodity, 
and  therefore  would  be  of  less  interest  to  the  community.  And  as  there 
would  be  then  no  premium  upon  its  production  over  that  of  any  other 
commodity,  we  should  obtain  no  more  gold  from  California  than  what 
would  furnish  the  necessary  amount  of  increase  according  to  the  increase 
of  other  capital,  and  if  any  were  exported,  it  must  be  paid  for  by  Uie  im- 
portation of  some  other  commodity. 

We  should,  therefore,  immediately  begin  to  save  the  expense  of  gold- 
getting  in  California  beyond  the  amount  specified,  because  it  would  not  be 
profitable  to  produce  it  beyond  that  ratio.  All  that  would  be  neceeaary 
to  effect  this  would  be  the  mere  rescinding  of  the  law  relating  to  the 
amount  of  gold  and  silver  to  be  contained  in  a  dollar,  and  would  also  pre- 
vent the  further  increase  of  bank  paper.  After  the  withdrawal  of  the  link 
paper  under  the  denomination  of  twenty-five  dollars,  and  due  notice  being 
given  of  the  time  when  the  law  would  become  operative,  there  would  not 
be  much  danger  incurred  by  the  alteration ;  of  course,  not  so  much  danger 
as  in  the  continuance  of  the  system,  which  some  time  or  other  must  be 
altered.  By  this  means  the  bankers  would  be  forced  to  give  up  a  portion 
of  their  ill-gotten  wealth,  and  trade  and  Commerce  would  begin  to  flow  in 
a  natural  channel.  Manufactures  would  flourish,  and  whatever  fiicilities  of 
production  the  country  possessed  would  be  put  in  the  best  possible  pod- 
tion,  and  great  prosperity  would  ensue.  The  manner  in  which  this  reform 
should  be  achieved  ought  to  be  gradual.  Let  the  various  denominations 
of  notes  specified  be  withdrawn  from  circulation  within  three  years  after 
a  certain  date,  when  the  other  law  relating  to  gold  and  silver,  to  be  coined 
in  ounces,  half-ounces,  <fec.,  should  come  into  operation.  It  is  presumed 
that  no  great  inconvenience  would  take  place  fi-om  the  withdrawal  of  the 
small  notes,  as  we  are  in  the  habit  of  obtaining  so  much  gold  from  Cali- 
fornia, and  it  would  only  have  to  be  kept  at  home  instead  of  its  being 
forced  abroad  as  at  present 

But  after  this  is  achieved,  still  another  reform  would  be  necessary  to 
perfect  the  currency,  and  to  place  it  upon  a  permanent  and  scientific  basis. 
All  experience  shows,  and  it  will  not  be  denied  by  any  one  acquainted  with 
the  subject,  that  a  certain  proportion  of  paper  to  specie  is  necessary,  and 
will  circulate  without  depreciation,  and  this  circumstance  ought  to  be  takea 
advantage  of  for  the  public  benefit,  and  not  be  allowed  to  be  abused,  and 
the  profits  pocketed  by  private  individuals.     We  propose,  thai,  that  ia 


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Money  and  Banking.  551 

two  yeaiB  after  the  withdrawal  of  the  small  notes  from  circulation,  that 
the  remaining  notes  be  withdrawn,  and  let  them  be  replaced  in  the  mean- 
time by  seventj-five  or  one  hundred  millions  of  treasury  notes  of  like  de- 
nominations, payable  and  receivable  for  all  federal  dnes  and  taxes.  These 
notes  would  circulate  throughout  the  Union,  not  only  without  discount, 
but  would  probably  rise  to  a  small  premium,  as  they  could  be  used  to  liqui- 
date balances  without  the  intervention  of  bank  drafts,  and  thereby  save 
much  inconvenience  and  expense. 

No  doubt  great  objections  will  be  raised  about  inconvertible  paper,  but 
that  is  sheer  nonsense  at  this  time  of  day,  as  the  bank  paper,  if  allowed 
to  remain  in  circulation  under  the  circumstances,  would  be  much  more  in- 
convertible practically  than  the  government  paper  could  be.  As  we  have 
said  all  paper  nM)ney  is  practically  inconvertible,  and  there  is  no  reason 
why  it  should  be  otherwise,  if  its  quantity  be  adjusted  so  as  to  leave  a 
sufficient  margin  of  coin  to  cover  any  demand  for  the  precious  metals 
which  may  arise  from  the  variableness  of  the  seasons,  or  of  the  falling  off 
of  any  particular  crop,  as  no  other  causes  for  such  demand  would  remain, 
nor  could  arise,  under  such  a  sjrstem  of  currency. 

The  evil  which  the  framers  of  the  Constitution  ought  to  have  guarded 
,  against  was  depreciation,  and  that  was  what  they  intended,  no  one  doubts ; 
and  therefore  the  present  currency  is  highly  unconstitutional — quite  as 
much  so,  practically,  as  making  anything  but  gold  and  silver  a  legal  tender 
for  debts.  The  latter  is  of  no  consequence,  providing  the  instrument  em- 
ployed is  for  the  interest  of  all,  and  nas  a  real  value  for  the  time  being. 
Of  course  the  greatest  caution  ought  to  be  observed  in  issuing  the  govem- 
onent  paper  money.  It  should  be  done  by  act  of  Congress,  and  no  discre- 
tionary power  should  be  allowed  to  exist  in  any  other  body.  By  this 
means  its  quantity  could  be  regulated  and  increased  to  any  desirable  extent 
without  danger  of  abuse,  and  the  expense  of  any  unnecessary  increase  of 
the  metals  avoided. 

It  seems  hardly  possible  to  suppose  that  any  material  opposition  can  be 
made  to  such  an  important  and  necessary  reform,  except  from  interested 
motives.  But  if  this  should  be  the  case,  or  the  movement  in  the  several 
States  should  only  be  partially  successful,  the  federal  legislature  might 
still  proceed  without  any  fear  of  doing  half  as  much  mischief,  or  injury  to 
the  community,  as  has  been  done  by  the  banks  in  any  single  panic  they 
have  produced  since  their  inception  up  to  the  present  time ;  or  perhaps 
without  doing  any  perceptible  injury  to  any  legitimate  interest.  In  the 
ease  supposed,  the  treasury  notes  might  be  paid  out  as  circumstances  re- 
quired, and  if  the  currency  became  for  a  short  time  redundent,  and  that  is 
nothing  new,  it  would  not  last  long,  as  the  weakest  must  go  to  the  wall. 
The  government  paper  being  reauired  to  pay  federal  dues,  it  would  have 
an  effectual  demand,  which  the  bank  paper  would  lack,  and  therefore  must 
depreciate,  and  in  consequence  return  to  the  banks.  Several  other  advan- 
tages would  also  accrue  to  the  community,  besides  those  enumerated,  from 
the  adoption  of  this  truly  economical  currency.  The  balances  of  foreign 
exchange  would  be  liquidated  with  lees  trouble  and  calculation ;  industry 
would  become  more  productive  from  the  constant  steadiness  of  employ- 
ment, and  labor  would  obtain  its  due  reward — besides  the  American  peo- 
ple would  have  the  honor  of  being  first  to  adopt  the  system  of  currency 
which  must  finally  become  universal.  The  protectionist  may  advocate 
this  reform  as  the  only  true  protectionist  j^licy.  b.  b. 


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sn  Comment  tend  ike  MerAeaU. 


Art.  III.— CQKHERCE  ANB  THE  HBKCHANT.* 

OOXMSRCt,  WBAT  IT  It— NATURAL  TO  MAN— DlTKRaiTT  OF  BMPLpTJIKNT— BUUOAL  OOmXBaOB— 
ACQUUITION  AN  INSTINCT  FROM  DIVINITT— WHAT  TUB  THIRST  FOR  OOLD  HAS  AGOOMPUSBBO— 
COMMBRCB  BRINOB  WBALTH  AND  POWBR — A  COMMERCIAL  PKOPLB — AN  ILLUSTRATION  OF  THB  BB- 
MBHCBNCB  OF  COMMBRCB— THB  HIOHBR  DUTIES  OF  THB  MERCHANT  — BIS  EXALTBD  STATION— IN 
rBDflNBSB  HE  MUST  COMBINE  WISDOM  AND  INNOCENCE— THB  MERCHANT  OBEYS  THB  LAWS  OF  HIS 
OOUNTRT-THB  MBRCHANT  SHOULD  BB  RAPID  IN  DECISION  AND  ACTION,  BTO. 

Commerce,  perhaps,  by  derivation,  simply  means  exchange.  HencAi 
Milton  speaks  of  ^*  looks  commercing  with  the  skies."  It  is  more  usually 
taken  to  mean  an  exchange  of  movable  articles,  and  implies  mutual  ben- 
efit to  the  actors.  Money,  as  the  common  representative  of  value,  is  ita 
ordinary  medium,  though,  with  barbarous  nations,  the  exchange  is  ordi- 
narily direct,  or  barter.  It  is  foreign  or  domestic  Trade  is  usually  em- 
ployed with  the  same  meaning,  though  it  is  also  applicable  to  the  hcxne 
or  retail  dealings  of  the  shop-keeper.  Commerce,  or  trade  in  its  noore 
extensive  use,  supposes  travel,  a  conveyance  of  merchandise  or  the  subject 
of  exchange,  and  the  place  of  exchange  is  the  market. 

A  disposition  to  Commerce  is  implanted  in  humanity ;  and,  like  a  thirst 
for  ornament,  distinguishes  men  from  brutes.  Man  possesses,  indeed,  &r 
nobler  characteristics,  but,  in  an  age  when  philosopners  gravely  seek  to 
show  that  men  are  not  an  immediate  creation  of  the  divinity,  but  a  slowly- 
evolved  improvement  of  the  brute,  it  may  be  well  to  allude  to  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  of  the  many  minor  traits  of  our  nature  which  is  not  in- 
herent in  any  other  of  God's  terrestrial  creatures.  It  is  common  to  all 
the  varieties  of  our  race.  I  am  not  aware  of  any  tribe,  however  imbruted, 
from  the  root-digger  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  men  of  the  interior 
of  Africa,  who  have,  or  are  supposed  to  have,  tails  three  inches  long,  who 
have  not  a  propensity  to  exchange  or  trade. 

Commerce,  like  war,  springs  from  a  desire  of  acquisition ;  but^  unlike 
war,  it  is  consonant  with  the  divine  law  of  love.  Like  mercy,  it  is  ^*  twice 
blessed.  It  blesseth  him  that  gives  and  him  that  takes."  It  gives  birth 
to  invention,  stimulates  production,  entices  laggards  to  labor,  and  confirms 
halting  industry.  Man  finds  happiness  in  lalK>r,  and  he  labors  to  produce 
materials  for  the  acquisition,  bv  exchange,  of  things  which  he  desires,  but 
which  nature  denies  him,  and  he  cannot  produce.  Imagine,  if  you  caiif  a 
world  whose  people  do  not  interchange  goods  with  each  other.  Each  oiaa 
would  be  for  himself,  and  his  hand  would  be  against  every  oUier  man. 
There  indeed  would  man  be  identical  with  the  brute — isolated,  unintelli- 
gent, and  predacious.     Such  a  condition  of  humanity  is  impossible. 

Indeed,  from  the  earliest  times,  men  have  traded  with  each  other.  I 
love  to  recur  to  the  most  ancient  and  holiest  of  all  books  for  examples  of 
the  immediate  development  of  this  instinct  of  humanity.  It  is  bo  lucid^ 
so  perfectly  free  from  the  monstrous  fictions  and  palpable  absurdities  which 
disgrace  the  earliest  productions  of  profane  history,  and  so  consistent  with 
scientific  truth ;  and  then  its  historic  truth  is  so  corroborated  by  the  inter- 
nal evidences  of  its  divine  origin,  its  God  is  so  God-like,  its  ethics  are  so 

*  The  following  triiole  wm  delirered  rs  rh  Rddreat  before  Uie  MeroRntlle  College  of  BoflOo  by 
Ibe  Hon.  Georob  W.  Clinton.  We  hRve  tRkeu  tbe  Ubertj  to  omii  the  Introdnctory  pRngnpbi* 
which  sre  of  R  IocrI  eharaoter.-£^  Mtr,  Mag, 


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CftmmtreB  tmd  ike  Merthmnt  66d 

dirine,  so  perfect,  so  expansiTe,  adapted  to  and  covering  man  in  every  age, 
in  every  ctioEie,  whatever  his  pursuits  or  intellectual  attainments — that  I 
cannot  but  feel  that  there,  and  there  only,  is  embalmed  the  true  history  of 
our  race. 

In  Paradise,  Adam  dressed  the  garden  and  subsisted  on  its  fruits.  Light 
was  his  labor,  if  it  were  au^ht  beyond  mere  exercise ;  but  when  he  was 
driven  forth,  it  was  to  "  till  the  ground  from  which  he  was  taken  ;**  and  he 
was  condemned  "  in  the  sweat  of  his  fooe  to  eat  bread." '  Diversity  of  em- 
ployment was  manifested  so  soon  as  the  two  first  bom  of  Eve  began  to 
toiL  ^  Abel  was  a  keeper  of  sheep ;  but  Cain  was  a  tiller  of  the  ground ;" 
and  with  them,  probably,  commenced  the  interchange  of  the  fruits  of  la- 
bor. But  these  primitive  pursuits  were  soon  diversified ;  and  in  the  sev- 
enih  generation  from  Adam,  Jabal  "  was  the  father  of  such  as  dwell  in 
tents  and  have  cattle ;"  Jubal  ^*  was  the  father  of  all  such  as  handle  the 
harp  and  organ ;"  and  Tubalcain  was  "  an  instructor  in  every  artificer  in 
toiss  and  iron." 

Here,  in  this  early  age  of  the  world,  we  have  proof  that  the  earth  was 
tenanted  by  the  stationary  cultivator  of  the  soil,  by  the  shepherd,  by  the 
wandering  dweller  in  tents,  whose  wealth  was  in  his  herds,  by  the  smith, 
who  worked  in  brass  and  in  iron,  by  men  who  could  construct,  and  by  men 
who  oonld  draw  music  fix>m  the  harp  and  from  the  organ.  Such  a  divers- 
ity of  employments  could  exist  only  in  a  trading  world.  The  construction 
of  the  ark  before,  and  of  the  Tower  of  Babel  after,  the  deluge,  are  alike 
0(^nt  proofs  of  the  existence  of  a  systematic  division  of  labor,  and  of  the 
exchange  of  its  products.  Job  declares  of  wisdom,  "  it  cannot  be  gotten 
for  gold,  neither  shall  silver  be  weighed  for  the  price  thereof.  It  cannot 
be  valued  with  the  gold  of  Ophir,  with  the  precious  onyx,  nor  the  sapphire. 
The  gold  and  the  crystal  cannot  equal  it;  and  the  exchange  of  it  shall  not 
be  for  jewels  of  fine  gold." 

But  Job  lived  long  before  Abraham,  and  his  allusions  to  the  gold  of 
Ophir  would  seem  to  favor  the  idea  that,  even  in  his  day,  caravans  tra- 
versed, for  the  purposes  of  trade,  the  deserts  of  Eastern  Asia  to  its  south- 
em  coast  If  Ophir  was,  as  some  have  supposed,  the  island  of  Ceylon, 
then  navigation  had  become  already  an  aid  to  Commerce.  In  the  history 
of  Joseph  we  have  a  direct  proof  of  a  land  trade  carried  on  through  the 
slow,  unwearying  ships  of  the  desert,  by  that  indomitable  race  which 
^rang  from  Hagar.  Joseph  was  drawn  forth  from  the  pit  into  which  his 
brothers  had  cast  him,  and  was  sold  for  twenty  pieces  of  silver  to  a  com- 
pany of  Ishmaelites,  who  ^  came  from  Gilead  with  their  camels,  bearing 
spicery  and  balm  and  myrrh,  going  to  carry  it  down  to  Egypt ;"  and 
"Potiphar,  an  officer  of  Pharaoh,  captain  of  the  guard,  an  li^ptian, 
bought  him  of  ^e  hands  of  the  Ishmaelites,  who  had  brought  him  down 
to  %ypt" 

I  cannot  comprehend  the  philosophy  which  pronounces  money  the  root 
of  all  evil.  The  love  of  acquisition  is  an  instinct  implanted  by  divinity, 
and  though  it  may  be  perverted,  is  the  animating  principle  of  the  world. 
It  is  the  great  incentive  to  industry,  to  Commerce,  and  to  intercourse. 
Truly  did  tne  poet  designate  it  as  ^''auri  sacra  famesP  The  Creator  fos- 
ters it  by  the  differences  of  climate  which  he  has  impressed  upon  the 
earth,  and  by  scattering  the  infinite  variety  of  goods  which  all  men  crave 
the  wide  world  through.  May  we  not  reverenuy  say  that  his  penal  visita- 
tions— war,  pestilence,  and  famine — ^have  in  them  an  element  of  meri-.y, 


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554  0(miinerce  <xnd  the  IferekanL 

and  were  designed  to  elicit  sympathy  and  foror  interoonise,  as  well  as  to 
chastise  stiff-necked  and  rebellious  nations.  Famine  drove  the  inhabitants 
of  Canaan  to  Egypt  to  purchase  com,  and  re-united  the  family  of  Jacob. 

It  was  this  sacred  thirst  for  gold  which  awoke  the  spirit  of  discorery, 
and  induced  the  Tyrian  to  tempt  in  his  frail  bark  the  dangers  of  the  mid- 
dle and  southern  seas.  It  sent  the  fleets  of  Solomon  and  of  Iliram  from 
Tarshish  unto  Ophir,  and  they  brought  back  gold  and  silver,  ivory,  and 
apes,  and  peacocks,  and  great  plenty  of  almug  trees,  and  precious  stones. 
This  emboldened  the  Garthagenians  to  pass  the  pillars  of  Hercnles,  and 
brave  the  terrors  of  the  broad  Atlantic ;  made  dimly  known  to  the  Roman 
his  Ultima  Thule ;  carried  De  Gama  round  the  stormy  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  into  the  Indian  Seas ;  sustained  Columbus  on  his  dreary  way  across 
the  wide  Atlantic  to  the  New  World ;  and  sent  Cook  forth  to  ciroamnavi- 
gate  the  globe. 

I  do  not  mean  that  the  heroic  actors  in  these  great  achievements  were 
impelled  by  the  vulgar  thirst  for  gold.  An  exalted  ambition,  a  pure  love 
of  glory,  and  the  humble  hope  of  extending  the  benefits  of  religion  and 
the  dominions  of  the  church  may  have  been  their  chief  incentives ;  hot, 
as  far-seeing  men,  they  looked  to  the  renown  which  the  augmented  Com- 
merce of  their  countries  would  bring  with  it  Commerce  sustained  is 
power.  But  for  Commerce  few  would  be  the  keels  that  would  part  the 
blue  billows  of  the  ocean ;  and  navigation  would  be  but  the  means  of  ra- 
pine for  new  sea-kings — men  full  of  cruel  lusts,  mad  for  battie,  and  drink- 
mg  mead  from  the  skulls  of  their  slain  foes.  Now,  in  this  age,  when  Com- 
merce so  intertwines  the  interests  of  the  chief  nations  of  the  world  that 
war  seems  madness — who,  apart  from  trade,  would  imperil  himself  on  the 
still  mysterious  sea,  save  to  extend  it,  or  to  guard  its  safety  ?  No  expense 
or  danger  is  too  great  to  prevent  strict  search  for  a  rock  or  shoal,  suspect- 
ed to  exist  in  or  near  the  track  of  trade — that  its  position  may  be  aacw- 
tained  and  marked  upon  the  charts.  But  no  one  ever  gained  or  sought 
fame  by  the  mere  discovery  of  lands  uninviting  to  the  niordiant,  and  use- 
less as  auxiliaries  to  Commerce,  save  where  the  discovery  put  limits  to 
desperate  exploration,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Antarctic  Continent  and  the 
impracticable  north-west  passage.  Let  some  closed  country  (Japan,  for 
instance  )  open  hospitable  ports,  and  our  ships  dart  forth  in  rivalry.  Start 
but  a  rumor  that  a  group  of  rodts,  capped  with  guano,  has  been  dimly 
seen  somewhere  in  the  midst  of  the  Pacific,  and,  ere  nuiny  months,  navies 
will  be  crossing  and  recrossing  it  in  all  directions. 

Commerce  brings  wealth  and  power.  It  may  not  bring  freedom,  and 
may  carry  chains  and  d^radation  to  subjected  countries.  But  it  height* 
ens  luxury,  fosters  the  fine  arts,  embellishes  great  cities,  and  makes  a  na- 
tion strong.  For  centuries  small  nations,  as  monopolists  <^  the  trade  of 
the  East  Indies,  assumed  and  were  able  to  maintain  a  commanding  atti- 
tude in  Europe.  Witness  Venice,  Genoa,  and  Holland.  Now,  but  for  its 
Commerce  and  dependencies,  enabling  it  to  disperse  its  manufactures  the 
world  over.  Great  Britain  could  not  rank  as  a  first  rate  power  of  Europe. 
What  well-directed  industry,  aided  by  policy,  has  gained,  may,  perchance, 
be  hazarded  and  lost  in  a  daring  but  injudicious  war.  Commerce  should 
court  peace :  when  it  allies  itself  to  conquest  it  embraces  danger.  Better 
fiir  is  it  for  a  great  country  that  another  land  should  be  a  free  and  friendly 
ally,  than  a  doubtful  dependency.  Commerce  will  draw  &r  more  riches 
from  a  vigorous  nation  than  from  a  curbed  and  feeble  colony.    The  trade 


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CimxMTU  and  the  Mereha$U.  5d5 

of  one  year  with  Great  Britain  is  of  more  service  to  her  than  would  have 
been  a  twenty  years'  monopoly  of  the  trade  of  what  the  thirteen  colonies 
would  now  be,  had  they  remained  subject  to  the  British  crown. 

From  the  very  outset  we  have  been  a  commercial  people,  and,  Heaven 
favoring  us,  we  must  with  our  two  ocean  fronts,  and  our  vast  country  and 
energetic  population,  furnish  the  most  wondrous  spectacle  of  commercial 
growth  and  strength  the  worid  ever  witnessed,  provided  we  cultivate  and 
maintain  amity  with  the  outer  world  and  break  not  ourselves  asunder.  I 
do  not  think  that  we  are,  as  the  feet  of  the  great  image  Daniel  saw,  com- 
pounded of  iron  and  clay.  Understand  me  not  as  undervaluing  agricul- 
ture, manufactures,  or  the  arts.  Without  them  there  can  be,  in  this  age, 
no  Commerce.  They  all  act  in  unison  to  create  prosperity.  They  must 
co-exist  or  languish.  Commerce  is  the  creature  and  stimulant  of  industry 
in  all  its  forms.  Never  again  will  the  world  see  the  time  when  a  nation 
can  make  itself  the  sole  mart  of  particular  commodities,  and  grow  rich 
from  a  monopoly  of  silks  and  spices.  In  substance  trade  is  now  free  to 
general  competition,  though,  in  detail,  it  is  everywhere,  whether  wisely  or 
unwisely,  hampered  by  imposts,  and  subject  to  exaction.  It  is  strongest 
and  roost  beneficent  where  freest  It  is  not  a  ferocious  animal  which 
must  be  muzzled  and  chained  down  to  labor,  but  a  strong  implanted  im« 
pulse  which  will  break  forth,  and  needs  but  the  regulation  of  justice  and 
humanity  to  exert  the  happiest  influence  on  the  whole  family  of  man. 

Of  our  present  greatness  and  future  hopes  we  owe  much  to  the  energiz- 
ing spirit  of  Commerce.  It  has  prompted  to  negotiations,  and  sustained 
our  government  in  struggles,  which  have  expanded  our  country  to  its  pres- 
ent amplitude.  It  acquired  the  debouchure  of  the  Mississippi ;  it  carried 
the  flag  of  our  Union  across  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  planted  it  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia,  and  upon  the  golden  hills  of  California.    It  must 

E reserve  what  it  has  acquired,  for  we  have,  and  can  have,  no  other  assured 
ope  of  continued  union.  Heaven  has,  so  far,  bidden  discovery  and  en- 
terprise to  keep  pace  with  and  consolidate  our  growth.  The  canal,  the 
railroad,  the  application  of  steam  to  ocean  navigation,  and  the  magnetic 
telegraph,  have  sufficed  to  preserve  intact  the  holy  bond  of  union.  Would 
that  I  could  see  perfected  some  plan  of  swift  communication  and  inter- 
course over  the  vast  steppes  and  mountains  that  intervene  between  the 
eastern  and  western  sides  of  this  broad  continent  I 

Perhaps  I  can  bring  home  to  you  a  sense  of  the  marvelous  beneficence 
of  Commerce  by  a  familiar  illustration.  I  remember  indistinctly  a  petty 
village  which,  thirty  years  ago,  had  been  wakened  into  dull  life  some  ten 
years  before  by  the  hope  of  the  construction  to  it  of  a  channel  of  trade. 
It  stood  at  the  extremity  of  a  large  lake,  and  its  puny  trade  consisted 
chiefly  in  shipping  salt,  and  conveying  a  scant  rill  of  emigration  West- 
ward, to  a  vast  region  which  was  mainly  wild,  inhospitable,  and  danger- 
ous, and  had  no  hope  of  greatness.  That  channel  of  Commerce  was  fin- 
ished at  last,  and  connect^  the  lake  with  tide-waters,  and  the  feeble  stream 
•welled  to  a  torrent  of  human  beings,  rolling  into  the  wilderness,  and 
making  the  desert  places  glad  with  the  hum  of  active  industry.  That 
wilderness  is  now  severed  into  powerful  States,  glorying  in  freedom, 
adorned,  with  thriving  villages  and  great  marts,  and  gathering  strength 
and  beauty  in  this  their  adolescence.  That  petty  village  is  now  our  city 
— a  city  with  which  I  do  so  identify  myself  and  love  so  much,  that  to 
•peak  with  my  estimation  of  it  might  seem  like  boasting.    Alas,  that  the 


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556  OvinvfifrM  catd  t^  IfifehimL 

avenue  of  intercourse  whicli  has  worked  ^k  great  good,  and  done  so 
much  to  commingle  otherwise  discordant  portions  of  onr  country,  should 
have  been  so  misused  by  selfish  politicians,  who  look  to  the  meanest  in- 
fluences to  aid  their  elevation  I 

It  created  the  wealth,  the  Commerce  which  gave  birth  to  the  railroads, 
which  are  extended  over  the  land  like  an  iron  net  Like  all  great  im- 
provements, it  called  for  further  improvements.  It  cannot  be  strangled 
by  its  children.  It  is  in  no  danger  from  their  envy  or  their  competiticMi. 
I  cannot  approve  the  policy  which  would  pronounce  them  rivals,  and  in- 
voke State  pride  and  policy  to  impose  checks  upon  the  free  current  of 
Commerce  in  aid  of  our  canal.  It  has  paid  for  itself  in  wealth,  if  that  is 
the  test  of  utility  to  our  own  State,  a  thousand  times  its  cost.  I  honor 
the  canal  as  a  monument  of  the  far-seeing  wisdom  and  the  calm  intrepid- 
ity of  a  great  mind,  to  which  I  claim  near  kin ;  but  I  would  maintain  it 
only  for  its  uses. 

The  prosperity  of  Buffalo  is  based  upon  Commerce,  and  not  upon  any 
particular  means  of  commercial  intercourse.  It  is  founded  upon  a  rock. 
Were  I  satisfied  that,  in  utility  to  Commerce,  the  canal  had  been  super- 
seded by  railroads,  I  would  not  hesitate  an  instant  to  say,- "  Pill  it  up,  and 
foster  these  new  and  better  conduits  of  trade !"  I  would  not  use  the 
windmill  because — if  such  be  the  fact — ^it  preceded  the  watermill ;  nor  de- 
nounce the  steamboat  because  it  is  a  later  invention.  We  must  move  for- 
ward and  upward,  and  notibing  effete  can  be  so  sacred  as  to  be  permitted 
to  stay  us  in  our  course. 

I  have  neither  time  nor  disposition  to  dilate  upon  the  ordinary  duties 
and  qualifications  of  the  thriving  merchant  With-him,  indeed,  honesty 
is  the  best  policy ;  and  he  must  remember  that  it  is  "•  the  liberal  hand 
which  maketh  rich."  He  may  be  economical  to  the  verge  of  closeness, 
but  he  must  "  lend  unto  the  Lord,"  or  he  will  not  prosper.  Liberal  deal- 
ing with  the  needy  is  but  justice.  He  may  give  strict  weight  to  the  rich, 
and  serve  him  with  the  strict  measure,  but  he  should  give  liberal  weight 
and  heaped  measure  to  the  poor.  He  should  be  above  the  petty  cheats, 
and  scorn  the  customary  frauds  of  trade.  He  should  sell  things  by  thear 
right  names,  without  deceitful  intermixture  or  adulteration ;  he  should  re- 
member his  manhood,  and  keep  his  lips  frcwn  lies,  and  render  his  own 
unto  every  man  with  courtesv. 

The  great  merchant  occupies  a  high,  a  truly  exalted  station.  He  stands 
alone  in  the  same  sense  as  does  the  commander  of  an  army.  He  cannot 
personally  supervise  all  the  details  of  his  enormous  business,  but  he  regu- 
lates them  all,  appoints  to  each  counselor  his  place,  prescribes  his  duty, 
and  limits  his  responsibility,  and  directs  the  vast  machine.  He  under- 
stands the  nature  and  connection  of  every  part  of  the  complicated  system 
of  which  he  is  the  animating  principle ;  and  upon  the  first  appearance  of 
disorder,  can  and  will  trace  it  to  its  source,  however  deeply  hidden.  His 
eye  takes  in  the  general  working  and  results,  and,  in  time  of  need,  sweeps 
like  a  falcon's  through  every  cranny  and  recess  of  the  business  engine  he 
has  constructed,  till  it  rests  upon  tiie  defective  portion.  His  spirit  per- 
vades, sustains,  and  gives  activity  to  the  else  formal  and  inactive  mass, 
and  makes  it  fruitful. 

In  the  conduct  of  his  business,  he  must  combine  the  wisdom  of  the  ser- 
pent with  the  harmlessness  of  the  dove.  He  navigates  his  richly-fraught 
vessel  through  a  most  treacherous  sea,  however  smiling,  and  must  move 


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Commerce  and  the  Merchant.  567 

with  oaatioiL  He  must  be  conversant  with  the  general  principles  of  com- 
mercial law,  and  familiar  with  all  the  forms  and  requisites  of  commercial 
contracts ;  and  yet  prefer  to  act,  where  the  occasion  calls  for  it,  upon  pro- 
fessional advice.  He  is  careful  to  see  that  his  bargains  are  binding  in  the 
law ;  that  what  the  law  requires  to  be  in  writing  is  written ;  and  that  the 
true  intention  of  his  contract  is  clearly,  fully,  and  validly  expressed.  But 
^UB  knowledge  and  conformity  to  law  is  a  shield  to  him  in  his  ordinary 
dealings,  and  not  a  sword.  He  is  a  soul  of  honor,  and  his  word  is  indeed 
hJB  bond  among  his  fellows.  Small  praise,  indeed,  for  honor  is  a  necessity 
of  his  noble  occupation.  The  great  mass  of  commercial  bargains  are 
purely  honorary  contracts,  and  the  merchant  who  breaks  his  word  in  the 
exchange,  loses  caste  at  once,  and  irretrievably  becomes  the  scorn  of  the 
high-minded,  and  is  justly  driven  forth  with  shame. 

In  his  business  he  obeys  the  laws  of  the  country  which  protects  him. 
He  incurs  not  the  hazard  of  illicit  trade,  and  pockets  no  profits  filched 
from  the  revenue  of  the  nation  by  false  oaths  or  papers.  He  seeks  gains 
which  conscience  can  ^prove. 

I  would  fwn  believe  that  the  slave-trade  has  been  always  conducted  in 
a  Christian  age  by  a  distinct  class  of  men  who  were  abhorred  by  all  fair 
traders.  I  would  fain  attribute  not  to  mercantile  greed,  but  to  the  errors 
of  the  British  government  alone,  that  damning  stain  upon  the  fair  fame 
of  our  mother  country,  the  Opium  War.  In  his  ordinary  business  he  is 
content  with  the  legitimate  profits  of  the  market,  and  will  not  resort  to 
artifu^al  means  to  inflate  or  depress  it  to  the  injury  of  the  public.  He  is 
not  a  speculator,  nor  has  he  any  faith  in  fortune,  however  firmly  he  may 
believe  in  an  overruling  Providence.  Sheer  folly  has,  indeed,  made  some 
men  rich.  It  would  seem  that  heaven  sometimes  delights  to  shower 
wealth  on  the  simple  to  confound  the  wise,  and  turns  to  gold  all  things 
they  touch.  Of  such  was  the  man  who  blundered  into  wealth  by  sending 
warming-pans  to  the  West  Indies.  It  turned  out  that  the  pans  and  cov- 
era,  when  separated,  were  most  useful  to  the  sugar  boilers  as  dippers  and 
strainers,  and  so  he  reaped  a  mighty  profit  where  he  deserved  but  shame 
aod  loss. 

But  the  true  merchant  hazards  nothing  upon  a  bare  hope,  a  naked  trust 
in  fortune.  His  ventures  are  the  result  of  calculations  into  which  he 
brings  every  element  at  his  command  from  which  the  future  can  be  fore- 
seen. He  bargains,  provides,  and  purchases  and  sells,  with  reference  to  a 
change ;  but  he  prognosticates  that  change  from  present  facta  and  old  ex- 
perience. He  is,  in  fact,  in  part  at  least,  a  statesman ;  for  the  trade  of  a 
country  is  the  chief  care  of  its  rulers,  and  the  merchant  must,  in  his  for- 
eign dealings,  watch  the  statesmen  of  his  day,  and  be  conversant  with  the 
policy  and  political  condition  of  foreign  countries,  as  well  as  with  the 
present  state  of  their  markets,  or  he  may  not  reach  them  at  their  height 
So  near  akin  is  statesmanship  to  mercantile  accomplishments,  that  no  man 
is  worthy  to  hold  the  reins  of  government  who  seeks  not  counsel  from  the 
enlightened  votaries  of  Commerce. 

The  merchant  should  be  rapid  in  decision  and  instantaneous  in  action ; 
the  precursor  rather  than  the  companion  or  follower  of  others.  When  the 
discovery  of  gold  in  California  caused  such  an  influx  of  unprovided  popu- 
lation into  that  land  of  promise,  the  race  for  mercantile  profit  was  to  the 
for^nost  only,  as  we  now  see  clearly.  The  sagacious  few  foresaw  vast 
eanuB^  though  they  should  lose  their  ships  from  the  desertion  of  the 


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558  ComiMTce  and  the  Merchant, 

seamen,  if  they  could  but  be  first  in  that  new  market — and  they  were  the 
first.  The  tardy  sent  rich  cargoes  to  a  glutted  market,  and  sufifered  loss 
from  nearly  all  their  ventures ;  while  the  abandoned  ships  lay  rotting  idle 
within  the  golden  gate. 

But,  alas,  the  merchant  has  not  the  gift  of  perfect  prescience !  He  may 
suffer  from  villainy;  or  the  habitual  caution  of  a  lifetime  may  foil  him  in  a 
fatal  moment,  and  bring  him  down  to  ruin.  This  fortune  is  too  often  "in 
ventures  snuandered  abroad.  But  ships  are  but  boards,  sailors  but  men. 
There  be  land  rats  and  water  rats ;  water  thieves  and  land  thieves ;  and 
then  there  is  the  perils  of  water,  winds,  and  rocks."  The  perils  which  en- 
viron the  wealth  embarked  in  Commerce  are  innumerable ;  but  of  the  land 
perils,  I  know  none  more  imminent  or  mortal  than  that  which  flows  firom 
a  system  of  baseless  credit. 

But  be  that  as  it  may,  merchants  must  occasionally  fail,  and  it  is  a 
pitiable  sight,  that  of  the  honest,  long-established  merchant  fallen  from 
his  palmy  state,  and  deserted,  like  the  hunted  deer,  by  his  companions. 
Where  such  a  man  is  prostrated  by  mere  misfortune,  and  his  associates 
step  not  forward  to  bind  up  his  wounds  and  to  sustain  him,  it  argues  ill 
for  them — it  indicates  that  they  possess  not  that  delight  in  honorable  com- 
petition which  unites  rather  than  dissevers  generous  minds,  and  that 
esprit  du  cmys  so  bene6cial  to  the  public  in  large  commercial  cities. 

In  this  connection  I  must  be  permitted  to  anticipate  a  sound  rule  of 
commercial  ethics  which  will,  I  doubt  not,  be  most  fully  stated  and  co- 
gently enforced  by  the  gentlemen  who  will  hereafter  lecture  before  you  on 
that  subject  A  nigh-minded  merchant  may  be  sustained  by  credit,  but  he 
can  have  no  concealment  of  the  state  of  his  affairs  from  those  whose  capi- 
tal he  uses.  If  misfortune  sweeps  away  or  seriously  impairs  his  means  of 
payment,  he  will  not  use  or  stretch  a  trust  which  he  knows  is  falsely 
founded,  and  endeavor  by  some  great,  rash  stroke,  which  hazards  all,  to 
retrieve  his  losses.  He  is  not  misled  by  the  too  common  expression,  **  in- 
volving himself  in  further  difficulties."  He  knows  that  by  usinff  his  ground- 
less credit,  he  would  involve  the  property,  perchance  the  happiness  of 
others,  in  his  selfish  schemes ;  and  he  yields  to  the  promptings  of  justice, 
and  stops  at  one,  or  preliminarily  submits  the  question  wheuer  he  shall 
stop,  to  those  whose  wealth  makes  up  his  seeming  capital. 

The  true  exemplar  of  a  merchant  is  a  noble  spectacle.  He  has  borne 
up  bravely  amid  vicissitudes  which  no  sagacity  could  foresee  or  avert,  and 
has  often  presented  the  spectacle  the  gods,  it  is  said,  delight  in — that  of  a 
good  man  contending  vainly  with  fate.  But  though  often  defeated,  he  has 
at  last  conquered,  and  has  placed  his  banner  upon  a  commanding  emi- 
nence. He  is  devoid  of  ostentation,  and  looks  to  substance  rather  than  to 
show,  and  moves  in  the  world  with  a  dignified  simplicity  which  renders 
him  indeed  a  man  of  mark,  where  the  idle  pageantry  of  wealth  would  be 
ridiculous.     Perhaps  he  finds  enjoyment  in  rural,  scientific,  or  literary 

Eursuits,  for  which  business  before  allowed  him  but  scant  leisure ;  and  his 
onorable  career  insures  him  the  appropriate  solaces  of  old  age,  such  as 
"honor,  love,  obedience,  troops  of  friends."  He  proves,  too,  that  the 
economy  which  pervaded  every  department  of  his  business,  and  forbade 
the  waste  of  even  a  scrap  of  paper,  was  wisely  conscientious,  by  adorning 
his  native  or  adopted  city  with  the  useful  monuments  of  his  philanthropy. 
Look  our  country  over,  and  you  will  find  not  only  that  th«  merchant  has 
a  heart  "  open  as  day  to  melting  charity,"  but  a  hand  that  has  beai  moat 


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CommeM  of  the  United  States.  669 

active  in  promoting  every  scheme  of  public  enterprise.  Churches,  hospi- 
tals, public  libraries,  seminaries  of  learning,  have  been  founded  by  the 
hoards  of  the  successful  merchant 

A  prudent  liberality  is  so  common  in  all  classes  of  my  countrymen,  that 
it  may  well  be  regarded  as  a  characteristio  of  the  nation.  But  when  I 
think  of  the  massive  and  enduring  monuments,  fraught  in  the  perennial 
good  to  man  and  to  their  country,  our  great  merchants  have  erected,  I  am 
compelled  to  say  that,  were  I  capable  of  envy,  I  would  envy  rather  such 
men  as  Touro,  Girard,  or  Astor,  than  some,  at  least,  of  the  so-called 
orators  and  statesmen  who  have  achieved  for  their  names  high  places  in 
history. 

And  now  that  I  have  closed  the  brief  course  of  remark  which  at  the 
outset  I  have  proposed  unto  myself,  I  feel  that  I  cannot  so  part  with  you, 
and  yet  cannot  express  how  ardently  I  yearn  for  your  success,  and  for  the 
extension  and  permanent  foundation  of  this  institution.  Under  Provi- 
dence, your  future  is  in  your  own  keeping,  and  must  be  colored  and  deci- 
ded by  yourselves.  In  this  college  we  behold  a  manly  and  most  praise- 
worthy effort  to  assert  practically  a  principle  which  seems  a  truism,  but  it 
in  general  disregarded.  I  will  not  think  it  possible  that  it  can  be  permit- 
ted to  languish  ;  and  in  its  success,  I  see  a  long  line  of  princely  merchants 
insured  to  Buffalo,  and  a  safe  omen  that  the  city  will  be  distinguished 
among  its  sisters  for  industry  and  morality,  for  wealth  and  its  embellish- 
ments, and  as  a  seat  of  learning  and  a  favorite  haunt  of  science  and  the 
arta. 


Art.  IT.— COHMBRCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

mritBBE  xiz. 

PRBHCH  AMD  fPAMIBH  WAR— SnOCBBBCI  OP  BROLAMD— VAST  BXTKNflOH  OP  COLONIAL  BMPIRB— 
TRADB  DURINO  AND  APTBR  THB  WAR-BNPORCBMBNT  OP  TUB  OLD  SUGAR  ACT— ^  WRITS  OP 
A8SISTANCB  **~NBW  TARIPP  ACTS-RUIN  OP  THB  PORBION  WBST  INDIA  TRADB— BPPBCTB  ON  TBB 
OOLONIBS,  OH  THB  WBBT  INDIBB,  AND  ON  BNOLAND— PROPOBITION  OP  A  STAMP  DUTY. 

1761-1764.  The  French  being  expelled  from  Canada  in  1761,  the 
continental  provinces  of  England  returned  to  a  state  of  peace,  the  war, 
however,  raging  in  Europe,  on  the  ocean,  and  among  the  West  Indies,  un- 
til 1763.  Prance  was  quite  ready  to  come  to  an  arrangement  upon  the  loss 
of  Canada  and  the  West,  and  actually  proposed  an  accommodation  on  the 
basis  of  the  uti  possedeiis,  to  which  England  was  perfectly  willing  to  assent ; 
but  Spain  having  become  now  jealous  of  England's  power  in  America, 
and  being  ready  to  join  France  in  an  effort  to  restore  the  fortune  of  the 
latter,  the  French  withdrew  from  the  negotiation,  and  entered  upon  the 
contest  with  renewed  vigor.  In  the  winter  of  1761-2,  Spain  broke  off 
her  friendly  relations  wim  England,  who  declared  war  against  her  in  con- 
sequence in  January,  1762.  The  allies  endeavored  to  force  Portugal  to 
come  into  the  combination  against  England,  but  that  now  reduced  king- 
dom preferred  to  continue  her  ancient  friendship  with  Britain,  and  was 
effectively  sustained  by  the  latter  in  her  position  against  the  arms  of  her 
two  neighbors. 

The  English  were  almost  invariably  successful  during  the  remainder  of 


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560  Oommeree  of  the  United  Stat^. 

the  war,  which  was  consequently  brief.  During  the  year  Aey  took  from 
the  French  neariy  all  of  their  West  India  possessions,  including  Mar- 
tinique, Grenada  and  the  Grenadines,  St  Vincent,  St.  Lucia,  Dominic^ 
and  the  Carribbees.  Guadaloupe  had  been  before  captured.  The  Uade 
of  these  islands  was  very  important — that  of  Martinique  alone  with  Eng- 
land during  this  very  year  exceeded  the  Commerce  of  England  with  Den- 
mark and  Norway,  with  Sweden,  qr  with  Spain.  The  contmental  colonies, 
of  course,  endeavored  to  share  in  the  profits  of  these  valuable  acquisitions. 
New  England  was  considerably  alarmed  by  the  French  gaining  possession 
of  a  part  of  the  Island  of  Newfoundland  in  June,  and  threatening  the 
extinguishment  of  the  English  fishery ;  but  in  September  they  were  ex- 
pelled. 

A  war  upon  Spain  was  always  as  popular  in  the  colonies  as  in  Eng- 
land, and  they  were  therefore  quite  ready  to  assist  in  the  effort  to  reduce 
the  Spanish  possessions  in  the  West  Indies.  New  England  furnished  a 
considerable  body  of  troops  to  the  expedition  under  Lord  Albemarle  and 
Lord  Bococke,  which  in  August  succeeded  in  an  attempt  upon  Havana. 
The  spoil  taken  here  was  so  enormous  as  to  enrich  even  the  petty  officers. 
Over  3,000,000/.  was  seized  of  money  and  merchandise,  the  property  of 
the  king  of  Spain.  During  the  brief  time  in  which  England  held  the  isl- 
and a  brisk  trade  was  carried  on  with  it.  This  loss,  more  than  all  other 
events,  hastened  the  peace,  striking  as  it  did  at  the  very  vitals  of  the  Com- 
merce and  revenue  of  Spain. 

In  the  East  Indies  England  took  from  Spain  the  city  of  Manilla,  the 
capital  of  fourteen  valuable  and  important  islands — the  Philippines — and 
the  entrepot  of  a  lucrative  though  limited  Commerce  with  Spanish  Amer- 
ica, India,  China,  and  Japan.  Spain  stipulated  the  payment  of  I,000,OOOL 
for  the  immediate  restoration  of  the  Philippines,  but  never  paid  it  The 
English  captured  also  a  galleon,  which  had  sailed  from  Manilla  for  Aca- 
pulco,  in  Mexico,  with  a  cargo  which  sold  for  above  half  a  million  sterling, 
and  the  influx  of  the  precious  metals  into  England  was  so  great  as  to 
afford  a  very  sensible  increase  in  the  circulating  medium. 

The  preliminary  terms  of  peace  were  arranged  in  November,  and  the 
definitive  treaty  settled  at  Paris  in  February  of  the  next  year,  1763. 
England  retained  Canada  and  all  its  dependencies.  Cape  Breton,  and  all 
the  islands  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  the  French  population  having  op- 
tion to  remain  as  British  subjects,  or  to  sell  their  estates,  and  depart  withiii 
eighteen  months.  Most  of  them  chose  to  remain.  The  Frencn  were  al- 
lowed the  privilege  of  fishing  on  any  part  of  the  eoast  of  Newfoundland, 
as  under  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  and  at  any  place  in  the  Gulf  three  leagues 
from  all  coasts  and  islands  belonging  to  England ;  also  in  the  sea  adjacent 
to  Cape  Breton,  but  not  to  approach  within  fifteen  leagues  of  that  islaad 
— the  fishery  on  the  coasts  of  Nova  Scotia  and  other  places  remaining  as 
settled  in  former  treaties.  They  were  allowed  to  dry  their  fish  on  the 
coasts  of  Newfoundland,  and,  as  a  shelter  to  their  fishermen,  the  small 
islands  of  St.  Peter  and  Miguelon,  near  Newfoundland  ware  ceded  them, 
on  condition  of  remaining  unfortified  and  without  any  military  forca 
These  concessions  in  regai3  to  the  fishery  were  inflexibly  insisted  on  by 
France,  who,  humbled  as  she  had  been,  would  not  relinquish  this  ancient 
pursuit,  and  were  exceedingly  distasteful  to  the  New  Englanders,  whoee 
main  interest  in  the  effort  to  conquer  Canada  and  the  neighboring  iaJands 
was  in  the  expulsion  of  the  French  from  the  American  waters.  A  laige 
party  in  England  also  violently  opposed  this  portion  of  the  treaty. 


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Commerce  of  the  United  Statee.  561 

The  great  Western  r^on,  called  Louisiana,  was  also  retained  by  Eng- 
land, except  a  small  province  cut  out  of  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  em- 
bracing the  island  of  New  Orleans  and  some  territory  on  the  west  bank. 
The  boundary  line  was  described  as  running  down  the  middle  of  the 
river,  from  its  source  as  fiir  as  to  this  province,  and  although  the  mouth 
of  the  river  was  exclusively  within  the  latter,  the  navigation  of  the  river 
in  its  entire  extent  was  declared  perfectly  free  to  both  nations. 

In  the  West  Indies,  the  islands  of  Guadaloupe,  Martinico,  Mariegalante, 
St  Lucia,  and  Desirade  were  restored  to  France ;  Grenada  and  the  Grena- 
dines, 6t.  Vincent,  Dominica,  and  Tobago  were  retained  by  Eogland,  under 
the  same  stipulations  as  in  the  case  of  Canada.  Minorca,  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, was  restored  to  England ;  and  in  the  East  Indies,  each  party  re- 
stored its  conquests  during  the  war. 

In  order  to  regain  Havana,  Spain  was  obliged  to  cede  to  England  her 
province  of  Florida,  extending  westward  to  the  French  colony  of  Louisiana, 
and  as  a  compensation  for  this  loss,  France  secretly  conveyed  to  her  the 
possession  of  Louisiana  as  it  remained.  These  transfers  were  both  very 
disagreeable  to  the  inhabitants.  Nearly  the  whole  of  the  Spanish  popu- 
lation migrated  from  Florida  to  Cuba  and  the  other  Spanish  islands.  A 
general  consternation  ensued  in  Louisiana  when  first  mformed,  in  1764, 
of  their  being  under  the  dominion  of  Spain ;  but  the  government  was  left 
in  the  hands  of  the  French  until  1769.  England  agreed  to  destroy  the 
fortifications  erected  in  the  Bay  of  Honduras,  to  evacuate  the  Mosquito 
coast,  and  withdraw  all  protection  from  any  of  her  subjects  remaining 
there ;  while  Spain  guarantied  the  safety  of  the  business  pursued  by  Eng- 
land and  her  colonies  in  cutting  and  shipping  logwood  from  Campeachy 
and  its  vicinity. 

The  possessions  of  England  on  the  continent  of  North  America  now 
extended  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  longitudinally 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  River  Mississippi.  About  half  of  the  whole 
hemisphere  was  under  her  dominion,  forming  a  colonial  empire  vastly 
more  extensive  than  she  could  find  capital  and  population  to  improve. 
But  the  triumph  had  been  dearly  purchased,  and  she,  as  well  as  her  colo- 
nies, were  no  less  glad  than  their  humbled  enemies,  to  sit  down  to  the 
quiet  pursuits  of  peace,  and  endeavor  to  repair  the  losses  they  had  borne. 

During  the  war,  the  English  colonies  had  still  continued  in  the  vigorous 
prosecution  of  the  foreign  West  India  trade,  and  an  English  factory  es- 
tablished at  Hamburgh  had  flourished  upon  consignments  from  the  colo- 
nies and  from  the  West  Indies.  So  bountiful  was  the  supply  of  sugars 
carried  there  that  France,  upon  the  loss  of  intercouse  with  the  West 
Indies,  derived  thence  the  amount  required  for  her  large  consumption. 
While  holding  Guadaloupe,  the  English  carried  into  it  18,721  negro  slaves, 
and  proportionately  increased  its  cdlivation,  as  well  as  that  of  all  the  other 
conquered  islands. 

Upon  the  peace,  England  and  her  colonies  endeavored  still  to  keep  up 
the  advantages  thus  acquired ;  but  France,  though  sufiering  under  the 
calamities  of  the  war,  a  corrupt  government,  and  oppressive  taxation,  di- 
rected most  vigorous  and  successful  efforts  to  the  improvement  of  her  re- 
maining American  possessions,  and  was  soon  enabled  to  drive  the  English 
completely  out  of  the  trade  of  Hamburgh,  and  recover  to  herself  the  busi- 
ness of  supplying  Europe  with  sugars.  The  trade  of  the  English  colonies 
with  the  foreign  West  Indies,  however,  continued — fish,  horses,  naval 

VOL.  TTTin. — ^HO.  V,  86 


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562  Commerce  of  the  United  States. 

stores,  lumber,  ^fec,  being  carried  tbere  as  before,  and  their  molasses 
brought  home,  to  be  manufactured  into  rum  for  use  in  the  Indian  and 
slave  trades  and  the  fisheries.  The  fur  trade  was  now  exclusively  theirs, 
and  their  commercial  energies  branched  out  with  enlarged  vigor  in  all 
directions. 

But  this  prosperity  was  doomed  to  a  sudden  and  violent  check  from  the 
very  cause  whicn  had  been  considered  its  best  security — the  completeness 
of  England's  triumph.  Even  while  most  deeply  immersed  in  the  concerns 
of  the  war,  the  English  ministry  were  not  too  much  engaged  to  inaugurate 
the  policy  of  effective  restraints  upon  America,  and  of  compelling  her  to 
become  productive  of  a  revenue.  It  was  determined  in  1761  to  undertake 
a  strict  enforcement  of  the  old  Navigation  and  other  acts  concerning  the 
trade  of  the  colonies,  to  which  hitherto  only  partial  attention  had  been 
paid.  The  chief  effort  was  in  regard  to  the  "  Sugar  and  Molasses  Act,"  so 
called,  enacted  in  1733,  and  imposing  a  duty  on  foreign  sugars,  molasses, 
and  rum  imported  into  the  colonies,  the  original  object  being  to  suppress 
the  trade. 

The  colonial  merchants  had  always  found  means,  some  of  them  of  very 
questionable  morality,  to  evade  the  operation  of  the  statute,  and  the  cus- 
tom-house oflScers  had  *'made  a  very  lucrative  job  of  shutting  their  eyes, 
or  at  least  opening  them  no  further  than  their  own  private  interest  re- 
quired." Some  of  the  latter  in  the  higher  stations  were  believed  to  be 
even  deeply  concerned  in  the  illicit  trade,  carried  on  in  especial  contraven- 
tion of  this  act,  for  the  enforcement  of  which  mainly  their  offices  were 
originated.  Of  course,  the  gi'eat  design  of  the  measure,  the  protection  of 
the  sugar  planters  of  Jamaica,  had  totally  failed. 

The  ordmary  measures  of  enforcing  the  Sugar  act  having  thus  proved 
ineffective,  the  new  policy  resorted  to  was  to  put  the  officers  of  revenue 
themselves  under  check  and  to  afford  them  extraordinary  powers  for  com- 
pleting the  execution  of  the  act  They  were  to  be  authorized  to  break 
mto  and  search  not  only  stores,  but  even  dwelling-houses,  suspected  of 
containing  dutiable  goods  brought  into  the  colonies  without  payment  of 
the  customs.  The  commissions  for  this  most  offensive  scrutny  were  to 
!be  general  search-warrants,  under  the  name  of  **  writs  of  assistance," 
wrhich  the  colonial  courts  were  enjoined  to  issue  upon  application  of  the 
revenue  officials. 

The  first  attempt  under  the  new  system  was,  of  course,  made  at  Boston, 
•where  the  most  violent  excitement  attended  the  eftbrt  Thatcher,  Otis, 
:and  other  kindred  spirits,  as  counsel  for  the  merchants,  or  leaders  of  the 
j)ublic  opinion,  denounced  the  scheme  in  unmeasured  terms,  while  the  peo- 
ple universally  were  prepared  to  resist  the  application  of  the  odious  prin- 
»ciple.  The  courts  here,  and  wherever  else  solicited,  denied  openly  or  pru- 
dently doubted  their  own  power  and  their  duty  to  issue  such  writs ;  a 
process  which  had  been  known  only  to  the  infamous  Star  Chamber  in 
England. 

The  contest  between  the  officers  of  the  crown  and  the  colonies  continued 
until  the  peace  of  1763,  upon  which  the  British  Admiralty  made  the  moet 
violent  efforts  to  enforce  the  evaded  statutes.  A  number  of  American 
vessels  engaged  in  the  contraband  intercourse  with  the  foreign  West  Indiea, 
were  seized  and  confiscated,  and  the  result  was,  that  this  lucrative  Com- 
merce was  soon  nearly  annihilated.  The  profits,  enhanced  by  the  restric- 
tive efforts  of  the  government,  were  such  as  still  to  tempt  the  cupidity  of 


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Commerce  of  tJ^e  United  Statee.  b^Z 

a  portion  of  the  merchants,  but  the  vigilance  of  the  officers  was  so  great, 
and  the  cruisers  along  the  coast  were  so  multiplied,  and  so  watchful,  that 
the  adventure  was  attempted  only  at  extreme  nsk. 

But  the  new  policy  did  not  stop  with  the  mere  enforcement  of  obsolete 
statutes.  This  was  but  a  link  in  a  chain  of  revenue  measures,  the  adop- 
tion of  which  was  contemplated.  The  financial  condition  of  England  im- 
peratively urged  the  ministers  to  every  possible  resource  of  revenue  within 
their  reach.  The  debt  of  the  kingdom  which,  in  1765,  was  £72,289,678, 
stood,  at  the  opening  of  the  year  1764,  at  £139,561,807.  The  creditors 
could  not  demand  of  government  the  repayment  of  the  principal,  but  the 
amount  annually  payable  in  the  shape  of  interest,  annuities,  <fec.,  was  about 
£4,670,000.  The  revenue,  after  the  imposition  of  a  number  of  new  and 
onerous  taxes  within  the  kingdom,  amounted  to  £7,760,000.  The  budget, 
after  setting  forth  an  expenditure  hitherto  unprecedented,  exhibited  a  de- 
ficiency of  three  million  sterling,  which  was  with  difficulty  supplied  by 
temporary  resources,  and  by  encroachments  upon  the  sinking  fimd. 

Among  the  measures  adopted  in  1763,  by  which  the  revenue  had  been 
urged  upward  to  its  insufficient  amount,  were  a  loan,  combined  with  two 
lotteries.  The  loan,  drawn  from  the  people  of  England,  amounted  to 
£2,800,000,  at  4  per  cent  interest,  the  subscribers  receiving  as  a  douceur 
a  lottery  ticket  of  the  price  of  £10  for  every  £100  subscribed  to  the  loan. 
The  lotteries  distributed  £350,000  each,  and  the  prizes  in  them  were  stock, 
bearing  4  per  cent  interest,  the  blanks  being  rated  at  £5 ;  that  is  to  sav, 
they  were  entitled  to  an  annual  income  of  four  shillings  each.  An  addi- 
tional duty  of  £8  a  ton  was  also  laid  on  French,  and  of  £4  a  ton  on  all 
other,  wine  and  vinegar ;  also  a  duty  of  £2  a  ton  on  all  foreign,  and  an 
excise  of  4s.  per  hogshead  on  all  domestic,  cider  and  perry.  This  latter 
excise  produced  a  most  violent  and  general  explosion,  the  city  of  London 
being  particularly  excited.  It  was  denounced  as  a  partial  and  oppressive 
tax,  and  grossly  violative  of  the  liberty  of  the  people,  by  subjectmg  their 
houses  to  visitation  and  search  by  the  revenue  officers.  The  act  for  levy- 
ing th^  land-tax  of  1764  included  all  personal  estates,  among  them  debts, 
except  those  considered  desperate,  stock  on  hand,  household  goods,  and 
loans  to  His  Majesty,  all  of  which  property  was  taxed  4s.  in  the  pound  of 
their  yearly  value,  which  was  1  per  cent  on  the  capital.  The  same  tax 
was  extended  to  all  employments  and  pensions,  companies  and  offices,  (ex- 
cepting in  the  army  and  navy.)  The  act  authorized  also  the  borrowing  of 
£2,000,000  on  the  credit  of  this  tax. 

Thus  it  appears  that  the  attempt  of  England  to  tax  America  was  not 
for  the  purpose  of  sparing  her  own  resources,  and  that  the  cry  of  oppres- 
sion and  misgovemnient  resounded  all  through  Great  Britain  before  the 
sensibilities  of  the  Americans  had  been  very  considerably  excited.  Nor 
did  England  propose,  when  she  undertook  to  make  America  contribute  to 
her  necessities,  to  make  the  point  then  reached  the  limit  of  her  own  self- 
infliction. 

The  colonies  were  rapidly  growing,  and  had  already  attained  a  state 
bordering,  in  some  degree,  on  opulence.  They  had  hitherto  been  treated 
with  much  forbearance  and  real  liberality,  and  could  not  expect  any  longer, 
it  was  said,  to  escape  sharing  in  the  burdens  of  the  realm.  The  great 
amount  of  their  imports,  their  astonishing  efforts  in  the  late  war,  their 
style  of  living  in  the  large  towns,  were  all  alluded  to  as  evidences  of  an 
ability  to  aid  the  mother  country  in  her  distress,  which,  respectable  as  it 


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S84  Ckmnneree  of  ihe  UniUd  SMe9. 

waa,  was  yet  mucb  overrated.  The  AmericanB  were  prone  to  oyertrading; 
ihey  had  not  made  their  exertions  in  the  war  without  incurring  serious 
embarrassment ;  and  the  chanee  from  the  original  simplicitj  of  their  hab- 
its had  run  in  advance  of  the  miprovement  of  their  means.  Many  of  the 
merchants  and  leading  men,  whose  style  was  described  as  so  gay  and  lux- 
urious, were  deeply  indebted  in  England,  and  some  of  these  were  perhaps 
disposed  to  accelerate  any  crisis  which  might  promise  to  relieve  them  of 
their  unpleasant  obligations.  No  arguments  were  more  efficacious  in  de- 
ciding the  course  of  the  ministry  and  of  Parliament  than  the  evidence 
presented  them  regarding  the  luxury  of  the  Americans,  of  which  they  had 
notable  examples  beneath  their  own  eyes  in  the  young  men  sent  over  to 
England  for  education. 

The  government  was  further  encouraged  by  the  example  of  oihet  coun- 
tries. The  royal  revenues  in  the  single  Spanish  colony  of  Mexico  amounted, 
in  1763,  to  $5,705,876.  Beside,  something  was  considered  due  on  the 
score  of  gratitude.  On  some  of  the  colonies  England  had  expended  lar^ 
amounts  in  their  in&ncv ;  above  £4,000  was  still  expended  upon  Gleor^a 
yearly ;  and  considerably  more  on  Nova  Scotia,  to  secure  the  joint  unin- 
terrupted visitation  of  the  fishing  region  by  England  and  the  other  colo- 
nies. She  had  repaid  a  large  part  of  the  expenditures  of  the  colonies  in 
the  wars  upon  the  French.  Her  present  yearly  expenses  in  North  America 
were  £860,000,  and  it  was  deemed  (sat  that  the  colonies  should  help  de- 
fray this  outlay,  of  which  they  were  asked  to  contribute  less  than  a  third 
part  Nothing  was  asked  toward  paying  the  proper  liabilities  of  England 
nerself. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  year  1764,  the  subject  of  revenue  being 
before  the  Parliament,  various  schemes  for  its  enlaivement  were  under 
consideration,  among  those  referring  jointly  to  Great  Britain  and  the  cfAo- 
nies  being  propositions  for  the  discontinuance  of  drawback  on  the  re-ex- 
portation of  certain  goods ;  for  a  duty  on  East  India  merchandise ;  more 
duties  on  foreign  wines ;  higher  duties  on  coffee,  cocoa,  Ac  The  schemes 
in  serious  contemplation,  referring  exclusively  to  the  colonies,  and  combin- 
ing the  objects  of  revenue  and  the  regulation  of  the  colonial  trade,  were  a 
revision  of  the  Sugar  and  Molasses  act,  imposing  a  practicable  revenue 
duty  on  the  importation  of  foreign  Molasses  into  the  colonies ;  a  lai^per 
duty  on  foreign  Sugar,  and  an  open  and  efficient  prohibition  on  foreign 
Rum.  Also,  a  duty  on  Tea,  and  on  Wine  and  Fruit  imported  into  me 
plantations  from  Spain  and  Portugal.  A  Stamp  duty  was,  beside,  in  con- 
templation. 

Beside  the  support  which  the  necessities  of  the  ministry  afforded  the 
new  Sugar  act,  it  was  powerfully  urged  by  the  West  India  interest,  which 
had  always  far  more  influence  in  the  cabinet  and  in  Parliament  than  the 
North  American  colonies,  and  was  consequently  able  to  carry  against  the 
latter  any  point  upon  which  their  interests  were  divergent  The  English 
merchants  trading  to  North  America  exerted  themselves  vigorously  in  be- 
half of  the  latter,  but  though  successful  in  obtaining  the  dmrrai  of  some 
parts  of  the  intended  taxation  system,  were  unable  to  secure  even  a  sus- 
pension in  regard  to  the  Sugar  act  The  friends  of  the  northern  colonies 
published  several  forcible  treatises  in  their  behalf  and  an  able  pam{^let, 
put  out  at  Philadelphia,  entitled  an  *^  Essay  on  the  Trade  of  the  Northern 
Colonies,"  in  which  the  impolicy  of  legislation  in  behalf  of  the  sugar  col- 
onies to  the  injury  of  the  former  was  elaborately  exposed,  was  repuUiahed 
in  London* 


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Cammeree  cf  the  United  Statet.  56l( 

The  upshot  o(  the  matter  was,  the  re-enaotmetit  of  the  Sugar  act  of 
1783,  bearing  the  title  of  an  act  for  "better  securing  and  encouraging  the  . 
trade  of  the  Sugar  Coloniee,"  with  a  modification  of  the  duty  on  foreign 
molasees  and  sirups  imported  into  any  of  the  British  colonies,  reducing  it 
from  the  old  rate  of  6d.  per  gallon  to  Sd.  The  importation  of  sugars  into 
Ireland,  except  directly  from  Great  Britain,  was  prohibited.  Another  act 
was  passed  at  the  same  time,  laying  duties  on  the  importation  into  the 
colonies  of  foreign  clayed  Sugar,  Indigo,  Coffee,  Wines,  Silks,  Calico,  Ac 
The  preamble  to  this  act  directly  avowed  the  policy  of  taxing  the  colonies 
in  these  words : — 

**  Whereas,  it  is  expedient  that  new  duties  and  regulations  should  he  estab- 
lished for  improving  the  revenue  of  this  kingdom,  and  for  extending  and  secur- 
ing the  navigation  and  Commerce  between  Great  Britain  and  your  Hajeaty's  do- 
minions in  America,  which  by  the  peace  have  been  so  happily  enlarged ;  and 
whereas  it  is  just  and  necessary  that  a  revenue  be  raised  in  your  mqfesty  s  domino 
ioM  in  America,  for  defraving  the  expenses  of  defending,  protecting,  and  secur- 
ing the  same.  We,  your  Majesty's  most  dutiful  and  loyal  subjects,  3ie  commons 
of  Great  Britain  in  Parliament  assembled,  being  desirous  of  makinff  some  pro- 
vision in  this  present  session  of  Parliament  toward  raising  the  said  revenue  in 
America,  have  resolved  to  give  and  grant  unto  your  Majesty  the  several  rates  and 
duties  hereinafter  mentioned." 

These  duties,  to  take  effect  from  September  29,  1 764,  were  on  the  fol- 
lowing goods  landed  in  America,  and  at  the  rates  affixed : — 

White  or  clayed  sugar,  the  produce  of  foreign  colonies,  to  pay  over  and 

above  all  former  duties per  cwt  £12  0 

Indigo,  of  foreign  growth per  lb.  0    0  6 

CToffee,  from  any  pmce  except  Great  Britain per  cwt  2  19  0 

Wines,  from  Madeira,  or  any  other  island  wlience  wme  may  be  lawfully 

imported pm*  tun  7    0  0 

Wine,  of  Portugal,  Spain,  or  any  other  wine  except  French,  (prohibited,) 

imported  from  Great  Britain 0  10  0 

Silk,  or  stuff  mixed  with  Bilk,  made  in  Persia,  Obina,  or  India,  imported 

from  Great  Britain,  weight per  lb.  0    2  0 

Calico,  made  in  the  same  places,  imported  from  Great  Britain,  .per  piece  0    8  0 

French  lawn,  imported  from  Great  Britain 0    8  0 

The  articles  specified  as  imported  from  Great  Britain  were,  by  existing 
laws,  prohibited  from  other  places,  or  had  other  and  higher  duties  affixed 
to  such  importation.  On  exports  from  the  colonjes  to  any  place  whatever, 
excepting  Great  Britain,  the  duty  was — 

On  coffee,  of  the  British  Islands per  cwt      £0    7    0 

Pimento,  of  the  British  Islands. perlb.        0    0    OJ 

The  duties  under  these  acts  were  to  be  paid  in  specie  or  bullion  alone,  a 
measure  of  peculiar  severity  at  a  time  when  almost  the  whole  internal 
business  of  the  colonies  was  transacted  by  means  of  a  paper  currency,  and 
hard  money  had  become  almost  a  thing  unknown,  being  as  well  banished 
from  the  colonial  finance  as  from  commercial  operations.  The  amount 
collected  was  to  be  appropriated  for  the  defense  of  the  colonies. 

The  strictest  guards  were  provided  for  the  enforcement  of  these  acts. 
All  vessels  found  hovering  on  the  coasts  of  the  North  American  colonies 
were  made  liable  to  forfeiture,  excepting  French  vessels  at  the  fishing 
grounds.  The  officers  of  the  ships  of  war  were  created  revenue  officers, 
taking  the  usual  oaths,  the  navy  being  thus  converted  into  floating  custom- 
houses.    The  jurisdiction  of  the  Admiralty  Courts  was  enlarged,  with 


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566  Ommeree  of  ths  United  SUUe$. 

special  reference  to  these  acts,  and  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  was  denied  in 
the  cases  arising  under  them,  as  well  as  in  regard  to  the  trade  and  naviga- 
tion acts  genersdly.  One  third  part  of  the  proceeds  of  forfeiture  went  to 
the  informer,  another  third  going  to  the  governor  of  the  colony  where  the 
forfeiture  occurred,  and  the  other  third  to  the  crown  for  the  use  of  such 
colony. 

These  acts,  with  the  affirmation  of  an  intention  to  push  the  system  of 
taxation  thus  introduced  at  subsequent  session?,  were  regarded  as  sufficient 
to  test  the  operation  of  the  general  scheme,  and  to  try  the  temper  of  the 
Americans.  Accordingly,  the  only  step  farther  at  this  time  was  the  pas- 
sage of  a  series  of  resolutions  introduced  by  Mr.  Grenville,  the  Pnme 
Minister,  asserting  the  right  and  expediency  of  taxing  the  colonies,  and 
specifying  a  Stamp  duty  as  an  eligible  mode.  Without  a  single  speech  or 
vote  against  them,  the  resolutions  were  adopted,  March  1 9th,  and  the  con- 
sideration of  the  proposed  measure  assigned  for  the  next  session  of  Parlia- 
ment The  ministers  were  in  hopes  that  bv  thus  holding  a  Stamp  duty 
suspended  over  the  heads  of  the  Americans,  they  would  be  induced  in  the 
interim  to  furnish  voluntarily  the  amount  demanded  of  them  as  their  con- 
tribution to  the  revenue — the  small  sum  of  £100,000 — in  which  case  they 
would  not  be  disposed  immediately  to  impose  the  Stamp  duty.  But  they 
miscalculated  in  supposing  the  provincials  would  meet  the  requisition  upon 
them  from  the  fear  of  a  measure  which  would  remain  suspended  only  so 
long  as  they  complied  with  all  the  demands  which  the  ministry  might 
choose  to  impose  upon  them.  They  regarded  the  act  thus  held  in  terrorem 
as  objectionable  as  an  actual  statute. 

The  news  of  these  measures  of  Parliament  stimulated  the  excitement, 
which  in  the  northern  colonies  had  attended  the  progress  of  the  debates, 
to  the  highest  point  In  regard  to  the  Sugar  act,  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
eral Court  declared  that  it  must  ruin  their  trade  entirely.  Two-thirds  of 
their  fisheries  must  be  sacrificed,  as  the  British  West  Indies,  they  said, 
could  not  consume  above  one-third  of  the  product  of  them.  Molasses 
being  the  only  article  which  the  French  allowed  foreigners  to  carry  from 
their  islands,  the  restraint  upon  the  import  must  be  fetal  to  the  fisheries 
and  to  the  other  business  of  the  North,  which  rested  mainly  on  this  trade 
with  the  foreign  colonies.  The  Legislature  of  Rhode  Island,  in  their  pro- 
test against  the  act,  affirmed  that  the  distillation  of  rum  from  the  foreign 
molasses  was  the  main  hinge  on  which  the  trade  of  that  colony  turned, 
and  that  beside  all  the  persons  it  employed  upon  land,  it  gave  support  to 
2,200  seamen.  Newport  contained  upwards  of  thirty  distilleries.  Other 
northern  colonies  made  equally  energetic  protests,  accompanied  by  earnest 
petitions  for  the  repeal  of  the  injurious  measure.  But  it  was  against  the 
threatened  Stamp  act  that  the  feeling  was  most  intense  and  universal,  the 
Legislature  of  Massachusetts  taking  the  lead  in  the  expression  of  public 
sentiment  on  this  subject  They  declared  boldly  that  the  colonial  assem- 
blies had  the  sole  right  to  lay  taxes.  It  was  asserted  that  the  recent  duties 
on  imported  goods  had  materially  encroached  on  this  right,  which  the 
proposed  act  would  utterly  extinguish,  reducing  them  to  the  condition  of 
slaves.  Resolves,  embracing  the  full  extent  of  this  principle,  were  passed ; 
but  at  the  instance  of  Governor  Hutchinson  were  so  modified,  in  the  hope 
of  gaining  some  forbearance  from  their  moderation,  as  to  rest  their  oppo- 
sition solely  on  grounds  of  expediency.  Other  colonies,  especially  New 
York  and  Virginia,  also  expressed  decided  opinions,  and  forwarded  petitions 


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Commerce  of  the  United  States,  66Y 

of  the  same  tenor  as  those  sent  from  Massachusetts  against  both  the 
adopted  and  intended  acts.  Hitherto  the  southern  colonies  had  felt  little 
interest  in  the  "  molasses  controversy,"  and  had  been  accustomed  to  ridi- 
cule the  sensitiveness  of  the  Yankees  in  regard  to  free  sweetening ;  but 
they  realized  now  that  the  danger  was  common,  and  that  to  save  them- 
selves it  was  necessary  to  co-operate  with,  and  uphold  the  before  under- 
valued cause  of  the  North.  Agents  were  sent  out  by  several  colonies  to 
advocate  their  interests,  Dr.  Franklin  representing  Pennsylvania. 

Although  it  was  against  the  Stamp  Act  that  the  opposition  of  the  col- 
onies was  principally  directed,  it  was  not  by  any  means,  that  the  measure 
of  itself  threatened  them  with  the  greater  oppression.  The  Stamp  Act 
was  opposed  as  an  incipient  step  in  a  new  system  of  direct  internal  taxa- 
tion, which  might  afterwards  be  pushed  to  a  ruinous  extent,  more  than 
from  its  own  immediate  importance.  Placed  upon  their  own  intrinsic 
merits,  the  Sugar  Act  was  immensely  more  important  than  the  stamp  duty. 
The  former  struck  at  the  very  vitals  of  the  Northern  colonies.  But  it 
was  only  a  step  in  the  progress  of  an  old  and  recognized  system.  Al- 
though some  of  the  colonies  had  before  denied  the  right  of  parliament  t^ 
impose  direct  taxation  upon  their  property  or  persons,  none  of  them  had 
ever  questioned  the  right  of  the  national  legislature,  and  even  of  the  sove- 
reign alone,  to  oblige  them  to  furnish  a  share  of  the  royal  revenue,  by 
means  of  regulations  upon  their  Commerce.  The  right  to  dispose  of  their 
exterior  relations  had  always  been  freely  conceded  to  the  imperial  govern- 
ment, by  the  colonists,  as  a  necessity  of  their  relative  condition,  and  as  the 
chief  feature  of  its  authority  over  them.  In  fact,  this  power  to  regulate 
trade  was  the  only  eminent  sovereign  authority  which  England  had,  with- 
out question,  exercised  over  the  colonies.  That  power  removed,  the  latter 
could  scarcely  have  been  considered  as  any  longer  dependencies. 

Had  the  Sugar  Act  been  alone,  the  colonists,  injurious  as  they  felt  that 
measure  to  be,  would  scarcely  have  thought  of  open  resistance.  In  the 
Stamp  Act  they  affected  to  discover  a  new  question  raised  between  them 
and  the  British  government  It  was  the  principle  of  taxation  upon  their 
internal  business,  as  distinguished  from  their  outward  Commerce.  It  was 
direct  and  intentional  taxation  against  that  which  was  incidental  and  un- 
avoidable. The  Stamp  Act  was  opposed  as  unconstitutional,  the  Sugar 
Act  as  only  impolitic. 

This  distinction,  though  broad  enough  in  a  theory,  could  not  be  ob- 
served in  the  practical  operations  of  govenimeut.  The  two  species  of 
trade  are  too  much  intermixed  and  mutually  dependent,  to  admit  of  the 
line  of  powers  and  inabilities  being  properly  drawn  between  them.  It  was, 
indeed,  impossible,  to  adopt  any  measure  considerably  affecting  one  branch, 
but  must  be  very  sensibly  felt  upon  the  other.  It  would  have  been  easy, 
indeed,  under  the  existing  circumstances,  to  have  struck,  through  the  ex- 
terior tr^e  of  the  colonies,  a  fatal  blow  to  its  internal  business.  But  even 
the  theoretical  difference  vanished  in  tlie  case  of  these  two  acts.  There 
was  no  new  question  presented  in  the  case  that  the  most  sublimated  theory 
could  reveal.  The  Stamp  duty  fairly  came  within  the  same  category  as 
the  Sugar  Act.  Both  were  legitimate  exercises  of  the  conceded  power  of 
regulating  outward  trade.  There  was  exactly  the  same  political  right  to 
lay  a  duty  on  Paper  brought  into  and  used  within  the  country,  as  on  Sugar 
and  Molasses,  Indigo,  Coffee,  or  Silks,  so  imported  and  consumed. 

If  it  were  objected  that  the  Stamp  Act  came  more  appropriately  under 


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568  Commerce  of  the  United  Statee. 

the  class  of  Internal  le^slation,  because  its  main  feature  was  the  making 
illegal  of  all  inward  business  conducted  without  the  use  of  stamped  paper, 
we  need  only  allude  to  the  many  other  acts,  forbidding,  sometimes  direct- 
Ij,  at  other  times  virtually,  the  inward  trade  in,  and  the  consumption  of^ 
various  articles  not  directly  furnished  from  Great  Britain.  The  English 
government  had  actively  busied  itself,  for  many  years,  in  restraining,  by 
effective  penalty,  (that  is,  by  prohibitory  tax,)  the  growth  of  all  species  of 
colonial  manufacture  coming  mto  competition  with  British  industry.  This 
method  of  internal  taxation  and  regulation,  was  far  more  onerous  and  tm- 
just  than  the  Stamp  duties  could  possibly  become,  and  was  yet  more  offen- 
sive, from  being  imposed  for  the  benefit  of  a  few  privileged  classes  in  Eng- 
land, instead  of  the  plausible  object  of  a  national  revenue.  These  meas- 
ures had  been  indeed  complained  of  as  deleterious,  but  no  one  had  thought 
of  impeaching  their  constitutionality. 

It  was  the  colonists,  and  not  England,  that  brought  at  this  Ume  a  new 
principle  into  their  relations,  and  furnished  the  ground  of  dispute  which 
eventuated  in  war  and  separation.  The  principle  that  "  Taxation  and  Re- 
presentation are  inseparable,"  was  indubitably  a  fixed  element  of  the  Brit- 
ish Constitution ;  but  its  enunciation,  instead  of  being  a  claim  for  return 
to  any  practice  ever  enjoyed,  was  the  assertion  of  Revolution.  It  was  the 
open,  undisguised  declaration  of  a  purpose  to  overthrow  completely  the 
entire  system  of  colonial  relations,  and  to  institute  totally  new  conditions. 
The  same  principle  which  nullified  the  Stamp  Act,  swept  away  also  the 
Sugar  duty,  the  statute  prohibitory  of  Iron  works,  and  a  whole  class  of 
laws  that  nad  hitherto  been  admitted  legitimate.  It  went  further,  over- 
turning the  always  undoubted  power  of  regulating  exterior  Commerce,  as 
authonty  assumed  in  open  and  gross  violation  of  the  great  charter  of  Eng- 
lish liberties,  being  in  its  exercise  essentially  an  act  of  taxation.  Nor  was 
this  all.  It  was  assumed  on  all  hands,  that  from  the  nature  of  the  case, 
the  provincials  could  not  well  be  represented  in  parliament  The  inter^ 
diet  of  the  taxation  power,  was,  then,  absolute,  and  as  this  matter  of  tax 
really  involves  and  swallows  up  nearly  every  other  ground  of  legislation, 
the  parliament  was,  in  effect,  totally  stripped  of  its  authority  over  the 
colonies.  Legislative  power  is  emasculated  when  it  loses  the  element  <^ 
taxation.  Parliament  would  not  desire  to  retain  the  intangible  shadow  of 
authority  left,  nor  would  the  dignity  of  either  party  tolerate  the  trivial 
exception  to  the  completeness  of  the  legislative  revolution.  Even  were  it 
otherwise,  the  integrity  of  the  new  principle  would  enforce  this  result 
The  postulate  that  Taxation  is  inseparable  from  Representation,  instead  of 
being  a  complete  principle,  is  only  the  fraction  of  the  inevitable  law  fol- 
lowing its  recognition,  that  Representation  is  inseparable  from  all  Legisla- 
tion. The  only  legitimate  end  of  the  new  principle  was,  an  utter  denial 
of  the  authority  of  Parliament  to  legislate  for  tne  colonies  in  any  case 
whatsoever.  The  humble  colonial  assemblies  assumed  thus  the  attitude 
toward  the  Imperial  Parliament,  of  co-ordinate  legislatures,  invested  with 
precisely  equal  attributes  of  sovereignty,  and  liable  to  put  their  fellow  to 
a  humiliating  ejection  from  the  intrusive  authority,  obtained  and  exercised 
hitherto,  by  simple  sufferance.  No  element  of  union  with  the  empire  thus 
remained,  but  the  single,  simple,  needless  and  inconvenient  bond  of  ft 
common  executive — a  royal  shadow,  which  it  was  absurd  on  one  part  to 
cede  and  on  the  other  to  receive  and  uphold  longer,  as  the  embodiment  of 
Britain's  sovereignty  over  America. 


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The  City  of  Lynn^  MoMochimtU,  500 

Such  was  the  infallible  result  of  the  only  principle  upon  which  a  valid 
opposition  could  be  made  to  the  legality  of  the  Stamp  Act  A  very  large 
portion  of  those  who  joined  in  the  project  of  nullification,  did  not  at  first 
discern  the  momentous  issue,  but  it  did  not  long  escape  the  shrewder. 
Some  of  these  were  almost  unwilling  to  admit  the  startling  conclusion,  to 
themselves,  and  none  deemed  it  prudent  to  avow  it  before  the  public,  who 
were  quite  unprepared  for  its  immediate  reception.  The  bolder  and  more 
sagacious  of  the  leaders  patiently  waited  their  time.  The  deeper  were 
their  investigations,  the  more  extensive,  odious,  and  fearful  were  discovered 
the  ramifications  of  the  system  they  were  about  to  repudiate  and  demolish. 
To  pull  out  one  stone  from  the  edinee  was  nothing,  they  saw  that  the  great 
superstructure  must  stand  entire,  or  tumble  altogether  to  the  ground.  The 
wonder  with  them  was,  not  to  find  the  colonies  in  an  attitude  so  entirely 
new  toward  the  mother  country,  but  that  they  should  have  been  so  long 
and  so  desperately  blind,  keen  political  students  as  the  Americans  were,  as 
to  be  ever  willing  to  occupy  for  a  moment  any  other  position.  They  saw 
the  smoke  of  battle  in  the  horizon,  and  the  result  of  a  completely  dissev- 
ered nationality,  or  of  unconditional  and  thorough  subjection.  For  well 
they  knew  that  principles  so  directly  at  antipodes  as  those  by  which  the 
Stamp  Act  was  repudiated  and  upheld,  could  find  their  only  solution  in  an 
appeal  to  force. 


irt.  T.— COIMERCIIL  AMD  INDDSTBIAL  CITIES  OF  TflS  U.  STATES. 


NVMBBR  XLI. 


THE  OITY  OP  LYNN,  MASSACHUSETTS. 

This  flourishing  city  lies  on  the  shore  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  nine  miles 
east  from  Boston.  Viewed  from  the  sea  it  presents  a  front  of  nearly  three 
miles,  and  rising  gradually  from  the  water  is  crowned  by  several  eminences 
and  wooded  heights,  among  which  High  Rock,  with  its  observatory,  is  most 
conspicuous.  The  streets  are  generally  fringed  with  trees,  and  many  of 
the  finest  houses  front  upon  a  parade-ground,  which  is  nearly  a  mile  in  ex- 
tent, and  adds  much  to  the  beauty  of  the  place. 

Some  of  the  modern  houses  are  spacious  and  elegant,  and  Ocean-street, 
lined  for  nearly  a  mile  with  tastful  villas,  which  look  out  upon  the  ocean, 
and  command  a  view  of  Nahant  and  the  surf  breaking  upon  its  beach,  is 
one  of  the  most  pleasant  drives  in  the  country. 

The  houses  in  this  city  are  principally  of  wood,  two  stories  in  height, 
standing  detached  from  each  other,  and  painted  white  or  stone-color. 
Nearly  all  of  them  have  piazzas,  and  most  of  them  a  small  garden  or 
court-yard,  ornamented  with  trees  and  shrubbery.  Most  of  the  streets  are 
provided  with  brick  side-walks  or  dry  graveled  walks,  and  are  lighted  by 

gas. 

By  the  State  census  just  completed  the  population  has  risen  from  9,367, 
in  1845,  to  16,800,  in  1865 ;  and  if  allowance  be  made  for  two  towns, 
Nahant  and  Swampscot,  which  have  been  set  off  in  the  last  ten  years,  the 


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5*10  Commercial  and  Industrial  Citiei  of  the  U.  States : 

increase  is  nearly  100  per  cent    This  ratio  of  increase  is  nearly  equal  to 
that  of  our  most  flourishing  Western  cities. 

The  census  gives  us  the  following  statistics  of  the  business  of  this  young 
city,  whose  manufactures  during  me  past  year  exceed  five  million  of  dol- 
lars:— 

Boot  and  Shoes.  The  whole  number  of  pairs  of  boots  manufactured 
in  Lynn  from  June,  1854,  to  June,  1856,  was  3,274,893 ;  shoes,  6,000,700 ; 
total,  9,275,593  pairs.  Number  of  males  employed  in  said  manufacture, 
4,645 ;  females,  6,476  ;  total  employed,  11,021.  Total  value  of  boots  and 
shoes  manufactured,  $4,166,629  28. 

During  several  months  of  the  year  above  named,  the  business  was  veiy 
light,  and  the  year  was  hardly  an  average  one.  The  manufacture  this 
year  will  be  at  least  one-fourth  larger  than  is  shown  by  the  above  figures, 

Morocco  Manufacture.  The  number  of  establishments  for  tanning 
goat  and  sheep  skins  is  13  ;  number  of  hands  employed,  202  ;  number  of 
goat-skins  tanned  and  finished,  633,064  ;  number  of  sheep-skins,  67,200 ; 
value  of  morocco  manufactured,  $407,486  ;  amount  of  capital  invested  in 
the  business,  $71,160.  There  is  no  other  place  in  the  State  where  the 
morocco  manufacture  is  so  extensive  as  in  Lynn. 

Carriage-making.  Number  of  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of 
carriages  and  other  vehicles,  5 ;  number  of  hands  employed,  11 ;  amount 
of  capital  invested,  $2,360 ;  value  of  vehicles  made,  $6,200. 

Sewing-silk  Manufacture.  One  establishment;  number  of  hands 
employed,  13  ;  amount  of  capital,  $7,000  ;  number  of  pounds  sewing-silk 
made,  8,000  ;  value,  $85,000. 

Iron  Fence  Manufacture.  Number  of  establishments,  2  ;  hands  em- 
ployed, 6  ;  amount  of  capital,  $1,600  ;  value  of  fence,  $4,200. 

Bedsteads.  One  establishment ;  hands  employed,  4  ;  capital,  $500 ; 
value  of  bedsteads,  $3,000. 

Saddle  and  Harness  Manufacture.  Establishments,  3  ;  hands,  10 ; 
capital,  $3,900  ;  value,  $10,500. 

Soap.  Establishments,  2  ;  hands  employed,  7  ;  pounds  of  soap  made, 
862,000  ;  pounds  of  soft-soap,  600  ;  capital,  $7,500  ;  value  of  soap  made, 
$23,560. 

Tin  Ware.  Establishments,  6  ;  hands  employed,  10 ;  capital,  $7,160; 
value  of  tin  ware,  $12,600. 

Glue.  Establishments,  2 ;  hands  employed,  9 ;  amount  of  capital, 
$10,000  ;  value  of  glue,  $20,000. 

Bricks.  One  manufacturer;  hands  employed,  12;  number  of  bricks, 
800,000  ;  value,  $6,400. 

Cigars.  One  manufacturer;  hands  employed,  16;  value,  of  cigars, 
$5,000. 

Blacking.  Number  of  manufacturers,  3  ;  hands  employed,  6  ;  value 
of  blacking,  $3,500. 

Mechanics'  Tools.  Establishments,  6 ;  hands,  62  ;  value  of  tools 
manufactured,  $77,300. 

Tool  Handles  and  Brackets.  Establishments,  3  ;  hands,  5  ;  value, 
$11,744. 

Lasts.  Establishments,  6 ;  number  of  lasts  made,  75,600 ;  value, 
$16,320. 

Fire-wood.  Number  of  cords  of  fire-wood  prepared  for  market,  2,947 ; 
value,  $16,391. 


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The  City  of  Lynn,  JfoBsaehusetts.  5?1 

HAKDKiBacHiEF  pRiNTiKo.  One  establishment ;  number  of  hands,  24 ; 
capitol,  $6,000  ;  number  printed,  33,600  ;  value,  19,000. 

Sashes,  Doors,  and  Bunds.  Manufactories,  2 ;  hands,  5 ;  capital, 
$2,300;  value,  $5,500. 

Brewbries.  Number,  2  ;  hands,  5  ;  barrels  of  beer,  305  ;  capital, 
$1,400  ;  value  of  beer  made,  $2,469  60. 

Lynn  Gas  Works.  Hands,  4 ;  capital,  $40,000 ;  value  of  gas  made, 
$9,895  26. 

Bakeries.  Number,  6  ;  hands,  42  ;  capital,  $30,400 ;  barrels  of  flour 
consumed,  12,700  ;  value  of  bread  made,  $191,000. 

Box  Manufactories.  Number,  4 ;  hands,  25 ;  capital,  $20,000 ;  boxes 
made,  219,800  ;  value,  $32,890. 

Machinery.  Manu^tories,  3  ;  hands,  1 2  ;  capital,  $2,600 ;  value  of 
machinery  made,  $17,500. 

Cordage.  One  manufactory ;  hands  employed,  8 ;  capital,  $1,000 ; 
pounds  of  cordage  made,  29,200  ;  value,  $4,524. 

Lightning  Rods.  One  manufactory ;  number  of  hands,  4  ;  capital, 
$600  ;  value  of  rods,  $5,000. 

Shoe  Patterns.  Manufactories,  5 ;  patterns  made,  51,600 ;  value, 
$4,448. 

Steam-engines.  One  manufactory ;  number  of  hands,  3 ;  capital, 
$1,000  ;  value  of  engines  manufactured,  $3,000. 

Chocolate  and  Spice  Mills.  Number,  4  ;  hands  employed,  24  ;  cap- 
ital, $49,o00  ;  pounds  of  chocolate  made,  80,000  ;  pounds  of  coffee  ground, 
1,268,000;  value  of  coffee  ground,  $126,800  ;  pounds  of  spices  and  cream 
tarter  ground,  225,717  ;  value  of  same,  $42,727  52. 

Paper  Hangings.  One  manufactory  ;  hands  employed,  50  ;  capital, 
$50,000  ;  rolls  of  paner,  960,000  ;  value,  $192,000. 

Sewing-machine  Needles.  One  manufactory ;  hands  employed,  3  ; 
capital,  $1,000  ;  number  of  needles,  60,000  ;  value,  $6,000. 

Confectionery.  Manufactories,  2  ;  hands,  6 ;  capital,  $4,000  ;  pounds 
manufactured,  99,200;  value,  $13,076. 

Since  the  tariff  of  1 846,  which  was  framed  to  aid  importations  rather 
than  manufactures  by  reducing  duties  on  cloths  and  cottons  and  imposing 
them  on  the  raw  material,  the  growth  of  factories  for  fabrics  of  wool  and 
cotton  has  been  severely  checked,  the  stock  of  existing  companies  depre- 
ciated, and  the  new  investments  have  little  more  than  counterbalanced  the 
losses  by  fire  and  flood. 

The  industry  of  Massachusetts  has  thus  been  thrown  into  other  chan- 
nels ;  her  shipping  and  railroads  have  nearly  doubled ;  her  bank  capital 
has  rapidly  increased ;  her  wharves,  piers,  and  warehouses  multiplied ; 
and  her  manufactures  of  paper,  glass,  leather,  boots,  shoes,  and  wooden- 
ware,  fabrics — ^made  principally  from  domestic  materials  or  stocks  gathered 
by  her  ships  from  distant  regions — have  made  great  progress.  She  has 
ceased  to  be,  to  a  great  extent,  dependent  on  the  South  for  her  materials, 
and  has  learned  how  to  develop  and  how  to  turn  to  profitable  account  her 
own  resources. 

Her  annual  products  of  boots,  shoes,  and  leather,  alone  are  now  esti- 
mated to  approach  sixty  millions  of  dollars — an  amount  nearly  double  her 
manufactures  of  wool  and  cotton. 

It  is  apparent,  too,  that  the  South  and  the  West  have  been  the  princi- 
pal losers  by  a  diminished  market  for  their  cotton  and  wool,  for  notwith- 


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572  Cammereial  and  Jndu9trial  dim  (f^  U.  Statu. 

atandiog  the  dapreseion  of  these  interests,  tibe  rate  of  wages  and  the 
exports  and  imports  of  Massachusetts  have  been  steadily  improving. 

In  Massachusetts,  the  giant  interests  of  the  State  are  now  navigation, 
Commerce,  banks,  manufactures  of  wood,  and  of  boots,  shoes,  and  leather ; 
and  when  the  solicitude  of  other  States  to  revive  the  manufacture  of  cotton 
and  wool,  and  thus  to  furnish  home  markets  and  to  check  the  export  of 
specie,  shall  lead  to  modifications  of  the  tariff  which  common  sense  de- 
mands, Massachusetts  will  probably  be  found  one  of  the  least  interested 
parties,  although  she  still  has  capital,  water  power,  and  inventive  facili- 
ties, which  may  be  successfully  applied  to  the  great  staples  of  wool  and 
cotton. 

The  growth  of  the  boot  and  shoe  business  in  Lynn,  confined  principally 
to  the  boots  and  shoes  worn  by  women  and  children,  is  an  index  of  the 
^wth  in  the  whole  State  in  this  branch  of  manufacture — a  branch  whioh^ 
including  leather,  did  not  in  1845  exceed  nineteen  millions  of  dollars,  and 
in  ten  years  has  increased  to  nearly  threefold  that  amount 

THB  FOLLOWINQ  TABLB  SHOWS  THB  BATS  OF  7R00BBSS  IW  LTNN: — 

1845.  im. 

Hale  operatives  employed  in  boots  and  shoes 2,719  4,MS 

Female  operatives  employed  in  boots  and  shoes 8,209  6,476 

Whde  number  of  operatives 6,928  11,021 

Boote  aod  shoes pairs  made  2,406,723  9,276,69S 

Value  of  boote  and  shoes  made $1,468,000  |4,l 66,629 

Value  of  Morocco  leather  made 84,000  407,486 

Number  of  packing  boxes  of  shoes 219,800 

Value  of  lasto  made $6,900  $16,880 

Childreo  at  Pabiic  School  of  LjDD 1864             8,066 

This  valuable  table  presents  to  us  a  singular  array  of  facts.  We  leam 
from  it  that  70  per  c^ent  of  the  entire  population  are  engaged  in  the  maau* 
facture  of  boots  and  shoes,  and  this  is  in  addition  to  all  Siose  engaged  in 
other  branches  of  industry.  As  one-third  of  the  population  is  under  fif- 
teen, and  about  one-fifth  constantly  attendant  on  the  public  school,  to- 
wards which  Lynn  is  a  liberal  contributor,  we  may  safely  infer  there  are 
few  idle  fingers  in  Lynn. 

Another  fact  which  strikes  us  is  the  ffreat  increase  in  the  manu&cture 

of  Morocco,  which  has  grown  eleven  nundred  per  cent  in  the  past  ten 

years ;  while  the  manufacture  of  lasts  has  more  than  doubled,  and  the 

manufacture  of  shoe  boxes  risen  from  nothing  to  219,800  packing  boxes 

•  in  the  same  brief  periods 

But  in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes  and  in  the  value  of  the  prod- 
uct, the  increase  is  most  astonishing.  While  the  operatives  have  increased 
but  87  per  cent,  and  this  gain  has  been  principally  in  females,  the  number 
of  pairs  of  boots  and  shoes  has  increased  286  per  cent^  and  their  value 
has  risen  also  185  per  cent 

May  we  not  deduce  from  these  facts  two  conclusions  9  First,  that  in- 
creased skill  and  intelligence  have  been  brought  to  bear  upon  the  manu- 
facture, by  which  female  now  accomplishes  results  greatly  surpassing  those 
of  male  industry  in  the  former  period,  and  also  that  in  the  face  of  a  very 
important  rise  in  hides  and  other  raw  materials,  and  of  a  large  advance  in 


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Priu  Law.—Fr€e  Skip$  make  Free  Goods.  578 

wages,*  and  of  a  great  improvement  in  the  style  of  the  fabric,  the  cost  of 
the  finished  article  had  been  materially  reduced. 

Massachusetts,  in  her  attention  to  the  head  and  feet,  is  becoming  alike 
distinguished,  and  while  she  devotes  herself  so  assiduously  to  the  inside  of 
the  one  and  outside  of  the  other,  we  shall  not  find  her,  or  the  fair  city  of 
Lynn  in  particular,  deficient  in  understanding. 


Art.  TL— PRIZE  liW— FREB  SHIPS  MAIB  FREE  GOODS. 

M.  A.  DE  PiSTOYE  ET  Ch.  Duverdy,  of  Paris,  France,  have  published 
'*  Traits  des  prises  maritimes,  dans  lequel  on  a  refondu  en  le  trait6  de 
Valin  en  Fappropriant  a  la  legislation  nouvelle  " — a  work  which  our  co- 
temporary  of  the  Washington  Union  justly  regards  as  possessing  general 
value  and  importance,  because  it  contains  the  existing  law  of  France  on 
the  object  of  maritime  prizes,  including  many  unpublished  decisions  of  the 
council  of  prizes,  and  otherwise  brings  down  the  law  from  the  time  of 
Valin.  In  commenting  on  the  rule  that  *^  free  ships  make  free  goods,'* 
vol.  i.,  p.  350,  the  author  says : — 

"  The  United  States  sinee  their  origin,  connected  with  France  by  a  communi- 
ty of  interests  and  principles,  have  proclaimed  the  maxim,  which  the  French 
rule  had  definitely  adopted :  *  free  ships,  free  ffoods.* 

"  This  principle,  resolutely  proclaimed  by  France  since  1778,  has  been  inserted 
by  her  in  all  the  commercial  conventions  which  she  has  signed  since  that  period. 
Not  to  make  a  tedious  enumeration,  which  would  throw  no  new  light  upon  this 
question,  we  will  merely  remark  that  in  the  most  recent  conventionH  of  this 
kind  the  following  article,  expressed  always  in  the  same  termn,  may  be  found : 

"  *  The  two  contracting  paKies  adopt,  in  their  mutual  relations,  the  principle 
that  the  flag  protects  the  cargo.  If  one  of  the  parties  remains  neutral  while  the 
other  is  engn^ed  in  war  with  some  other  power,  the  goods  covered  by  the  neu- 
tral flag  are  also  to  be  regarded  as  nentral,  even  though  they  belong  to  the  ene- 
my of  the  other  contracting  party.* 

"England,  by  her  declaration  of  March  28,  1864,  has  conformed  to  the  prin- 
ciple that  *  robe  of  friend  saves  robo  of  enemy,'  (robe  tCami  sauxe  robe  tCermemi,) 
Notwithstanding  the  provisional  and  temporary  character  of  this  act,  it  may  be 
asserted  that  international  law  will  be  found  to  be  definitely  settled  upon  this 
point;  for  it  is  not  probable  that  England  will  now  retract  this  declaration.  She 
was  the  only  dissenting  nation,  and  would  have  had  to  accede  some  dajr  or  other 
to  what  had  become  the  common  law  of  all  other  nations.  Her  accession  ought 
to  be  considered  as  settling  the  principle.  The  laws  of  each  particular  nation 
are  all  now  in  harmony  with  the  principles  assumed  in  diplomatic  relations." 

All  this  is  just  and  proper.  But  while  applauding  Great  Britain  for 
having  come  into  the  French  and  American  rule  on  this  point,  the  authors 
proceed,  in  another  place,  with  singular  inconsistency,  not  only  not  to  con- 
demn, but  to  commend,  the  French  rule  on  the  subject  of  property  in 
ships,  in  which  France  is  behind  Great  Britain  as  well  as  America.  In 
vol.  ii.,  p.  1,  they  say : — 

*  Some  of  the  male  operaUyes  in  the  sboe  bQsineM  In  Lynn  now  arerage  Uiroagh  Uie  year 
two-end-a-hair  doOare  a  day,  and  tome  or  Ute  femalet  two  doUarn.  Sewing  macbinee  are  exten- 
atrely  UMd. 


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6Y4  Prisse  Law, — Free  Shipe  make  Free  Ooode. 

"Regulation  of  July  a6th,  1778.— Article  7.  Ships  of  enemies' construction, 
or  which  shall  have  been  of  enemies'  ownership,  cannot  be  regarded  as  neutral, 
or  as  belonging  to  allies,  unless  there  be  found  on  board  certain  documents,  au- 
thenticated by  public  officers,  certifying  the  date  of  sale  or  cession,  and  that  such 
sale  or  cession  had  been  made  to  the  subject  of  an  allied  or  neutral  power  pre- 
vious to  the  commencement  of  hostilities,  and  that  the  said  conveyance  of  an 
enemy*8  property  to  the  subject  of  a  neutral  or  an  ally  has  been  duly  registered 
in  presence  of  tne  principal  officer  of  the  place  from  which  the  vessel  sailed,  and 
signed  by  the  owner  of  the  ship,  or  by  person  holding  power  of  attorney  from 
him.  *♦♦♦*♦»* 

"  But  it  may  be  asked,  what  difference  does  it  make  whether  enemies'  ships 
shall  have  been  sold  to  neutrals  before  or  after  the  commencement  of  hostilities, 
if  it  is  evident  that  they  have  been  made  neutral,  and  have  lost  their  hostile  char- 
acter in  becoming  the  property  of  neutral  citizens  ?  The  answer  is,  that  bellig- 
erents, in  maritime  wars,  looking  out  tu  seize  the  ships  of  their  enemies,  are  no- 
willing  that  they  shall  have  the  power  to  convert  the  capital  invested  in  ships 
into  money,  in  order  to  avoid  capture  and  confiscation.  These  ships  are  a  prey^ 
a  booty,  which  would  be  allowed  to  escape^  if  it  were  permitted  to  sell  them  during 
time  tf  hostilities.  All  enemies'  sliips  pursued  by  cruisers  and  menaced  with 
capture  would  take  refuge  in  neutral  ports,  and  their  owners  would  there  sell 
them  to  neutral  citizens,  in  order  to  avoid  being  taken." 

In  assuming  that  ships  are  any  more  a  "  booty  "  than  the  contents  of 
ships,  the  authors  fall  back  into  the  very  doctrine  they  had  condemned  in 
speaking  of  belligerent  goods  in  neutral  ships ;  and  they  belittle  great 
wars  by  making  the  plunder  of  private  property  a  primary  object  or  means 
of  conducting  such  wars. 

In  the  same  spirit  they  give  improper  color  to  some  recent  English 
cases  (pp.  15,  16,  lY,)  in  which  purchase  of  belligerent  ships  has  been  dis- 
regarded by  the  Court  of  Admiralty,  on  proof  that  the  transfers  were  only 
simulated,  and,  therefore,  fraudulent,  suppressing  the  fact  that  such  sales, 
when  made  bona  fde^  are  of  recognized  validity  by  the  laws  of  Great 
Britain. 

It  would  have  been  graceful,  after  having  exulted  over  the  advance,  on 
the  first  point  of  neutral  rights,  of  France  before  England,  to  have  lament- 
ed, on  this  point  of  neutral  rights,  that  France  is  in  the  rear  of  England 

The  true  principles  of  public  law  on  this  point  are  well  stated  by  an- 
other French  author  of  the  present  day  as  follows  : — 

**  In  most  of  the  regulations  published  by  nations  at  war,  with  regard  to  the 
course  to  be  pursued  m  maritime  matters,  two  provisions  are  found  which  it  is 
important  to  examine.  The  one  declares  every  ship  sailing  under  a  neutral  flag, 
with  neutral  papers  regularly  drawn  up,  which,  having  been  owned  by  the  ene- 
my, shall  have  oeen  purchased  by  the  neutral  since  the  commencement  of  the 
war,  to  be  subject  to  seizure,  and,  consequently,  to  be  lawful  prize.  Such  a 
right  in  belligerents  cannot  be  recognized.  Commerce  is  free  between  neutrals 
and  nations  at  war ;  this  freedom  is  unlimited,  except  with  regard  to  the  two  re- 
strictions relative  to  contraband  of  war  and  to  places  besiegea,  blockaded,  or  in- 
vested; it  extends  to  all  kinds  of  commodiiies,  merchandise,  and  movable  goods, 
without  exception.  The  citizens  of  nations  at  peace.can,  when  they  think  pro- 
per, purchase  merchant  ships  from  one  of  the  parties  engaged  in  hostilities  with- 
out the  other  party  having  the  ripfht  to  complain ;  above  all,  without  its  having 
the  power  of  censuring  or  annulling  these  sales,  of  considering  and  of  treating 
as  belonging  to  the  enemy  a  vessel  really  neutral  and  regularly  recognized  by 
the  neutral  government  as  the  property  of  its  subjects. 

**  In  order  to  declare  a  contract  null  and  void,  it  is  indispensable  that  the  legis- 
lator have  authority  and  jurisdiction  over  the  contracting  parties.  It  is  neces- 
sary, then,  for  such  a  provisir*^  iti  have  effect,  to  suppose  that  the  belligerent 


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Prize  Law. — Free  Ships  make  Free  Goode.  575 

possesses  the  risrbt  of  jariadiction  over  neatral  nations.  This  cannot  be.  Such 
pretension  of  belligerents  is  an  abuse  of  power,  an  attempt  against  the  indepen- 
dence of  nations  at  peace ;  and,  consequently,  a  violation  of  Uie  duties  imposed 
by  the  divine  law  upon  nations  at  war. 

'*  But  it  is  said  that  the  object  of  this  provision  is  to  prevent  the  collusion 
which  might  exist— which,  in  fact,  does  too  often  exist — between  neutrals  and 
the  belligerent  which  may  happen  to  be  inferior  in  naval  power,  by  means  of 
which  the  latter  may,  by  fraudulent  sales,  place  all  its  merchant  ships  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  chances  of  war.  Thb  fear  is  but  a  pretext ;  but  were  it  well  found- 
ed, I  cannot  perceive  that  the  belligerent  has  the  right  to  make  opposition.  The 
nation  whose  adversary  has  been  forced  to  have  recourse  to  such  a  maneuver  is 
not  the  owner  of  the  ships  thus  sold  fraudulently  or  in  good  faith  ;  the  ships 
have  not  yet  been  captured,  they  are  not  even  at  the  point  of  being  captured, 
and  the  act  of  transfer,  then,  neither  deprives  it  of  any  right  nor  inflicts  upon  it 
any  wrong. 

*^  llie  ship,  under  such  circumstances,  may  be  found  either  in  the  enemy's 
port  not  blockaded,  where  the  neutral  may  consequently  engage  in  every  species 
of  commercial  operation ;  or  it  may  be  found  in  a  neutral  port,  over  which  the 
belligerent  has  in  no  case  any  jurisdiction.  The  ship  is  then  completely  beyond 
the  power  of  the  enemy,  and  being  engaged  in  Commerce,  it  may  consequently 
be  either  bought  or  sold.  The  enemy  has  no  right  to  prevent  this  sale,  whether 
it  be  real  or  fraudulent,  by  which  its  interests  are  not  endangered ;  it  has  no 
right  to  appreciate,  to  adiudicate,  as  I  am  about  to  explain,  or  to  attempt  to  as- 
eertiin  whether  the  sale  be  boTia  fde  or  fraudulent.  The  belligerent  power,  so 
long  as  it  retains  its  ship  in  its  own  possession,  so  long  as  it  has  not  been  de- 
prived of  it  by  its  adversary,  has  the  right  to  sell  its  property ;  the  neutral  has 
the  incontestible  right  of  purchasing  it.  and  in  making  the  purchase  it  violates 
neither  its  own  duties  nor  the  rights  of  war.     If  the  neutral  really  becomes  a 

{>urchaser,  how  can  it  justly  be  deprived  of  property  legitimately  acquired  ?  At 
east  it  will  be  necessary  to  examine  whether  the  sale  nas  actually  been  made. 
But  the  belligerent  has  no  right  to  make  such  examination ;  it  cannot,  then,  have 
the  right  of  declaring  a  sale  null  without  examination. 

'*  The  fear  of  collusion  is  but  a  pretext,  which  belligerents  have  put  forth  in 
advance,  in  order  to  extend  their  rights  and  to  prejudice  the  rights  of  neutrals. 
To  admit  their  pretensions  leads  naturally,  necessarily,  to  very  grave  conse- 
quences, particularly  with  nations  which  do  not  recognize  the  maxim  \free  ships, 
free  goods.'  In  efiect,  if  we  admit  the  possibility  of  the  sale  of  a  ship  being 
rendered  null  on  account  of  the  possibility  of  fraud,  we  are  necessarily  led  to 
make  the  same  admission  with  regard  to  merchandise ;  the  natural  consequence 
will  be  the  confiscation  of  all  products  of  the  growth  or  manufacture  of  the 
enemy  found  on  board  of  neutral  ships,  because  they  may  have  been  purchased 
since  the  commencement  of  the  war,  and  the  sale  may  have  been  fraudulent,  and 
these  products  are  reputed  always  to  belong  to  the  enemy.  The  consequences 
do  not  cease  here ;  a  great  many  kinds  of  merchandise,  being  neither  of  the 
growth  nor  of  the  manufacture  of  the  enemy,  may  belong  to  him,  and  will  be 
subject  to  confiscation  when  they  are  found  on  board  of  neutral  ships.  It  will 
thus  gradually  come  to  pass  that  the  Commerce  of  nations  at  peace  will  be  re- 
duced to  the  point  to  which  it  was  reduced  by  the  English  in  1807,  viz. :  it  will 
be  confined  solely  to  the  products  of  their  own  soil  or  their  own  manufacture, 
transported  directly  from  the  places  of  production  into  a  neutral  port — that  is  to 
say,  that  Commerce  will  be  ruined  and  annihilated,  the  concealed  but  unhappily 
the  real  purpose  of  all  powerful  belligerents." 

These  are  noble  sentiment?,  honorable  to  their  author,  and  mnch  more 
in  consonance  with  the  spirit  of  the  modem  or  Napoleonic  legislation  than 
the  sentiments  of  MM.  Pistoye  and  Ihiverdy. 


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676  7%e  Zato  MerehcaU  : 

M.  Vn.— TflS  LAW  MEBCDANT. 

HVMBBR  1* 

THE   APPLICATION    OF   VOLUKTARY   PAYMENTS. 

In  order  that  the  reader  may  clearly  understand  the  nature  of  the  vari- 
ous questions  which  arise  in  respect  to  the  application,  or  appropriation, 
as  it  is  often  called,  of  payments,  we  will  state  an  imaginary  case. 

We  will  suppose,  then,  that  in  a  certain  village  there  are  a  storekeeper 
and  a  farmer,  who  have  dealt  with  each  other  in  various  ways  for  a  num- 
ber of  years. 

We  will  suppose  that  the  merchant  has  an  account  with  the  farmer  for 
goods  sold  to  mm,  which  has  run  on  for  some  time,  and  now  amounts  to 
two  hundred  dollars.  Also,  that  the  farmer,  several  years  ago,  gave  his 
note  to  some  third  person  for  eight  hundred  dollars,  which  has  since  been 
endorsed  by  the  original  holder  over  to  our  storekeeper.  Also,  that  the 
storekeeper  holds  a  mortgage  on  the  farm  of  his  customer  to  secure  a  third 
debt  of  one  thousand  dollars. 

Now  if,  while  matters  thus  stand  between  these  parties,  the  farmer 
should  find,  on  counting  up  his  profits  upon  his  year's  crops,  that  he  has  a 
hundred  dollars  which  he  can  pa^  to  the  vill^  merchant,  and  resolves  to 
pay  it,  and  does  pay  it,  the  question  arises — ^To  which  of  the  three  debts 
shall  it  be  applied? 

Shall  we  consider  that  the  faniler  has  paid  off  half  the  account — or  one- 
third  of  the  note — or  one-tenth  of  the  mortgage  ?  or  shall  the  payment  be 
divided  among  the  three  debts  ? 

If  the  payment  is  to  be  applied  to  one  of  the  debts,  then  which  one 
shall  be  selected  ? 

Shall  it  be  applied  to  the  debts  in  the  order  of  their  amount ;  if  so, 
shall  the  largest  or  the  smallest  be  paid  first  ? 

Shall  it  be  applied  to  them  in  the  order  of  time  ;  if  so,  shall  the  oldest 
debt  or  that  most  lately  contracted  receive  the  payment  t 

If  the  payment  it  to  be  applied  to  all  the  debts,  how  shall  it  be  appor- 
tioned among  them  ? 

Shall  it  be  divided  equally  among  them,  thirty-three  dollars  and  thirty- 
three  and  one-third  cents  to  each  ? 

Shall  it  be  divided  proportionately  to  the  respective  amounts ;  ten  dol- 
lars being  credited  upon  the  account,  forty  endorsed  upon  the  note,  and 
fifty  {^plied  to  the  mortgage  ? 

These  are  examples  of  the  questions  which  arise  in  respect  to  the  appli- 
cation of  payments. 

They  may  seem  to  be,  at  the  outset,  quite  unimportant  questions.  If 
the  former  owes  two  thousand  dollars  in  the  three  ways  we  have  supposed, 
it  will,  perhaps,  seem  to  make  very  little  difference  which  debt  he  pays  off 
first  But  there  are  many  aspects  of  such  a  case  in  which  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  difference  is  quite  important  We  must  bear  in  mind,  for  exam- 
ple, that  the  creditor  has  different  degrees  of  security  for  his  three  claims. 
For  the  account  he  has  merely  the  personal  responsibility  of  his  debtor. 
For  the  note  it  may  very  likely  be  that  he  has,  in  addition  to  this,  the  per- 
sonal responsibility  of  the  indorser,  who  may  be  abundantly  able  to  pay- 
For  the  mortgage  he  has,  superadded  to  the  personid  responsibility  of  the 


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The  Ajoplicatkm  of  Voluntary  PaymmU.  5Yf 

fiurmer,  the  right  to  take  the  farm  itself  in  payment  Therefore,  under 
such  circumstances,  it  will  manifestly  be  for  the  advantage  of  the  creditor 
to  apply  the  one  hundred  dollars  upon  the  account ;  for  then,  if  the  debtor 
should  never  be  able  to  pay  any  more,  he  can  collect  the  amount  of  the 
mortgage  from  the  £u*m,  and  that  of  the  note  from  the  indorser,  and  will 
lose  only  one  hundred  dollars,  the  balance  of  the  account ;  whereas,  if  it 
is  applied  to  either  the  note  or  the  mortgage,  ^he  whole  two  hundred  due 
on  the  account  will  be  lost 

Again,  to  show  the  importance  of  attending  to  the  application  of  the 
payment  in  a  still  more  striking  light,  we  will  imagine  tiiat  the  note  was 
made  a  long  time  since,  so  that  it  fell  due  upwards  of  six  years  ago,  and 
is  now  outlawed.*  In  this  case,  if  the  one  hundred  dollars  is  appDed  to 
the  account  or  the  mortgage,  there  will  remain  legally  due  only  eleven 
hundred  dollars,  the  note  wing  no  longer  collectable.  But  if  the  debtor 
should  pay  the  one  hundred  dollars  upon  the  note,  then,  by  reason  of  the 
new  promise  to  pay  the  note,  which  the  law  implies  from  this  part  pay- 
ment, the  balance  could  be  recovered,  notwithstanding  the  lapse  of  the 
six  years.  In  this  case  the  amount  remaining  due  after  the  payment  would 
be  nineteen  hundred  dollars,  instead  of  eleven  hundred.  In  fact,  the 
&rmer  would  owe  more  money  after  his  payment  than  he  did  before. 

Therefore,  the  principles  of  law  which  govern  the  application  of  pay- 
ments are  of  considerable  importance  to  all  persons  who  have  debts  to 
oollect,  and  to  all  who  have  debts  to  pay. 

The  principal  rules  of  law  upon  this  subject  are  these :  that  the  debtor 
has,  in  the  first  instance,  the  right  to  apply  his  payment  as  he  pleases ; 
that  if  he  does  not  exercise  the  right  it  passes  to  tne  creditor ;  that  if  nei- 
ther party  has  made  an  application  of  the  payment,  the  law  will  apply  it 
Therefore,  it  will  be  necessary  to  consider  three  principal  topics. 

1.  The  right  of  the  debtor  to  direct  the  application  of  his  payment — 
how  far  this  right  extends — what  are  its  limits  and  qualifications — and  in 
what  manner  it  is  to  be  exercised. 

2.  The  right  of  the  creditor  to  make  the  application — ^in  what  cases  he 
enjoys  this  right — and  how  and  when  he  must  exercise  It 

8.  The  various  rules  of  law  which,  if  the  parties  have  made  no  eflfective 
application,  will  guide  the  court  in  directing  how  the  payment  shall  be  ap- 
plied 

I.   THE.  debtor's   right   TO    APPLY  THE   PAYMENT. 

A  debtor,  making  a  voluntary  payment  to  a  creditor,  who  holds  several 
distinct  claims  against  him,  may  apply  his  payment  to  whichever  debt  he 
pleases. 

*  In  each  of  oar  states,  as  well  ai  In  England,  there  Is  a  gtatnte  which /imi(«  the  time  dnring 
whleh  Tariona  actions  may  be  brought.  It  Is  called  the  eStatnte  of  LimiuUons  of  Actions ;  or  more 
briefly,  in  common  parlance,  the  Statute  of  Limitations,  it  provides  that  (except  in  a  lew  peculiar 
Ques)  no  person  shall  bring  an  action  upon  a  promissory  note  or  other  similar  contract,  nnless  he 
oommencee  it  within  a  oertaio  time,  nsoally  six  years,  after  the  time  when  flrst  an  action  miffht 
have  been  brought  upon  the  note.  That  is,  ttte  action  must  be  commenced  within  six  years  after 
the  money  was  due.  And  when  a  note  is  so  old  as  to  come  within  this  provision  it  is  said  to  be 
«^  outlawed." 

But  it  is  a  well-settled  rule  of  law  that,  although  the  money  has  been  due  more  than  six  years, 
yet  if  the  creditor  can  show  by  adequate  legal  proof  that  within  the  six  years  the  debtor  haa  prom- 
ued  anew  that  he  will  pay  thu  note,  this  new  promise  will  '*  remove  the  bar  of  the  statute,''  as  it  is 
called,  and  the  creditor  can  recover  upon  the  note.  And  if  the  debtor  has,  within  six  years,  paid  a 
part  of  the  note,  this  part  payment  is  regarded  as  implying  a  recognition  that  the  wkoU  is  due,  and 
a  new  promise  to  pay  the  balance ;  and  upon  proving  this  part  payment  the  creditor  can  recoyer. 
The  dnnimstances  must  fairly  imply  a  new  promise  however,  for  if  they  do  not,  as,  for  Instance,  if 
the  debtor,  when  paying  a  portion  of  the  debt,  sin  tea  in  so  many  words  that  he  never  meent  to  pej 
any  more,  the  payment  will  have  no  effect  to  renew  his  liability. 
VOL.  XXZUI. — HO.  Y*  87 


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5?B  The  Law  Merchant : 

This  is  the  ftmdamental  prinoiple  of  the  law  upon  this  sabject  Few 
principles  are  so  firmly  settled ;  few  so  free  from  exception  as  this.  The 
aebtor  has  an  absolute,  unqualified  right  to  direct  how  the  payment  which 
he  makes  shall  be  applied,  without  regard  to  the  efiect  which  his  applica- 
tion may  have  upon  the  rights  and  interests  of  the  creditor.  The  creditor 
must  either  reject  the  payment  and  resort  to  such  legal  measures  as  may 
be  open  to  him  to  enforce  his  various  claims,  or  he  must  accept  it,  saddled 
with  whatever  conditions,  as  to  the  appropriation  of  it,  his  debtor  may 
have  chosen  to  impose.  He  cannot  accept  the  money,  rejecting  the  con- 
ditions. The  two  cannot  be  separated.  Nor  can  the  creditor  free  himself 
in  any  manner  from  the  obligation  to  follow  the  directions  of ^  his  debtor. 

There  lived  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  a  few  years  since,  two  men  named 
Jackson  and  Bailey,  the  first  of  whom  owed  the  other  a  balance  of  ten 
dollars  and  eighty-five  cents  upon  a  note,  and  eighteen  dollars  upon  an  ac- 
count Jackson  one  day  paid  Bailey  ten  dollars,  directing  him  to  indorse 
it  upon  the  note.  Instead  of  so  doing,  however,  Bailey  passed  it  to  Jack- 
son's credit  upon  the  account,  which  was  thus  reduced  to  eight  dollars. 
Subsequently,  he  brought  two  suits  gainst  Jackson  before  a  justice  of  the 
peace ;  one  to  recover  ten  dollars  eighty-five  cents  upon  the  note,  the  other 
to  recover  eight  dollars  upon  the  account  The  justice  decided  in  Bailey's 
favor  in  both  suits. 

When  a  suit  is  decided,  a  memorandum  of  the  decision  of  the  judge  is 
made  in  the  books  of  his  court,  which  is  called  a  judgment  It  often  hap- 
pens that  the  unsuccessful  party  is  willing  to  pay  the  amount  of  the  judg- 
ment, without  making  any  further  opposition ;  but  if  he  chooses  he  can, 
in  most  cases,  appeal  to  a  higher  court. 

Jackson,  either  being  a  shrewd  man  or  having  a  shrewd  lawyer,  the  re- 
port of  the  case  does  not  inform  us  which,  paid  the  amount  of  the  judg^ 
ment  rendered  against  him  on  the  account,  and  appealed  from  the  judg- 
ment on  the  note,  contending,  in  respect  to  it,  that  Bailey  ought  to  have 
obeyed  his  directions  to  indorse  the  ten  dollars  upon  the  note. 

In  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois,  to  which  the  case  was  ultimately  car- 
ried, the  appeal  was  decided  in  favor  of  Jackson.  (See  Jackson  vs.  Bail^, 
12  111.  Rep.  159.) 

"  We  think,"  said  the  Chief  Justice,  "  that  the  court  erred  in  not  allow- 
ing the  debtor  credit  for  the  amount  claimed  to  have  been  paid  on  the 
note.  The  amount  in  controversy  was  received  by  the  creditor  with  the 
written  directions  of  the  debtor  to  apply  it  on  the  note.  It  was  therefore 
accepted  as  a  payment  on  the  note.  It  was,  as  far  as  it  went,  a  discharge 
of  that  particular  indebtedness.  It  was  a  clear  right  of  the  debtor  so  to 
appropriate  the  money.  He  expressly  exercised  the  right,  and  the  creditor 
in  accepting  the  money  received  it  in  part  satisfaction  of  the  note.  The 
instant  that  it  was  received  the  note  to  that  extent  was  paid,  whether  the 
credit  was  ever  indorsed  thereon  or  not  The  creditor  was  not  at  liberty 
to  disreffard  the  appropriation  made  by  the  debtor,  and  apply  the  payment 
on  another  account  The  application  of  the  payment  could  not  be  changed 
without  the  consent  of  the  debtor.  The  creditor  cannot  complain  if  he 
loses  the  benefit  of  the  payment  in  question.  This  will  be  the  result  of  his 
own  wrongfnl  misapplication  of  the  payment" 

And  the  court  reversed  the  judgment  upon  the  note.  The  result  of  the 
case  was,  therefore,  that  Jackson  obtained  the  benefit  of  his  payment  of 
ten  dollars  twice  over—once  upon  the  account  by  tlje  credit  given  by 
Bailey,  and  once  upon  the  note  by  the  decision  of  the  court 

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The  Application  of  Voluntary  Payments,  5f  9 

Ano&er  case  which  occarred  in  Massachusetts  exhibits  the  same  prin- 
ciples in  a  very  striking  light     (Hall  vs,  Marston,  17  Mass.  Rep.,  576.) 

The  facts  of  that  case  were  these :  A  sea  captain  named  Ellis  Bradford 
set  sail  in  the  fall  of  1819  on  a  mercantile  voyage.  At  the  time  he  sailed 
he  was  indebted  to  a  number  of  persons,  and  amon^  others  he  owed 
Marston,  from  whom  he  had  procured  a  large  part  of  his  cargo,  about 
thhrteen  hundred  dollars,  and  Hall  about  four  hundred.  Before  he  left,  he 
promised  each  of  these  creditors  separately  that  he  would  send  him  some 
money  while  he  was  ffone. 

In  March  of  the  following  spring,  while  Bradford  was  still  absent,  his 
other  creditors  attached,  as  it  is  called,  all  the  property  which  he  had  left 
behind  him ;  that  is,  they  procured  it  to  be  taken  into  legal  custody  as 
security  for  the  payment  of  their  claims.  This  occurrence,  of  course,  ren- 
dered Marston  anxious  to  collect  his  thirteen  hundred  dollars ;  and  he 
wrote  to  Bradford,  who  was  then  at  Charleston,  in  South  Carolina,  urging 
him  to  make  a  remittance,  but  not  saying  anything  about  the  attachment. 
Bradford  procured  a  bill  of  exchange  for  one  thousand  dollars,  payable  at 
thirty  days*  sight,  and  inclosed  it  to  Marston  in  a  letter  containing  the 
following  directions  as  to  the  application  of  the  money : — 

"  Please  to  do  the  needful  with  the  bill,  and  when  in  cash,  have  the 
fi;oodness  to  pay  to  Mr.  Jacob  Hall,  distiller,  of  Boston,  two  hundred  dol- 
lars and  take  his  receipt,  and  place  the  balance  to  my  credit,  and  you  will 
much  oblige,  <fec." 

Marston  said  nothing  to  Hall  about  either  the  bill  or  the  letter,  but 
when  the  thousand  dollars  were  paid  to  him  by  the  aooeptor  of  the  bill, 
he  applied  the  whole  sum  to  the  payment  of  his  own  claim  upon  Brad- 
ford, instead  of  paying  two  hundred  to  Hall,  and  reserving  only  the 
balance. 

Bradford  ultimately  returned  to  Boston,  and,  calling  upon  Marston,  in- 
quired whether  he  had  paid  the  two  hundred  to  Hall.  Marston  told  him 
no — that  he  thought  it  his  duty,  considering  what  had  happened,  to  keep 
the  money  himseltj  as  Bradford  owed  him  more  than  that  amount. 

Bradford  subsequently  informed  Hall  of  all  these  circumstances,  of  which 
up  to  that  time  he  had  been  ignorant ;  and  Hall  brought  an  action  against 
Marston  to  recover  the  two  hundred  dollars.  The  case  was  submitted  to 
the  Supreme  Court  upon  a  written  statement  agreed  upon  by  the  parties, 
and  presenting  the  above  facts. 

The  Supreme  Court  decided  that  Marston  was  bound  to  pay  the  two 
hundred  dollars  to  Hall. 

"  It  has  been  urged,"  said  the  Chief  Justice,  "  that  as  the  defendant  was 
a  creditor  of  Bradford  to  more  than  the  amount  of  the  bill,  and  as  he  had 
a  right  to  attach  his  property  or  summon  his  debtors  as  trustees,  he  would 
of  course  have  a  right  to  apply  any  of  his  money  which  came  to  his  hands 
to  the  payment  of  his  own  debt.  But  he  is  to  be  considered  as  having 
accepted  an  agency,  and  as  undertaking  to  perform  what  was  requested 
of  him  in  the  letter  covering  the  bill ;  and  he  could  not  have  the  right 
to  follow  his  instructions  so  far  as  to  receive  the  money  and  to  disobey 
them  as  to  its  application.  If  he  had  refused  to  act  under  the  letter, 
he  might  have  attached  the  debts  in  the  hands  of  the  drawee  of  the  bill ; 
or  if  the  money  had  come  into  his  hands  without  any  implied  contract  on 
his  part  to  appropriate  it  to  any  particular  use,  he  might  nave  returned  it 
without  any  breach  of  trust     But  this  bill  came  to  him  for  the  purpose 


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680  The  Law  MerekmL 

of  payuig  Hall  out  of  the  proceedfi,  in  pursuance  of  a  promiee  of  Bradlbtd 
to  remit  to  him ;  and  his  liability  is  the  same  as  if  Bradford  had  inclosed 
a  bank-note  to  him,  requesting  him  to  deliver  it  to  Hall,  which  would  be 
considered  as  a  payment  by  Bradford  at  the  time  when  he  sent  the  note, 
if  Hall  chose  so  to  consider  it.  It  would  in  that  case  be  Hall's  money, 
and  he  could  maintain  an  action  for  it  if  it  were  not  paid  over.'* 

*'  If  upon  his  receipt  of  the  letter  and  bill  of  exchange,  the  defendant 
had  informed  Hall,  and  at  Uie  same  time  declared  his  intention  to  keep  all 
the  money  to  himself,  the  case  would  look  better  for  him ;  for  then  Hall 
might  have  taken  other  measures  lo  obtain  his  debt  But  the  silence  of 
the  defendant  and  his  receiving  the  contents  of  the  bill,  must  be  construed 
to  be  an  assent  to  pursue  his  instructions  to  receive  the  money  for  Hall  as 
well  as  for  himself;  so  that  when  it  was  paid  him,  two  hundred  dollars 
was  l^ally  Hall's  money,  and  was  a(terwanls  improperly  converted  by  die 
d^endant  to  his  own  use." 

These  cases  show  to  what  an  extent  the  debtor  is  protected  in  the  ex- 
ercise of  his  right  to  apply  his  payment  as  he  pleases. 

But  althou'^h  the  right  of  the  debtor  to  make  application  of  his  pay- 
ment is  thus  absolute,  it  must  be  taken  with  some  qualifications — the  most 
important  of  which  relate  to  the  time  and  mode  in  which  he  must  exer- 
cise it. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  this  right  of  the  debtor  exists  only  in 
respect  to  the  payments  which  he  makes  voluntarily/.  Where  money  is 
collected  from  a  man  by  legal  compulsion,  the  law  in  general  directs  the 
applicAtion  of  the  fund  collected,  and  so  fkr  as  it  does  not,  it  is  the  cred- 
itor, and  not  the  debtor,  who  is  entitled  to  do  so. 

A  more  important  qualification  of  the  debtor's  right  of  appropriation  is 
this — that  he  must  direct  the  application  of  his  payment  at  the  time  when 
that  payment  is  made.  If  he  fails  to  do  this,  he  loses  all  riffht  to  control 
the  appropriation.  He  may  accompany  his  payment  by  whatever  direc- 
tions he  cBOOses  respecting  its  implication,  and  they  will  be  binding  upon 
the  creditor;  but  if  he  gives  none  at  the  time  of  paying,  and  his  intention 
to  make  a  particular  application  is  not  apparent  from  the  circumstances  of 
the  case,  his  ri^ht  is  gone  forever.  It  then  becomes  the  creditor's  privi- 
lege to  apply  tSe  payment,  as  will  be  more  fully  shown  when  we  come  to 
consider  the  extent  of  the  creditor's  right 

It  is  plain  that  the  debtor's  wisest  and  best  course,  in  all  cases  where  he 
desires  to  pay  off  one  debt  in  preference  to  another,  is  to  give  distinct 
specific  and  unequivocal  directions  to  that  effect,  accompanying  the  money; 
and  he  should  secure  evidence  that  he  gave  such  directions  just  as  care- 
Mly  as  he  secures  evidence  of  his  payment  If  he  pays  the  money  himself^ 
he  should  have  the  intended  application  specifiea  m  his  receipt  If  he 
sends  it  by  a  messenger  he  should  send  a  message  stating  the  application 
which  he  intends.  If  he  incloses  it  in  a  letter,  he  should  write  his  direc- 
tions as  to  the  application  in  the  same  letter.  In  such  ways  as  these  it  is 
prudent  to  state  distinctly  his  wishes. 

But  it  does  not  always  follow  that  because  the  debtor  has  not  in  so 
many  words  directed  his  creditor  to  make  a  particular  application,  there- 
fore his  right  to  have  it  made  is  lost  Sometimes  a  direction  on  the  part 
of  the  debtor  to  make  a  particular  application  of  his  payment  may  be  im- 
plied from  circumstances.  This  will  be  the  case  whenever  the  circum- 
stances attending  the  payment  are  such  as  may  reasonal^y  be  conaidered 
to  show  to  the  creditor  what  the  intention  of  the  debtor  was. 


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ns  Btmk  of  JSnghmd  m  1BB4.  681 

For  example,  sa|q>oBe  a  mereliaiit  shoidd  send  in  to  his  customer  bills 
for  two  separate  parcels  of  goods  sold ;  and  the  customer  should  say  to 
the  messenger :  *♦  This  bill  is  right,  and  I  will  pay  it  in  a  week  or  two ; 
but  that  one  I  shall  not  pay,  for  I  never  ordered  the  goods ;"  or,  "  They 
were  never  delivered  to  me ;"  or  "  I  have  paid  for  them  once  before ;"  and 
soon  afterwards  should  send  to  the  merchant  a  sum  of  money  just  equal  to 
the  amount  of  the  bill  which  he  promised  to  pay,  and  larger  or  smaller 
than  that  of  the  other,  without  sending  any  message.  These  circumstances 
would  show  clearly  enough  that  the  debtor  intended  to  pay  one  of  the 
bills  and  not  the  other.  The  creditor  would'be  bound  to  obey  the  implied 
direction.  He  could  not  credit  the  payment  upon  the  repudiated  bill  and 
then  proceed  to  collect  the  one  admitted. 

Thus  also,  if  the  debtor  owed  two  admitted  debts,  to  his  creditor,  and 
should  send  to  him  a  sum  of  money  exactly  sufficient  to  meet  the  larger 
of  the  two ;  this  would  show  an  intention  to  pay  the  larger  debt  and  not 
the  smaller.    And  the  creditor  would  be  bound  accordingly. 

But  no  such  direction  can  be  implied  from  circumstances  unless  they 
amount  to  a  notice  to  the  creditor  of  his  debtor's  intended  application. 
The  creditor  is  entitled  to  this  notice.  Once  or  twice  a  debtor  who  paid 
money  without  directing  its  appropriation,  and  contented  himself  with 
entering  it  in  his  own  account  book  as  paid  upon  one  particular  debt,  has 
relied  upon  this  entry  as  a  circumstance  showing  what  his  intended  appli- 
cation was.  But  this  is  not  sufficient.  The  creditor  must  be  notified  of 
Ae  debtor's  wishes,  or  he  will  not  be  bound  by  them. 

Thus  we  see  that  the  party  who  makes  a  voluntary  payment  has  alwaya 
an  absolute  power  to  appropriate  it  as  he  pleases,  by  notifying  his  creditor 
1^  the  time  of  payment,  either  in  words  or  by  implication,  of  the  appro- 
priation which  ne  intends.  This  principle  is  more  concisely  summed  up 
by  an  ancient  Latin  proverb  often  quoted  in  law  books  in  connection  with 
this  subject :  "  Quicquid  solvitur,  solviter  propter  modum  solventisy* 

The  creditor's  right  to  apply  the  payment,  and  the  rules  of  law  regula- 
ting the  application  where  none  has  otherwise  been  made,  will  be  consid- 
ered in  a  future  number. 


Art.  VIII.— THE  BINE  OP   BNGliND  U  18S4. 

Toe  London  Bankers^  Circular  of  June  23,  1855,  contains  its  annual 
analysis  of  the  Bank  of  England,  in  continuation  of  the  one  published  last 
year,  the  substance  of  which  was  reproduced  at  the  time  in  the  pages  of 
the  Merchants*  Magazine,  We  now  give  the  Circular* 8  statement  for  the 
yewr  1854,  more  as  matter  for  future  than  present  reference : — 

The  information  contained  in  the  movements  of  this  establishment  affords  but 
little  that  is  interesting  to  the  casual  observer,  or  to  those  whose  views  are  con- 
fined to  the  surface  of  things  which  are  daily  occurring  around  him;  but  to  the 
man  who  can  for  a  time  wiSidraw  himself  from  these  pursuits,  and  carefully  sur- 
vey the  mighty  interests  which  are  involved  in  the  operations  of  the  Bank  of 
England,  the  subjeitt  is  full  of  the  most  important  philosophv;  nor  are  we  aware 
that  this  importance  has  ever  assumed  a  graver  weight  than  daring  the  year  which 
we  are  about  to  investigate. 

*  Wbaterer  Is  paid  !■  paid  aoeordlog  to  Uie  dedgn  of  tbe  payor. 

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582  The  Bank  of  Englamd  m  1854. 

Two  jean  since,  tbe  eivllized  worid,  and  more  especially  the  commeftial  part 
of  it,  was  raised  to  the  highest  pitch  of  expectation  by  the  enormous  influx  of 
gold  to  these  shores.  The  Bank  of  England,  which  had  for  many  years  pre- 
vious only  received  some  three  or  four  millions  per  annum,  suddenly  became  ab- 
solutely gorged  with  the  gulden  treasure,  and  possessed  at  one  time  upwards  of 
jS22,000,000  sterling  of  tne  precious  metals.  Under  this  remarkable  change  the 
bank  had  power  to  issue  its  notes  to  the  extent  of  £35378,000,  which  leA  a 
margin  of  nnissned  paper  under  the  head  of  reserves  of  £14,244,000,  the  active 
oireulation  at  that  time  being  £23,379,000,  and  the  minimum  rate  of  discount 
for  mercantile  bills  only  2  per  cent. 

It  is  unnecessary  for  us  to  ^^int  out  to  our  commercial  and  manufacturing 
readers  the  impetus  which  this  gave  to  the  industry  of  the  country,  for  they  have 
only  to  have  recourse  to  their  ledgers  for  1861  and  1852  to  be  fully  sensible  of 
the  great  changes  which  took  place;  and  it  certainly  cannot  be  a  matter  which  is 
unworthy  of  their  consideration  to  inquire  how  far  the  returns  which  we  lay  be- 
fore them  to  day  may  be  regarded  as  the  consequence  of  our  monetary  system. 
We  are  aware  that  we  have  to  deal  with  seme  who  treat  an  examination  of  these 
facts  with  as  much  indifference  as  if  they  had  not  the  slightest  influence  upon 
the  interests  of  the  public,  while  others  receive  them  with  as  much  submission 
as  if  they  were  some  sacred  ordinance  of  heaven ;  but  all  this  is  wholly  unworthy 
of  a  great  and  intelligent  people ;  it  is  bowing  down  to  a  Dagou,  which  monop- 
oly, power,  and  ambition  have  set  up.  Touch  it  by  the  magic  wands  of  truth, 
Justice,  and  reason,  and  it  crumbles  to  pieces  before  you.  We  trust,  therefore, 
that  our  readers  will  not  throw  aside  the  array  of  figures  that  are  here  presented 
to  them  as  unmeaning  nnd  useless,  nor  treat  with  neglect  or  indifference  the  phil- 
osophy which  they  unfold. 

We  shall  now  proceed  to  notice  the  principal  changes  which  occurred  in  tbe 
bank  operations  in  1854. 

ISSUE  DEPARTMENT. 

In  comparing  the  highest  amount  of  issues  in  1854  with  that  of  the  previous 
year,  in  the  second  column  of  the  table  at  page  831,  it  will  be  found  that  the 
power  of  issuing  notes  diminished  considerably,  the  highest  and  lowest  amounts 
for  the  three  years  being  as  follows : — 


Yean.  Highest                   Date.                   Lowest.                  

1862 £86,878,765  July         10  £80,992,460  January    % 

1858 84,014,000  January     1  28,868,996  October  2i 

1854 29,628,620  February  14  26,779,095  May         20 

These  figures  show  that  the  fluctuation  in  the  power  of  the  bank  to  issue 
notes  between  July,  1852,  nnd  May,  1854,  diminished  to  the  extent  of  £10,099,060, 
or  nearly  30  per  cent.  These  fluctuations  are  governed  principally  by  the  fluc- 
tuations in  the  gold  held  in  the  issue  department,  and  do  not  anord  any  measure 
of  the  notes  actnally  in  circulation. 

The  amount  of  notes  in  active  circulation,  given  in  column  3,  for  1854,  when 
compared  with  the  two  previous  years,  fluctuated  as  under: — 


Yean.  nigtaert.  Date.  Lowest. 

1862 £68,879,756  July  10  £19,284,690  January      8 

1868 28,880,060  July  16  20,077,860  December  81 

1864 22,667,026  July   4  19,089,066  December  16 

Here  we  see  that  in  1852  the  active  circulation  was  reduced  to  £4,095,000  in 
about  six  months;  in  1853  it  was  reduced  about  i/3,880,000;  and  at  the  close 
of  1854  it  had  decreased  X4,840,995  below  what  it  was  in  July,  1853. 
.  The  metallic  assets  in  the  issue  department  of  the  bank  during  the  year  1854 
were  considerably  below  what  they  were  in  the  two  previous  years,  and  indeed 
lower  than  they  had  been  the  four  previous  years  in  their  extreme  fluctuations; 
for  on  the  4th  of  February  the  higliest  amount  was  only  £15,523,620,  and  on 
the  20th  of  May  it  had  fallen  to  jSl  1,779,095,  the  extreme  diminution  of  ^oUl 
being  £3,744,525.  The  following  statement  shows  the  comparative  fluctuatiooii 
in  gold  coin  and  bullion  for  the  five  years  ending  1854 : — 


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Tks  Bmnk  of  Migkmd  m  1S5A.  589 

Ton.  ~BlglM»t                      IM«.                   LowmU                  Data. 

1850 £16,209.408  March  16  £14,800,054  December  Sft 

1851 16.784,875  December  80  12,608,895  May             8 

1862 21,845,890  July  10  16,959,076  January      8 

1858 19,994,851  January  1  14,885,955  October     S2 

1854 16,528,620  February  4  11,749,096  May           20 

These  figures  show  that  the  metallic  assets  of  the  bank  have  not  fallen  to  so 
low  an  omoant  for  several  years ;  and  this  redaction  in  the  bnllion  has  also  had 
the  effect  of  reducing  materially  the  proportion  between  the  amount  of  bullion 
held  and  the  pnper  in  active  circulation.  In  1852,  this  prpportion  advanced  to 
101  per  cent  against  the  notes  in  chtmlatlon;  in  1863  it  fell  to  90.7  per  cent; 
and  in  1864  it  fell  to  70.9  per  cent,  as  the  highest  proportioirof  bullion  to  paper; 
showing,  beyond  dispute,  that  the  bank  has  no  control  whatever  over  the  degree 
of  convertibility  which  it  is  able  to  maintain.  The  followin^r  figures  show  the 
fluctuating  power  of  the  bank  to  maintain  this  convertibility  during  the  three 
years  ending  1864: — 

PROPORTION  or  BULUON  TO  KOTIS  IN  GIRCULATIOir  IIT  THB  ISSUE  DIPARTMRNT. 

Highest  Lowest. 

1852 101. 1  percent.  81.5  percent 

1858 90.7  percent.  62.0perceDt 

1854 80.9  percent  54.0  percent 

If  we  omit  the  small  amount  of  gold  and  silver  coin  held  in  the  banking  de- 
partment, we  find  that  the  notes  in  circulation,  which  were  more  than  covered 
oy  bullion  in  1852,  had  their  metallic  basis  lessened  by  about  29  per  cent  when 
at  the  highest  point  in  1854,  and  at  the  lowest  point  of  the  metallic  assets  there 
was  only  54  per  cent  of  gold  as  the  basis,  therefore  46  per  cent  were  issued  upon 
credit  To  the  unobservmg  this  change  in  the  proportion  of  the  metallic  basis, 
which  is  made  the  foundation  stone  of  the  issues  of  the  bank,  may  carry  with  it 
very  little  significance ;  but  it  is  the  mainspring  which  guides  all  the  secret  ope- 
rations of  the  bank  machinery,  because  its  directors  regard  every  advance  in  the 
metallic  proportion  of  its  assets,  compared  with  its  liabilities,  with  hope  and  en- 
courngemeiit ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  it  watches  every  decline,  when  it  reaches 
a  certain  point,  with  apprehension  and  fear.  Therefore  the  fluctuations  in  the 
metallic  resources  of  the  bank,  as  given  in  column  8  of  the  table,  are  favorable 
as  they  advance  or  recede. 

It  may  be  seen  that  we  have  retained  the  column  in  the  issue  department  of 
the  bank  returns  for  silver  bullion,  but  the  bank  has  reserved  no  part  of  its  me- 
tallic assets  in  silver  since  the  20th  of  September,  1863,  though  the  act  of  1844 
allows  it  to  retain  a  proportion  not  exceeding  one-fourth. 

THE  BAHnNO  DEPARTMENT. 

The  changes  which  take  place  in  the  issue  department  are  presumed  by  the 
framcrs  of  the  act  by  which  it  is  governed,  to  operate  without,  in  any  degree,  in- 
terfering with  the  movement  in  the  banking  department,  but  this  is  too  palpable 
an  error  to  obtain  credence  amongst  those  who  are  practically  acquainted  with 
the  working  of  the  system.  The  bank  is  compelled  to  watch  the  proportions 
which  are  continually  occurring  between  its  metallic  assets  and  its  active  circula- 
tion with  the  greatest  vigilance,  and  as  it  has  no  power  to  maintain  a  strict  pro- 
portion between  its  issues  and  its  specie,  it  is  forced,  therefore,  to  compensate 
for  any  difficulty  here  by  restrictions  in  the  banking  department,  either  in  the 
shape  of  discounts  or  in  loans  and  advances. 

The  highest  amount  of  the  *'  rest"  was,  on  the  1st  of  April,  when  it  stood  at 
£3,767,676,  against  £3,681,119  on  the  8th  of  October  in  the  previous  year. 
These  figures  denote  an  increase  in  the  prosperity  of  the  bank  as  a  public  com- 
pany. 

Under  the  head  of  ^  public  deposits"  the  highest  amount  was  £8,291,993,  on 
the  7th  of  January,  against  £11,400,933  on  the  Slst  of  December  of  tlie  previ- 
ous year,  showing  a  i^uction  of  upwards  of  three  millions  in  one  week ;  the 
change,  however,  at  this  period  may  be  accounted  for  by  the  preparations  made 


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684  The  JBqnk  ofUngUmd  in  18114. 

for  the  dividends ;  but  the  low  amoQDt  to  which  the  piMc  deposits  fell  in  1854» 
maj  be  accounted  for  by  the  operation  of  two  circumstances.  The  first  of  these 
was  the  scheme  of  Mr.  Gladstone  for  paying  off  the  principal  stock  of  the  South 
Sea  Company,  and  the  second  the  demands  upon  the  treasury  for  the  support  of 
the  war.  The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  highest  and  lowest  amount  for 
the  three  years  ending  1864: — 

Htghett  amount.    Lowest  amoant. 

1862 £9.447,616  £2,802,861 

1868 11,409,983  1,849,668 

1864 8,291,998  1,866 ,864 

The  private  deposfts  during  the  early  part  of  the  year  exhibit  the  same  stead* 
iness  which  characterized  them  through  nearly  the  whole  of  1852  and  1863. 
The  following  were  the  highest  and  lowest  amounts  in  the  three  years: — 

Rlvhett  amount.  Lowest  amount 

1862 £16,464,288  £9,911,117 

1868 14,988,197  10,607,92* 

1864 14.140,492  9,710,612 

Seven-day  and  other  bills  stood  at  their  highest  point  on  the  14th  of  January, 
being  £1,232,329;  and  at  the  lowest  on  the  30th  of  December,  being  J£892,118. 

The  total  amount  of  the  liabilities  of  the  bank  in  the  banking  departm«lllt 
stood  at  £40,062,680  on  the  7th  of  January ;  but  on  the  3d  of  June  it  was  re- 
duced to  £31,660,663,  being  a  decrease  of  nearly  nine  millions  in  six  months. 
This  decline  appears  to  have  occurred  to  the  extent  of  nearly  six  millions  under 
the  head  of  public,  and  the  remainder  under  the  private  deposits. 

The  highest  amount  of  the  Government  Securities  held  in  the  banking  depart- 
ment was  £14,833,299  on  the  7th  of  January,  against  £16,044,330  in  the  last 
week  of  the  previous  year;  and  the  lowest  amount,  £9,720,499  on  the  17th  of 
June,  against  £11,319,072  on  the  22d  of  October  in  the  previous  year. 

Under  the  head  of  other  securities,  which  comprised  commercial  bills  dls« 
counted,  advances  on  bills,  bonds,  and  other  descriptions  of  securities,  the  high- 
est amount  was  £16,912,843  on  the  30th  of  September,  against  £19,124,799  on 
the  1st  October,  1863.  These  figures  show  a  very  great  reduction  in  the  com- 
mercial trans«action8  of  the  bank  in  the  Litter  year,  and  up  to  the  present  time  a 
decrease  under  this  head  of  about  7  millions  sterling — a  fact  of  great  significance 
in  the  commercial  world. 

The  reserve  of  notes  during  the  year  1854  fell  far  below  the  point  at  which 
it  declined  in  1863,  having  been  at  £3,900,430  on  the  6th  of  May,  against 
£6,012,490  on  the  16th  of  October  in  the  previous  year,  from  which  date  the 
rate  of  discount  was  raised  to  6  per  cent,  and  continued  until  May,  when  it  was 
raised  to  b\  per  cent 

With  regard  to  the  minimum  rate  of  discount,  we  have  not  to  record  so  many 
changes  as  occurred  in  the  previous  year,  but  we  have  to  notice  a  longer  dura- 
tion of  a  very  high  rate  than  can  be  round  in  the  previous  history  of  the  trans- 
actions of  the  bank  during  the  last  century.  Higher  rates  may  Se  found,  as  io 
1847,  but  between  September,  1863,  and  April,  1866,  the  bank  minimum  rate 
was  kept  at  6  per  cent  for  67  weeks,  and  for  12  weeks  at  6i  per  cent,  which  pro- 
duced to  the  bank  under  the  head  of  discounts  alone,  according  to  official  returns, 
about  half  a  million  sterling,  during  the  first  five  months  of  1864.  The  minimum 
rate  of  discount  was  continued  at  6  per  cent  in  1864  to  May  the  11th,  when 
it  was  raised  to  6}  per  cent,  and  again  reduced  to  6  per  cent  on  the  2d  of  Au- 
gust 

The  last  column  shows  the  total  amount  of  bullion  and  coin  in  both  depart- 
ments to  have  fallen  off  considerably  in  1864,  compared  with  the  two  previous 
years,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  following  statement  of  the  highest  and  lowest 
amounts  :— 

Higheet.  Date.  Lowest  Dmte. 

1862 £21,282,188        July       10      £17,616,501        January  10 

1868 20,627,682        January    1         14,960,206        October  22 

1864 16,286,166        FebVy    26        12,618,969        May       80 

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The  Bank  <rf  England  in  1854. 


S8& 


THE  BULLIOll  BEPARTMEHT. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  qaantities  of  gold  and  silver  received  and 
delivered  by  the  bank  in  the  bullion  department  up  to  the  close  of  1354,  in  con- 
tinuation of  that  we  published  last  year,  in  weight  and  value  :— 

GOLD  RXOKIVSD. 

ISSi  18il.  \m. 

First  quarter ounces  1,081,959.75  1,084.407.14  1,017,84S.79 

Second  quarter 1,819,588.60  1,157.195.14  788,842.12 

Third  qoarter 1,095,514.60  981,458.17  1,064,480.98 

Fourth  quarter 1,818,644. £0  1,720,701 .  12  1,121,985.75 

Total 4,815,667.16        4,948,916.57        8,998,160.89 

GOLD  DKLIVBRED. 

First  quarter ounces  284,895.60  625,796.91  1,222,618.44 

Second  qusrter 222,850.55  558,287.85  694,916.98 

Third  quarter 197,462.10  1,059,715.35  685,261.18 

Fourth  quarter 659,509.65  1,872,240.06  588,471 .82 

Total 1,214,707.80        8,616,089.67        8,186,257.92 

SILVEE  RECEIVXD. 

First  quarter ounces  5,070,962 .  25  4,944,888 . 44  5,925,552 .  22 

Second  quarter 5,683,720.20  5,670,686.55  4,842,015.61 

Third  qoarter 6.858,005.95  4,719,640.81  4,938,621.40 

Fourth  quarter 4,083,847.80  5,861,858.61  4,288,249.60 

Total 21,646,036.80      20,696,478.91       19,984,488.88 

SILYSa   DELiyRREO. 

First  quarter ounces  5,07  9,838 .  25  4,938,583 .  84  5,029,679 .  07 

Second  quarter 5,671,877.60  5,689,945.99  4,818,096.68 

Third  quarter 6,884,606.10  4,777,271.69  4,945.579.40 

Fourth  quarter 4,069,242.57  5,881,941 .87  4,288,120. 10 

Total 21,705,064.52      20,787,693.89       19,976,484.20 

The  above  statements,  converted  into  their  equivalent  money  value  at  77s.  9d. 
per  ounce  for  gold,  and  at  62d.  per  ounce  for  silver,  give  the  following  re- 
sults:— 

Gold  receired.     Gold  dellTeted.  Silver  raoelTsd.  8ilT«r  dePvd 

1862 £18,720.867        £4,722,176      £5,591.892      £5,607,141 

1858 19,219,475         14,067,364         6,846,588         5,370,169 

1854 15,528,874         12.092,202         5,162,646         5,160,591 

Thesc^tatements  show  that  the  quantity  of  gold  received  into  the  bank  dur- 
ing the  year  1854  was  950,766  ounces  less  than  in  1853,  which  is  equivalent  to 
i>3,696,101  sterling,  at  77s.  9d.  per  ounce. 

The  receipts  of  silver  during  the  year  were  less  by  712,035  ounces,  which,  at 
62d.  per  ounce,  is  equivalent  to  j&  183,942  sterling. 

These  returns,  it  must  be  observed,  do  not  form  any  necessary  part  of  the 
operations  under  the  bank  charter,  but  represent  the  deposits  and  deliveries  of 
gold  and  silver  on^merchants'  account  For  it  may  be  seen  that  although  silver  to 
upwards  of  five  millions  in  amount  was  deposited  in  the  vaults  of  the  bank,  it 
formed  no  part  of  the  metallic  assets  of  the  bank  in  its  weekly  returns,  as  they 
appeared  in  the  London  Gazette. 


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080  Jomwtl  of  MereaiUUt  Law. 


JOURNAL  OF  MERCANTILE  LAW. 


LAW  OF   COMMON  CARRIERS — BANK-BILL  AS  FREIGHT. 

Chenteau  &  Valle  vs.  Steamboat  St  Anthony.    20  Missovri  Rep.,  519. 

This  was  an  action  under  the  statute  for  an  alleged  breach  of  a  contract  to 
carry  $612  in  bank-notes  from  St.  Louis  to  Peirs  Landing,  on  the  Ohio  River. 
When  the  package  was  delivered,  (420  of  the  amount  was  missing.  No  bill  of 
lading;  was  signed  nor  freight  paid.  Testimony  was  offered  to  prove  a  custom 
for  boats  to  carry  money  for  hire  on  account  of  the  owners;  but  it  appeared 
that,  as  a  general  thing,  no  charge  was  made,  the  expectation  being  to  get  the 
patronage  of  the  parties  obliged. 

Scott,  Judge,  delivered  the  opinion,  aflSrming  the  decision  of  the  Court,  m 
reported  in  16  Mo.  R.,  216.  That  the  evidence  did  not  establish  a  custom  to 
carry  bank-bills  for  hire  on  account  of  the  owners  of  the  boat ;  that  if  the  com- 
pensation to  be  received  was  fVom  the  patronage  of  the  persons  obliged,  the 
contract  was  gratuitous,  as  no  obligation  rested  upon  them  to  give  their  patron- 
age as  a  return ;  that  although  a  gratuitous  bailee  might  be  liable  for  negligence 
in  the  performance  of  the  act  he  had  undertaken,  the  principle  would  not  apply 
to  a  steamboat,  as  a  steamboat  is  not  a  person  who  can  undertake  a  gratoitoiia 
bailment,  and  the  statute  gives  no  action  against  a  boat  in  eases  of  that  kind. 

In  the  case  of  Whitmore  vs.  Steamboat  Caroline,  20  Mo.  R.,  613,  the  same 
principle  was  affirmed,  holding  that  there  must  be  a  known  and  well-established 
usage  for  boats  to  carry  money  for  hire,  to  authorize  an  action  against  the  boat, 
and  that  the  evidence  snowed  no  such  custom.  In  this  case  the  money,  $1,500 
in  gold,  was  deposited  by  a  passenger  w^ith  the  clerk  for  safe  keeping,  and  no 
proof  was  given  of  any  express  contract  of  any  kind ;  and  in  relation  to  this  the 
Court  say  that  the  implied  contract  of  a  common  carrier  to  carry  the  bagga^ 
of  the  passenpfer,  does  not  extend  beyond  ordinary  baggage,  such  as  he  usnaliy 
carries  with  him  for  his  personal  convenience.  It  is  never  admitted  to  include 
merchandise,  nor  does  it  Include  a  large  sum  of  money.  It  cannot  cover  more 
than  a  reasonable  amount  necessary  to  pay  traveling  expenses. 


LAW  OF  SALES — FRAUD — ^FACTORS  LIEN. 

Bidanlt  et  al.  ts.  Wales  &  Sons.    20  Mo.  R.,  546. 

1.  To  avoid  a  sale  of  goods  on  credit,  it  is  not  sufficient  that  the  purchaser 
did  not  intend  to  pay  for  them  at  the  time  agreed  upon.  He  must,  when  be 
buys,  intend  never  to  pay  for  them  to  prevent  the  title  from  passing;  and  this  is 
a  question  for  a  jury. 

2.  Although  a  vendor  may  avoid  a  sale  as  against  the  purchaser,  yet  this  can- 
not be  done  when  tlie  rights  of  thurd  parties  intervene.  This  exception  does  not 
embrace  creditors  of  the  purchaser  seizing  the  property  by  attachment  or  under 
execution,  or  taking  it  by  assignment  as  a  security  for  a  pre-existing  debt. 

Whether  it  would  extend  to  the  protection  of  the  lien  of  the  factor  of  a  par- 
chaser  for  a  general  balance,  or  a  lien  in  relation  to  the  specific  property,  left 
open. 

This  was  an  action  by  Bidault  &  Co.  to  recover  from  the  defendants,  Wales 
&  Sons,  sixteen  hoffsheads  of  suffar,  or  their  value,  consigned  to  the  defendants 
aa  factors  of  one  Whiting,  who  cLiimed  the  sugar  under  Sieged  sale  to  him  by 


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the  plaiIltifig^  which,  as  the  latter  insiBted,  did  not  pass  the  title,  by  reason  of 
his  frand,  in  purohastng  withoat  intending  to  pay  for  them  as  he  promised.  The 
defendants  alleged  that  at  the  date  of  the  oonsignment  Whiting  was  indebted  to 
them,  and  that  this  debt  bad  not  been  paid,  and  that  they  had  been  garnished  on 
execution  by  a  creditor  of  Whiting  for  a  larger  amount  than  the  balance  re« 
maining  in  their  hands,  after  payment  of  their  own  debt 

There  was  evidence  that  the  sugar  was  bought  in  New  Orleans  by  an  agent 
of  Whiting's,  on  a  credit  of  ten  days,  and  under  his  instructions,  and  shipped  to 
the  defendants  at  St.  Louis,  to  be  sold  on  his  account ;  that  Whiting  knew  he 
was  insolvent  at  the  time  of  the  purchase  *,  and  that  for  some  time  he  had  been 
in  the  habit  of  making  ptirchases  of  sugar  and  paying  for  them  by  the  proceeds 
of  preceding  purchases. 

Leonard,  Judge,  gave  the  opinion. 

This  Jud^ent  must  be  reversed,  on  account  of  the  instructions  given  to  the 
jury  as  to  the  law  of  the  case. 

When  it  was  here  before  (19  Mo.  Rep.,  36,)  this  Court  held  in  substance  that 
a  purchaser  did  not  acquire  a  valid  title  to  property  under  a  mere  form  of  pur- 
chase made  with  a  preconceived  design  of  never  paying  for  it ;  but  that  mere 
inability  to  pay,  even  if  known  to  the  purchaser  at  the  time  of  the  purchase  and 
concealed  from  the  seller,  did  not  avoid  the  sale ;  and  we  think  the  law  was  cor- 
rectly laid  down.  But  however  that  may  be,  it  was  the  judgment  of  this  Court, 
and  roust  be  submitted  to  as  the  law  of  the  case. 

The  plaintiff  amended,  by  inserting  an  averment  to  the  effect  that  the  party 
'*  purchased  and  received  the  property  without  any  intention  of  paying  for  the 
same,  and  with  the  purpose  of  cheating  and  defrauding  the  plaintiffs  out  of  their 
property,"  and  upon  a  jury  triol  the  Court  instructed  that  "  if  Whiting,  the  pur- 
chaser, at  the  time  of  the  purchase  of  the  sugar  in  question  was  in  gooa  or 
ordinary  credit,  on  a  stle  of  ten  or  twenty  days,  but  in  fact  was  unable  to  pay 
at  the  time  agreed  upon  between  the  parlies,  and  was  aware  of  his  inability  in 
this  respect,  and  the  jury  shall  further  find  that  he  did  not,  at  the  time  of  said 
purchase,  intend  to  meet  his  engagements,  but  that  said  purchase  was  but  a 
contrivance  on  his  part  to  sustain  his  credit,  the  plaintiffs  are  entitied  to  a  ver- 
dict; otherwise  the  jury  will  find  for  the  defendants." 

Under  this  direction  the  jury  would,  of  course,  find  for  the  plaintiffs,  if  they 
thought  the  purchaser  was  unable  to  pay  when  he  bought,  and  that  be  knew  this 
and  concealed  it  from  the  plaintiffs,  and  bought  for  the  purpose  of  sustaining 
his  own  credit,  and  without  any  expectation  or  intention  of  meeting  the  pay- 
ment on  the  day  it  fell  due,  although  hoping  and  intending  ultimately  to  pay. 

And  it  has  been  argued  here  that  this  instruction  contains  every  element 
necessary  to  constitute  a  fraudulent  purchase  according  to  the  law  laid  down 
upon  the  former  occasion,  and  indeed  that  it  even  goes  in  favor  of  the  purchaser 
beyond  what  we  deemed  to  be  the  law,  in  directing  the  jury  that  thev  must  also 
be  satisfied  that  the  purchase  was  but  a  contrivance  on  the  part  of  the  buyer  to 
sustain  his  own  credit.  We  think  quite  otherwise,  and  that  the  instruction  was 
Tery  unfortunately  expressed,  if  the  purpose  of  it  were,  as  we  must  presume  it 
was,  to  convey  to  the  jury  the  rule  of  law  prescribed  here  as  applicable  to  the 
case. 

There  is  a  very  brood  line  of  distinction,  both  in  morals  and  law,  between  the 
conduct  of  one  who  gets  property  into  his  possession  with  a  preconceived  do- 
sign  never  to  pay  for  it,  under  color  of  a  formal  sale  induced  by  a  sham  promise 
to  pay  which  the  party  never  intends  to  comply  with,  and  the  conduct  of  a  man 
deeply  involved  in  debt,  far  perhaps  beyond  his  means  of  payment,  and  who, 
stru^glinff  it  may  be,  and  frequently  is,  against  all  rational  hope,  to  sustain  his 
eredit  and  maintain  his  position  in  business,  buys  property  to-day  under  a  prom- 
ise—which he  can  hardly  hope,  and  moat  probably  does  not  intend  to  keep — ^to 
ay  for  it  on  short  time,  in  order  to  raise  money  from  day  to  day  to  meet  immo- 
late and  more  pressing  demands. 

Yet,  under  this  instruction,  the  jury  may  well  have  supposed,  and  no  doubt 
did  suppose  that  the  law  made  no  distinction,  but  visited  both  classes  of  cases 


did 


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588  Joufnal  <f  MitccmiUe  Lm^ 

with  the  same  leg^al  conseqnenees.  The  dfflference  between  not  intendhif  to 
pay  on  the  dajr  fixed  by  contract,  and  intending  never  to  pay— between  getting 
property  for  nothing  nnder  the  mere  color  of  a  purchase,  and  getting  it  upon  a 
longer  credit  than  was  agreed  upon  between  the  parties  bat  with  an  expectation 
ultimately  *^J**y>  '*  entirely  lost  sight  of,  or  rather,  indeed,  as  it  seems  to  us,  the 
jury  are  m  effect  instructed  that  there  is  no  difference,  and  that  it  is  enough  in 
this  particular  to  avoid  the  sale  as  a  fraudulent  purchase ;  that  the  purchaser 
was  unable  to  pay  **  at  the  time  agreed  upon,"  and  aware  of  his  inability  "  in  this 
respect,"  and  aid  not  intend  to  meet  **  his  engagements  "  in  point  of  time. 

Jt  was  said  before,  and  is  repeated  now,  Uiat  this  is  a  question  for  a  jury, 
under  proper  instructions  from  the  Court  Although  it  may  be  improper  in 
morals  for  one  to  buy  property  upon  a  promise  to  pay  upon  a  given  day,  when 
a  party  is  conscious  of  his  inability  to  meet  his  engagements  at  the  time,  and  so 
may  be  said  to  buy  with  an  intention  not  to  meet  his  enga^ementa,  yet  this  is 
not,  in  point  of  law,  such  a  sale  as  the  vendor  can  avoid;  and  it  was  the  duty  of 
the  Court,  in  its  directions  to  the  jury,  to  have  made  the  distinction  in  unmis- 
takable language,  and  not  to  have  employed  general  expressions,  capable  of  be- 
ing argued  one  way  before  the  jury  and  another  way  before  the  Court,  and  which 
the  jury  could  construe  to  mean  one  thing  or  the  other,  according  to  the  caprice 
of  the  moment,  or  their  own  peculiar  views  of  the  conduct  of  the  parties  in  other 
respects. 

The  other  point  in  the  cause  may  be  disposed  of  in  a  few  words.  This  prop- 
erty appears  to  be  in  the  hands  of  the  defendants  as  Whiting's  factors,  and  they 
allege  that  when  it  came  there  a  large  balance  was  due  to  them  on  ^neral  se- 
count  from  their  principal,  as  garnishees  in  respect  to  this  property.  When  jt  is 
said  in  the  case  of  a  fraudulent  purchase  that  the  property  is  not  changed,  it  is 
to  be  understood  that  although  the  party  injured  may  avoid  the  sale  against  the 
fraudulent  purchaser,  this  cannot  be  done  when  the  rights  of  third  persons  have 
intervened.  This  exception,  however,  does  not  embrace  the  general  creditors  of 
the  purchaser  seizing  the  property  by  attachment  or  execution,  or  taking  it  by 
assignment  as  security  for  pre-existing  debts. 

It  may  extend,  however,  to  the  protection  of  a  factor's  lien,  even  for  a  general 
balance,  and  it  would  seem  ought  certainly  to  protect  any  lien  he  may  have  in 
relation  to  the  specific  property ;  and  whether  the  proceedings  in  the  garnish- 
ment had  progressed  so  far  as  to  fix  any  personal  liability  upon  him  in  respect 
to  the  attach^  property,  is  not  disclosed ;  and  we  leave  these  questions  for  fu- 
ture couHideration,  if  they  shall  arise  in  the  cause. 

The  judgment  is  reversed,  and  the  cause  remanded  for  further  proceedings. 

BILL  OF  EXCHANGE   BEFORE  ACCEPTANCE  —  RIGHTS  OF  ATTACHING  CREDITDB  <» 
DRAWER  AND  PAYEE. 

Kimball,  Donald  &  Co.,  Appelhmts,  and  Benoist  &  Co.,  Respondents.  SO 
Mo.  Rep.,  677. 

A  bill  of  exchange  before  acceptance  is  not  an  equitable  assignment  of  the 
funds  of  the  drawer  in  the  hands  of  tlie  drawee,  nor  will  it  defeat  sobseqasol 
attaching  creditors,  although  there  be  a  direction  at  the  foot  of  the  bill  to  chargs 
to  a  particular  account,  and  although  the  drawee  may  have  promised  to  apply 
any  balance  in  his  hands  belonging  to  the  drawer  in  payment  of  the  bill. 

Stone  &  Walworth,  in  New  Orieans,  drew  on  Kimball,  their  factor  in  St 
Louis,  having  funds  and  goods  on  hand,  with  accounts  unsettled,  the  following 
bill:— 
Exchange  $2,500.  New  Orleans,  May  13, 1863. 

Twenty  days  after  sight  of  this,  pay  to  the  order  of  L.  A.  Benoist  &  Co. 
twenty-five  hundred  dollars,  value  received,  and  charge  the  same  to  aeconnt— 
sugar.  Belcher;  rice,  Simonds,  and  account  sales. 

E.  B.  Kimball,  St  Louis.  Stohb  9l  Walwoktil 


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JourTud  of  MerccmtUe  Lofm.  589 

Stone  &  Walworth  notified  Kimball  of  the  draft  by  telegraph  and  directed 
him  to  protect,  and  Benoist  &.  Co.,  also  being  notified  by  telegraph,  called  on 
Kimball  on  the  16th  of  Mav,  and  he  promised  to  hold  any  balance  that  might  be 
in  his  hands  to  meet  the  bill,  although  he  could  not  accept  the  bill  when  it  (ihould 
come  up  by  moil,  as  he  should  not  have  funds. 

The  Dffoceeds  of  sugar  by  the  Belcher  were  $400,  and  the  balance  in  the  hands 
of  Kimball  was  $1,018. 

On  the  day  after  his  promise,  Kimball  was  summoned  as  garnishee  by  Donald 
&  Co.,  attaching  creditor  of  Stone  &  W.,  and  to  protect  himself  filed  his  bill  of 
interpleader.  The  Court  below  awarded  the  fund  to  the  payees  of  the  bill,  on 
the  ground  that  Kimball's  promise  gave  them  the  fund  and  a  direct  action 
against  him  on  the  promise. 

Leohard,  Judge,  delivered  the  opinion  of  the  Court. 

This  is  a  bill  of  exchange,  and  not  a  mere  order  to  pay  over  a  particular  fund ; 
and  the  direction  at  the  foot  of  the  bill  to  charge  to  the  particular  account  there 
indicated,  does  not  change  the  character  of  the  instrument,  and  we  think  that  af- 
ter  being  refused  acceptance,  it  cannot  take  effect  as  an  equitable  assignment  of 
the  fund,  even  connected  as  it  b  with  an  express  promise  on  Uie  part  of  the 
drawee  to  pay  whatever  balance  may  be  founa  in  his  hands. 

It  is  true,  that  anything  amounting  to  a  present  transfer  of  a  specific  fund  for 
TBlne,  is  a  valid  assignment  in  equity,  which  changes  the  property  as  against  the 
assignor,  and  cats  off  subsequent  attaching  creditors.  No  form  is  required ;  it 
k  sufficient  that  a  present  interest  passes,  and  that  it  does  not  rest  merely  in 
agreement.  Thus,  in  Redech  vs.  Gandell,  16  Eng.  Law.  and  £q.  R.  80,  Lord 
dbaneellor  Truro  stated  it,  as  the  result  of  all  the  cases,  that  *'  an  agreement  be- 
tween a  debtor  and  creditor  that  the  debt  owing  should  be  paid  out  of  a  specific 
fund  coming  te  the  debtor,  or  an  order  given  by  a  debtor  to  his  creditor  upon  a 
person  owing  him  money,  or  holding  funds  belonging  to  the  giver  of  the  order, 
directing  such  person  to  pay  such  fund  to  the  creditor,  will  create  a  valid,  equita- 
ble  eharge  upon  the  fund ;  in  other  words,  will  operate  as  on  equitable  assign- 
ment of  the  debt  or  fund  to  which  the  order  refers." 

We  are  reminded  that  a  bill  of  exchange  is  the  transfer  of  a  debt  due  to  the 
drawer  from  the  drawee,  and  so  it  undoubtedl v  is  us  between  drawer  and  drawee 
when  the  latter  accepts ;  but  what  is  proposed  here  is,  to  make  a  bill  that  the 
drawee  refuses  to  accept  operate  as  a  transfer  of  the  fund,  without  any  refer- 
eoee  to  the  intentions  of  the  drawer,  under  the  circumstances  that  have  occurred. 
The  object  of  drawing  a  bill  is  to  convert  a  debt,  in  theory  supposed  to  be  due 
from  the  drawee  to  the  drawer,  into  a  transferable  chattel  that  may  pass  from 
one  to  another  by  indorsement  or  delivery,  and  this  object  is  consummated  by 
acceptance,  which  binds  the  acceptee  to  whoever  becomes  the  holder  to  pay,  as 
the  original  debtor,  absolutely  and  without  any  reference  to  the  state  of  accounts 
between  himself  and  the  drawer,  leaving  the  latter  still  under  his  original  con- 
ditional obligation  to  pay  in  default  of  payment  of  the  priouury  debtor.  No  one 
supposes  that  it  was  the  intention  of  the  parties,  at  the  time  this  bill  was  drawn, 
that  if  it  could  not  tiake  effect  as  a  bilK  on  account  of  the  refusal  of  the  drawee 
t»  accept,  that  then  it  should  operate  as  an  equitable  assignment  of  whatever 
fiinds  the  drawee  might  have  in  his  hands  belonging  to  the  drawer.  That  event 
was  already  provided  for,  by  the  drawer  undertaJ^iog  to  pay  himself  upon  snoh 
relhsal. 

What  authority,  then,  have  we  nnder  these  circumstances,  to  put  into  the 
transaction  a  stipulation  which  the  parties  never  thought  of,  and  would  have  re« 
jeoted  at  once  had  it  been  suggested  to  them,  and  then  give  effect  to  the  trans- 
aotion  as  an  equitable  assignment,  in  order  to  carry  out  the  supposed  intention? 
Looking  to  the  probable  intention  of  the  parties,  and  to  the  interest  of  business, 
we  cannot  but  think  such  a  decision  would  be  very  mischievous  in  its  practical 
operation,  not  only  defeating  the  real  intention  of  the  parties  in  a  majority  of 
the  cases  to  which  it  would  be  applied,  but  also  greatly  complicating  the  busi- 
ness affaira  of  men. 

This  seems  to  be  the  view  taken  of  this  question  in  the  most  commercial 


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5dO  Journal  af  MercantUe  Law. 

States  of  the  Union,  the  decision  of  whose  tribnnals  in  qaestions  of  this  charac- 
ter must  certainly  command  our  respect,  and  when  approved  by  our  own  reason, 
may  be  very  safely  followed  as  guides  in  determining  commercial  questions.— 
Pope  vs.  Luff,  5  Hill,  417;  7  Hill,  678;  3  Comst,  243;  1  Selden  Rep.,  526: 
16  La.  Rep.,  256. 

The  result  is,  that  the  payees  of  the  bill  acquired  no  specific  Hen  upon  the 
fund  so  as  to  cut  out  .subsequently  attaching  creditors,  and  the  fund  must  be  dis- 
tributed among  them,  according  to  their  priorities. 

STEAMBOATS  LIABLE   FOR  ROBBERT. 

Louisville  Chancery  Court,  Hon.  Henry  Prittle,  Chancellor.  F.  S.  Vander- 
pool  vs.  Steamboat  Crystal  Palace. 

The  complainant  was  a  passen^r  on  the  steamboat  Crystal  Palace  from 
Paducah  to  Louisville,  and  on  the  ni^ht  of  her  arrival  at  Louisville  a  thief  en- 
tered the  state-room  where  he  was  sleeping,  and  stole  from  him  a  gold  watch 
and  chain,  a  diamond  breastpin,  and  a  sum  of  money;  and  to  make  the  boat 
liable  for  his  loss,  this  attachment  was  sued  out  of  Chancery. 

The  boat  was  constructed  In  the  modem  style,  with  separate  rooms  for  pas- 
sengers, and  locks  to  the  doors.  It  is  proved  that  the  lock  to  the  door  of  the 
room  in  which  plaintiff  slept  was  in  some  way  out  of  order,  so  that  it  would  not 
fasten.  This  had  been  found  out  the  night  before  the  felony,  and  it  was  men- 
tioned  by  the  plaintiff  and  his  brother,  who  stayed  in  the  same  room  with  him,  to 
the  waiters  about  the  cabin;  and  when  one  was  called  as  the  plaintiff  was  about 
to  retire,  to  see  if  the  door  could  not  be  secured  in  some  way,  be  said  there  was 
no  way  of  fastening  it  but  by  putting  a  chair  or  baggage  against  it,  which  was 
done. 

The  common  law  does  not  fix  a  rule  directly  applicable  to  just  such  a  case  as 
this.  When  it  was  formed  there  were  no  steamboats,  and  the  world  had  seen 
no  such  internal  navigation  as  bears  our  ten  hundred  thousand  of  people  hn 
*^ crystal  palaces"  on  our  majestic  rivers.  But  all  civilization  has  held  puUia 
carriers  by  water  to  a  responsibility,  more  or  less  strict,  according  to  the  neees- 
sity  demanding  it.  By  the  Roman  law — ^which  is  still  tha  rule  over  the  largest 
part  of  the  Christian  world — shipmasters,  as  well  as  innkeepers  and  stablekeep- 
ers,  were  put  under  a  peculiar  responsibility  and  made  liable  for  all  losses  not 
arising  from  inevitable  casualty  or  overwhelming  force.  The  common  law  went 
further  as  to  the  shipmaster,  who  was  a  common  carrier,  and  made  him  liable  for 
every  loss,  unless  it  was  by  the  act  of  God  or  the  enemies  of  the  king.  Bat 
these  rules,  both  of  the  civil  and  common  law,  applied  only  to  the  property  of 
the  passenger  or  traveler,  which  was  put  into  the  custody  of  the  sliipmaster,  dio. 
They  did  not  apply  to  such  articles  as  the  passenger  kept  about  his  person  or  in 
his  own  charge.  The  rule  at  inns  was  different  when  the  goods  were  stolen 
from  the  apartment  assigned  to  the  guest. 

By  one  of  the  most  enlightened  codes  that  any  civilization  has  seen,  although 
compiled  in  1263,  it  was  provided  **  that  everything  which  travelers,  either  by 
sea  or  land,  put  into  inns  or  taverns,  or  ships  that  navigate  the  sea  or  rivers,  to 
the  knowledge  of  the  owners  thereof,  or  of  those  who  act  in  their  places,  shall 
be  taken  care  of,  so  that  no  loss  or  damage  happen  to  them ;  and  if  they  get  lost 
through  their  neglect  or  fraud  or  fault,  or  if  they  be  stolen  by  any  person  who 
come  with  the  travelers,  then  such  owners  shall  be  bound  to  pay  for  everythnig 
that  is  lost  or  damaged;  for  it  is  but  just,  that  since  travelers  confide  to  tbea 
their  persons  and  effects,  they  should  honestly  and  fiuthfully  take  care  of  tiiem, 
so  that  they  sustain  neither  loss  nor  damage.  And  what  we  say  in  this  law  it 
understood  of  hotel  and  innkeepers,  and  of  owners  of  vessels  who  are  in  tfao 
habit  of  publicly  receiving  persons  for  hire  or  for  a  price.'*  2  Moreau  &.  Carle- 
ton's  ParUdos;  Partida  6,  Ut  8,  b.  26. 

This  looks  very  much  like  it  would  include  a  loss  of  property  in  the  charge  of 
the  person  of  the  traveler,  as  well  as  that  handed  over  to  the  care  of  the  i 


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Journal  </  Mercantile  Law,  501 

of  the  vessel  or  of  the  innkeeper.  Indeed,  it  seems  to  pat  tbe  master  of  the 
yessel  under  the  same  reHponsibility  Iai4  on  the  innkeeper.  This  law  originated 
with  a  country  then  much  more  commercbl,  (Spain  had  splendid  ships  at  that 
time,}  and  much  more  enlightened  than  that  from  which  the  common  law  has 
come,  was  at  the  same  date. 

The  liability  of  shipmasters,  innkeepers,  &.C.,  under  these  different  codes,  al- 
ways had  reference  to  necessity  of  intercourse,  the  protection  and  accommoda- 
tion openly  offered  the  traveler,  and  the  danger  there  was  of  the  acts  of  the 
parties,  of  servants,  and  others  employed  by  the  carriers  and  innkeepers,  &«.,  or 
of  strangers  who  might  combine  with  them.  In  this  country,  where  we  have  a 
necessity  of  intercourse,  a  traveling  beyond  anything  seen  in  any  other  age,  or 
in  any  other  country,  we  have  also  a  better  accommodation  and  protection 
offered  by  steamboats  than  can  be  found  in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 

The  law  of  bailments  involved  in  these  things  must  advance  with  these  things. 
Tbe  law  of  the  Caravel,  in  former  times,  about  the  coasts  of  the  Old  World,  or 
of  such  open  ships  as  Columbus  procured  to  find  another  hemisphere,  must  have 
been  different  when  they  had  been  engaged  in  the  unsuitable  pursuit  of  carrying 
passengers  for  hire,  from  that  of  the  splendid  palaces  that  float  so  invitingly  on 
tbe  American  rivers.  Here  is  the  parlor,  and  here  the  secure  state-room  otfered 
with  its  door  to  be  shut  and  locked  with  its  inside  key. 

I  can  recollect  when  the  passenger  steamboat  was  first  built  on  our  rivers.  It 
had  no  door  to  protect  the  berths  or  sleeping-places.  They  had  only  tbe  benefit 
of  drapery,  except  rooms  for  ladies.  Then  of  course  the  passenger  could  not 
expect  when  ho  stepped  in  haste  on  this  fast  traveler,  that  he  could  sleep  se- 
eurely  from  thieves,  if  any  were  about,  with  his  watch  and  breastpin  and  money 
near  him ;  and  the  boat  should  not  then  have  been  liable  for  what  was  not 
specially  put  in  the  care  of  its  officers,  any  more  than  the  picking  of  a  pocket 
by  a  stranger  on  one  of  its  decks ;  no  more  than  an  innkeeper  should  be  liable 
for  such  an  act  in  the  public  entrance  hall.  But  when  the  steamboat  is  so  fur- 
nished as  to  offer  the  passenger  the  protection  of  lock  and  key,  he  has  a  right  to 
expect  it,  and  go  on  board,  as  he  often  does  in  this  country,  with  a  haste  that 
would  not  allow  him  to  inquire  whether  all  is  in  fit  order  or  not;  and  in  such  in- 
stances, if  he  takes  his  watch  and  breastpin  and  such  like  artkles  to  his  room, 
or  a  reasonable  sum  of  money,  when  he  goes  to  bed,  and  they  are  stolen,  the 
boat  should  be  held  liable. 

I  would  not  hold  the  owner  of  the  boat  as  an  innkeeper  is  liable  at  the  com- 
mon law  for  an  interior  breaking  and  robbery,  but  only  as  I  think  the  civil  law 
would  have  held  him,  in  analogy  to  its  laws  of  innkeepers,  for  a  failure  to  carry 
the  party  and  his  effects  under  his  charge,  or  about  his  person,  with  the  careful- 
ness substantially  offered  to  every  traveler  from  the  structure  of  the  boat.  But 
it  may  be  contended  that  if  the  passenger  finds  out  that  the  lock  of  his  door  is 
oat  of  order,  he  should  undergo  the  risk,  or  take  such  articles  of  value  as  have 
been  about  his  person  to  some  officer  of  the  boat  for  better  care.  I  do  not  think 
so  as  a  general  rule. 

The  boat's  owner  has  engaged  his  safety ;  and  if  a  lock  is  out  of  order,  the 
offiers  of  the  boat  ought  to  know  it  and  have  it  put  in  order,  or  take  other 
means,  such  as  setting  a  watch  or  guard,  or  at  any  rate,  offer  to  take  the  charge 
and  care  themselves  of  the  property  exposed.  Circumstances  might  change  the 
course  to  be  taken,  but  none  are  shown  here.  It  seems  to  me  that  unless  such 
a  rule  be  established,  passengers  will  be  subjected  to  the  depredations  of  ser- 
yants  and  others,  who  may  withdraw  keys,  seeking  the  chance  of  carelessness, 
or  too  much  confidence  on  the  part  of  the  traveler. 

It  was  proved  by  one  witness  that  there  was  a  printed  card  posted  up  in  the 
atate-room  requesting  passengers  to  lock  their  doors,  and  place  any  valuables 
which  they  might  have  in  the  hands  of  the  clerk  for  safe  keeping,  and  otherwise 
the  boat  would  not  be  responsible  for  such  articles.  It  is  not  shown,  however, 
that  the  plaintiff  had  seen  tbe  notice,  if  there  was  one  in  his  room.  But  it  could 
not  be  supposed  that  this  notice  meant  that  every  passenger  shoald  deliver  his 
watch,  hreastphi,  and  pocket  money  every  night  to  the  clerk,  for  it  would  be  an 


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592  Commercial  ChronicU  and  Review, 

fnconyenience  unheard  of.  Thf7  are  a  part  of  his  apparel,  and  he  might  be  buV- 
ject  to  disputes  about  their  identity  every  morning;  but  it  had  reference  to 
"valuables,"  not  to  be  kept  there  with  the'door  locked — nothing  ordinarilv  be- 
longing to  his  dress  or  carried  about  his  person.  The  notice,  1  think,  did  not 
excuse  the  boat  from  the  loss  which  happened,  because  the  door  could  not  be 
festened.  The  engagement  implied  was  to  have  the  lock  in  order,  or  stand  re- 
sponsible for  the  robbery.  Another  rule  would  be  unsafe  to  the  great  traveling 
Sublic  in  this  country.  I  do  not  say  this  implication  exists  in  all  instances  where 
)e  berths  are  furnished  with  doors  to  be  locked,  but  I  do  not  think  the  role 
qualified  by  anything  in  this  case. 
Decree  for  plaintiff. 


COMMERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW. 


IVMCATIOm  or  OOHimCIAL  AMD  rWAMCIAL  PEOIPBRITT— OAUtBt  OF  IHt^UIMT— «OiniBCnoa  WtTB 
rUAMCIAI.  DimcULTIBt  ABROAD— BFFBCT  OF  TBB  WAR  VPOM  TBB  OOTTOM  TRADB— FOBBMH 
CAPITAL  III  AMBRICAK  BMTBBPBItB— FOEBIOM  BXCBaKOB,  AND  TBB  tDPTLT  OF  OOLD— TUB  CAllAl. 
ACBOtt  TBB  tSTBHUS  OF  DAUBN— BBVBHUB  FOB.  TBB  LAST  QUABTBR  AT  MBW  TOBK,  DOBTOII,  PBILA- 
DBLPBIA,  BALTIMOBB,  CBABLBiTON,  BBW  OBLKAHf,  AMD  ST.  LOIHl — TBB  BANK  MOVBHBKT— BB- 
CBIPT8  OP  OOLD  AT  MBW  TOBK  ASSAY  OFHCB  AND  AT  TQB  MBW  OBLBAHS  MIMT  —  IXPOBTS  AT 
MBW  YORK  FOR  8BPTBMBBR  AMD  FROM  JANUARY  IST— IMPORTS  OF  DRY  GOODS— CASB  DimRS  RB- 
CB1VBD  AT  MBW  YORK — BXP0RT8  FROM  MBW  YORK  FOR  BBPTXMBRR  AMD  FROM  JAMCART  IST— 
BXPORT8  OF  D0MB8TI0  PRODUCB— TBB  FOOD  QUBSTION— BTRUOOLB  FOR  8PBCIB  BBTWBBM  BVQ- 
LAND   AMD  PRANCB,  BTO.,  BTC. 

The  prosperity  of  the  country  appears  daily  to  become  set^ed  upon  a  broader 
and  deeper  foundation.  The  amount  of  labor  expended  upon  the  soil  during  the 
last  twelve  months  is  certainly  one-third  more  than  for  the  previous  year,  and  the 
results  are  seen  in  the  immense  products  already  harvested,  or  still  waiting  to 
be  gathered.  In  cereals  the  production  is  very  large.  The  wheat  crop  has 
been  injured  in  the  Genesee  Valley,  and  in  many  parts  of  Ohio  and  Michigan, 
and  also  in  some  counties  of  Maryland  and  Virginia;  but  the  total  yield  through- 
out the  Union  is  above  the  usual  average.  The  crop  of  Indian  com  is  very  lai^ 
probably  larger  than  ever  before  produced  in  the  country.  It  is  yet  too  early  to 
estimate  the  cotton  crop,  as  the  frost  may  cut  ofT  much  which  would  otherwise 
mature ;  but  everything  at  the  date  we  write  promises  a  yield  larger  than  ever 
recorded* 

We  have  thus  in  our  great  staples,  breadstuffs  and  cotton,  the  prospect  of  a 
very  large  surplus  for  export.  Other  interests  are  likewise  improving.  The 
rejudice  against  American  pork,  which  bad  its  origin  chiefly  in  the  carelesaneas 
with  which  the  meat  was  prepared  for  market,  is  rapidly  passing  away,  and  both 
the  French  and  British  are  ordering  supplies  from  our  stores.  The  iron  trade 
is  also  revlvifljf.  During  the  recent  depression  the  price  of  Scotch  pig  ran  down 
so  low  as  to  remove  all  motive  for  importation,  and  thus  when  the  demand  in- 
creased with  a  limited  supply,  the  price  increased  much  more  rapidly  than  in 
American  pig,  and  there  was  for  some  considerable  time  an  unusual  diffisrence 
between  the  price  of  the  foreign  and  domestic  article.  TTiis  led  many,  who 
have  hitherto  used  only  the  foreign,  to  try  the  domestic,  and  they  have  found 
the  change  ao  easy  and  the  advantages  so  unexpected,  that  DMiny  will  eonsnrae 
now  only  the  product  of  our  own  furnaces.    There  are  other  items  in  the  ached- 


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Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review,  598 

nle  of  favorable  indices  which  might  be  enamerated.  There  are  fewer  idlers  in 
almost  every  department  of  trade  and  Commerce.  The  shipping  interest  has 
greatly  revived.  There  is  no  unemployed  tonnage ;  at  all  of  our  ports  freights 
are  offered  at  prices  which  must  pay  large  profits  to  ship-owners. 

Notwithstanding  these  reasons  for  a  strong  faith  in  a  prosperous  future,  there 
are  many  who  are  very  anxious,  looking  for  farther  troubles  to  arise  out  of  the 
difficulties  in  Europe.  '  If  the  war  continues,  all  of  the  nations  engaged  will  be 
obliged  to  have  recourse  to  farther  loans,  and  many  look  for  a  suspension  of 
^ecie  payments  by  the  national  banks  of  both  England  and  France.  For  many 
years  the  Bank  of  France  was  more  independent  of  the  government  than  at  pres- 
ent, and  was  one  of  the  best-managed  institutions  in  the  world.  It  is  still  in 
good  hands,  but  more  liable  under  the  present  regime  to  become  involved  in  the 
pecuniary  difficulties  of  the  government,  and  thus  to  be  obliged  to  preserve 
itself  only  by  a  legalized  suspension.  If  such  an  event  should  occur,  prices  of 
property  would  at  once  advance  about  the  difference  in  the  market  value  of  the 
paper  currency  and  specie,  but  no  consequent  disaster  need  happen  to  us.  There 
b  another  question  of  far  more  importance  to  this  country,  and  that  is,  how  fiur 
Europe  may  be  willing  to  take  our  cotton.  More  than  half  our  exports  are  made 
np  of  the  trade  in  this  staple,  and  we  may  therefore  well  inquire  whether  the 
prolongation  of  the  war  will  diminish  its  consumption.  We  do  not  believe  that 
it  will  to  the  extent  which  many  predict.  The  war,  so  long  as  it  does  not  de- 
vastate whole  provinces,  is  not  as  disastrous  in  its  effects  upon  Commerce  as 
the  conflicts  which  swept  over  the  face  of  Europe  during  the  earlier  part  of  the 
century.  The  falling  off  in  consumption  will  be  greatest  in  fine  goods,  which 
use  but  a  small  portion  of  raw  material.  Still  the  trade  mu.>t  be  greatly  inter- 
rupted, and  peace  is  every  way  much  to  be  desired.  We  do  not  believe  that 
evil  can  come  upon  any  portion  of  the  world  without  being  felt,  sooner  or  later, 
in  all  the  rest,  and  that  any  suffering  member  must  in  the  end  communicate  its 
infirmity  to  the  whole  body. 

The  chief  anxiety  \n  regard  to  our  connection  with  European  troubles  is  prob- 
ably based  upon  our  supposed  need  of  a  large  amount  of  foreign  capital.  Many 
are  apprehensive  that  the  scarcity  of  money  abroad,  and  especially  the  suspension 
of  specie  payments,  would  return  upon  us  an  inconvenient  supply  of  our  stocks ; 
while  others  fear  that  borrowers  will  not  be  able  to  obtain  the  coveted  supply 
of  foreign  capital  to  finish  our  projected  railroads.  The  stocks,  of  course,  can- 
not be  sent  out  to  us  faster  than  we  may  be  willing  to  purchase  them;  and  in 
regard  to  the  capital,  the  refusal  to  contribute  it  for  the  construction  of  our 
works  of  internal  improvement,  may  be  a  blessing  in  disguise.  Too  much 
energy  has  been  expended  in  that  direction  during  the  past  two  or  three  years, 
and  especially  in  the  building  of  parallel  roads,  and  a  little  relaxation  in  this 
respect  may  be  quite  as  profitable  as  further  progress.  It  would  be  desirable* 
perhaps,  to  finish  such  roads  as  are  partly  constructed,  and  would  be  otherwise 
useless;  but  this  cannot  be  done  without  encouraging  new  enterprises — and 
as  there  must  be  a  stop  somewhere,  the  present  point  may  be  the  best  prac- 
ticable. 

The  finished  railroads  are  mostly  doing  a  large  business,  and  great  expeets- 
tions  are  formed  in  regard  to  the  trade  of  the  coming  winter. 

VOL.   ZXXUJ. KO.   V,  88 


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594  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 

The  demand  for  capital  has  been  steadily  increasing,  and  rates  of  interest  have 
advanced.  Money  is  wanted  everywhere  to  move  the  crops,  and  to  furnish  the 
*'  sinews  "  for  all  the  increased  traffic  of  the  coantry,  and  there  is  more  activity 
throughout  all  of  our  borders.  The  supplies  from  California  have  not  been 
quite  as  large  as  during  the  same  period  of  last  year;  but  this  is  owing  to  two 
causes — the  use  now  made  of  capital  there,  and  the  direct  shipments  thence  to 
England.  Foreign  exchange  has  steadily  declined  since  our  last,  and  first-claaii 
bills  are  now  selling  below  the  specie  point. 

W(i  have  heretofore  alluded  to  the  efforts  making  to  connect  the  Atlantic  with 
the  Pacific  by  a  ship  canal  at  or  near  the  Isthmus  of  Darien.  A  survey  has  been 
made  under  the  direction  of  F.  M.  Kelley,  Esq.,  of  New  York,  and  a  route  quite 
practicable,  it  is  said,  has  been  discovered.  This  route  enters  the  mouth  of  the 
Atrato  River,  furnishing  a  ship  navigation  to  the  junction  of  the  Truando,  then 
deepening  that  branch  a  short  distance,  it  finally  leaves  it,  and  makes  a  straight 
cut  to  the  Pacific.  The  Secretary  of  the  Navy  has  consented  to  confirm  the 
private  survey  by  an  examination  under  proper  government  officers,  and  if  this 
is  done,  and  the  route  be  as  it  is  represented,  the  discovery  is  one  of  the  great- 
est of  modern  times.  It  is  designed  to  be  open  from  ocean  to  ocean  without  a 
lock,  and  to  be  navigable  for  tlie  largest  ships.  We  hope  that  no  time  will  be 
lost  in  determining  the  value  of  this  discovery,  and  in  this  we  are  sure  that  we 
speak  the  sentiments  of  the  whole  of  our  people  who  have  any  interest  io  our 
oommercial  prosperity. 

The  revenue  of  the  country  durmg  the  last  quarter  of  the  year  shows  fiir  less 
decline  than  for  either  of  the  previous  two  quarters,  and  has  rapidly  increased 
since  the  1st  of  October.  The  following  will  show  the  comparative  total  at 
seven  of  the  principal  collection  districts  for  the  three  months  ending  Septem- 
ber 30th:— 

18S5.  im. 

New  York $10,667,000  118.707,000 

Boston 2.149,000  2,802,000 

Philadelphia 1,086,000  1,874,000 

Baltimore 264,000  825,000 

Charleston 118,000  99,000 

New  Orleans 261,000  646.000 

SuLouis 80,000  260,000 

ToUl 114,600,000  118,672,000 

The  bank  changes  have  been  more  important  than  usual  The  loans  and  dis- 
•counts  and  deposits  have  generally  run  down,  while  the  specie  has  also  been  de> 
creased.  The  lowest  point  of  specie  in  New  York  was  about  Uie  Ist  of  Octo- 
ber, when  the  total  was  less  than  for  any  previous  week  since  the  1st  of  Novem- 
ber of  last  year.  We  annex  a  statement  of  the  weekly  averages  since  the  opening 
^f  the  year: — 

WKKKLT  AVKBAQXS  KIW  TOEK  CITT  BANKS. 
Loans  and 

Date.                OkpitaL             Dtocoonta.  Specie.  arculation.  Depoiila. 

Jan.    6,  1866  $48,000,000      $82,244,706  $18,696,968  $7,049,982  $64,982,168 

Jan.  18 48,000,000        88,976,081  16,488,626  6,686,461  67^08,398 

Jan.  20 '    48,000,000         86,447.998  16,872,127  6,681.866  69,647.<18 

Jan.  27 48,000,000         86,664.657  16,697,260  6,789,828  20,136.618 

Pebi    8 48,000,000        88,146,697  17,4b9,196  7.000,766  72,923.817 

Feb.  10 48.000,000         89,862,170  17,124,891  6,969,111  78,794,142 

Feb.  17 48,000,000        90,860,081  17,889,086  6,941,606  76.l98.eM 


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695 


Lotus 

Dtte.               CairfteL           ind  dtoeonnts.           Spede.  Clreulation.  Deposltii 

FeK  24 48,000,000        91,690.604        16,870,876  6,968,662  74,644,721 

March   8....     48,000,000        92,886,126         16,581,279  7,106,710  76,968,844 

HtfchlO...     48,000,000        92,881,789         16,870,669  7,181,998  76,269,484 

Mardil7...     48,000,000        92,447,846        16,988,982  7,061,018  76,624,227 

March  24  . . .     48,000,000        98,060,778         16,602,729  7,462,281  76,289,928 

March  81...     47,688,416        98,634,041         16,018,106  7,887,638  76,600,186 

April    7..       47,866,666        94,499,394        14,968,004  7.771,684  77,818,908 

April  14...     47,866,666        94,140,899         14,890,979  7,628,628  77,282,242 

April  21...     47,866,666         98,682,893         14,866,041  7,610,124  76,744,921 

April  28....     47,866,666        92,606,961         14,282,424  7,610,986  76,219,961 

May    6 47,866,666        98,098,248         14,826,060  8,087,609  78,214,169 

May  12 47.866,665        91,642,498         14,685.626  7,804,977  76,860.692 

May  19....    47,866,666        91,676,600        16,226,066  7,688,680  77,361,218 

May  26 48,684,780        91,160,518         16,814,682  7,489,687  76,766,740 

Jooe    2.....     48,684,780        91,197,663         16,897,674  7,666,609  76,848,286 

JoDO    9 48,684,780        92,109.097         16,006,166  7,602,668  77,128,789 

June  16 48,688.380        98,100,886         14,978,668  7,462,161  77,894,464 

Juo6  23 48,688,880        94.029,426         14,706,629  7,886,668  79,118,186 

June  30 48,683,880        96,578,212        16,641,970  7,894,964  81,908,966 

July    7 48,688,880        97,862,491         16,881,098  7,748,069  86,647,249 

JalyU 48,838,380         98,621,002         16,676,506  7,616,724  86,664,186 

July  21 48,888,380         99,029,147         16,918,999  7,407,086  82,079,690 

July  28 48,888,880        99,088,799         16,920,976  7,409,498  81,626.788 

Aug.    4. 48,833,880      100,118,669         16,298,368  7,642,908  88,279,990 

Aug.  11 48,888,880       100,774,209         15,280,669  7,714,401  88.141,320 

Aug.  18 48.833,380       101,164,060         14.649,246  7,610,106  81,948,671 

Aug.  26 48,888,880       100,604,604         13,826,378  7,682,096  81,278,668 

Sept    1....     48,888,880       100,436,970         12,852,828  7,620,178  81,057,210 

Sept    8 48,888,880       100,278,''88        12,006,626  7,861,148  80,442,478 

Sept  16....     48.888,380        99,897.009         12,218,240  7,721,826  80,610,806 

Sept  22....     48,888,880        98,581,734         11.655,891  7,716,492  80,106.147 

Sept  29 48,888,880        97,885,226          9,919,124  7,724,970  76,818,109 

Oct      6....     48,838,880        96,516,021         11,110,687  7,868,217  77,682,626 

Oct    18....     48,888,380        96,069,420        11,138,878  7»840,114  76,616,807 

We  also  annex  a  comparative  statement  of  the  weekly  averages  of  the  Boa- 
ton  banks : — 

WKEKLT  AVSaAGKS  AT  BOSTOIC. 

September  34.       Oetober  1.  OetoberS.  October  19. 

Capital f82,710,000    $32,710,000  $82,710,000  $82,710,000 

Loaos  and  discounts- 63,995,878      58.944,814  64,167,189  64,848,166 

Specie 8,405,266        8,418,268  8.198.404  2,681,886 

Due  from  Other  baoks 8.072,146        7,792,894  9,402.977  8,172,887 

Due  to  other  banks '  6,296.147        6.956.104  6.606,898  6,096,890 

Deposits 16,279.741       16,814.107  16,167,440  16,646,264 

OircuUlion 7,67 1,928        7,703,167  8,668,477  8,890,809 

Owing  to  a  change  in  the  date  of  sailing,  the  California  steamers  did  not  ar« 

rive  in  time  to  have  their  manifests  included  in  the  September  statements,  so 
that  the  receipts  at  the  New  York  Assay  Office  were  smaller  than  usual : — 

MEPOSRS  AT  THB  A8BAT  OPriOK,  NKW  70BK,  FOK  TBI  XORTH  OT  BBFTKMBBa. 

Gold.  Stiver.  TotaL 

ForeigD  coins. $8,000  00  $8.697  76  $16,697  76 

Foreign  bullion 21,000  00  900  00  21,900  00 

Domestic  bullion 1,328,890  50  11,139  34  1,840.029  84 

Total  deposits $1,867,890  60        $20,687  09      $1,878,627  69 


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096  Oommereiai  C^kfmUek  imd  ^emew. 

Total  depoeita  payable  m  ban. $l,SS9/m  M 

Total  depoftits  payable  in  ooim 804^8  IS 

Gold  ban  stamped M07,87»  M 

Of  the  deposits  of  gold,  $36,000  were  in  California  mint  bars ;  and  of  the  de- 
posits of  silver,  $1,212  64  were  in  Lake  Superior  silver.  The  Assay  CXEoe  in 
New  York  first  commenced  operations  October  10, 1854,  and  the  year's  receipts 
to  October  9, 1865,  were  $27,952,778  24  in  gold,  and  $278,403  63  in  savar^ 
making  the  total  for  the  year  $28,281,181  87.  The  PhikdelphSa  mint  has  been 
elosed  for  repairs  daring  the  last  two  months.  The  following  is  a  statemeat  of 
the  New  Orleans  mint  for  September :» 

OKPOeiTB  AND  OOUUfil  AT  TBI  *9W  OBLEAITS  BaAMOH  MINT  UOMUtQ  SBFZniBlft. 

OOLD. 

Oalifomiagold |»99  68 

Gold  from  other  souroes 564  08 

Total  gold  depodU \ •1,5a  10 

SILVBB. 

SOver  extracted  from  gold 11  46 

Tbtal  gold  and  silver  depoaiti tl«576  U 

WMJ>  OOm AOI. 

5,609  Eagles 1 50,060  90 

SILVKB  OOIVAfll. 

M0,000  Half  dollars ; 470,006  90 

Total  coinage $520,060  60 

The  impoits  at  New  York  from  foreign  ports  for  the  month  of  September 
show  an  increase  of  $1,300,000  in  doliable  goods  entered  for  coDsnmption,  but 
a  falling  off  in  goods  warehoused,  and  a  decline  also  in  free  goods  and  speck, 
which  leaves  the  total  imports  for  the  month  $245,163  less  than  for  the  eone- 
sponding  month  of  last  year,  $3,270,979  less  than  for  September,  1853,  and 
$1,401,506  leee  than  for  September,  1852,a8  wHl  be  seen  in  the  following  sui- 
mary: — 

voauGir  ivvoats  at  nsw  tork  for  samEMBn. 

im.       im.       1854.       iSfii 

Entered  for  eonsumption $11,095,827  $14,791,080  $10,582,731  $11,866,617 

fintered  for  warehoiutng 623,260      1,577,858      2,755,608      1,666317 

Free  goods 884,848         628,290         769,195         489,lf6 

Specie  and  bnlltoQ 66,789         296,026         159,869         107,265 

ToUl  entered  at  the  port $12,620,219  $17,292,704  $14,266,888  $14,021,725 

Withdrawn  ftom  warshoQse 1,254,858      1,709,052      8,181,816      2,811,841 

The  total  of  datiaUe  goods  thrown  upon  tbe  market  shows  an  faiepease,  net- 
withstanding  the  fidling  off  in  tiie  amount  withdrawn  from  warehonse.  The 
imports  at  New  York  since  January  1st  are  $37,608,246  less  than  for  the  •om- 
•ponding  nine  months  of  last  year,  $40,617,008  less  than  for  the  same  period  of 
1863,  and  $12,617,709  less  than  for  the  same  time  in  1862.  The  decline  ex- 
te  ds  to  all  the  items  of  direct  importe  in  the  summary,  but  the  vithdravafti 


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from  warehouse  for  consumption  unee  Janoarj  1st  show  an  increase.    We  an- 
nex a  coinparaii?e  statement:— 

Foanoir  nrpoaTS  at  hkw  toek  roa  bins  moiiths  fsox  januaet  Isr. 

I8<!.  18M.  18Si        186S. 

&t«red  for  eoBsamptioo $88,805,277  125,188,189  112,768,884  184,665,066 

Entered  for  ▼arehooaing 6,589,890    17,891,246  24.569,718    19,187,452 

Free  goods 10,169,670     10,964,816  18,118,058     10,252,994 

Specie  and  bollioB 2,151,954      1,907,257  1,941,141         678,999 

Total  entered  at  the  port  .. .  102,166,791  155,401,508  152,892,746  114,784,500 
Withdrawn  from  warehouse.     12,206,926    11,682,018    17,587,217    19.471,459 

The  decline,  as  shown  above,  was  comparatively  greatest  daring  the  second 
quarter  of  the  year,  that  is,  ftom  April  to  June.  This  will  be  seen  in  the  an- 
nexed quarterly  statement  of  the  total  imports  since  January  1st: — 

QUAETXaLT  STATEMENT  OP  FOEEZOIT  IXPOEtS. 

ISa  1861.  18M.  185i. 

First  quarter $82,849,576      $50,886,718      $47,260,478      $85,200,866 

Second  quarter 28,446,05 1         47,499,805        47,552,902        82,747,068 

Third  quarter. .,...        40,871,164        57,564,985        57,579,871        46,887,071 

JaD.ltoSepi80..     $102,166,791    $155,401,508    $152,892,746    $114,784,500 

Notwithstanding  the  slight  increase  on  the  total  of  imports,  the  receipts  of 
dry  goods  at  the  port  of  New  York  for  the  month  of  September  show  an  in- 
crease of  $1,390,510  over  the  corresponding  period  of  last  year,  but  are 
92,488,790  less  than  for  September,  1853,  and  $1,133,996  more  than  for  Sep- 
tember, 1852,  as  will  appear  from  the  following  comparbon : — 

tXrOETS  OF  FOEBION  DRY  GOODS  AT  ITEW  TOES  DT  SBPTEMBBE. 
XMTEEBD  roa  OOMSUMPTION. 

im.      1851.       18M.      im. 

Kanu&ctnres  of  wool $2,085,897  $8,200,641  $1,872,654  $2,607,170 

Manufactures  of  cotton 950,820  1,199.298  558,577     1,042,848 

Manufactures  of  silk 2,070,823  8,864,625  2,095,460    2,880,508 

Manufactures  of  flax 742,596  767,925  520,167       758,019 

MiBcelianeous  dry  goods 446,681  585,585  601,476       648,478 

Total  entered  ibr  consumption  .  $6,296,817    $9,618,024    $5,148,884  $7,482,018 

WITBDEAWM  FEOM  WAEEHOUSB. 

isa        i8fit.      i8fi4.      im. 

Manufactures  of  wool $166,667  $287,924  $848,882  $267,576 

Manufactures  of  cotton 69,448  94,480  285,060  82,928 

Manufactures  of  silk 97,148  58,968  420,880  190,683 

Manufactures  of  flax 56,955  48,844  86,01 2  9 1 ,788 

MiMsellaneous  dry  goods 85,601  28,491  86,526  96,488 

Total $425,819       $508,707    $1,677,810     $729,406 

Add  entered  Ibr  consumpUon 6,296,817      9,618,024      5,148,884    7,482,018 

Vslal  thrown  CD  the  mariiet...  $6,722,126  $10,181,711    $6,820,644  $8,161,417 

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BMTUBD  rOE  WAmXHOOBQia. 

18Si.  18M.  18S4.       '    18tf. 

Kaonfkcturefl  of  wool f  96,804  f  277,410  $409,040  $91,479 

Manafkcturet  of  cotton 69,697  166J&76  174,086  109,258 

MaoQ&ctares  of  silk 88,160  120,857  429,679  76,010 

Manofiictiiresofflax 66,782  60,068  144,649  46,671 

Miscellaneoafl  dry  goods 61,718  89,186  102.266  87,884 

Total $863,001       $664,080    $1,269,470     $861,808 

Add  entered  for  consamption 6,296,81 7      9,618,024      6,148,884    7,482,012 

Total  entered  at  the  port $6,669,818  $10,282,104    $6,402,804  $7,798,814 

The  imports  of  foreign  dry  goods  at  New  York  for  nine  months  from  Janu- 
ary Ist  are  $22,480,890  less  than  for  the  same  time  last  year,  $26,610,114  leas 
than  for  the  same  period  of  1853,  but  are  91,286,462  more  than  for  the  same 
period  of  1862.    We  annex  a  comparison  for  the  periods  named: — 

IMPORTS  or  rOESON  DET   GOODS  AT  TBI  FORT  OP  NEW   TOEK  FOE  HIVB  MOHTHa,  PEOM 

JANUAEY   1st. 

XIITKEED  FOE  CONSUMPTION. 

18a     18il.    18$4.    I8S6. 

Manufactures  of  wool $12,079,080  $21,719,622  $16,680,785  $13.024448 

Manufactures  of  cotton- 7,906,679     12,217,060     12,802,288       6.614,180 

Manufactures  of  silk 17,020,266     27,626,127     22,766.800     17,212,822 

Manufectures  of  flax. 4,781,272      6,899,134      6,679.171       4.175,679 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods. 8,476,820      4,468.058      4,686.272      4.077,029 

Total $46,268,107  $72,818,996  $61,966,266  $46,008,844 

WinrDEAWN  FEOM  WAEIHOUSB. 

im.  mi.  18S4.  I8ii. 

Manufactures  of  wool $1,467,808  $1,798,181  $8,642,617  $2.S12,88t 

Manufactures  of  cotton 1,291,008  882.089  2,889,186  1,984.660 

Manufactures  of  sUk 1,638,467  1,168,611  2,618,984  2^8,660 

Manufactures  of  flax 714,607  208,167  725,998  1,068,168 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods. 296,662  281.788  881,662  708,199 

Total  withdrawn $6,407,982    $4,888,721    $9,608,843    $8,317,819 

Add  entered  for  consumption  . . .     46,268,107    72,818,996    61,966,266    46,008,844 

Total  thrown  upon  the  market.  $60,671,039  $76,662,717  $71,668,608  $68,820,668 

BNTXEXD  FOE  WAEXHOUSINO. 

ISSi         18$].  18i4.         ISti 

Manufactures  of  wool $1,098,877  $2,202,029  $4,406,086  $1,449,109 

Manufactures  of  cotton 746,479  1,160.194  2,863648  1,261^10 

Manu&cturesofsilk 1,812,847  1,886,678  8,246.962  ^,746.288 

Manufactures  of  flax 800,384  298,679  896.884  771,897  . 

MiscelUneous  dry  goods 312,799  814,688  482,199  697,656 

Total $4,270,886    $6,811,118  $11,886,619    $6,816,611 

Add  entered  for  consumption. . . .     46,268,107    72,818,996    61,966,266    45,008,844 

Total  entered  at  the  port  ...  $49,688,498  $77,680,109  $78,800,886  $60,819,961 

The  exports  from  New  York  to  foreign  ports  for  the  month  of  September 
(exclusive  of  specie)  are  9 1,287,275  greater  than  for  September  last  year,  only 
$564,304  lets  than  for  September,  1853,  and  $1,069^01  greater  than  1^  Sep- 


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Cimiinereial  CkronicU  and  Review.  599 

tember,  1852.    This  increase,  as  compared  with  last  year,  has  been  wholly  in 
domestic  produce,  as  will  appear  from  the  following  summary : — 

KZPOBTS  raOM  NIW  YORK  TO  FOBXION  F0BT8  VOB  TBI  MONTH  OF  SKPTKMBVK. 

18SI.  18it.         18M.  I8SS. 

Domestic  produce •,..  $8,289,429  16,679,088  |8,7'72.124  |6,228,6ST 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 128,184  68,470  97.889  17,809 

Foreign  merchandbe (dutiable)...  817.888  526,668  447,664  368,896 

Specie 2,122.495  1,244,191  6v647,104  1,881,684 

Total  exports $6,867,996    $7,418,407  $10,864,781    $7,486,686 

Total,  exclusiye  of  ^)ecie 8,786,601      6,169,216      4,817,627      6,604,902 

The  exports  of  specie,  it  will  be  seen  are  very  fkr  behind  the  total  for  Sep- 
tember of  last  year.  The  exports  since  January  1st  (exclusive  of  specie)  are 
only  Sl«094,278  less  than  for  the  corresponding  nine  months  ef  last  year,  and 
are  (3,270,979  greater  than  for  the  same  period  of  1853,  and  $12,295,197 
greater  than  for  the  same  time  of  1852  :-«• 

BXroaTS  FEOM  MSW  TOBX  TO   FORXION  PORTS  FOR  MIMX  MONTHS  FROM  MMITART  fST. 

i8$s.       m\.       \m.       mk 

Domestic  produce. $80,741,612  $40,424,718  $48,226,844  $89,808,999 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 7 16,626       1,168,996       1,816,29»      8.467.966 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable)..  8,284,178      8.S92.669      8,699,648       8,781,244 

Specie 20.668,886     16,007,768     80,208,748     24,489,196 

Total  exports $66,896,247  $69,979,08*1,  $78,846,629  $71,486,704 

Total,  exclusive  of  specie 84.762,411    44,971,278    48,141,786    47.047,608 

There  has  been  a  large  increase  during  the  year  in  the  exports  of  free  goodt^ 
a  very  considerable  portion  of  which  consists  of  guano.  The  shipments  of  do- 
mestic produce  show  a  comparative  decline  since  January  1st,  notwithstanding 
the  increase  during  the  last  month.  We  annex  a  quarterly  statement  of  this 
description  of  exports  to  show  the  course  of  this  trade  :— 

QCARTKRLT  STATXMKMT  OF  XXPORTS  OF  DOMESTIC  PRODUOR. 

185!.  1853.  1854.  I«5S. 

First  quarter $10,085,484  $11,020,686  $16,267,987  $12,968,884 

Seeond  quarter 12,060.887     14,401,664     M,929^,60S     18,378.640 

Third  quarter 8.695.791     16.002.428     12.028,404     18,470,876 

Total  since  January  Ist $80,741,612  $40,424,718  $43,226,844  $39,808,299 

The  cash  duties  received  for  the  month  at  New  York  are  883,887  01  greater 
than  for  September  of  last  year,  the  dutiable  imports  taken  for  consumption  be- 
ing larger,  as  already  shown..  The  total  receipts  since  January  1st  are 
$6,536,365  50  less  than  for  the  corresponding  nine  months  of  last  year,  and 
$8,878,971  33  less  than  for  the  same  time  of  1853,  but  $1,369,960  40  more 
than  for  the  same  time  of  1852 : — 

OASH  DUTIRS  RXORTPRD'  AT  MRW  YORK. 

18a  18SI.  18S4.  !8iS. 

Id  September $8,166,107  29    $4,226,840  18    $8.4S9.49«  49    $8,528,879  5» 

Previous  8  months..     21,876,896  62     80,654.094  46     28.998,886  82     22,878,088  81 

Total  since  Jaa  let.  $^4,581,602  91  $84,780,484  64  $82,487,828  81  $26,901,468  81 


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Commercial  Chrmide  and  Review. 


The  imports  in  September  have  not  been  as  large  in  general  merchandise  as 
was  expected,  bnt  the  exports  have  increased  more  than  was  anticipated.  The 
exports  for  the  next  two  months  promise  to  be  very  large,  almost  all  the  avail- 
able freight^room  in  regular  lines  of  ships  being  already  engaged  for  the  re- 
mainder of  the  year: —  • 

BXPOBTS   or   CBETAIH   AKTIOUES  OF   DOMlSnO   PRODUCK    FEOX  NXW   TORK   TO    roaiI«Jf 
POSTS  FROM  JANUARY   IST  TO  OOTOBKR   16TH: — 

1854.       18iS. 

Naval  stores.... bbls.  620,603  545,58S 

Oils— whale galls.  190,278  242,271 

sperm 416,465  612,129 

lard 24,996  91,406 

linseed 6,941  9,790 

ProviaioHB — 

Pork bbls .       82,952     1 88,1 28 

Beet 49,406      66,888 

Oat  meats, lbs. .  ..16,969,643  16,224,276 

Butter 1,814.141     781.687 

Cheese 2,196,696  4,871,894 

Lard 11,799,644  6,876,416 

Rice trcs       19.838       14.446 

Tallow lbs.  4,674.8V4  1,168,240 

Tobacco,  crude . .  pkgs  29,1 87  26,281 
Do^  manufactured.lb8. 2,891,769  4,169,807 
Whalebone 1,206,012  1,670,028 


Ashes — pots  • . .  .bbls. 

pearls 

Beeswax lbs. 

Breadttuff^— 

Wheat  flour .  .bbls. 

Rye  flour  ........ 

Oommeal 

Wheat bush. 

Rye 

Oats  

Oom 

Oandks— mold..boxes 

sperm 

Goal tons 

Cotton ..bales 

Hay 

Hops 


1854. 

18$S. 

7.769 

11,268 

1,266 

1,988 

201,812 

144.187 

760,216 

468,996 

10.887 

17,222 

69,181 

62,826 

1,666,610 

741,956 

816,168 

66.144 

89,264 

12,211 

2,882,428  8,828,798 

42,809 

48,687 

7,819 

9,491 

18,846 

10,668 

262,677 

228,126 

8,216 

4,644 

2,112 

8,626 

The  above  shows,  in  comparison  with  our  previous  statements,  that  the  exports 
of  breadstuffs  are  gaining  upon  the  total  of  last  year,  although  in  the  aggregate 
they  are  still  smaller.  The  clearances  of  Indian  Corn  have  largely  increased, 
and  the  exports  of  wheat,  flour,  and  rye,  are  now  large  and  rapidly  increasing. 
The  question  of  breadstuffs  for  Europe  is  not  yet  definitely  settled,  bnt  it  is  now 
known  that  the  demand  firom  this  side,  although  large  enough  to  afford  us  an 
active  trade,  will  not  reach  the  quantity  exp^ted.  There  is  every  prospect  that 
the  supply  of  English  grain  will  be  in  excess  of  the  limit  at  first  assigned  to  it, 
while  the  exports  hence  to  Germany  must  all  be  over  before  the  cold  weather 
shuts  up  her  inland  commnnications.  France  must  be  fed,  but  at  the  lowest 
price  at  which  we  can  afibrd  to  sell  our  flour  this  season,  the  consumption  thefe 
most  be  largely  diminished.  Orders  were  sent  out  here  early,  either  in  behalf 
of  the  government,  or  at  least  by  the  sanction  of  the  imperial  authority,  in  order 
that  speculation  at  home  might  be  prevented,  and  the  supply  be  sufficient  to 
bring  prices  within  a  desirable  compass.  England  must  need  a  large  quantity 
of  our  surplus,  but  even  she  will  not  take  it  at  famine  prices. 

The  recent  movement  of  the  Bank  of  France  to  obtain  a  supply  of  gold  ban 
been  the  subject  of  much  comment  on  both  sides  of  the  channel.  It  appears 
that  the  Bank,  in  order  to  comply  with  the  wishes  of  the  Emperor,  instead  of 
raising  the  rate  of  interest  to  retain  its  bullion,  resolved  to  purchase  a  supply  of 
the  precious  metal,  and  for  this  purpose  made  a  contract  with  M.  St  Paul  and 
others  to  furnish  a  sum  equal  to  Q20,000,000.  The  plan  adopted  waa,  the  pur* 
chase  in  Paris,  Prussia,  and  all  the  different  trading  ports  of  the  ooatinent,  th» 
bills  and  floating  claims  upon  London,  paying  for  the  same  in  bills  on  Paris,  or 
in  bank-notes.    These  claims  and  sterling  bills  were  forwarded  to  London 


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Chmmereiai  Statiitics, 


601 


the  cash  realized  for  them,  and  tiie  specie  sent  to  Paris.  The  negotiation  was 
seeret,  and  all  Europe  was  astonished  at  the  drain  of  gold  from  London,  in  the 
(ae6  of  adverse  exchange.  At  first  this  was  charged  to  the  movements  of  the 
Turkish  loan,  and  then  to  the  gold  sent  to  Vienna  to  purchase  grain,  and  still 
again  many  averred,  that  England  was  carrying  on  a  losing  and  one-sided  trade 
with  the  eontinent  At  last  the  secret  was  out,  and  the  whole  mystery  explain- 
ed. The  banks  of  both  England  and  France,  have  now  raised  their  rate  of  inter- 
est, the  former  to  5i  and  the  latter  to  5  per  cent 


COMMERCIAL  STATISTICS. 


TRADB  AND  COUAIERCB  OF  NEW  ORLEANS  IN  1854-55. 

We  have  for  several  years  embodied  in  the  pages  of  the  MerehanU  Magazine  the 
annual  statement  and  remarks  of  the  New  Orleans  Price  Current  on  the  trade  and 
Oomuerce  of  that  port,  but  press  of  other  matter  compels  us  to  omit  the  full  details, 
and  give  in  a  condensed  form  only  such  statements  as  are  of  general  interest  to  ow 
readers  at  home  and  abroad. 

We  commence  with  a  table  showing  the  receipts  of  the  principal  articles  imported 
iato  New  Orleans  from  the  interior  during  the  year  ending  on  the  8Itt  of  August,  1855. 
This  table,  it  will  be  seen,  shows  the  quantities,  average  value,  and  total  value  of  the 
products  received  from  the  interior : — 

PKODUOI  IMPOETED  INTO  MEW  ORLEANS  IN  1864-56. 

Articles.  Amount.  Average.  Value. 

Apples bbls.  82.628  $2  26  $78,171 

Baooo,  assorted hhds.  &  casks  40,787  70  00  2,866,090 

Bacon,  assorted boxes  8,492  28  00  80,816 

BacoQ hams hbds.^  Ires.  81,871  66  00  S,0S9J  15 

Bacon,  in  bulk lbs.  282,920  8  18.688 

Bagging..; pieces  40,678  16  00  608.670 

Balerope coils  96,886  7  00  667,862 

Beans bbla.  4.690  6  60  26.795 

BuUer kegs  A  firkins  88.874  7  00  287.118 

Hotter bbls.  1,017  80  00  80.610 

Beeswax. 141  60  00  7,060 

Beef 81,899  18  00  414.687 

Beef tres.  9,679  20  00  193,680 

Beef,dried ...lbs.  23.860  9  2.147 

Cotton bales  1,284,768  40  00  61,390,720 

Commeal bbls.  226  4  60  1,018 

Com,inear 10,701  140  14.981 

Corn,  sheUed sacks  1,110.446  d  16  2,887,45^ 

Cheese boxes  46,246  4  60  208,603 

Oandlea 66,888  8  00  461,064 

Cider bbls.  14  8  00  42 

Ooal,westem. 1,018,000  65  669,900 

Dried  apples  and  peaches 1,262  6  00  7.612 

Feathers bags  l/)78  28  00  80,184 

naxseed trcs.  281  12  00  837S 

W\onr. bbls.  678,111  8  25  6,663,166 

Fars hhds., bundles  dlr  boxes  802  ....  800,000 

Glassware packages  16,884  4  00  66,586 

Hemp. bides  81,885  80  00  940^050 

fiides ^ 84,298  2  25  189,670 

Hay bales  78,271  5  00  866,870 

Irod.pjg tons  17  85  00  5M 

Lard. .bbU<ktrcs.  144,086  25  00  8,6€0,9U« 

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602 


Commercial  StaUstia. 


ArUclet. 

Lard kegs 

Leather baodlea 

Lime,  western bbls. 

Lead pigs 

Lead,  bar kegs  A  boxes 

Lead,  white kegs 

Molasses,  estimated  crop gallons 

O&ts bbls.  A  sacks 

OnioDs bbls. 

Oil,  lioBeed 

Oil,  castor. 

Oil,  lard 

Potatoes 

Pork ires.  A  bbls. 

Pork boxes 

Pork hhds. 

Pork,  in  bul  k lbs. 

Porter  and  ale bWs. 

Packbgyam reels 

Ram bbls. 

Skins,  deer packs 

8kios,  bear. 

Shot kegs 

Soap boxes 

Staves M, 

Sugar,  estimated  crop bHds. 

Spanish  moss. bales 

Tallow bbls. 

Tobacco,  lea£ hhds. 

Tobacco,  strips 

Tobacco,  stems 

Tobacco,  chewing. kegs  A  braces 

Twine bandies  A  boxes 

Vinegar bbls. 

Whisky 

Wheat bbl8.Ai 

Other  various  articles,  estimated  at  . 


AOUNUlt. 

98,826 

5,808 

19,288 

70,614 

801 

269 

28,000,000 

489,978 

11,666 

848 

2,617 

18,882 

70,589 

276  898 

7,458 

8,067 

6,268,650 

1,217 

1,728 

1,850 

498 

16 

8,435 

7,788 

4,000 

846,685 

4,729 

711 

42,691 

8,109 

2,548 

4,158 

8,249 

1,026 

108,864 

81,)!88 


Average. 

$5  00 

80  00 

1  10 

5  00 
18  76 

4  00 

1  25 
8  50 

40  00 
45  00 

85  00 

2  50 
16  00 

86  00 
65  00 

6 
10  00 
12  50 
18  00 
80  00 

15  00 
24  00 

8  50 
47  CO 
62  00 

16  00 
80  00 

180  00 

180  00 

40  00 

26  00 

10  50 

6  00 
12  00 

2  80 


Valve. 

1491,680 

159,060 

21,156 

852,570 

5,644 

l,07e 

4,255,000 

549,972 

40,827 

18.920 

117,766 

466,620 

176,848 

4,145.895 

268,488 

199,866 

875.819 

12,170 

21.587 

88,800 

14,790 

225 

82,440 

27,240 

188.000 

18,025.020 

70,9U 

21,880 

5.649,880 

1,459,620 

101,920 

108,825 

84,115 

6,156 

1,806.248 

87,606 

5.000,000 


Total  value $117,106,828 

Total  in  1858-54 116.886,798 

Total  in  1 852-58 184.288,785 

Total  in  1851-62 108,051,708 

TALUS  or  VRODVOE  RXOKIVBD  AT  inCW  0RLIAN8  FOE  THBSB  TEARS  AND  TOTAL  TALUS  VOft 

TWELVE  YEAE8. 

The  following  comparison  of  the  value  of  the  principal  products  of  the  interior  re- 
ceived at  the  port  of  New  Orleans  from  81st  August  to  1st  September,  is  compiled 
from  a  series  of  tables  yearly  prepared  for  the  Friee  OurrenL  It  will  be  found  to 
exhibit  some  interesting  ficts  in  regard  to  Commerce  with  the  South  and  West^— 


1844-55. 

Oottoo. $51,890,720 

Sugar 18,025,020 

Tobacco 7,215,195 

Flour. 6.668,166 

Pork 4,989,657 

Lard 4,092,580 

Lead 859,290 

Molasses 4,266,000 

Bacon 4,998,154 

Com 2.402,440 

Whisky 1,806,248 

Wheat 87,606 


18SM4. 

$64,749,602 
15,726,840 
4,848,525 
6,119,792 
4,072,104 
8,690,706 

879,966 
8,720,000 
8,886,150 
2.668,968 
1,289,250 

554,829 


$68,t59,424 

15,452,686 

7,988,650 

S,689,024 

5,516,875 

8,952,514 

845,071 

5,140,000 

6,440,881 

1,605,756 

1,108,190 

82,766 


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Oommemal  8tati$iie$. 


608 


H«iiip  ... 
Bale  rope 
Batter... 

HftT 


nay., 
Hidefl 


Goal 

Potatoes 

Stares. 

Tkllow 

Feathers. 

Oats 

Ooro-meal 

Other  articles.. 


$608,670 

610,414 

940,060 

667,858 

267,628 

866.870 

189,670 

669,900 

176,848 

188,000 

21,880 

80,184 

649,972 

1,018 

7,260,001 


18SI-^. 

$688,682 

696,094 

699,760 

818,192 

891,668 

290,666 

268,100 

600,000 

412.546 

92,600 

11,180 

68,860 

686,461 

1,420 

8,796,687 


ISfiMt. 

$888,872 

1,192,182 

800,016 

972,424 

827,816 

626,000 

202,920 

850,000 

408,664 

240,000 

81,682 

81,680 

446,966 

6,864 

8,888,999 


Total $117,106,828  $115,886,798  $184,288,786 


1861-62. 
1860-61. 
1849-60. 
1848-49. 


$108,051,708 

106,924,088 

96,897.878 

81,989,692 


$60,094,716 
68,782,064 
46,716,046 


1847-48....  $79,779,161  1848-44. 

1846-47 90,088,266  1842-48. 

1846-46 77.198,464  1841-42. 

1844-45....  67,196,122 

From  the  above  table  it  results  that  the  total  value  of  all  the  products  received  at 
New  Orleans  from  the  interior  from  September  1st,  1841,  to  September  1st,  1865,  a 
period  of  fourteen  years,  amounts  to  $1,224,885,520. 

SXPOaXS  OF  COTTON  AND  TOBACCO  FROM  NSW  OaLXANS  IN  1864-66. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  quantity  of  cotton  (in  bales)  and  tobacco  (in  hogs- 
heads) exported,  and  the  places  whither  exported,  during  the  year  ending  on  the  81st 
of  Augcst,  1866,  as  compared  with  the  previous  year: — 

Whither  exported. 

Liverpool 702,641 

London 

Qlaftgow.  Oreenock,  die, 

Oowes,  Falmouth,  ic 

Cork,  Bellast,  Ac. 

Havre 

Bordeaux 

Marseillea 

Nantes,  Oette,  and  Kouen 

Amsterdam 

Rotterdam  and  Qhent 

Bremen. 

Antwerp,  Ac 

Hamburg 

Gottenburg. 

Spain  and  Gibraltar 

Havana,  Mexico,  Ac. 

Genoa,  Trieste,  Ac 

St  Petersburg,  Ac 

Other  foreign  ports 

New  York....: 

Boston 

Providence,  Bi.  L 

Philadelphia 

Baltimore. 

Portsmouth 

Other  coastwise  ports.. 

WestemStates 


COTTOW. 

ima.    mui. 

TOBACCO. 

702,641 

779,021 

6,272 

6,860 

888 



7,671 

6,048 

8,621 

12,861 

.... 

.... 

8,460 

16,611 

649 

578 

1,878 

6.268 

% . . . 

.... 

168,660 

186,264 

8,480 

6,707 

1,814 

1,286 

8,066 

2,317 

8,486 

2,019 

6,661 

4,428 

4,878 

6,018 

.... 

.... 

1,876 

4.211 

100 

624 

1,907 

1,810 

.... 

644 

29,451 

82,849 

6.298 

7,970 

7,877 

9,010 

2,492 

8,926 

5,661 

28,709 

46 

.... 

9,040 

18,162 

904 

768 

47,164 

68,796 

7,618 

6,282 

18,787 

24,986 

. . .  • 

.... 

48,228 

62,240 

4,947 

1,128 

9,684 

.... 

.  •  •  • 

6,85^1 

, 

8,714 

2,479 

69.969 

58,168 

6,019 

4,818 

118,676 

118,861 

789 

126 

1,458 

...... 

.... 

.... 

8,106 

14,054 

489 

190 

4,070 

4,067 

108 

60 

.... 

2,189 

.... 

.  • . . 

60 
.... 

268 

97 
.... 

110 
.... 

Total 1,270,264     1,429,180      64,100      68,048 


Digitized  by 


Google 


664 


^^^^v^^^wrwKiw     /9^t^H^^M^9m 


OOTTOIb  TOBAOOOa 

Great  Britain 717,S28  818,786      18.802  11,181 

France 178,828  198.671       18,147  12,447 

North  of  Eorope. 62,682  98.876        9.247  18,989 

Sooth  of  Europe,  Mexico,  <bc. 109.164  186,971       16,867  9,889 

OoaetwiM 202,817  192,627        7,447  4,7»4 

Total 1,270,264  1,429,180      64,100  68.048 

XZPOftTS  or  SUGAE  AHD  HOLASUS  FAOH  WSW  OELSAlia  IM  1864-66. 

Whither  exported.  Hhds.  Bblt.         Bhda.  BMiu 

NewYork. 74.970  6,116          62  107,469 

Phihulelpbia 14,862  820        ...  20,788 

(»i«rlettoiL 6,018  10        ...  17,8t» 

SaTannah 864  6         ...  6,047 

ProTidence  and  Bristol,  R.  1 6  214        ...  1,278 

Boeton 2.664  148        204  26,608 

Baltimore 14,445  866         ...  21,866 

lUchmondandPeterVbnVgiVa.*! !!!!!!!  J  *»***  UA9^ 

Alexandria,  D.  0 848  749 

Mobile 7,070  26,846 

Apalachioola  and  Pensacola 784  226        . .  •  8,016 

Otherports 2.118  2,666         ...  16,940 

Total 129,487  10,466        266  267,444 


SXPOVIB  or  FLOUB,  FOftK,  BAOOW,  LAUD,  BUF,  L«AD,  imnKT,  AWO  OOEK,  FaOK  8BPTBV- 
BB&  1,  1864,  TO  AUGUtT  81,  1866. 

Flour,  Pork,  Bacoo,  Lard,  Beef,  Leed,    Whtoky,     Oora, 

Porta.                     bbla.  bbls.  hhda.  kega.  bbla.  piga.        bbla.       aacka. 

NewYork 86,188  81,622  9,192  228.641  12,496  22.706     2.176     21.617 

Boeton 98,168  48,792  8,986  118,487  10,676  26,799     1,676     89,109 

Philadelphia. 789  69      189  1,144         40       9,229 

Baltimore 4.987  226  880  716      

0th.  coastw.  p'te    78,846  18,670  26,099  26.499         880  3,677  86,481  166,010 

Great  Britain . .     27,468  1,286  2,997  144.778  6,760      278,646 

Cuba    ., 707  2,816  1,272  191,096         824      100 

0th.  ibreign  p'ts.    69,486  10,049  472  87,909  1,729      1,662    22,829 

Total 845,748  168,811  43,812    791,686     82,968    68,826  41.700  620,988 

In  the  aboTe,  the  exports  to  Mobile,  «bc,  yia  the  Pootchartrain  Railroad  and  Mew 
Oanal,  are  iookided. 


ARBIVALS  OF  SHIPS,  BARES,  BBEGS,  80H0O2IXR8,  AND  STBAMBOATB,  FOB  FITX  TXABB,  FEOK 


BEPTBMBEB  1  TO  AUGUST  81. 


Teara.  Bhlpa. 

1860-61 616 

1B61-62 007 

1862-68 782 

1868-64 718 

1864-66 781 


Stoam- 

Btrka.  Brifa.  SebooneiB.  riiipa. 

820  816         704         190 

871  287         678        218 

447  296        696        244 

886  217        478        204 

266  180        426        226 


Bteas- 

TotaL  boat*. 

2,144  9,918 

2.861  9,778 

2,864  8.268 

1,948  8,976 

1,817  9,799 


EXPORT  TRADE  OF  CHARLEST05,  SOUTH  eiROIIIA. 
We  are  mdebted  to  the  Oharlestoa  Courier  fbr  the  fbllowfaig  tabular  statement  oC 
the  exports  of  Oottoo,  Rice,  and  Lnmber,  from  Charleston  to  different  ports,  for  tki 
yean  1864  and  1866,  years  ending  the  1st  of  September : — 


Digitized  by 


Google 


Ckmrntrcial  SMktiM. 


S» 


Szported  to  layerpool bales 

Scotland 

Other  British  ports 

Total  exports  to  Qreat  Britain 

Harre 

Maneilles 

Other  French  ports 

Total  exports  to  France 

Holland 

Belgiam « 

North  of  Europe 


. 18Si. ^ 

Sea  M.  Upland. 

14,412         186.648       ' 
118  2,817 

207 


Total  to  North  of  Europe 

I  of  Europe 

Total  to  foreign  ports. ... 

Boston   ..••• 

Rhode  Island,  4c.    

HewYork 

Philadelphia 

Bakiinore  and  Norfolk • 

Other  United  States  ports  ... 


Total  to  coastwise  ports  . . . . 
Grand  total 


14,580 
4,160 

4,160 


189,672 

61,881 

72 

4,608 

66,606 

2,611 
4,878 
6,211 


18,700 

27,020 

18,680    2»6,.7d8 

120     12/)66 

711 

6^1    167,106 

19,118 

• .  • .      9,898 

102 

6,771    198,463 
24»461    496,261 


-1844.- 


SealiL  Upland. 

18,881  144,997 

106  8,282 

199  666 


14,186 
8,966 


148,784 

88,580 

784 

2,966 


8,966  87,279 

2,202 

2  8,029 

7.408 


2  12.689 

18,901 

18,154        217,608 

891  16,821 

498 

6,140        148,488 

81  12,984 

....  12,887 

102 


6,612        190,675 
24,766        408,278 


Idverpool bush. 

Scotland. 

Other  British  ports  . 

Total  to  G.  Britain 

HaTre 

Other  French  ports  . 

Total  to  France... 

Holland 

Belgiam 

North  of  Europe. . . . 


BXP0BT8  or  aiOB  FROM  0HABLI8T0X. 

ISfiS.          18M.  Ihii. 

West  Indies,  Ac. 17,667 

Total  to  for.  ports.. 

Boston 4,888 

New  York 82,646 

Philadelphia 6,767 

Baltimore  <fe  Norfolk  7.612 

New  Orleans,  <bc. . . .  17,142 

Other  U.S.  ports...  286 


Total  to  N.  Europe      8,866 


Liverpool . 
London.. . 


I8SS. 

17,740 
24,000 


9,740 

EXPOBTB  or 

47,243 
49,296 


Total  coastwise  . .     67,685 
Grand  total 93,646 


18»4. 

22,162 
25,960    46,278 

6,766 
41.060 

4,785 

10,197 

16,176 

547 

79,461 
125,749 


EOOOB  EIOB. 


Total  to  G.  Britain    41,740 

Bordeaux .... 

North  of  Europe.. . . .     24,826 
West  Indies,  dtc 


96,689 

18.122 

164,284 

100 


New  York 

Other  U.S.  ports... 

Total  coastwise  • . 

Total  to  for.  ports 

Grand  total 


18»S.  ISM. 

6,608  48,885 

600  16,684 

7,002  59,019 

66,066  264,045 

78,068  828,064 


Digitized  by 


Google 


606 


(hmmereial  StatUtks. 


xzpORn  or  utxbib  from  OHASUtroif. 

im. 

Exported  to  Liverpool feet        663,642 

To  other  British  Porte .'. 

Total  exported  the  ports  of  Great  Britain 668,642 

To  Havre 28,767 

Bordeaux 829,289 

Other  French  ports 286,296 

Total  exported  to  the  ports  of  France 1,148,802 

To  the  North  of  Europe 467,886 

South  of  Europe 8,088,7 7 1 

West  Indies,  Ac. 2,026,668 

Total  exported  to  all  foreign  ports 7,888,663 

To  Boston , , 1,628.466 

Rhode  Island,  <kc 6,406,666 

New  York 1,186,198 

Philadelphia 8,686,206 

Baltimore  and  Norfolk 2,677,681 

To  other  ports  in  the  United  States 1,286,709 

Total  coastwise 16,618,764 

Grand  total  of  foreign  and  coastwise 28,862,417 


18M. 

468.898 

606.011 

969,404 

64,281 

97,288 

169,196 

880,710 

648,472 
1,266,402 
8,626,651 

6,780,646 

4,190,779 
4,846,108 
1,428,861 
2,998,416 
2,799.869 
S65,977 

17,114,006 

28,844,660 


COlfSUBIPTION  OF  6ARDIKES  Iff  THE  UNITED  STATBa 


From  a  letter  received  at  the  Department  of  State  at  Washington,  and  pabUshed 
in  the  Union^  dated  La  Rochelle,  France,  April  18, 1856,  we  make  the  foUowipg  ex- 
tract,  touching  the  **  little  fishes  done  in  oil"  Sardines,  it  will  be  seen,  are  quite  an 
item  of  commerce  and  consumption. 

**  The  exportation  of  sardine^  to  the  United  States  is  immrase  and  inoreasti^.  The 
fisheries  commence  about  the  middle  of  May,  and  last  until  about  the  middle  of  Octo- 
ber. The  quantities  consumed  are  enormous;  each  evening,  upon  the  return  of  the 
fishing  smacks,  they  can  be  bought  for  a  few  cents  per  dozen,  and  are  an  important 
part  of  the  food  of  the  poorer  classes.  These  fish  are  better,  and  have  a  fiavor  when 
put  up  in  oil  which  they  otherwise  have  not  They  are  found  in  great  plenty  from 
the  coast  of  Bretagne  to  the  mouth  of  the  Gasomre.  La  Rochelle  is  the  principal  de- 
pot for  the. fishery.  The  quantity  exported  to  the  United  States  in  1852,  was 
59,840  kilogrammes.  In  1858  the  quantity  was  76,737  kilogrammes.  Last  summer, 
I  am  informed,  the  quantity  exported  to  the  United  States  exceeded  100,000  kilo- 
grammes.   Strange  to  say,  more  than  one  half  of  this  importation  is  for  OaUfomia." 


HATIOATIOff  OF  THE  PORT  OF  ffEW  ORLEAHS. 

The  following  amounts  of  exportations  of  the  growth,  produce,  and  manuiactnre  of 
the  United  States  have  been  made  from  the  port  of  New  Orleans  daring  the  quarter 
ending  80th  September,  1855  :^ 

Foreign  conntiies. 

AoMricsn  veMeis.  Foreign  vessels.  CoMtwise. 

July 12,691,864           1466,181  $I,655.a97 

August 1,299,595               68,764  1 ,823^289 

September. 2,080,528            143,679  1.054321 

Total $6,071,487  1678.474  14^88,507 


Digitized  by 


Google 


Chmmereial  SktHsUcs, 


60lr 


BXPOBT  TRADB  OP  SAVAlTllAHi  6B0RCIIA. 

TIm  Savannah  Repttbliean  furnishes  os  with  the  subjoined  statements  of  the  ez* 
ports  of  Cotton,  Rice,  and  Lumber,  from  this  first  of  September,  1864,  to  the  first  of 
September,  1866,  as  compared  with  the  previous  year : — 


GlMi«dfor~ 

Liverpool ,  •  .bales 

Other  British  ports 


Total  Great  Britain . 

Havre 

Other  foreign  ports.  •  • 


szpoaTB  or  ooiton  Faoic  savaitnah. 
-1845.- 


8m  I. 

6,851 


6,861 
148 


Total  foreign  ports 6,998 

Boston 208 

Providence  . . .  • • .... 

New  York 6,280 

Philadelphia ••  •  .... 

Baltimore  and  Norfolk .... 

Charleston 1,086 

Other  United  States  ports 


Total  coastwise . 


Upland. 
166,142 


166,142 

7,964 
8,088 

176,194 

47,241 

8,682 

113,642 

19,666 

4,761 

6,482 

460 


7,474        196,714 


18S4. , 

Sea  f.        Upland, 


Grand  total 14,467        871,908 


8,269 
284 

8,668 
808 

8,861 

186 
•  •  •  • 
7,446 
2,696 

1,890 

11,667 
16,628 


86.462 
8,368 

88,810 

6,179 
8,691 

88,680 

41.166 

4,191 

111,201 

24,299 

6,648 

16,881 

887 

208,368 

801,948 


■ZPOaTS  OF  LUUBEE  VROM  SAVAHNAH. 

m. 

Great  Britain feet 

St  John's  and  Halifiuc 

West  Indies 

Other  foreign  ports  ....  

Total  to  foreign  ports 

llaine 

Massachusetts •'  • 

Rhode  Island,  Ac. • 

New  York 

Philadelphia • 

Baltimore  and  Norfolk 

Other  ports 


Total  coastwise . 
Grand  total. . . . 


10,748,600 
1,951,886 
2,918,022 
8,896,800 

19,004,808 

1,981,700 

689,400 

41,000 

1,527,959 
687,800 
641,418 

1,017,282 


18S4. 

16,267,100 

7,666,400 

2,028.900 

1.646,200 

27,868,600 

8,602,800 
6,828,700 

180,000 
4,462,200 

616,400 
1,269,900 
1,712,100 


6,486,654  22,602,100 


26,490,862  49,866,700    * 


Great  Britain casks  4 

St.  John's  and  Halifax 

West  Indies 6,145 

Other  foreign  ports 


KXFOETS  or  aioE  raoM  savannah. 

18SS.      ISM.  I 

2  I  Philadelphia. 


liassadiusetts 1,445 

New  York 8,678 


10 

6,787 

906 


ToUl  to  foreign  ports.    6,149        7,654 


2,487 
12,219 


Baltimore  and  Norfolk 

Charleston 

New  Orleans,  Aa 

Other  ports 


Total  coastwise  , 
Grand  total . . . . 


18iS. 

808 

117 

81 

100 


6,074 
8,228 


1854. 

6,972 
192 
881 

1,868 
80 

23,094 

80,748 


Digitized  by 


Google 


408 


Commercial  SUjUkUee. 


4»]fll£E0S  OF  TAB  BRASIUAI  SMPIU. 

We  are  indebted  to  our  esteemed  friend,  Le  ObevaUer  vm  Aouiar,  for  tlie  solyabed 
Btfttistics  of  the  export  and  import  trade  of  Brazil  for  the  years  1848-44,  compared 
with  1868-64.  Under  our  usual  **  JouayAL  or  Baioluio,  CuaaENor,  akd  Fixakcb,'*  Id 
another  part  of  the  present  number,  will  be  found  several  tabular  statements  of  the 
reyenuee  and  expenditures  of  the  empire,  prepared  by  the  same  officiaL 

The  following  table  exhibits  at  a  glance  the  value  of  the  import  and  export  trade 
of  Brazil  with  each  foreign  country,  and  also  the  value  of  the  imports  and  exports 
into  the  principal  provinces  of  the  Brazilian  Empire : — 

VALUE  OF  IMF0BT8.       VALUX  OF  EXPOKTB. 

184M.      iSSM.       184M.     18SS~4. 

Great  Britain. cootoe  29,602  46,621  10,646          21,709 

France. 6,976  9,844  2,671 

United  States 6,661  7,688  10,928 

Portugal 4,869  6,746  4,097 

Hanee  Towns 2.666  6,179  8,174 

RiverlaPlata 1,726  4,497  2.861 

Other  countries 8,601  6,967  9,1H»8 


Total 66,289          84,481  48.800 

VALUE  OF  IMPOaTS  AMD  EXPOETS  IKTO  THE  PEINOIPAL  PEOVmCZS. 

XMPOETS. 

I84S-4.      I8«-4.  184M. 

46,061  28,846 

12,206  6,810 

12,716  6.889 

2,629  1,762 

4,982  988 

4,664  2,820 

1,886  2,746 


6,9«< 
21,714 
8,688 
6,276 
2,994 
12,842 

74,184 


Bio  Janeira. , 

Bahia 

Pemambuco . 
Maranbam.. 

Para 

Bt  Pedro. . . . 
Others. 


18SM. 
87,711 
10.481 
8,606 
2,896 
6.294 
4,619 
6,178 


Total 66,289  84,481  48,800  74,184 

We  give  aleo  a  table  of  the  value  of  the  principal  articles  imported  and  exported, 
together  with  the  quantities  of  certain  articles  exported : — 

VALUE  OF  PEINOIPAL  IlCPOaTS. 


Cotton .centos 

Wooleo 

Linen 

Mixed 

Silk 

Gold  and  silver 


1841-4. 

19,087 
4,882 
2,486 
1,268 
1,296 
161 


185S'4. 

27,746 
6.694 
2.060 
2,641 
2,102 
8,217 


Flour,  wheat,  .contoe 

Pork  and  bee£ 

Fish 

Hardware 

Wines 


184M. 

4,014 

826 

978 

2,897 

2,627 


18$I-4. 
4,898 
1,707 
1,616 
8.466 
2,681 


VALUE  or  PEDfCIPAL  EXPOETB. 


184J-4.  I8§l-4. 

Gotten contoa  8.649  4,886 

Bom 641  922 

Bice 431  892 

Sugar 10,818  16,881 

Coffee 17,986  88,844 

Ooooa 483  787 


184M.  1861-4. 

Hides. contoe        6,019  6^20 

Tobacco 772  2,099 

Wood 246  1,096 

India-rubber ....  8^71 

Diamonds. 1,990 


QUANTITIES  EXPOETED. 


Coffee  . 
Sugar  .. 
Cotton... 
Tobacco. 


..contoe 


184J-4. 

6,294,281 

6,682,918 

814.266 

292,848 


18SJ-4. 

8,179.088 

8,016,989 

888,135 

679,686 


1841-4. 

Bice contos  872,286 

Hides,  salted. .  .No.  621,079 

Hides,  dry 799,609 

Bum  . .  • .  medidas  1,968,421 


18iM. 

206,610 

496.942 

681,699 

8,106,659 


Conto  equal  to  £112  10s.,  at  27d.  per  mil-reis.    Conto  (weight)  eqoal  to  99  pounds 


Digitized  by 


Google 


Commereial  Statistics. 


609 


THE  FUR  TRADE. 

Dayu>  Samusl  &  Sons,  of  Philadelphia,  hare  fiinushed  for  publication  the  sob. 
jobed  account  of  the  import  of  fur  ekiDS  into  Loudon,  from  September  1,  1864,  to 
September  1, 1855.  The  statement  comprises  the  entire  collection  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Compaoj,  and  in  the  United  States  of  America— except  shipments  made  direct  from 
the  United  States  to  Germany — and  such  as  are  used  for  home  consumption : — 

DeeoripHon. 

Beaver  skins 

Muskrat  skins 

Otter  skins „ ^ . . 

Fisher  skins  .... 

Marten  skins 

Mink  skins 

Lynx  skins 

Fox  siWer  skins 

Fox  cross  skins 

Fox  red  skins 

Fox  white  skins 

Fox  grey  skins  .' 

Fox  kitt  skins 

Bear  (black)  skins. 

Bear  (brown)  skins 

Bear,  grey  and  white  skins 

Raccoon  skins 

Wolf  skins 

Wolverine  skins • 

Skunk  skins 

Wild  Cat  skins 

Oppossum  skins 

It  is  estimated  that  about  8,000  mink  and  220,000  oppossum  have  been  used  for 
home  consumption. 

We  give  also  the  result  of  the  semi-annual  sales  of  furs  and  skins  in  London  on  the 
29th,  80th,  and  81st  August;  8d,  4th,  5th,  6th,  and  7th  September,  1865  :— 

19,979  Beaver  skins — in  fair  request,  at  previous  prices. 
227,144  Raccoon  skins — in  brisk  demand;  fine  Northern  at  80  per  cent  advance; 
Western  and  Southern,  25  per  cent  advance. 
6,868  Bear  skins — realised  high  rates  for  fine  Northern ;  among  the  lower  grades 

Southern  and  Western,  15  per  cent  lower. 
2,468  Otter  skins — very  doll  of  sale  and  mostly  withdrawn ;  no  bids  ibr  United 
States  sorts. 
894  Sea  Otter  skins — fair  demand,  at  previous  prices. 
8,488  Fisher  skins — in  good  request;  about  6  to  7  per  cent  advance. 
86,186  Marten  skins — dark  fine  color,  sold  at  last  sale  prices;  middling  and  pale, 

10  to  15  per  cent  lower. 
81,650  Mink  skins — fine  dark  sold  at  previous  high  prices;  brown,  pale  and  coarse 
Western  and  Southern,  15  to  20  per  cent  lower. 
1,958  Lvnx  skins — sold  at  5  i4>  10  per  cent  advance. 
4,174  ^  iid  Cat  skins — in  fair  demand,  at  5  to  10  per  cent  advance.     ^ 
190  Silver  Fox  skins — sold  at  previous  high  rates. 
958  Cross  Fox  skins — in  fair  demand  at  last  sale  prices. 
21,672  Red  Fox  skins — in  g(X)d  demand,  at  about  10  per  cent  advance. 
11,625  Grev  Fox  skins — in  fair  demand  at  last  sale  prices. 
1,638  Wolfskins — in  fair  demand  at  last  sale  prices. 
418  Wolverine  skins — active  demand  at  20  per  cent  advance. 
499,474  Muskrat  skins — in  bri»k  request  at  10  per  cent  advance. 
24,000  Oppossum  skins — sold  at  low  rates ;  not  much  demand.  ^ 

VOL.  XXZUI. — HO.  V.  89 


lnd.BayCo. 

U.  States. 

TMsL 

69,884 

5.954 

75,288 

845,604 

1,280,701 

1,626,806 

11,118 

5,276 

16,888 

4,886 

8,785 

8,621 

186,587 

14,580 

151,117 

50,771 

141,600 

192,871 

5,656 

700 

6,856 

481 

250 

781 

1,772 

1,145 

2,917 

8,801 

87,710 

46,011 

1,871 

440 

2,811 

.... 

17,559 

17,669 

4,661 

6,120 

10,781 

6,878 

8,810 

10,608 

1,192 

68 

1,266 

966 

•  • .  •  • 

966 

1,662 

495,844 

497,506 

16.402 

20 

15,422 

1,149 

25 

1,174 

5,968 

5,968 

874 

7,700 

8,074 

.... 

26,874 

26,874 

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eio 


Jimmal  of  Banking,  Cyrreney^  and  Finance. 


JOURNAL  OF  BANKING,  CURRENCY,  AND  FINANCE. 


USUTIYE  VAiUE  OF  REAL  A5D  PERSONAL  ESTATE  Iff  THE  CITT  AJf D  C0U5TT 

OF  HEW  YORK, 

A8  ASSESSED  IN  1864  AKD  1866,  AOOOBDIKQ  TO  THE  EEPOET  OF  A.  C  FLAOO,  OONTBOLLBE. 


Wf&rds. 

1 

2 

8 

4 

6 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 
11 
12 
18 
14 
16 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
KoD-res. 


^ASSESSMENTS  OF  1864.—%/ 

Rettl  estate.  Personal  estate. 

$86,669,860  163,814,227 

28.216,107  6,320.144 

20,981.800  9.899,744 

9,176,120  1,669,672 

18,661,860  2,618.108 

9,694.900  2,170,809 

12,247,484  8,624.484 

16,168,100  2,045,960 

18,884,860  2.258,799 

7,999,000  1,168,000 

7.860,700  380,664 

8,744,661  848,100 

6,068,660  674,668 

9,674,000  2,292,607 

24.694.000  17.866,898 

14,268,160  2,630,222 

16,168,904  8,166.170 

80,481,800  13,474,086 

9,864,645  891,000 

18,291,600  687,600 

20,182,096  4,208.800 

11,466,846  853,000 


^ASSESSMENTS  OF  1856.— n 

Real  estate.  Peraooal  estate, 

136,976,760  $66,177,896 

22.448,167  6.118.630 

21,745,660  8,420,022 

9,878,970  1,644.480 

18,866.800  2,150.558 

9,606,660  1,700,867 

12,476,968  2,186,516 

15,251,500  1,828,726 

13,767,700  2,602.864 

8,144,400  1,121,886 

7,664,700  621.987 

8,462,686  906.800 

5,098,991  740.664 

9,876,300  2,819,646 

25,857,850  20,042,047 

14,871.860  2.602.800 

16,562,400  4,798,280 

81,921,405  14,296,650 

9,882,886  187,000 

13,938,900  446,200 

21,796,875  5.087,700 

10,593,189  788,175 

14,491.180 


/ TOTAL. r- 

1854.  1855. 

$89,484,077  $91,168,646 

29,6iB5,252  27.566,767 

80.881.544  80.165.67S 

10,845.792  11.028,400 

16,069,958  16.0U,8»$ 

11,766,209  11,206,907 

15,771,918  16.661,474 

17,199.060  17.076,2S6 

15,648,149  16,870,564 

9,162.000  9,265,785 

7.781,264  8,086,687 

9.592.661  9.368.485 

5,748,208  6.884,655 

11,966,507  12,194,945 

42,649,898  45,899.197 

16.898,872  17.474.650 

18,820.074  20,860,680 

48,905.885  46,218,055 

9.755,646  9,6IV.886 

18,879,100  14,879,100 

24,885,896  26,884.075 

11,809,846  11,881.814 

14.49U80 


Total..  330.564,452  131.721,888  886,975,866  160,022,412  462,285,790  486,998,278 


Wards. 

Realesute. 

.        $806,900 

.       •...••*. 

818.850 

202,850 

.  .        818,450 

*        ....   .•• 

228,524 

98,400 

888.850 

146.400 

214.000 

•       ........ 

25.841 

201,800 

.     ^    668.850 

.     ^    608,700 

898,496 

.       1,489.605 

18,241 

20  ... 

642,800 

21  ... 

.       1,664,280 

22  ... 

NoD-rc 

s.       

844,064 

'1*41,482 
57.700 
66,106 
27.187 

2,186,^58 

i,'642,669 
822,565 


888,900 

885,176 

14.491.180 


/ DKOI 

LRASS. \ 

/ TOTAL. » 

Real  estate. 

Personal  estate 

Increase. 
$1,669,569 

DocPOMi. 

$766,950 

$1,201,514 

$1,968,466 

979,722 

•a...... 

165^72 

25,242 

177,608 

867,550 

64.100 

88,850 

469,952 

658.302 

888,968 

110.444 

2224^84 

*  7V7,4i4 

128.884 

81,614 

118,785 

855,482 

281,916 

224.816 

9*1,447 

228,487 

2.850,008 

576,277 

2,040,556 

27,422 

2,812.170 

254,o66 

'2V5.76i 

142,800 

600.000 

2.498.180 

868,700 

478.581 

14.'49l.i86 

Total..     $8,412,887  $22,861,595     $2,000,928     $4,060,621  $28,682,011     $8,919,524 


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Jowmil  €f  Banking,  Currmeyj  and  Mnance.  611 

For  the  sake  of  coareaienoe,  the  eent  oolmnns  in  the  abore  tables  hare  been  omitted, 
which  loakes  a  slight  dlffereoce  in  the  totals. 

From  these  tables  it  appears  that  the  total  increase  in  the  valnation  of  1865  oyer 
1854  is  124,712,487. 


covDinoir  op  the  hew  orlbans  basks. 

In  the  Merckanti^  Magazine  for  July,  1855,  (vol  xzxii.,)  we  published  tables,  which 
we  compiled  firom  the  official  statement  of  the  Louisiana  Board  of  Currency,  showing 
the  condition  of  the  banks  in  New  Orleans  for  the  weeks  ending  May  19  and  June  2; 
also  a  comparatiye  statement  for  the  foar  weeks  ending  May  12,  May  19,  May  26,  and 
June  2;  and  in  the  MerehatUt*  Magazine  for  September,  1865,  (voL  zzxiL,  pagCNi 
850-851,)  a  comparative  view  of  the  condition  of  the  banks  for  four  weeks — that  is, 
to  July  7, 1865.  We  subjoin  similar  statements  for  several  subsequent  weeks  to  Oc- 
tober 6th,  inclusive:— 

Jaly  7.  Jaly  14,  Deerense.      July  31.  July  14.  Decreass. 

Specie $6,498,637  $6,424,808  $73,884  $6,292,458  $6,424,808  $182,140 

Oirculktion 6,622,147  6,612,789  109,358     6,457,679     6,612,789  66,210 

Deposits 9,884,471  9,769,817  65,154    9,238,378     9,769,317  850,944 

Shortloans. 12,407,831  12.293,661  114,180  12,293.651  12,208,401  86,250 

Exchange 2,775,461  2,801,404  ♦25,948     2,801,401     2,801,404  184,822 

Due  distant  banks.  1,824,687  1,896,895  *72,208     1,450,214     1,896,895  *53,819 

LONO  AND  SHORT  L0AK8. 

July    7 $20,254,486  I  July  14 $20,094,881 

July  14 20,094,881  |  July  21 19.186,870 


Actnal  decrease $160,105  |  Actual  decrease $279,01 1 

Aiigtut4.       Aagostll.     Decrease.     Sept  22.        Sept.  89.       IneroMe. 

Specie $6,260,116  $6,198,927     $76,188  $6,524,284  $6,689,911  $166,677 

Circulation 6,211,314    6,116,529       95,886     5.885,219     5,956,225      71,006 

Deposits 8,804,666     8,886,476     *dl,92l     9,999,164  10.895,019     896.965 

Shortloans. 12,075,837  12.274,592  *198,755  18,950,451  14,168,402     212.961 

842,607 
49,274 


Exchange.....^.     2.095,476     1,912,437       83,039     2,884,106     2,726,618 
Doe  distant  banks.    1.061,684     1,024,414      27,270       768,844       818,118 


LONG  AND  SHORT  LOANS. 


August    4 $19,831,702  I  September  22 $19,074,412 

August  11 19,228,746  |  September  29 19,085,284 


Actual  decrease. $102,936  |  Actual  decrease $10,872 

FOR  THB  WEBK  ENDING  SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  6,  1855. 

LIABILITIES.  RESOURCES. 

Dae  distant 

and  looal  90-da7 

Banln.                     Ciroutation.     Deposits.       banks.          Specie.           paper.  Excluuige. 

Bank  of  Louisiana.     $726,374  $2,460,895  $194,893  $1,652,634  $1,997,790  $657,464 

Louisiana  State...        850,700    2,576.619     268,246     1,494,042     8,171.927  79,466 

Canal 805.066       855,658     194,175       717,616     2,486,107  727,226 

Citizens' 1,866,915     2,247,526       94,495     1,601,657     8,626.577  549,624 

Mech.  A  Traders'..        808.906       834,334       10,094       639,938       900,061  74,120 

Union 583,700       547,028       43,452        269,934       763.249  825,818 

Southern 176,210        205.960       45.509        142,620        300.819  606.680 

B'k  of  N.  Orleans  .        600.960       688,967       80,554       801,698       919,769  166.806 


Total $5,812,829  10,446,059  $881,418  $6,619,789  14,149,289  8,086,849 


Increase. 


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ei2 


J<mmal  (tf  Baniing^  Currmey^  and  Finance. 


I1I1ICB8  OF  THE  CITT  OF  VEW  TORI. 

The  AoDoal  Report  of  A.  0.  Flaoo,  Esq^  the  Oootroller  of  the  citj,  was  published 
in  September.  It  embraces  the  financial  operations  of  the  city  goTemment  for  twelrt 
months,  commencing  on  the  1st  of  July,  1854,  and  extending  to  the  1st  of  Jnlj,  1855, 
thus  coToing  six  months  of  the  former  jear  and  six  months  of  the  Utter — that  is,  1865. 
The  following  table  shows  the  expenditures  for  six  months  of  the  year  1854,  from 
July  1st  to  December  Slst,  and  six  months  of  the  year  1855,  from  Janoary  let  to 
July  Slst  The  last  column  shows  the  total  suns  e:q>ended  onder  the  Tariooa  heads 
for  the  twelve  months  preceding  July  let,  1855  :— 

SXFUfDnURXS  OF  OITT  GOVXaMMBNT  FEOV  JDLT  1,  1854,  TO  JULT  1,  1856. 

Bxpeaditnres 
from  Julj  1,  'M, 
Heads  of  acootmts.  to  Ju.  1, 1855. 

Alms-house $222,000  00 

Aqueduct  repairs 86,982  06 

Battery  enlargement 8,476  00 

Board  of  Health 

City  Inspector's  Department 72y824  19 

Ooroners'fees 6,897  48 

Cleaning  docks  and  slips 294  00 

County  contingencies 45,059  90 

Contingent  expenses,  C.  C. 24,724  82 

Cleaning  streets 118,666  08 

Donations 90  00 

Elections 15,176  40 

Errors  and  delinquencies 454  49 

Fire  Department ; .  81,270  22 

Fire  Department,  paid  from  contin- )  ^  akk  ao 

gencieVinl864. \  ^m  ^^ 

Interest  <»n  revenue  bonds 78,581  19 

Interest  on  assessment  bonds 

Intestate  estates. 211  14 

Lamps  and  gas 174,780  85 

Lands  and  places 8,498  29 

Markets 8,560  29 

Mayoralty  fees 150  00 

Police ...*.  418,109  86 

Police  fire  telegraph 

Boads  and  Eighth  avenue 8,789  60 

Printing 80,715  84 

Repairs  and  supplies.  ..........••.)  ^^  qaa  a^ 

Publio  buUdings  contracted  for  ....  f  ^^'^^^  ** 

Bents 7,155  06 

Beal  estate 12,277  25 

Roads  and  avenues 29,152  88 

Beal  estate  expenses 1,855  12 

Stationery 6,47162 

Deghue,  or  Belgian  pavement 

Street  expenses )  i  ao  kaa  ^a 

Bepairing  streets  by  contract f  io»,500  45 

Bemoving  sunken  vessels. 940  00 

Sewers,  repairing  and  cleaning 6,806  78 

Salaries 150,159  81 

SUtistical  tables 1,500  00 

Officers*  fees 7,044  57 

Waterpipes 65,662  44 

Docks  and  slips,  new  work 56,821  03 

Docks  and  slips,  repairs 20,688  90 

Juvenile  Asylum 4,888  20 


BxpewUtiiras 

Total 

fhnn  Jan.  1,  'SS. 
U>JulyI,l8SS. 

12iDoiklha. 

$850,000  00 

$572,00C  00 

6,850  05 

48.882  11 

4,772  00 

8,248  00 

8,126  00 

8,126  00 

60,414  18 

188,288  82 

12,761  66 

18,659  09 

7,807  52 

8,101  52 

58,129  87 

98,189  77 

24,011  76 

48.736  58 

149,977  86 

268.543  89 

49,110  00 

49.200  00 

988  71 

16,110  11 

2,579  76 

8,084  25 

>      51,474  26 

1 

86,800  10 

165,175  08 

288,706  27 

7,045  86 

7,045  86 

689  45 

900  59 

197,546  88 

872,826  68 

14,790  46 

28,288  75 

8,800  00 

7,860  00 

150  00 

417,008  18 

880,117  99 

4,185  54 

4,185  54 

1,529  11 

5,268  71 

70,458  71 

101,169  55 

160,085  58 

209,302  37 

5,062  86 

12,217  91 

18,725  00 

26,002  SI 

84,097  11 

63,249  99 

12,765  21 

14,110  33 

11,786  22 

18,257  84 

40,988  07 

40,985  Of 

58,527  82 

163,027  80 

1,146  00 

2.086  00 

5,821  94 

11.628  6T 

165,115  79 

815,275  10 

1,500  00 

8.000  00 

81,682  74 

88,727  31 

75,846  42 

141,508  81 

29.852  90 

86.673  93 

15.802  62 

86,436  52 

21.898  55 

26,780  75 

$1,818,291  86  $2,888,765  68  $4,157,051  31 


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Jowmal  of  jBankinff,  Currency^  and  I^inance.  61S 

RBFfilUS  A9D  SXPEIDITURB8  OF  THE  BRAZIUAH  EMPUUS. 

FUBNIBHtD  FOft  PUBUOATION  IN  THB  MBRGHAllTS'  MAOAZINX  BT  OHBYAUKE  DB  AGUIAA. 

Id  the  tables  below  we  have  a  statement  of  the  estimated  expenditmre  of  the  Em- 
pire of  Brazil  for  1856-67,  and  the  reventie  for  each  of  the  years  from  1886  to  1854, 
indasive,  and  also  the  coinage  of  the  mint  at  Rio  Janeiro  in  1868-54 : — 

The  estimated  expenditure  of  the  empire  for  1856-67  is  as  follows: — 

Department  of  Empira contos  5,809 

Department  of  Justice 8,00$ 

Department  of  NaTj. 4,687 

Department  of  War 8,69 1 

Department  of  Foreign  affiure 588 

Department  of  Finance 11,661 

Total 88,780 

Estimated  receipts 84,000 

Balance. 2«0 

In  the  expenses  of  the  Treasury  no  less  than  7,806  eontos  is  applied  tor  the  interest 
aod  sinking  fund  of  the  oational  debt,  which  is  at  present — 

Foreign contos  51,741 

Internal 67,744 

Kot  conyeried 451 

Treasury  notes 1,566 

Total 111,602 

Paper  money 46,684 

Grandtotal 158,186 

The  foreign  debt  owned  in  London  is  £5,824,200.  The  expenses  for  1866-67  are, 
for  interest^  £291,786 ;  administration,  £188,852 ;  making  in  all  a  total  of  £480,187. 

EXYKIfUB  or  BEAZIL  FOE  A  8XRIZ8  OF  TEARS. 

Yean.  Imports.  Exports.  iDterlor.  MIseellan's.  TotsL 

1886-87 contos          7,926  2,611  2,462  1,880  14,881 

1887-88 7,109  2,777  2,495  868  18,25« 

1888-89 9,989  8,469  2,756  988  17,148 

1889-40 10,999  8,672  8,091  1,034  18,790 

1840-41 12,095  8,667  1,979  1,081  18,674 

1841-42 11,992  3,898  2,878  1,089  18,808 

1842-48 11,186  8,442  2,684  988  18,108 

1848-44 12,528  8,854  8,245  966  20,680 

1844-45 14,818  4.050  4,876  1,081  24.275 

1845-46 ...  16,887  4,644  4.260  951  26,698 

1846-47 16,511  4,464  4,672  1,126  26,764 

1847-48 14,219  4,661  4,248  994  24,124 

1848-49 15,465  4,408  4,297  1,048  26,204 

1849-50 17,429  4,878  8,884  1,290  26,977 

1860-51 20,606  5,242  4,462  1,320  81,582 

1851-62 24,840  5,096  4,466  1,888  86,786 

1852-68 24,768  5,181  4,692  1,748  86,880 

1858-54 28,621  ♦4,082  6,180  1,664  84,848 

Total 178,120      42,026      40,114      11,524      266,811 

1886  to  1845 98,596      80,845       26,868        9,666       164,460 

Increase 74,524      11,180      14,751        1,859      102,858 


*  Onaeeoimtof  tlieredactkmor2  per  cent  oo  export  dallesi  and  toaasfedotlesredtieed  toons- 


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614 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currency ^  and  Finance, 


OODTAGB  OF  GOLD  AMD  SILYEft  AT  THX  KIO  JAKSIBO  MDIT,  1858-64. 

Pieces.  CohUmu 

Gold 801,112  4,668 

Silver 780.041  6»7 

Total 1,081,158  6,160 

TOTAL  OOIKAGB  OF  THB  MINT  FROM  1849  TO  DXOKMBBB,  1864. 

Gold.  surer.  ConUM. 

28,879  8,686  27,666 


COnfAOfi  OF  THE  WORLD  FROM  1848  TO  1854. 
The  coinage  of  the  principal  countries,  embracing  Qreat  Britain,  France,  the  United 
States,  Rnssia,  Austria,  Prussia,  Holland  and  Belgium,  for  the  last  seven  years —that 
10,  from  1848  to  1864,  inclusive,  is  given  in  the  subjoined  tables : — 


1848. 
1849. 
1860. 
1861. 
1862. 
1858 
1854. 


OEBAT    BRITAIN. 

Gokl. 

je2,46 1.999 
2,177,965 
1,491.836 
4,400,411 
8,742,270 

11,952,891 
4,162,183 


Sliver. 
£86,442 
119,692 
129.096 

87,868 
189,696 
701,644 
140,480 


Copper. 

£2,688 

1,792 

448 

8,584 

4,312 

10,190 

61,588 


Total. 

£2,490,129 
2,299,8^9 
1,621.880 
4,491,868 
8,936,178 

12,664,126 
4,854,201 


1848-64. 


85,869,045      1,408,618         84,652       86,857,216 


FRANOE. 

Gold.  Sliver. 

1848 fr.  80,861,820  fr.97,666,880 

1849 i .         27,109.660  206,548,664 

1850 86,172,890  86,468,485 

1851 285,237,280  68,469,000 

1852 27,028,270  71,711,660 

1858 880,468.468  20,089,778 

1864 527,000,000  2,000,000 


Copper. 


1,974,989 


TbtaL 
fr.  128,447,160 
288,658,224 
171,680.876 
858,706,289 
98,789,880 
852,528,180 
529,000.000 


1848-64» 


1,812,872,788       552,842,826 

UNITBD  STAT18. 


1,974,989      1,867,690^8 


1848. 
1849., 
1850. 
1851.. 
1852.. 
1858.. 
1854.. 


GoM. 

$8,775,5121 
9.007,761i 
81,981,788^ 
62,614,442^ 
56,846,187i 
55,218.907 
52,094,595 


Silver. 
12,040,050 
2,1 14,690 
1,866,100 
774,897 
1,809,555 
9,077,671 
8,619,270 


Copper. 
$64,167  99 
41,984  82 
44,467  50 
99,685  48 
50,680  94 
67,059  78 
42,688  85 


Total. 
95,869,720  40 
11,164,695  89 
83,842.801  00 
63.488,624  98 
58,206,873  44 
64,358,587  78 
60,756,508  85 


1848-54 271,584,181i      25,801,898      410,579  81  297,746,65«  81 

RUSSIA. 

Gold.  silver.  Total, 

1848 Rubls.  15,814.984  Rubk.  8,650,100  Ruble.  19,465.984 

1849 16,844,984  8,810,100  20,655,084 

1850 20,854,856  2,725,102  24,079,458 

1851 17.854,866  4.000,002  21,854,858 

1862 20,854,464  4,000,112  24,854,676 

1858 20,965,006  8,600,100  24,665,106 

1854 20,966,996  8,900.106  24,866,102 


1848-54.. 


188,164,146 


26,688,622 


159,88«,7e8 


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Journal  of  Banking,  Ourreney,  and  Finance. 


\ 
616 


TOTAL  OOINAGB  OF  GOLD  AKD  STLTKR  IW  GRKAT    BBITAIV,  TEAVOK,  TBI    UNITSl)   flTAT18» 
AND  ftUB8IA,  FOE  TBB  LAST  SKYSX  TXAB8 — 1848  TO   1^4,  BOTH  INOLUBITB:— 

GokL  euver.  TotaL 

1848 $88,286,710  128.428,570  $56,714,280 

1849 87,500,000  44,642,860  82,142.860 

1850 -  71,600,000  21,642,860  98,142,860 

1851 152,642,860  17,214,290  169,867,150 

1852 120,857,150  18,857,160  189,214,800 

1868 191,875,720  19,142.860  210,928,580 

1164 184.214,290  12,214,290  196,428,580 

1848-64 791,286,730          157,142,880  948,428,610 

aogbbgatb  ooikagb  or  gold  and  biltbb  in  bach  of  THB  ABOVE-NAMKD  OOUNTRZBB 
FROM  1848  TO  1864:— 

Gold.                         surer.  Total. 

QreRt  BritRio • $167,286,780              $6,642,860  $173,928,690 

France 248,857,14u            104,428,690  352,785,780 

United  SUtea 274,214,290              26,071,480  800,285,720 

RuseiR 101,428,570              20,000,000  121,428,670 


1848 

1849. 

1860. 

1861. 

1852. 

1853. 


791,285,780  157,142,880  948,428,610 

THB  FOLLOWING  ARE  THB  RBTaRNS  FEOX  OTHBR  OOUNTRIXS  :— 
AUSTRIA.* 

Gold.  Silver.  Total. 

Fl  4,780,208  Fl.  16,089,012  FL  20,819,214 

4,784,627  18,084.922  «2,869.646 

6,425,868  8,868,785  18,789,648 

7.689,976  4,678,878.  12,218,849 

11,17 1,150  4,989,960  16,161,110 

9,844,668  16,576,.S46  26421,009 


1848-58. 


48,646,477 


68,727,878 


112,274,875 


Gold. 

1 848 Th.  4,588.778 

1849 691.272 

1860 9,784 

1851 11,038 

1862 268,808 

1863 414,968 

1854 171.121 


Silrer. 

Th.  4,01 3,279 

1,614,020 

1,112,117 

1,698,992 

640,096 

627,888 

4,077,710 


Copper.  TotaL 

Th. Th.  8,602,052 

2,106,292 

1,121.901 
1,710,025 
910,405 
1,096,689 
4,276,507 


41,501 
52,848 
27,676 


1848-54. 


6,046,749 


18,684,092  122,102 


Gold. 

1848 Fr.  8,087,425 

1849 4,121,465 

1860 2,487,146 

1861.    

1862 

1868 


BBLGIDM. 

Silver. 

Fr.  18,479,952 
89,658,252 
27,016,870 
18,639,610 
28,088,508 
12,526,000 


Copper.  . 
Fr.  145.588 
194,922 
165,607 
167,191 
111,766 
44,559 


19,851,871 

ToUI. 
Fr.  22,162,960 
43,974,629 
,  29,669,122 
18,706.801 
28,196.274 
12,570,669 


1848-58. 


14,646,026     184,808,692 


829,628     150,279,846 


Tear. 
1848. 
1849. 
1850. 


HOLLAND.f 

Coinage.  Year. 


FL  87,605,882 
11,085.540 
18,972,761 


Coinage. 

185 1 FL  1 1,260,662 

1862. 11,879,865 

1868 1,361,116 


ToUI  1848-58 


86.665,875 


*  The  returns  of  1854  not  yet  pobltthed. 

t  SUver  and  Cvppw  CM'niiJrc.— Ttie  coinage  of  gold  having  been  abandoned  in  1847,  (no  eotuige 
bj  the  government  ainoe  1853.) 


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016 


Jcumal  of  Banking^  OurreMy^  and  Mnance. 


Since  1850,  Belgiam  has  abandoned  the  system  of  coining  gold. 

Bedociog  the  coinage  c^  the  last-named  coontries  to  dollars,  and  allowing 
£120,000,000  to  Aostria,  and  fr.  15,000,000  to  Belgium,  for  1854,  we  find  that  the 
total  coinage  of  Great  Britain,  France,  the  United  States,  Russia,  Austria,  Prussia, 
Holland,  and  Belgium,  for  the  last  seven  years,  amounted  to  the  grand  total  of 
$1,097,584,880. 

It  has  been  ascertained  that  in  Birmingham,  England,  not  less  than  one  thousand 
ounces  of  fine  gold  are  used  weekly,  equivalent  to  some  $900,000  annually ;  and  thai 
the  consumption  of  gold  leaf  in  eight  manufacturing  towns  is  equal  to  five  hundred 
and  eighty-four  ounces  weekly.  For  gilding  metals  by  electrotype  and  the  water- 
gilding  processes,  not  less  than  ten  thousand  ounces  of  gold  are  required  annually.  A 
recent  English  writer  states  the  consumption  of  gold  and  silver  at  Paris  at  over 
18,000,000  of  francs.  At  the  present  time  the  consumption  of  fine  gold  and  silver  in 
Europe  and  the  United  States  is  estimated  at  $50,000,000  annually. 


CUSTOMS  REYfiirUE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  PORTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  customs  revenue  of  the  General  Government,  at  the  principal  ports,  for  the 
first  quarter  of  the  new  fiscal  year,  beginning  1st  of  July,  is  thus  reported : — 

July,  1855.         July,  1854.       August,  1855.  August, 'H. 

New  York $2,760,000        $8,797,000       $4,804,000  $8,628,000 

Boston 768,000            722,000            731,000  944.000 

Philadelphia 864,000            815,000            445,000  781.000 

Baltimore 79,000              56,000            121,000  148,000 

Charleston 20,000              81,000              88,000  29.000 

New  Orleans 57,000            186.000              69,000  96.000 

St  Louis 28,000              60,000              87,000  107,000 

Total $4,061,000       $5,116,000       $5,740,000  $8,578,000 

Sept,  1855.          Sept.  1854.     ToH  3  mos.  *55.  Total  1854. 

Kew  York $8,593,000       $8,447,000     $10,667,000  $18,767,000 

Boston 666,000            686,000          2,146,000  2.802.000 

Philadelphia 277,000            828,000         1.086,000  1,374.000 

Baltimore 64,000            127,000            264,000  325,000 

Oharle»too 60,000              89,000            1 1 3,000  99.000 

New  Orleans 125,000            818,000            251.000  555,000 

St  Louis 15,000              98,000              80,000  260.000 

Total $4,859,000       $4,987,000     $14,597,000  $18,682,000 

The  above  table  shows  at  a  glance  the  comparative  importance  of  the  foreign  Gob 
merce  of  the  principal  ports  in  the  0nited  States. 


CONSTTrUTIONAL  UABIUTT  OF  BANK  STOCKHOLDERS. 

The  People  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  Senate  and  Assembly,  passed 
March  15, 1855,  the  following  act    (Chapter  69.) 

AM  ACT  TO  AMEND  TBI  ACT  BNTITLaD  **  AN  AOT  TO  ENFOaOB  THE  BGSPONSIBIUTT  OF  THE 
gXOCKHOLDSRS  ^N  OBETAIN  BANKING  INCOBPOEATIONS  AND  AS800IATION8.  AS  PBESCRISED 
BT  TBE  OONSrr^UTION,  AND  TO  PEOVIDE  FOB  THE  PBOMPT  PAYMENT  OF  DEMANDS  AGAlNEr 
SUCH  OOBPOEATIONS  AND  ASS00UTI0N8,"  PASSED  APEIL  5tH,  1849. 

Section  1.  The  eleventh  section  of  the  act  entitled  **  An  act  to  enforce  the  respoosi- 
bility  of  Btoddiolders  in  certain  banking  incorporations,  as  prescribed  by  the  constitu- 
tion, and  to  provide  for  the  prompt  payment  of  demands  against  such  oorporatiooe  and 
associations,^  passed  April  5th,  1849,  shall  be  modified  and  amended  so  as  to  read  aa 
follows: 


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Commercial  ReguUUMm.  617 

Sfery  reoeiFer  appointed  according  to  thk  act,  after  giviog  seoarity,  shall  take  into 
his  poflsession  all  the  property,  effects,  books,  papers,  accounts,  and  demands,  against 
such  corporation  or  association  :  including  the  securities,  if  any,  which  may  have  boen 
deposited  with  the  superintendent  belonging  to  such  corporation  or  association,  except- 
ing therefrom  so  much  of  the  same  as  ma?  be  necessary  to  enable  the  superintendent 
of  the  banking  department  to  pay  and  redeem  the  outstanding  circulation  of  such  cor- 
poration or  association.  He  shall  immediately  give  notice,  by  publication  in  such 
newspapers  as  the  superintendent  or  any  justice  of  the  supreme  court  may  direct,  re- 
quiring the  creditors  of  such  corporation  or  association  to  exhibit  and  establish  their 
demands  before  him  within  thirty  days  from  the  time  of  his  appointment.  Such  re- 
ceiver shall  possess  all  the  powers  of  receivers  of  corporations  under  the  third  article 
of  title  four  of  chapter  eight  and  part  third  of  the  revised  statutes,  in  respect  to  the 
■ettlement  of  all  demands  exhibited  to  them,  and  in  all  other  respects,  except  as  herein 
otherwise  provided  :  and  all  such  powers  now  conferred  by  law  on  trustees  of  insol- 
vent debtors  as  may  be  applicable,  and  shall  be  subject  to  all  the  duties  and  obliga- 
tions  by  law  imposed  on  receivers  of  corporations  as  herein  modified. 

SxoT.  2.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 


COMMERCIAL  REGULATIONS. 


TAB  MEXICAN  TARIFF  OF  1855. 
The  Department  of  State  fumbhes  a  translation  of  the  new  Mexican  tariff^  whidi 
18  particularly  favorable  to  the  productions  of  the  United  States : — 

Miguel  Maria  De  Axcarate,  retired  colonel  and  governor  of  the  federal  district,  to 
all  its  inhabitants,  to  wit :  That  from  the  Department  of  the  Treasury  has  been  ad- 
dressed to  me  the  following  decree : — 

His  excellency  the  President  ad  interim  of  the  republic  has  been  pleased  to  address 
to  me  the  decree  that  follows :  The  President  ad  interim  of  the  United  States  of  Mex- 
ico to  the  inhabitants  of  the  republic :  know  ye  that,  in  order  to  reverence  the  decided 
will  of  the  nation,  adoptiug  all  those  reforms  for  which  it  has  pronounced ;  consider- 
ing that  among  them  one  of  those  which  admit  of  no  delay  is  that  (»f  establishing  uni- 
form regulations  according  to  which  Commerce  should  be  subjected  to  the  payment  of 
duties,  protecting  its  interests  without  neglecting  at  the  same  time  the  general  ioter- 
ests  of  society  or  those  of  the  treasury,  I  have  determined  that  whilst  we  are  proceed- 
ing with  the  general  reform  which  the  tariff  requires,  the  following  regulations  which, 
besides  removing  prohibitions,  equally  provide  for  the  reduction  of  duties,  shall  be 
observed  in  the  maritime  aod  froutier  cudtom-houses,  with  the  understanding  that,  as 
regards  the  permission  of  importing  provbions,  the  government  may  determine,  even 
before  the  new  tariff  shall  be  issued,  to  discontinue  Uie  privilege,  should  it  be  thought 
convenient  to  do  so : — 

1.  Linen  and  cotton  textiles,  plain,  white,  and  unbleached,  of  one  vara*  in  width, 
per  vara,  3  centa 

2.  Linen  and  cotton  textiles,  bleached  and  unbleached,  serge-like  and  striped,  of  one 
Tara  in  width,  per  vara,  A\  cents. 

5.  Linen  and  cotton  textiles,  white,  colored,  and  dyed,  satin  like,  damascened, 
plushy,  velvety,  embroidered,  worked,  and  fluted,  of  one  vara  in  width,  per  vara,  6 
cents. 

4.  On  cotton  textiles  colored,  known  by  (he  name  of  calicoes  or  chintzes,  of  one  vara 
in  width,  per  vara,  4^  cents. 

6   Cotton  handkerchiefs,  colored,  of  one  vara,  each  4  cents. 

6.  White  handkerchiefs,  with  white  or  colored  border,  one  vara  in  width,  each  6 
cents. 

[All  these  textiles  and  stuffs,  although  they  have  a  mixture  of  linen,  hemp,  flax, 
yegetable  filaments  or  their  tows,  shall  pay  the  same  duty  as  if  compoeed  of  cotton  in 
their  corresponding  class.] 

7.  Spools  of  cotton  of  about  800  yards,  (American,)  per  dosen,  6^  oenta. 


*  The  vara  equalt  33f  Inches. 

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618  Oommetdal  ReguUUiom* 

8.  Od  cotton  yarn,  eolered,  pixmdcd  H  baa  the  qtialitMa  specified  ki  the  iTth  tee- 
tion  of  the  9th  article  of  the  tariff  of  October  4,  1846,  per  100  Ibe^  $60. 

9.  Raw  cottoD,  per  100  lbs.,  $1. 

10.  Salt,  on  the  frontiers  of  Ohibaahiia,  introdoced  through  the  cnsftom-hoiiBee  of  SI 
Paeo  and  Presidio  del  Norte,  per  load  of  14  arobfts,f  50  eents. 

11.  Sogar  of  everj  aaality,  per  100  Ibe^  $2  50. 

12.  Flour,  per  barrel  of  8  arobas,  (208  lbs.,)  |5. 
18.  Batter,  100  lbs.,  |5. 

14.  The  importer  is  reeponsiUe  for  the  whole  amoont  of  duties,  as  also  fat  the  one 
and  two  per  cent  created  by  the  laws  of  March  81, 1888,  and  October  25,  1842, 
which  correspond  with  the  ten  per  cent  on  the  amount,  and  for  the  municipal  dntka 
whidi  are  now  exacted. 

16  All  tbe  above  duties,  as  well  as  the  intemational  duties,  which  shall  be  col- 
lected as  heretofore,  shall  be  paid  in  cash  at  the  ports,  allowing  sufficient  time  to  ef- 
fect settlements,  which  shall  not  exceed  thirty  working  days. 

16.  Thirty  days  deposit  in  warehouse  is  allowed  to  commence  On  the  paynoent  of 
6i  cents  per  day  for  storage. 

17.  Tbe  export  duty  on  coined  silver  is  reduced  to  four  per  cent,  the  duty  on  that 
of  circulation  remainin^t  two  per  cent,  which  shall  be  collected  at  the  places  whence 
issued,  by  the  bureaus  of  the  republic  which  may  be  there  established. 

18.  The  above-mentioned  general  Uriff  of  October  4,  1846,  modified  on  the  24th 
November,  1849,  with  all  its  regulations  and  expositions,  shall  remain  in  full  force,  so 
far  as  shall  not  be  inconsistent  with  tbe  present  decree,  and  shall  be  considered  as 
in  force  from  the  day  of  its  publication  in  each  port 


FREE  SHIPS  MAKE  FREE  GOODS. 

A  TREATY   BETWKKN  THE  UNrTED  STATES   AND  TBE    KIMODOIf  OF  THE  TWO  SIClUEa. 

We  publish  below  all  the  articles  of  the  treaty  between  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica and  His  Majesty  the  king  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies.  This  treaty  was 
concluded  and  signed  by  the  respective  plenipotentiaries  of  the  two  governments  in 
the  city  of  Naples  on  the  13th  day  of  January,  1866,  and  was  made  public  in  the  Uni- 
ted States,  by  the  proclamation  of  the  President,  on  the  16th  day  of  July,  1855.  The 
foUewtng  are  the  articles  word  for  word : — 

Article  1.  Tbe  two  high  contractingparties  recognize  as  permanent  and  immutable 
the  following  principles,  to  wit: — 1st  That  free  fchips  make  free  goods;  that  is  to  say, 
that  the  effects  or  goods  belonging  to  subjects  or  citizens  of  a  power  or  State  at  war 
are  free  from  capture  or  confiscation  when  found  on  board  of  neutral  vessel^  with  tbe 
exception  of  articles  contraband  of  war.  2d.  That  tbe  property  of  neutrals  on  board 
an  enemy's  vessel  is  not  subject  to  confiscation  unless  the  same  be  contraband  of  war. 
Tbey  engage  to  apply  these  principles  to  the  Commerce  and  navigation  of  all  such 
powers  and  States  as  shall  consent  to  adopt  them  on  their  part  as  permanent  and  im- 
mutable. 

Art.  2.  The  two  high  contracting  parties  reserve  to  themselves  to  come  to  an  ulte- 
rior understanding,  as  circumstances  may  require,  with  regard  to  the  applicatioo  and 
extension  to  be  given,  if  there  be  any  cause  for  it,  to  the  principles  laid  down  in  the 
first  article ;  but  tbey  declare  from  this  time  that  they  will  take  the  stipulations  con- 
tained in  said  article  first  as  a  rule,  whenever  it  shall  become  a  question,  to  judge  of 
the  rights  of  neutralitj. 

Art.  8.  It  is  agreed  by  the  hiffh  contracting  parties  that  all  natioas  wbidi  shall  or 
may  consent  to  accede  to  the  rules  of  the  first  article  of  this  convention,  by  a  formal 
•declaration,  stipulating  to  observe  them,  shall  enjoy  the  rights  resulting  from  sudi  ac- 
cession as  they  shall  be  enjoyed  and  observed  by  the  two  powers  signing  this  conven- 
tion. They  shall  mutually  communicate  to  each  other  the  results  of  the  steps  wbi^ 
may  be  taken  on  the  sulject 

Art.  4.  Tbe  present  convention  shall  be  approved  and  ratified  by  the  Presideot  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  by  and  with  ^e  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate  of 
said  States,  and  by  His  Majesty  tbe  king  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies ;  and  the 
ratifications  of  the  same  shall  be  exchanged  at  Washington  within  the  period  of  twdre 
montlw,  counting  from  this  day,  or  sooner  if  possiUe. 

t  4  arobas  e<iaal  101|  pounds. 

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Oommenkd  BegulaHoM.  619 

THI  nW  SAIYAOE  LAW  OF  LOUmAIA. 

The  loIlowiDg  aet  repealiog  all  laws  oontraiy  to  its  prorisioDs,  and  all  laws  on  tiie 
satne  subject  matter,  except  what  are  eootained  in  the  Oiiil  Code  and  Code  of  Prae- 
tioe,  was  approved  March  15, 1805,  and  is  now  in  force:-- 

AN  ACT  KKLATING  TO  SALYAOB. 

Sbctiov  \.  BtU  enaeted  hy  the  Senate  and  ffouae  of  Bepresentativei  of  the  State  of 
Zouinana  in  General  Aa$ernbly  convened^  That  any  person  who  sbaU  recover,  save, 
and  place  upon  the  bank  or  land  any  bale  of  cotton  found  floating  in  any  of  the  waters 
of  this  State,  and  not  in  the  possession  or  under  the  actual  control  of  the  owner  or 
carrier  thereof,  shall  be  entitled  to  demand  and  receive  from  the  owner,  his  agent,  con- 
signee, or  insurer,  the  sum  of  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  for  each  bale  of  cotton  so  re- 
covered and  saved  from  the  water  as  aforesaid,  and  also  the  additional  sum  of  fifty 
cents  for  each  bate  so  saved  as  aforesaid,  which  mKj  have  been  shipped  to  the  city  of 
New  Orleans,  as  hereinafter  provided,  previous  to  its  being  demanded  by  the  owner, 
his  agent,  consignee,  or  insurer. 

Sta  2.  Be  it  further  enacted.UhKi  the  master  of  the  boat  or  vessel  fi'om  which  sudi 
floating  cotton  may  have  been  lost  or  thrown  overboard,  the  shipper,  consignee,  and 
insurers  of  such  cotton,  or  any  of  them,  shall  be  entitled  to  demand  and  receive  the 
possession  of  the  same,  after  first  paying  the  salvage  fees  as  provided  for  in  the  pre- 
ceding section. 

Sea  8.  Be  it  further  enacted^  That  if  the  owner,  consignee,  or  insurer  should  not  de- 
mand such  cotton  from  the  salvor  within  ten  days  after  it  shall  have  been  recovered 
from  the  water,  then  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  salvor,  within  the  further  term  of  ten 
days,  to  ship  the  same  to  the  city  of  New  Orleans ;  and  the  merchant  there  receiving 
the  same  shall  cause  it  to  be  advertised  for  five  days  in  a  newspaper  published  in  that 
city  as  cotton  found,  describing  each  bale  by  its  original  marks  or  brands,  and  if  after 
the  expiration  of  the  said  five  days  the  owner,  his  agent,  consignee,  or  insurer,  shall 
not  claim  said  cotton,  it  shall  then  be  the  duty  of  the  merchant  to  sell  the  same,  and 
deposit  the  proceeds,  after  deducting  the  salvage  fees,  freight,  and  charges,  in  the 
hands  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  Oharity  Hospital  in  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  together 
with  an  account  of  said  sale  and  charges;  and  the  salvor  failing  to  ship  such  cotton, 
as  directed  herein,  shall  forfeit  all  right  to  demand  and  receive  compensation  for  sal- 
vage. 

Sbo.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted^  That  any  person  who  shall  fail  or  refuse  to  surrender 
or  deliver  to  the  owner,  his  agent,  consignee,  or  insurer,  any  bale  or  bales  of  cotton 
which  may  have  been  recovered  or  saved  in  the  manner  hereinbefore  mentioned,  after 
the  salvai^e  fees  shall  have  been  paid  or  tendered  to  him,  and  any  person  who  shall 
secrete,  convert  to  his  own  use,  or  sell  otherwise  than  is  allowed  by  this  act,  any  bale 
or  bales  of  cotton  so  saved  by  him  from  the  water,  or  which  may  nave  been  placed  in 
his  charge  by  the  salvor,  shall  be  deemed  to  be  guilty  of  a  felony,  and  upon  convie- 
tion  thereof,  shall  be  fined  in  a  sum  not  exceeding  one  thousand  dollars,  and  shall  be 
confined  at  bard  labor  in  the  penitentiary  for  a  term  not  exceeding  one  year. 


ACCOUHTS  AHD  RETURNS  OF  MERCHANDISE. 

It  is  decided  by  the  United  States  Treasury  Department  that  merchandise  imported 
in  transit  and  for  exportation  to  adjacent  British  provinces,  must  appear  in  the  ware- 
bouse  accounts  at  the  port  of  importation  as  goods  warehoused  and  exported,  and 
goods  withdrawn  from  warehouse,  in  pursuance  of  the  required  regulations,  must  also 
be  credited  as  exported  in  the  same  manner.  A  daily  record  of  these  entries  is  to  be 
so  kept  that  statements  of  the  merchandise  thus  imported  and  exported  can  be  ren- 
dered monthly  to  this  Department  by  collectors  of  the  ports  of  importation,  according 
to  the  prescribed  forma 

Similar  returns  are  required,  in  the  same  form,  of  goods  transported  and  exported 
to  adjacent  territory  in  Mexica 

The  collectors  at  the  frontier  ports  through  which  the  goods  pass  on  their  way  to 
the  above-named  provinces,  are  also  required  to  make  monthly  returns  of  the  goods 
inspected  at  soch  ports^  in  a  form  nmilar  to  that  reqmred  in  the  case  of  goods  entered 
for  re*  warehousing. 


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630  Cinnmercial  Beffulaiioni. 

APPUOATIOV  TO  B9VB  WARBHOUSBS,  BTC. 

Whenever  it  is  desired  to  have  aoy  baildiog  ooostituted  a  private  bonded  ware- 
house of  the  second  and  third  classes,  the  owner  or  occupant  most  make  applicatkA 
in  writing^  to  the  collector  or  other  chief  revenue  officer  of  the  pcM-t,  describing  the  pre- 
mises,  the  location,  and  capacity  of  the  same,  and  setting  forth  the  purpose  for  which 
such  building  is  proposed  to  be  used,  whether  for  the  storage  of  merchandise  imported 
or  consigned  to  himself  exclusively,  or  ibr  the  general  storage  of  merchandise  in  bond. 
This  application,  to  entitle  it  to  consideration,  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate, 
signed  by  the  proper  officers  of  two  or  more  insurance  companies,  that  the  building 
offered  is  a  first-class  fire-proof  store,  according  to  the  classification  of  insurance  offices 
at  that  port. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  collector,  upon  receiving  this  application  and  certificate,  to  di- 
rect the  superintendent  of  warehouses  or  other  officer  discharging  the  duties  of  such 
superintendent)  to  examine  and  inspect  the  premised,  and  to  report  in  writing  the  par- 
ticulars in  relation  to  the  location,  construction,  and  dimensions  of  the  store,  the  means 
provided  for  securing  custody  of  the  merchandise  which  may  be  deposited  in  the 
same,  and  all  other  facts  having  a  bearing  on  the  subject  On  the  receipt  of  this  re- 
port, the  collector  is  required  to  transmit  the  same  to  the  Treasury  Department,  to- 
gether with  the  application  of  the  party,  the  insurance  certificates,  and  a  statement  of 
his  own  views  and  opinion. 

If  the  reports  are  satisfihctory,  and  it  appears  that  the  public  interest  will  be  sub- 
served thereby,  the  application  is  granted.  The  owner  or  occupant  is  then  required 
to  enter  into  a  bond  in  the  prescribed  form,  in  such  penalty  and  with  such  security  as 
the  collector  may  deem  proper.  A  certified  copy  of  this  bond  is  to  be  forwarded  to 
the  Department,  with  a  statement  as  to  the  sufficiency  of  the  penalty  and  the  re- 
sponsibility of  the  obligors,  for  its  approval,  which  having  been  signified  to  the  ec^ 
lector,  the  building  may  be  considered  a  duly  constituted  bonded  warehouse.  Appli- 
cations for  the  bonding  of  yards  and  sheds  as  warehouses  of  the  fourth  dass,  are 
required  to  be  made  in  a  similar  manner  and  under  like  regulations. 

ACT  OF  LOUISIANA  RELATIVE  TO  PERSOiVAL  PROPERTT  PLEDGED. 

The  Legislature  of  Louisiana  passed  at  its  last  session,  which  was  approved  March 
16, 1855,  an  act  the  provisions  of  which  we  give  below.  This  act  repeals  all  laws  of 
that  State  on  the  same  subject  matter,  except  what  is  contained  in  the  Civil  Code  and 
Code  of  Practice  : — 

AN  ACT  RELATIVB  TO  PLXOOE8. 

SxonoK  1.  That  when  a  debtor  wishes  to  pawn  promissory  notes,  bills  of  exchange 
stocks,  obligations  or  claims  upon  other  persons,  he  shall  deliver  to  the  creditors  the 
notes,  bills  of  exchange,  certificates  of  stock,  or  other  evidences  of  the  claims  or  righti 
80  pawned,  and  such  power  so  made  without  further  formalities,  shall  be  valii^  as 
well  against  third  parties  as  against  the  pledgers  thereof,  if  made  in  good  faith. 

Sko.  2.  That  all  pledgee  of  movable  property  may  be  made  by  private  writing, 
accompanied  by  actual  delivery  ;  and  the  delivery  of  property  on  deposit  in  a  ware- 
house shall  pass  by  the  private  assignment  of  the  warehouse  receipt,  so  as  to  autbor> 
ise  the  owner  to  pledge  such  property ;  and  such  pledge,  so  made  without  further  fw- 
malities,  shall  be  valid,  as  well  against  third  persons,  as  against  the  pledgers  thereof 
if  made  in  good  faith. 

Ssa  8.  That  if  a  credit  not  negotiable  be  given  in  pledge,  notice  of  the  same  must 
be  given  to  the  debtor. 

8x0. 4.  That  in  all  pledges  of  movable  property,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  pledger 
to  authorize  the  sale  or  other  disposition  of  tne  property  pledged,  in  such  manner  as 
may  be  agreed  upon  by  the  parties,  without  the  intervention  of  courts  of  justke. 


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Oammereial  RegtUaUons.  621 

U6ULATI0VS  FOR  THE  IHSPECTIOir  OF  FLOUft  fV  ffSW  ORLEAffS. 

The  ■ubjobed  act  of  the  Legislature  of  Louisiana,  passed  at  the  session  of  1856, 
and  approved  March  15,  1855,  repeals  all  laws  contrary  to  its  provisions,  and  all 
laws  on  the  same  subject  matter : — 

AV  ACT  aiLATlTB  TO  THE  IVSPIOTIOir  OP  FLOUR  IN  THB   OITT  OP    NEW  0BLBAN8. 

Sbotion  1.  That  the  Goyemor  e^hall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
ooDsent  of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint  five  Inspectors  of  Flour  in  the  city  of  New 
Orleans. 

Sbo.  2.  That  they  shall  be  entitled  to  charge  five  cents  on  each  barrel  of  flour  in- 
spected by  them,  in  full  coajpensation  of  their  services. 

Saa  8.  That  each  barrel  of  flour  shall  contain  one  hundred  and  ninety-six  pounds 
of  flour,  English  weight,  and  if  intended  for  the  first  qualitv,  shall  be  branded  •*  super- 
fine ;"  and  on  each  barrel  intended  for  the  second  quality  shall  be  branded  '*  fine ;"  and 
00  each  barrel  intended  for  the  third  quality  shall  be  branded  **  middlings  f  but  where 
any  flour  shall  be  found  to  corre^pood  with  the  manufacturer's  brand,  as  superfine  or 
fine,  the  inspectors  shall  brand  **  City  of  New  Orleans,"  which  shall  entitle  it  to  be 
sold  as  beanng  the  quality  thereon  described.  If  the  quality  of  the  flour  branded  by 
the  manufacture  as  superfine,  shall  appear  by  inspection  to  be  fine  only,  or  when 
marked  as  fine,  shall  appear  to  be  superfine,  such  inspector,  in  addition  to  the  words 
City  of  New  Orleans,  shall  add  fine  or  superfine,  as  the  ca^e  may  be.  No  inspector 
thflJl  purchase  any  flour  other  than  for  his  private  use,  under  the  penalty  of  four  hun- 
dred dollars. 

Sea  4.  That  for  the  inspection  of  flour  the  inspector  shall  be  provided  with  a  half- 
inch  barrel  augur,  with  which  each  barrel  of  flour  shall  be  bored  into,  so  as  to  satisfy 
themselves  of  the  quality  of  the  flour ;  and  if  any  flour  shall  be  found,  on  examination, 
to  contain  a  mixture  of  Indian  meal,  or  any  other  mixture,  the  person  offering  the 
same  shall  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  four  dollars  for  every  barrel  so  mixed,  and  the 
flour  shall  be  liable  for  the  payment  thereof. 

Sxo.  5.  That  if  any  person  shall  alter  or  erase  any  brand  or  mark  of  the  inspector, 
every  person  so  offending  t^hall  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  fifty  dollars  for  every  such 
offense,  one  half  to  the  u^e  of  the  perbon  prosecuting  for  the  same. 

PURCHASE  OF  BELLIGERENT  SHIPS  BY  NEUTRALS. 

In  the  prize  case  of  the  Johanna  Emilia,  lately  before  the  British  High  Court  of 
Admiralty,  the  vessel  in  dispute,  captured  by  a  British  cruiser  in  the  Baltic,  was  al- 
leged by  the  ceptors  to  be  Russian  property,  and  by  the  claimants  to  have  been  sold 
before  captured  to  a  Hamburger.  In  considering  the  question,  the  court  (Dr.  Lushing- 
ton)  says : — 

"  With  regard  to  the  Ifgality  of  the  sale,  assuming  it  to  be  bonajide,  it  is  not  denied 
that  it  is  competent  to  neutrals  to  purchase  the  property  of  enemies  in  another  coun- 
try, whether  eonshtirtp  of  ships  or  anything  else.  They  have  a  perfect  right  to  do  so, 
and  no  belligerent  right  can  override  it.  The  present  inquiry,  therefore,  is  limited  to 
whether  there  has  been  a  bona  fide  transfer  or  not." 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  French  government,  which  applauds  itself  on  having  in 
the  present  war  brought  Great  Britaiu  up  to  its  own  liberal  point  of  admitting  that 
free  ships  make  free  goods,  will  now  respond  by  abandoning  its  own  obsolete  fallacy 
of  denying  to  neutrals  the  right  of  purchasing  belligerent  ships,  when  Oreat  Britain 
herself  refuses  to  respect  the  ordinance  of  Louis  XVI.,  and  emphatically  declares 
that  neutrals  have  a  perfect  right  to  do  so,  which  no  belligerent  can  override. 

HOW  BONDS  FOR  DUTIES  MIST  BE  SIGNED. 
Bovna  poe  Duties.    Under  the  twenty-fifth  section  of  the  act  of  March  1, 1828,  a 
merchant  belonging  to  a  firm  entering  into  any  bond  for  duties  in  the  name  of  the 
firm,  thereby  binds  his  partner  or  partners  in  trade.     But  partners  of  a  firm  signing 
tnch  bond  must  each  sign  individually. 


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622  Journal  of  Imutfumse, 


JOURNAL   OF   INSURANCE, 


LEGAL  opnrioir  ov  iiumis  msuRiffCE  uw, 

To  Messss.  Hall,  White,  amd  Evans,  Committee^  dte, : — 

GKJtTLKMFN ! — I  luive  ezamiDed  the  acoompaoying  copy  of  the  '*  Act  to  regnlmU  tiie 
agencies  of  iDsuraoce  companies  not  incorporated  by  the  State  of  niiooiB,"  and  reply 
to  the  various  queetiuns  proposed  by  you  as  follows  :— 

**  1.  When  does  the  law  go  iuto  force  T* 

The  last  clause  of  the  28d  section  of  the  8d  artide  of  our  State  oonstttatioQ  is  in 
the  following  words :  **  And  no  public  act  of  the  General  Assembly  shall  take  effect 
or  be  in  force  imtil  the  expiration  of  sixty  days  from  the  end  of  the  session  at  which 
the  same  may  be  passed,  unless,  in  case  of  emergency,  the  General  Assembly  shall 
otherwise  direct**  The  act  in  question  is  a  **  public  act  **  within  the  meaning  of  the 
clause  of  the  constitution  above  quoted,  and  therefore  does  not  become  a  law  until 
sixty  days  after  the  adjournment  of  the  late  Legislature.  I  am  intbrraed  that  the 
Legislature  adjourned  on  the  16th  day  of  February  lapt,  and  if  so,  of  course  the  act  id 
question  does  not  take  effect  or  become  of  force  until  the  1 6th  of  the  present  month — 
next  Monday.  It  is  therefore  not  yet  a  law,  and  cannot  authorise  the  perfonnanee  of 
any  act,  and  no  act  can  be  done  under  it  or  in  pursuance  of  it,  that  can  possibly  have 
any  force  or  virtue  whatever. 

2.  **  Has  the  Auditor  a  right  to  give  a  certificate  to  do  business  until  the  law  is  b 
forcer 

Until  the  act  becomes  of  force  and  takes  effect  it  confers  no  authority.  In  oootem- 
platioo  of  law,  the  act  does  not  yet  exist  as  a  law,  and  until  it  becomes  a  law  it  has 
no  power.  Of  course,  if  it  has  no  power  in  itself,  it  confers  none.  The  Auditor  can 
receive  no  authority  from  the  act  until  the  act  becomes  a  law  in  force  and  effect,  and 
as  he  has  no  authority,  of  course  he  cannot  grant  a  certificate.  He  is  not  yet  author- 
ised to  receive  and  file  a  statement  even,  for  as  yet  there  is  no  law  authorising  him  to 
do  so. 

8.  '*  When  can  he  give  a  certificate  t" 

Not  until  the  law  takes  effect,  and  not  then  unless  the  statement  required  by  the 
law  to  be  filed  by  the  person  applying  for  a  certificate  has  been  legally  filed  in  con- 
formity with  the  provisions  of  the  law.  The  law  provides  explicitly,  both  as  to  the 
manner  and  substance  of  the  statement  to  be  filed,  and  the  time  when  the  same  mut 
be  so  filed. 

4.  **  What  year  in  March  is  the  first  statement  to  be  made  to  the  Auditor  T 

This  question  touches  the  real  trouble  and  difficulty  in  the  law.  The  daote  of  the 
act  appertaining  to  the  time  when  statements  may  be  filed  reads  as  follows :  **  The 
statement  and  evidences  of  investment  required  by  this  act  shall  be  renewed  annually 
in  the  month  of  January  in  each  year,  the  first  statement  to  be  made  m  the  month  of 
March  next,**  ^c  It  is  obvious  that  the  framer  of  the  act  either  forgot  the  coostitih 
tional  provision  governing  the  time  when  the  act  would  take  effsct  and  become  a  Uw, 
or  else  forgot  to  add  the  stereotyped  clause,  providing  **  that  the  act  should  take  e^ 
feet  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage."  Had  this  usual  clause  been  attached, 
it  would  have  remedied  all  difficulty  as  to  the  particular  month  of  March  intended  by 
the  act     But  it  was  not  added,  and  now  it  remains  to  mquire  what  effect  courts  will 


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J<mmal  cf  iMurance.  688 

giTe  to  tte  pfanite  ''the  first  statement  to-be  made  in  the  month  of  March  next*' 
Upon  reflection,  it  seems  to  me  there  can  be  Tery  little  doubt  in  the  case.  When 
does  the  law  first  begin  to  speak — when  does  it  first  utter  its  command  t  It  may  be 
said  to  have  had  its  conception  on  the  17th  of  February,  when  the  Governor  ap- 
proved of  it,  perhaps,  but  it  has  no  birth  until  the  period  of  sixty  days  from  and  after 
the  adjournment  of  the  Legislature.  It  is  not  alive — it  has  no  voice — it  cannot  speak 
until  the  16th  of  April  On  that  day  it  first  has  life,  and  then  it  can  speak,  and  its 
comnumds  are  instinct  with  all  the  embodied  power  of  absolute  government  On  that 
day  it  opens  its  mouth,  and  when  it  says  **  next  March,"  it  cannot  and  does  not  refer 
to  a  past  March,  but  its  words  must  be  taken  to  mean  precisely  what  they  say,  and 
that  is  next  March.  I  have  therefore  no  doubt  that  March,  1866,  must  be  the  month 
indicated  by  the  law,  and  that  it  will  be  so  held  if  ever  adjudicated  upon. 

But  there  are  still  grave  questions  wrapped  up  in  this  peculiar  clause  of  the  law. 
One  is,  can  these  statements  be  filed  legally  at  any  other  time  than  in  the  month  bf 
March,  1866,  either  before  or  after,  or  must  they  be  filed  during  that  month  and  at  no 
other  time,  and  if  they  cannot  ia  the  effect  of  the  law  to  prohibit  the  transaction  of 
business  by  agents  of  incorporated  foreign  insurance  companies  until  next  March,  and 
also  after  next  March  if  during  that  month  statements  are  not  filed  and  certificatee 
granted  by  the  Auditor  t  The  phraseology  of  the  act  is  peculiar.  The  clause  under 
examination  is  phrased  as  if  it  was  a  merely  incidental  and  almost  accidental  matter, 
and  yet  it  mvolves  one  of  the  most  important  and  substantive  provisions  of  the  whole 
act 

It  involves  a  stringent  limitatioa  Qiving  the  words  their  full  farce  and  effect, 
and  true  signification,  they  exclude  the  possibility  of  making  the  required  statement 
to  the  Auditor,  and  of  course  of  obtaining  from  him  the  necessary  certificate  until  the 
month  of  March,  1866.  Nor  can  any  statement  be  filed  or  certificate  obtained  after 
that  month  shall  have  transpired.  The  law  expressly  provides  for  rentwaU  of  state- 
ments in  January  of  each  year,  but  absolutely  limits  the  filing  of  original  or  first 
ttatementt  to  the  month  of  March  next  I  It  is  so  adroitly  worded  to  avoid  notice  or 
mvite  examination,  and  is  so  well  calculated  to  deceive  by  conveying  in  a  careless 
and  apparently  almost  accidental  manner,  a  provision  of  such  importance  and  of  such 
fitf-reacbing  effect,  that  it  cannot  but  excite  suspicion  that  it  was  intentional  Still 
the  words  are  there,  and  courts  must  give  them  their  effect,  and  as  they  have  but  one 
meaning,  but  one  conclusion  can  follow.  Until  March  next,  it  would  seem  to  be  a 
penal  offense,  punishable  by  fine,  imprisonment,  and  very  low  diet,  to  act  as  the  agent 
of  a  foreign  incorporated  msurance  company.  After  March  next  the  same  rule  holds 
aa  to  all  agents  who  shall  not  have  duriog  that  month  filed  their  statements  and  ob- 
tained the  Auditor^s  certificate. 

ft.**  Doee  the  law  when  in  force  include  marine  and  life  insurance  companies,  or  any 
companies  but  those  incorporated  t** 

The  words  of  the  law  are  broad  enough  to  mclude,  and  I  doubt  not  will  be  held  to 
include  the  agencies  of  foreign  incorporated  marine  and  life  insurance  companies  as 
well  as  those  issuing  against  fire.  There  are  no  words  of  limitation  confining  the  ap* 
plication  to  any  particular  class  of  incorporated  insurance  companies,  but  the  phrase- 
ology embraces  all  foreign  incorporated  insurance  companies  that  time  policies. 

The  aet  is  a  penal  one,  and  must  therefore  be  construed  strictly.  By  its  terms  it 
only  applies  to  the  agencies  of  incorporated  companies.  Agents  of  companies  or  as- 
sociations not  technicHally  incorporated  are  not  amenable  to  its  provisions. 

MARK  SKINNES. 

April  10, 1866. 


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624  Nautical  Intelligence. 

ACT  OF  HEW  TORK  REUTITB  TO  DIVIBBNDS  OF  IlTSURAirCB  C0BIPAIIB8. 

The  following  Act  was  paraed  by  "  the  People  of  the  State  of  New  York,  repre- 
sented in  Senate  and  Assembly,  March  19, 1856,  and  is  now  in  force."    (Chapter  75.) 

AN  ACT  aCLATIVB  TO   UNCLAIMKD   DIVIDENDS  Ot  INSURANCE  COMPANIES. 

Section  1.  Every  insurance  company  or  association  for  fire,  marine,  or  life  riakaP 
conducted  on  the  mutual  principle  or  otherwise,  now  or  hereafter  incorporated  or  or- 
ganized, or  doing  business  under  any  general  or  special  law  of  this  State,  on  or  before 
the  first  day  of  September  next,  and  annually  thereafter,  shall  cause  to  be  published 
for  six  successive  weeks  in  one  public  newspaper  printed  in  the  county  in  whidi  sodi 
company  or  association  may  be  located,  and  m  the  State  paper,  a  true  and  accurate 
statement,  verified  by  the  oath  of  the  treasurer  or  presiding  officer,  of  all  dividends 
and  interest  declared  and  payable  upon  any  of  the  stock,  bonds,  or  other  evidence  of 
indebtedness  of  said  company  or  association,  which,  at  the  date  of  such  stateroeot 
shall  have  remained  unclaimed  by  any  person  or  persons  authorized  to  receive  the 
aame,  for  two  years  then  next  preceding :  and  the  word  **  dividend  "  shall  include  all 
scrip  issued  or  declared  due  for  unpaid  earnings  or  profits. 

Sect.  2.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 


NAUTICAL  INTELLIGENCE. 


OF  PILOTS  APPOINTED  BT  THE  PILOT  COMMISSIONERS  IJf  NEW  TORE. 

MOnOB  TO  MBRCHANTB  AND  SBmrASTEES. 

The  Pilot  Oommissioners— (G.  H.  Marshall,  Robert  Taylor,  K  E.  Morgan,  appobted 
by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  Qeorge  W.  Blunt,  Russel  Sturges,  and  F.  Perktoak 
appointed  by  the  Board  of  Underwriters,) — being  frequently  applied  to  in  regard  to 
off-shore  pilotage,  detention,  4&C.,  beg  leave  to  refer  to  the  law  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  passed  June  28, 1868,  and  as  amended  April  11,  1854,  copies  of  whidi  can  be 
had  at  the  office,  69  South-street.  They  especially  refer  to  part  of  section  13  and 
sections  17  and  29,  as  below.  The  Commissioners  also  beg  to  state  that  they  do  not 
consider  themselves  as  having  anything  to  do  with  the  agreements  made  at  sea  be- 
tween pilots  and  masters : — 

SscTioN  13.  When  any  ship  or  vessel,  bound  to  the  port  of  New  York,  and  boarded 
by  any  pilot  appointed  by  this  Board,  at  such  distance  to  the  southward  or  eastward 
of  Sandy  HociK  Light-house,  as  that  said  lighthouse  could  not  be  seen  from  the  deck 
of  such  ship  or  vesstl  in  the  day  time,  and  in  fair  weather,  the  addition  of  one-foarth 
to  the  rate  of  pilotage  hereinbefore  mentioced  shall  be  allowed  to  such  pilot. 

Sec.  17.  For  every  day  of  detention  at  the  wharf  or  in  the  harbor  beyond  the  time 
notified  to  the  pilot  for  him  to  attend  the  vessel,  or  beyond  the  usual  time  of  getting 
vessels  from  sea  to  the  wharf,  and  from  the  wharf  to  sea,  and  lor  every  day  of  d«h 
tent  ion  of  an  inward  bound  vessel  by  ice  longer  than  two  days  for  the  passage  from 
sea  to  the  wharf,  three  dollars  shall  be  added  to  the  pilotage ;  and  if  any  pilot  shall 
be  detained  at  quarantine  by  the  health  officer,  for  having  been  on  board  a  sickly 
vessel  as  pilot,  the  master,  owner,  agent,  or  consignee  of  sudi  vessel,  shall  pay  to  sutt 

S'lot  all  necefsary  expenses  of  living,  and  three  dollars  per  day  for  each  and  every 
ly  of  such  detention. 

Seo.  29.  Any  person  not  holding  a  license  as  pilot  under  this  act,  or  under  the  lawi 
of  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  who  shall  pilot,  or  offer  to  pilot,  any  ship  or  vcsfel  to  or 
from  the  port  of  New  York  by  the  way  of  Sandy  Hook,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  % 
misdemeanor,  and  on  conviction  f>hall  be  punished  by  fine  not  exceeding  one  hundred 
dollars,  or  imprisonment  not  exceeding  sixty  days ;  and  all  persons  employing  a  per- 
son to  act  as  pilot,  not  holding  a  license  under  this  act,  or  under  the  laws  of  the  State 
of  New  Jersey,  shall  forfeit  and  pay  to  the  Board  of  Commissiooers  Pilots,  tbs  son 
of  one  hundred  dollars. 


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Nautical  Intelligence,  629 

PRIHGE'S  CflAffHEL— EITRAffCB  TO  THB  THAMES. 

TmiiiiTT  House,  Londoic,  August  0th,  1855. 

Notice  10  hereby  given  that,  puraaaot  to  the  ioteDtioDs  expressed  ia  an  adv^ertise- 
ment  from  this  bouse,  dated  80th  May,  1855,  the  following  changes  have  taken  place 
in  the  Prince's  Channel,  via.  • — 

The  Toogne  Light  Vessel  has  been  moved  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  to  the 
north- west  ward,  into  teix  fathoms,  with  the  following  marks  and  bearings : — 
Minster  East  Mill,  on  with  the  center  of  the  Coast  Guard  Station  in 

WestgateBay S.  by  W.  i  W. 

Margate  Old  Church,  the  apparent  width  of  its  Tower,  opened  to  the 

eastward  of  the  Pier  Light-house South. 

Shingles  Beacon N.  W.J-N. 

North-east  Spit 8.  E.  i  S. 

Mariners  are  cautioned  always  to  pass  to  the  northward  of  this  light  vessel 

The  North-east  Tongue  Buoy  has  been  moved  about  half  a  mile  to  the  westward 
into  4^  fathoms,  with — 

8L  Peter's  Church  in  line  with  Margate  New  Church S.  by  E.  ^  E. 

Monckton  Beacon,  twice  its  apparent  length,  on  the  east  end  of  Lower 

Hale  Grove. S.  by  "W.  J  W. 

North  Tongue  Buoy W.byN.JW, 

Shingles  Beacon N.  K  by  N. 

The  North  Tongue  Buoy  has  been  moved  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  the  west- 
ward into  6  fathoms,  with — 
The  we3t  end  of  Cleve  Wood,  just  open  to  the  westward  of  Birchington 

West  Mill South. 

Sarr  Mill,  twice  its  apparent  length,  open  to  the  eastward  of  Margate 

Hook  Beacon. S.  by  W.f  W 

North  east  Pan  Sand  Buoy W.  by  N.  i  N' 

GirdlerSpit N.by  W.f  W*^ 

The  Girdler  Light  Vessel  has  been  moved  about  an  eighth  of  a  mile  to  the  south- 
ward into  Z^  fathoms,  with — 

Ash  Church  spire,  midway  between  George's  Farm  and  Reculvers. . .  .8.  ^  E. 
West  end  of  Cleve  Wood,  open  to  the  eastward  of  St.  Nicholas  Eastern 

Coast  Guard  Station S.  by  E.  f  E. 

Redding  street  Beacon,  its  apparent  length,  open  to  the  eastward  of 

Northdown  Tower S.  E.  i^  S. 

Shiveriug  Sand  Buoy N.  N.  W. 

West  Pan  Sand  Buoy S.  by  E.  ^  K 

The  following  new  buojs  have  also  been  placed  in  this  vicinity,  viz. : — 

A  chequered  black  and  white  buoy,  marked  **  East  Toogue,"  has  been  placed  in  4 
fiUhoms,  with  the  following  marks  and  bearings,  viz. : — 
The  first  house,  next  east  of  St.  Nicholas  Church,  in  line  with  St.  Nich- 
olas Western  Coast  Guard  Station S.  W.  ^  S. 

Minster  West  Mill,  in  line  with  the  west  3nd  of  the  east  cliff  of  West- 
gate  Bay f S.  by  W.  f  W. 

West  Tongue  Buoy W.  by  N.  i  N. 

Wedge  Buoy W.  by  S.  }  a 

A  red  buoy,  marked  "  West  Girdler,"  in  2^  fathoms,  with — 

Ash  Church  spire,  just  open  to  westward  of  Reculvers  Villao^e ^'      A 

West  end  of  Cleve  Wood,  open  to  the  westward  of  Margate  Ilook  D- 

con,  the  apparent  length  of  the  beacon S.  by  E.  f  E. 

Sbiverint^  Sand  Buoy N.  N.  W.  f  W. 

Girdler  Beacon  and  South  Girdler  Buoy  in  lino £.  S.  E. 

The  f<H'egoing  bearings  are  all  magnetic,  and  the  depths  those  of  low  water  spring 
tides. 

NORTH  FAN  SAND  BOOT. 

It  is  intended  that  on  or  about  the  Ist  October  next,  the  black  and  white  chequerad 
buoy  at  this  station  shall  be  taken  away  and  replaced  by  a  buoy  pamted  black. 

By  order,  j.  H£RB£BT,  Secretary* 

VOL.  XXXIII. — ^NO.  V.  40 


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Postal  DtpartfMnt 


COAST  OF  SPAII. 

STRAIT  OF   OIBBALTAft — ALTERATION   OT  TARIFA  LM3BT. 

The  Spanish  government  has  given  notice  that  on  and  after  the  1st  of  next  Sep* 
tember,  the  present  Revolving  Light  on  the  south  point  of  Tarifa  Island  will  b« 
changed  to  a  Fixed  Light  of  the  natural  color. 

The  position  of  the  light  remains  unaltered,  in  86^  0'  0"  N.,  and  long,  b^  86'  87" 
west  of  Greenwich. 

The  new  illuminating  apparatus  is  catadioptric  and  of  the  first  order,  and  the  light, 
being  182  feet  above  the  sea,  is  visible  at  the  distance  of  20  miles. 

JOHN  WASHINGTON,  Bydrognpber. 
HTDKooaAPHic  Orrica,  AomaALTT,  Lomdon,  filst  August,  1855. 

This  notice  affects  the  following  Admiralty  Charts  and  Directions :  South  Ooast  of 
Spain  from  Gibraltar  to  Alicante,  Ko.  1,186 ;  Gibraltar  Strait,  plan,  Na  142;  also  the 
General  Charts  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean,  with  the  plan  in  Tofino's  Directions,  and 
No.  2  in  the  Lighthouse  List. 


POSTAL  DEPAB^TMENT. 


STATISTICS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  POST-OFnCE. 

In  the  Merchants  Magazine  for  September,  1854,  (volume  zzxL,  pages  806-820.) 
we  published  a  statistical,  historical,  and  descriptive  account  of  the  **  General  Pott- 
Office  of  the  United  States  "  prepared  by  D.  T.  Lrrcb,  Esq.,  of  the  Department,  with 
additional  statistics  which  we  compiled  from  official  sources. 

We  have  received  from  Pltmt  Miles,  Esq,  some  proof  sheets  of  a  work  nowio 
press,  entitled  '* Postal  Reform:  its  uigent  necessity  and  practicability,''  which  will 
fehortly  be  published  by  Stringer  <&  Townsend.  We  are  permitted  by  the  author  to 
extract  the  most  interesting  statistics.  Mr.  Miles  has  given  much  time  and  attention 
to  postal  matters.  He  wa^^  attached  to  the  Post  Office  Department  in  1863  and  1864, 
and  went  to  Europe  last  year  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  information  on  the  postal 
affiiirs  of  the  various  contmental  States.  The  statistics  given  below  are  more  full  and 
complete  than  any  before  published : — 

Expense  of 

ualiis. 
$22,081 

28,298 

82,781 

44,784 

53,006 

75,869 

81,489 

89,882 
107,014 
109,475 
128.644 
162,450 
174  671 
206,110 
206,{»55 
289,686 
269,088 
292,751 
805,499 
882,917 
327,966 
819,166 
840,626 


Post- 

Miles  o 

offices. 

post  roa 

1790.... 

75 

1,875 

1791.... 

89 

1,905 

1792.... 

196 

5,642 

1798.... 

209 

5,642 

1794.... 

450 

11.984 

1795.... 

458 

18,207 

1796..., 

468 

18,207 

1797.... 

554 

16,160 

1798.... 

689 

16,180 

1799 

677 

16,180 

1800.... 

903 

20,817 

1801.... 

1,025 

22,309 

1802.... 

1,114 

25,816 

1803.... 

1,258 

25,816 

1804.... 

1,405 

29,656 

1806.... 

1.558 

81,076 

1806.... 

1,710 

88,481 

1807.... 

1,848 

83,755 

1808.... 

1,944 

34.085 

18(9.... 

2,012 

84,035 

1810.... 

2,800 

86,406 

1811.... 

2,403 

86,406 

1812.... 

2,610 

89,878 

Total 

No.  of 

expenses. 

Berenae. 

$82,140 

187,985 

265.M6 

86,697 

46,294 

824,058 

54,581 

67,444 

472.108 

72,040 

104,747 

788,229 

89.978 

128,947 

902,629 

117,898 

160,620 

1,124,840 

181,572 

195,067 

1,866,469 

150.114 

.       218,998 

1.497,986 

179.084 

282,977 

1.680,889 

188,088 

264,846 

1.858.921 

213,994 

280,804 

1,965,628 

255,151 

820,448 

2,248,101 

281,916 

827.046 

2,289.815 

822,864 

851,828 

2,462,761 

887,502 

889.450 

2.726,150 

877.867 

421,878 

2.949,661 

417,234 

446,106 

^,122,742 

458,886 

478,768 

8.351,841 

462,828 

460,564 

8,228,948 

498,012 

606.684 

8,546.488 

495.969 

551,684 

8.861.788 

499.099 

587.247 

4,110,729 

540.165 

649,208 

4^4,466 

Digitized  by  GoOQIc 

Postal  Departmmi, 


627 


Offices. 

1818... 

2,740 

1814... 

2,870 

1816... 

8,000 

1816... 

8,260 

1817... 

8,469 

1818... 

8,618 

1819... 

4,000 

1820... 

4.600 

1821... 

4,660 

1822... 

4,799 

1823... 

f,043 

1824... 

6,182 

1826... 

6,677 

1826... 

6,160 

1827... 

7.008 

1828... 

7,661 

1829... 

8,050 

1880... 

8,450 

1881... 

8,686 

1882... 

9,206 

1838... 

.       10,127 

1834... 

.       10,698 

1886... 

.       10,770 

1886... 

.       11,091 

1887... 

.       11,767 

1888... 

.       12,619 

1889... 

.       12,780 

1840. . . 

.       18,468 

1841... 

.       18,778 

1842... 

.       18,733 

1848... 

.       18,814 

1844... 

.       14,108 

1846... 

.       14,188 

1846... 

.       14,601 

1847... 

.       16.146 

1848... 

.       16,169 

1849... 

.       16,747 

1860... 

.       18,417 

1861... 

.       19,796 

1862... 

.       20,901 

186^... 

.       22,820 

1864... 

.       28,648 

MUetor 

poctroad. 

89.640 

41.786 

48,966 

48,976 

61,600 

69.473 

67.686 

72,492 

78,708 

82,768 

84,860 

84,860 

94,052 

94,062 

105.886 

114,686 

114,780 

116,176 

116,000 

104,467 

119,916 

112,600 

112,774 

118,264 

141,242 

134,818 

183,999 

165,789 

155.026 

149.782 

142,295 

144,687 

143,940 

149,679 

158,818 

163,208 

167,708 

178,672 

196,290 

214,284 

217,748 

219,986 


Expenaeof 

trmhis. 

$488,669 

076,602 

487,779 

621,970 

689,189 

664,611 

717,881 

782,426 

816,681 

788,618 

767.464 

768,939 

786.646 

886,100 

942,845 

1,086,812 

1,163,646 

1,274,009 

1,262,226 

1,482.607 

1,894.688 

1,922.481 

1,719.007 

1,688.062 

2,081.786 

8,131,808 

8,801,922 

3,218,048 

8,034.814 

4,192,196 

2.982,512 

2,912,947 

2.898,680 

2,697,466 

2,476,466 

2,448,766 

2.490,028 

3,096,974 

4,016,688 

4,186,907 

4,729,026 

4,926,786 


Total 

ex  pen  tea. 
$681,012 
727,126 
748,121 
804.022 
916,616 
1,086.882 
1,117,861 
1,160,926 
1,182,928 
1,167,672 
1,169,886 
1,169,199 
1.206,684 
1,809,816 
1,878,289 
1,628.888 
1,782,188 
1,982,708 
1,986,128 
2,266.172 
2.930,416 
2,896,691 
2,767,850 
2,756,624 
8,803,428 
4,621,887 
4,664.718 
4,718,286 
4,499.628 
6.674.762 
4,874,754 
4,296.618 
4.820,782 
4.084,882 
8,971,276 
4,826,860 
4,479.049 
6,212.968 
6,024.666 
7,108,459 
7,982,767 
8,677,424 


Reresiie. 
$708,165 

780,870 
1,048,065 

961,782 
1,002,978 
1,180,285 
1,204,787 
1,111,927 
1,066,668 
1,117,490 
1,114,846 
1,156,812 
1,262,061 
1,888,417 
1.478,661 
1,598,184 
1,707,418 
1,860,688 
1,997,812 
2.268,670 
2.616,688 
2,828,707 
2,998.657 
8,898.465 
4,100,605 
4,286,078 
4,477,614 
4,548,522 
4,407,726 
5,029,607 
4,296,226 
4,287,288 
4.489,842 
4.089,090 
4.018,447 
4,161,078 
4,706,176 
6,662,971 
6.727,867 
6,828,982 
6,940,724 
6,688,587 


Naof 

letten. 

4.922,086 

6.112,690 

7.801,465 

6,782,474 

8,028.784 

9.041,880 

9,687,896 

8,896.416 

8,468,264 

8,989.920 

8.914,760 

9,254,496 

10,016,488 

11,110,886 

11,788,408 

12,786,073 

18,669,344 

18,804,664 

17,980,808 

20,827,180 

28,648.842 

26,448,868 

26,942,018 

80.686.096 

86,906,446 

88,115,702 

40,298,526 

40,891,698 

89,669,684 

45,265,668 

88,666,026 

88,186.598 

89,958,978 

41,879,781 

47.686,767 

62,864.819 

60,159.869 

69,426.469 

88.252.785 

96.790.624 

102,189.149 

119,684,418 


86,468,416     186,090,814     188,881,650 1,898,980,814 

It  appean*  by  the  preceding  table  that  the  expense  of  transportation  from  1790  to 
1854,  inclusi?e,  amounted  to  $86,458,415  ;  the  totolexpen8ee,$  186,090,8 14;  the  total 
revenue,  $133,381,650 ;  the  whole  number  of  letters  transported,  1,893,980,814. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  IRISH  POST-OFnCE. 
The  following  table  will  ehow  the  reader  at  a  glance  what  atf  immenee  increase  haa 
taken  place  in  the  number  of  letters  carried  by  the  poet-ofSce : — 

OOMFAEATITE  BTATUIKNT  Or  LETTERS  DKLIVBBED  UT  IBKLAMD  FOB  TBS  WEEKS  KMDING, 


September  20,1840.. 

19. 1841 . 
•♦  25,1842. 

21,1848. 

21,1844. 
*«  21,1846. 

«*  21,lt^46. 

"  21,1847. 


860.818 
889.696 
420.078 
443.601 
499.800 
674.950 
614,297 
667,754 


September  21,1848. 
21,1849. 
**  21,1860.. 

«  21,1851.. 

21.1862.. 
21. 1858.. 
21,1864.. 


642,077 
678,588 
671.088 
678.619 
725.288 
788,888 
777,988 


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•26 


p08UU  DepmrtfMnt. 
STATIsncS  OF  THE  BRTTISB  POST-OFFICE. 


EEVEHUS,  IXPKNBS8,  MUMBBE  Or  LnTBBS,  kVn  KUlCBVft  AKD  AXOUflT  OT  XOIIKT  OEOBBi, 

FEOK  1839  TO  1854,  imolusivk  : — 


Orosa 

Namb«ror 

Mamberof 

Amomtor 

reoelpu. 

ExpeiMes. 

toUera. 

mon'r  owl'n 

.  moD*j  ord*i. 

1889 

$11,968,818  |8,784,99'7  18,168,821 

82,470,696 

188,921 

$1,566,628 

1840.  ... 

6,797,882 

4,298,885 

2,503,947 

168,768,844 

587.797 

4,804.878 

1841 

7,497.098 

4,690,846 

2,806.248 

196,500,191 

1,652,845 

15.687,588 

1842 

7,890,729 

4,887.622 

8,003,207 

208,484.451 

2,111,980 

21.685.889 

1848 

8,104,838 

4,908,262 

3,201,086 

220,450.806 

2.501,628 

26.664.204 

1844 

8,626,839 

4,925.668 

8,699,786 

242,091,684 

2.806.808 

28.476.977 

1845 

9,487,883 

6,627,971 

8,809,912 

271.410,789 

3,176,126 

82.066.805 

1846 

9,819.287 

6.698,726 

4,125,661 

299.586.762 

8,515,079 

86,856.284 

1847 

10.906,084 

6,982,600 

4,922,484 

822.146.248 

4.031.185 

89,515.886 

1848.  ... 

10,718.400 

7.016,263 

8,702.147 

328,880.184 

4,203,651 

40.766.476 

1849 

10,826,749 

6,622,814 

4,203,936 

837,399,199 

4.248,891 

40,768.219 

1860 

11,828,421 

7,803,928 

4,019.498 

847,069,071 

4,489,713 

42,472,498 

1861 

12,110.841 

6,620,818 

6.690,028 

860.647,187 

4,661,025 

44,402.104 

1852 

12,171,684 

6  719,586 

6,452,098 

879,501.499 

4.947,825 

47,191.889 

1868 

12,872.039 

7.008,899 

6.868.640 

410.817.489 

6,216.290 

49,580,976 

1864 

18,624,313 

7,582,781 

6,976.682 

448,649,801 

6,466,244 

62,812,069 

164,478.800  98.609.380  70,963,9204.619,778.296  63,654,898  622,151,799 

POST-OFnCE  MAN AGEMEST. 

A  Oanadian  oorrespoDdeot,  restding  at  Port  Hope,  has  called  oar  atteoUoa  to  the 
following  remarks  of  the  Scientific  American  on  **  Post-Office  Management."  Ooio- 
oiding  in  the  main  with  the  writer,  we  cheerfully  transfer  his  statements  to  the  pages 
of  the  Merchant^  Magazine : — 

**  AlthoQffh  we  are  far  in  advance  of  all  other  n^tionfi  in  a  free  goTemment  by  the 
people,  and  in  the  general  economy  of  its  adminiatratioo.  still  we  mast  coofeas  that  ia 
tome  things  we  are  behind  some  other  countries.  In  post-office  management,  for  ex- 
ample— respecting  which  we  should  stand,  like  Saul,  above  all  other  governments^ 
we  are,  on  the  contrary,  behind  Britain  and  even  despotic  Prussia.  In  England  and 
Prussia,  the  safest  and  mobt  convenient  way  of  transmitting  money  is  through  tht 
post-office.  In  the  last-named  country,  so  safe  and  convenient  is  the  postal  system, 
that  it  is  customary  for  persons  going  to  distant  dties,  to  deposit  the  money  they  in- 
tend to  use  at  the  end  of  their  journey,  in  the  poet  office,  before  they  start,  and  get  an 
order  for  the  same,  the  government  becoming  reepon^tible  for  it  This  is  also  the  case 
in  England,  and  has  been  found  to  operate  well  In  Berlin,  Prussia,  a  plan  is  in  ope- 
ration, which  we  should  like  to  see  introduced  into  all  our  cities.  It  consists  in  having 
light  post  office  wagons,  with  letter  deposit  boxes,  pass  through  the  streets  at  regular 
intervals  every  day.  to  carry  letters  to  the  general  poatKiffice.  The  people  have  bat 
to  drop  their  letters  at  their  own  doors  into  the  wagon,  and  away  they  go  safe  to  dif* 
ferent  parte  of  the  wurld.  With  our  etamp  system  this  would  be  easuy  carriad  out 
in  our  large  cities,  and  would  be  a  mo^t  convenient  arrangement. 

"  By  a  recent  law  the  Province  of  Canada  has  started  out  in  advance  of  us  in  post- 
office  improvements.  All  Canadian  newspapers  are  allowed  to  pass  free  in  the  Prov- 
ince, and  no  charge  is  made  upon  those  from  England.  The  expenses  to  carry  out  this 
iystem  must  be  paid  from  the  general  fund,  but  such  an  appropriation  is  a  wisa  one. 
It  facilitates  the  circulation  ol  useful  information,  and  tlius  it  tends  to  educate  the 
people.  To  this  pybtoio  the  aphorism  of  Lord  Brougham — **  the  schoolmaster  is 
abroad  " — may  well  be  applied.  The  spirit  of  democracy  is  to  adopt  every  system 
which  will  benefit  the  people,  let  it  originate  where  it  may.  We  therefore  bopa  that 
our  people  will  ^ive  these  remarks  a  careful  consideration  prior  to  the  meeting  of 
Ooogress,  in  order  that  our  post-office  system  may  be  reformed  to  meet  the  wants  of 
the  ago  and  the  people.  We  must  yet  engraft  the  *'  moOey  order,**  ocean  penny  post- 
age, free  newspapers  ami  periodicals,  and  the  cheap  carriage  of  light  package^  apoa 
cor  postal  system.  Until  we  do  this,  we  will  be  behind  Britain  ami  PruMia,  aod  thif 
wa  should  not  be  in  any  thiag." 


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SiaHsties  qf  Pcpulation^  etc. 


6$> 


STATISTICS  OF  POPULATION,  &c. 


DEATH'S  DOHQS  WITH  THE  POPUUTIOIV  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 

The  foUowiDg  table  it  derived  from  the  Secretary  6f  State's  Twelfth  Report  to  th« 
Legislature  of  MaMachueetts,  relating  to  the  BegUteriog  and  Returns  of  Births,  Mar- 
riages, and  Deaths  in  that  CommoDwealth.  It  has  been  carefully  prepared,  in  order 
to  exhibit  in  a  clear  and  comprehensive  view  all  the  deaths  that  have  occurred  during 
the  year  1858,  together  with  those  that  have  been  reported  the  previous  eleven  yean 
and  eight  months,  as  they  are  found  in  this  and  the  previous  Registration  Reports:— 

WHOLE  MO.  OF  DCATH8.       FEK  CENT  OF  DEATHS. 

Eleven  Elevea 

years  and  years  and 

eight  months  8  months 

endinfc  ^  ending 

Oaose  of  Death.                                       One  year,         Dec.  31,  Oneyeart  Dec.  Sly 

1853.    1858.  1853.  1852. 

AHcanses 20,801         148,024  

Specified  causes 19,561         188,451  100.00  100.00 

Zymotic  DiscMes 5,446          40,681  27.84  29.87 

Sporadic  di$ea»e$  of-^ 

Uncertain  seat 2,409          16,862  12.82  12.17 

Nervous  organs 2,008           18,427  10.27  9.69 

Respirative  organs 5.788          38,718  29.56  27.94 

Circulative  organs 475            2,888  2.48  2.08 

Digestive  organs. 1,191            8,981  6.09  6.66 

Urinative  organs 88               608  .46  .44 

Generative  organs. 222            1,676  1.18  1.14 

Locomotive  organs 118               762  .68  .66 

IntegameDtive  organs. 18              1^2  .07  .09 

OWage 997             8.481  6.10  6.12 

Violent  causes. 816            6,866  4.17  8.86 

By  this  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  class  of  diseases  designated  as  zymotics,  and  iha 
diseases  connected  with  the  respiratory  organs,  have  been  most  fatal  during  the  year 
nnder  consideration,  67.40  per  cent  of  all  the  deaths  whose  causes  have  been  reported 
having  been  caused  by  them.  Thb  has  been  the  case,  also,  in  the  twelve  years  and 
eight  months  in  which  registration  has  been  carried  on  in  Massachusetts. 

MARRIAGES  Iff  THB  STATE  OF  KENTUCKY. 

Some  curious  information  in  relation  to  marriages  in  Kentucky  during  1864  is  givea 
in  a  late  number  of  the  Louisville  Courier.  The  total  number,  as  reported  by  the 
oounty  clerks,  was  2,000— about  one  marriage  to  every  ninety- eight  inhabitants.  The 
largest  number  was  in  December.  Of  6,261  marriages,  4,184  were  the  first  to  both 
parties;  148  widows  married  bachelors;  698  widowers  married  maids;  and  204 
widowers  married  widows.  In  one  instance  the  same  parties  had  been  previously 
married,  then  divorced,  and  remarried. 

The  youngest  person  married  was  a  female  of  18;  quite  a  number  at  14,  and 
over  160  were  under  16  years.  Of  4,184  first  marriages  of  both  parties,  2,094 
males — or  more  than  fifty  per  cent — were  under  20  years ;  and  89  per  cent  married 
under  26  years.  Of  all  marriages,  48  per  cent  were  under  20,  and  79  per  cent  were 
under  25  years ;  and  81,  or  6  per  cent,  married  over  50  years.  On  the  other  hand,  of 
the  4,184  grooms,  1,607,  or  86  per  cent,  were  under  25  ;  and  of  all  marriages,  29  per 
cent  were  under  that  age;  and  174,  or  3  per  cent,  married  over  60  years;  27  males 
and  6  females  married  for  the  first  time  over  60  years  of  age ;  18  men  men  and  1 
female  married  over  70. 

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680  StaHsties  of  Population^  etc. 

Jf ATITE  ABTD  FOREIGIV  POPUUTIOH  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

A  eorrespondent  has  famished  the  following  table  showing  the  white  native  popu- 
lation and  foreign  in  several  of  the  States/ with  the  proportion  of  criminals  to  each 


NaUre. 

Connecticut.. 888,000 

Illinois. *'787,000 

Kentucky 740,000 

Maine 66 1.000 

Massachusetts 880,000 

Michigan 841,000 

Missouri 620,000 

New  Hampshire 804,000 

New  York 2,440,000 

Ohio. 1,760,000 

Pennsylvania 2,01 6,000 

Rhode  Island. 124,000 

Vermont ...         281,000 

Virginia 926,000 

Wisconsin 197,000 

Native  white  population,  1860,  say. 17,810,000 

Foreign  white  population,  1860,  say 2,240^00 

Native  paupers,  1860 66,000 — I  in  269 

Foreign  paupers,  1860 68.000 — 1  in    81 


Criminals.  One  in 

CrinilDalB.OBeia 

646 

611 

28,000 

800 

98 

127 

6,811 

110.000 

199 

680 

126 

6,800 

80,000 

84 

882 

284 

2,940 

81,000 

460 

67 

3,866 

246 

160,000 

8,884 

41 

278 

1,250 

66,(i00 

386 

146 

242 

2,160 

78,000 

666 

109 

66 

4,606 

16,000 

24 

626 

4,000 

610 

660,000 

6.320 

108 

690 

2,660 

230,000 

166 

1,488 

664 

8,666 

800,000 

298 

1,084 

809 

400 

27,000 

287 

94 

84 

8,206 

84,000 

46 

766 

98 

9,460 

22.000 

9 

2»440 

106 

1,876 

107,000 

162 

660 

POPULATION  OF  BOSTON  AT  DIFFEREBTT  PERIODS. 

The  following  is  the  result  of  the  census  of  Boston  for  1866,  compared  with  1850; 

Tear.                    Populfttion.   Males.    Fomalea.    Years.  PopuUtioo.    Males.    Females 

I860 188,788     66,602     72,716  |  1856 162,629     78.182    84,479 

FOEBIQNCaS,  INGLUDINQ  THKfa  OHILDEBN  UNDSE  TWfiNTT-OMK  TBAKS  OP  AGS. 

1856.  1850.  1955.  1850. 

Irish 69,289        62,923  I  Colored 2,220  2,086 

Germans 4.686  2,666                                             

Other  countries  .. .         12,611           7,877  |           Total 88,566  66,551 

From  the  above  statement  it  is  evident  that  the  increase  of  population  has  been 
mainly  on  the  part  of  the  foreign  population,  and  the  children  of  foreigners. 

POPULATION  OK  BOSTON  AT  OlFFEEBNT  PEEIODS. 

Populatton.  Increase.  Per  cent.  Population.  Inereaite.  Per  cent 

1820 43,298       11840 86,000       6,897       8.18 

1826 68,277     14,979     34.69  |  1846 114,366     29,866     84.64 

1880 61,392       8,116       5.34     1860 188,788     24,422     21. S5 

1886 78,603     17,211     28.08  |  1866 162,629     23,841     17.10 

Probably  one-half  of  the  biuiness  men  of  Boston  live  in  the  adjoining  towns.  Tbeae, 
with  their  families,  comprise  a  population  of  at  least  60,000,  making  a  total  of  212,629 
aa  the  population  of  the  commercial  metropolis  of  New  England.  [ 

PROGRESS  OF  POPUUTION  IN  THE  LOIIDOIV  DISTRICTS. 
The  astonishing  increase  of  some  of  the  districts  immediately  around  Uie  city  of 
London  is  evidenced  by  the  following  statement  made  by  Sir  Benjamin  Hall,  upon 
introducing  his  bill  for  improved  sanitary  arrangements  in  the  metropolis : — 

Districts.  Pop.  1801.  Pop.  1851.      Districts.  Pop.  1801.  Pop.  1851. 

KensmgtOQ 20,465         120,004  I  Lambeth 27,985  139,3^8 

Pancras 81,779         166,956  |  Newingtoo 14,847  64,816 

Islington 10,212          96,329  I  Poplar 8,278  " 

Stepney 84,909  1 10,776  |                                       


Being  an  inoreate  nearly  fivefold  in  fifty  yean. 


47.162 
148,475         724,367 


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Statistics  of  Agriculture^  etc,  681 

POPULATIOM  OF  JERSEY  CITY  Ilf  1850  AID  1855. 
It  will  be  seen  from  the  returns  jast  made  by  the  AseessorB — James  Goepill  and  Ira 
Clark — that  the  popalatioa  of  Jersey  City  has  nearly  doubled  in  the  last  five  years: — 

l6t  Sd  3d  4th 

ward.          word.          ward.          ward.  Total. 

Native  white  males 1,806        1,019        1,908        1,97*7  6,206 

Foreign  white  males 574           892         1,646         1J70  4,181 

Native  white  females 1,289        1,026        1,849        1.964  6.078 

Poreign  white  females. 960           896        1 ,764        1,844  4,964 

Colored  males. 11               7             62             61  121 

Colored  females 18             10             69             84  176 

Total 4,108        8,860        7,172        6,690  21,716 

Entire  population  in  June,  1860,  11,478 — ^increase  in  five  years,  10,242. 


STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE.  &c. 


CULTURE  OF  COTTO.V  AND  TOBACCO  IN  ALGERIA. 

The  following  is  an  extract  of  a  letter  from  a  correspondent  of  the  Department  of 
State  at  Washington,  dated  Tunis,  Algeria,  May  8. 1866  : — 

"  It  is  well,  in  all  cases  where  large  interests  are  invested,  to  be  forewarned,  even 
although  one  may  not  thereby  be  enabled  to  become  forearmed.  It  is  in  this  view  of 
the  case  that  I  have  deemed  it  my  duty  to  lay  very  briefly  before  my  countrymen  of 
the  tobacco  and  cotton  States  a  very  few  facts  in  reference  to  the  culture  of  those  two 
articles  by  the  French  in  Algeria.  I  inclose  you  an  article  from  the  Moniteur^  stating 
the  distribution  for  1864  of  the  prizes,  amounting  to  20,000  francs,  offered  annually 
by  the  emperor  to  the  largest  and  most  successful  cultivators  of  cotton  in  that  country. 
I  do  not  think  it  necessary  to  translate  the  whole  article,  but  give  a  single  paragraph : 

•**The  Minister  announces  that  these  measures  have  already  produced  most  excel- 
lent results.  [The  prizes  were  first  offered  in  December,  1858.]  Notwithstanding 
the  occasional  unfavorable  condition  of  the  climate,  or  rather  atmosphere,  the  business 
of  cotton  planting  has' been  relatively  very  considerably  developed,  and  colonists  and 
natives  have  rivaled  each  other  .in  their  zeal  and  effjrti«,  and  the  prizes  have  been  con- 
tended for  in  the  most  lively  manner  by  numbers  of  disputants.' 

*•  The  report  afterwards  details  the  character  of  the  efforts  of  the  various  applicants, 
and  how  the  jury  distributed  the  rewards. 

"  The  grand  sum  of  20.000  francs  was  divided  between  three  rivals  whose  merits 
were  thought  equal — two  French  colonists  and  one  Arab — with  a  gold  medal  to  each ; 
and  to  the  meritorious  of  the  second  rank,  a  silver  one  to  each  was  granted.  It  will 
be  seen  from  this  article  that  the  amount  of  land  in  course  of  culture  is  not  great ; 
bnt  it  must  be  remembered  that  it  is  but  a  very  few  years  since  the  attempt  to  intro- 
duce this  culture  was  made,  and  the  success  thus  far  has  exceeded  the  hopes  enter- 
tained at  the  commencement  I  am  assured  also  by  observing  travelers,  that  the 
bosiness  is  progressmg  rapidly  and  successfully.  The  same  is  true  also  of  the  tobacco 
enltnre.  The  quality  of  the  cotton  produced  is  said  to  be  good,  and  it  brings  a  &ir 
price  in  the  French  markets. 

**  Egypt  has  always  been  a  cotton-growing  country,  and  if  it  were  in  more  energetie 
hands,  no  doubt  the  quantity  produced  there  would  be  very  great.  The  conelusioD 
of  the  present  war  wiU  perhaps  see  it  fall  into  the  possession  of  more  enterprising 
owners.  Barbary,  however,  has  never  heretofore  been  a  cotton  grower.  But,  from 
careful  examination  and  reflection,  I  am  satisfied  that  there  are  no  difficulties  in  th« 


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082  StatisUes  cf  Agrieulturt,  ek. 

way  of  making  it  one  to  an  eoormoat  extent  when  the  Frendi  twaj,  as  wtU  sood  be 
the  case,  shall  have  extended  to  the  confioes  or  Egypt  A  better  climate  for  the  par- 
pose  perhaps  coold  not  be  readily  found  than  that  of  Tunis,  at  least  the  coast  portio* 
of  it.  A  large  portion  of  Algeria  is  equally  favorable — the  frosts  being  very  light 
and  rare,  and  irrigation  or  rain  supplying  moisture,  even  better  than  in  Tunis.  A 
more  fertile  soil  perhaps  does  not  exist  in  the  world.  It  is  as  fresh  as  though  en- 
tirely virgin,  much  of  it  having  lain  fallow  for  hundreds  of  years,  and  none  of  it  ever 
cropped.  The  dehrtB  of  the  works  of  human  handicraft  have  manured  many,  nay, 
most  of  the  plains  and  valleys,  in  a  manner  which  cannot  be  estimated  properly  ex- 
cept upon  being  seen.  The  ruins  left  during  the  progress  of  more  than  forty  centuries 
have  nearly  covered  the  soil  of  a  land  from  which  the  devastations  of  the  same  pe- 
riod have  almost  removed  the  population. 

**  But  the  plantation  needs  no  breaking  up  or  clearing,  like  our  own  new  groondsL 
It  is  a  light,  rich  soil,  very  easy  of  tillage,  and  ready  to  the  planter's  hand.  The 
energy  and  enterprise  of  the  French  government,  c>hould  that  continue  in  the  hands  of 
the  sagacious  and  provident  though  despotic  ruler  who  now  wields  it,  promise  to 
make  of  Algeria,  at  no  distant  day,  a  very  garden.  Recent  travelers,  not  at  all  favor- 
able to  the  French  occupation,  give  me  the  most  glowing  accounts  of  the  success  of 
the  colonial  planteca.  The  health  of  the  country  is  not  bad,  as  has  been  so  often  re- 
presented. This  impulse  to  the  colonial  production  of  Algeria  does  not  date  beyond  the 
commencement  of  the  present  reign,  however,  and  the  great  uncertainty  of  the  dar»* 
tion  thereof  for  any  specified  period,  of  course,  carries  an  equal  want  of  confidence  in 
this  continued  progress.  Howtver,  while  Louis  Napoleon  contiuues  to  be  emptor 
every  muscle  will  be  strained  in  the  effort  to  create  not  only  a  great  source  of  na* 
tional  wealth,  but  a  great  rival  to  our  own  fair  land,  toward  which  he  seems  to  is. 
dulge  such  a  little  enmity  of  feeling. 

**  An  excellent  quality  of  tobacco  is  raised  in  abundance,  and  with  little  cnltnre,  ki 
Barbary.  This  has  ever  been  the  case,  but  the  Moorish  tyrants,  who  for  so  long  m 
time  oppressed  their  countries  with  their  exacting  sway,  have  even  made  special  e& 
forts  to  prevent  the  increase  of  this,  as  of  some  other  valuable  productions,  lest  the 
land  become  too  inviting  a  prey  for  the  European  powers,  whom  they  have  seen  always 
ready  to  pounce  upon  them  when  occasion  offered.. 

**  The  soil  of  North  Africa  is  believed  to  be  inexhaustible,  even  under  a  constant 
course  of  tobacco  cropping.  I  cannot  learn  tljat  any  deleterious  effect  has  been  pro- 
duced upon  that  which  has  been  the  longest  and  most  constantly  subjected  to  this 
wearing  crop.  The  following  little  paragraph,  translated  from  the  French  paper  of 
Algeria,  will  give  a  little  notion  of  the  progress  of  the  explantation  of  tobacco  in  that 
fertile  colony : — 

"'The  Akhbar  of  Algiers  of  the  27th  gives  the  following  details  of  the  cnltore  of 
tobacco  m  that  colony:  From  the  Ist  of  September,  1864,  the  day  on  which  the  deliv- 
eries commenced  at  the  tobacco  warehouse  at  Hussein  Dey,  to  the  20th  ultimo,  the 
government  has  purchased,  from  the  growers  in  tie  province  of  Algiers,  2,460,804 
bilog.,  for  which  the  State  has  paid  2,288,004  francs.  Such  results  render  comment 
unnecessary.  Six  vessels  with  full  cargoes  of  thib  article  have  already  sailed  for 
Bavre,  two  others  are  loading,  and  it  is  Uiought  that  twenty-five  vessels  in  all  will  be 
required  to  convey  the  "whole  quantity  purchased,  to  France.  "When  to  the  above 
quantity  is  added  that  purchased  by  the  trade  from  the  growers  and  the  natives, 
which  is  very  considerable,  an  exact  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  results  of  the  seaeoo 
of  1854.' 

**The  amount  named  in  kilogrammes  would  make  over  five  million  pounds.    Tbe 
rench  government  retains  in  its  own  hands  the  monopoly  of  the  manufacture  and  sale 
of  tobacco,  from  which  it  derives  a  large  revenae." 


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Statistics  of  Agriculture^  etc.  688 

THE  HISTORY  OF  BUTTER. 

From  the  xarious  Btatements  in  history,  it  may  be  safelj  ooDcluded  that  the  discov- 
•ry  of  butter  is  attributable  Deither  to  the  Orceks  nor  Romany  but  that  the  former 
were  made  acquainted  with  it  by  the  ScythianB,  Tbracians,  and  Phrygians,  and  the 
latter  by  the  people  of  Germany.  It  appears,  says  Beckmann,  that  when  they  had 
learned  the  art  of  making  it,  they  employed  it  only  as  an  ointment  in  their  baths,  and 
particularly  as  a  medicine.  It  is  never  mentioned  by  Galen  and  others  as  food, 
though  they  have  spoken  of  it  as  applicable  to  other  purposes.  Ko  notice  is  taken 
of  it  by  Apicius,  nor  is  there  anything  said  in  that  respect  by  the  authors  who  treat 
on  agriculture,  though  they  have  given  accurate  information  regarding  milk,  cheese, 
and  oil.  This  may  be  easily  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  ancients  were  entirely 
accustomed  to  the  u«e  of  good  oil.  In  like  manner,  bntter  is  very  little  employed  at 
the  present  day  in  Italy,  Spain,  Portugal,  and  the  Southern  parts  of  France,  but  is 
•old  in  the  apothecaries*  shops  for  medicinal  purposes.  During  the  ages  of  paganism 
butter  appears  to  have  been  very  scarce  in  Norway ;  mention  is  made  by  historians 
of  a  present  of  butter  so  large  that  a  man  could  not  carry  it,  and  which  was  consid- 
«red  a  very  respectable  gift. 

The  yield  of  butter,  from  a  very  good  cow,  ought  to  be  866  pounds  in  the  year,  or 
one  pound  per  day.  This  is  not  a  large  daily  produce,  since  cows  have  been  known 
to  give,  for  a  limited  time,  as  much  as  two  pounds  per  day.  Mr.  Harold  Littledale 
of  Liscard  Farm,  Cheshire,  informs  the  editor  that  he  had  a  cow  which  gave  eighteen 
pounds  of  butter  per  week  for  some  time  during  the  summer  months.  The  quantity 
of  milk  given  per  day  was  twenty-six  quarts.  If  the  butter  be  calculated  from  this 
at  four  per  cent,  the  daily  yield  would  be  found  to  be  2.678  pounds,  giving  a  little 
more  than  18^  pounds  per  week,  nearly  what  Mr.  Littledale  stated.  Cows  have 
been  known  to  give  twenty-two  or  twenty-three  pounds  of  butter  per  week,  but  these 
•re  extraordinary  instasces. 

EFFECTS  OF  FREE  LABOR  IN  THE  SOUTH. 

The  Richmond  Di^atcli  says  the  impracticability  of  extensively  cultivating  South- 
ern Boil  by  free  labor  has  been  demonstrated  by  repeated  experiments.  Several  of 
them,  narrated  in  a  speech  once  delivered  in  Congress  by  Mr.  Holmes,  of  South  Caro- 
lina, will  bear  repetition,  and  ought  to  be  kept  before  the  people.  One  of  these  oc- 
curred in  our  own  county,  in  South  Carolina,  in  Florida.  A  dii>tinguished  Methodist 
clergyman,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Capers,  tried  an  experiment  under  circumstances  peculiarly 
favorable  to  its  success.  Before  giving  freedom  to  his  slaves,  he  endeavored  to  pre- 
pare them  for  their  new  position  by  moral  and  religious  instruction.  He  then  liber- 
ated them,  gave  them  a  plantation,  and  left  it  after  harvest  with  the  bams  full,  stock 
of  cattle  and  sheep,  and  a  horse  to  plow.  He  then  delivered  the  estate  into  their 
hands,  giving  them  any  quaniity  of  good  advice  and  admonition,  and  took  his  depar 
ture  for  his  distant  home.  After  a  lapse  of  several  harvests,  he  returned  to  the  scene 
of  his  philanthropy,  and  instead  of  the  pleasant  spectacle  which  he  had  expecttd,  he 
found  uncultivated  fields,  cattle  eaten  up,  and  empty  bams.  The  horse  remained,  but 
was  used  not  for  plowing  and  carting,  but  to  aid  in  depredations  on  the  neighboring 
plantations. 

Another  case  occurred  in  1840  in  Trinidad,  which  had  flourished  under  slave  labor, 
but  the  estates,  in  consequence  of  British  West  India  emancipation,  had  now  been 
deserted  by  the  laborers.  One  of  the  planters  came  to  this  country  and  induced 
many  colored  persons  in  Maryland  and  the  District  of  Columbia  to  go  to  Trinidad 
and  cultivate  the  lands  upon  the  most  advantageous  terms.    This  experiment  also  re- 


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suited  in  a  complete  failure ;  the  free  negroes  found  the  sun  too  hot,  and  either  re* 
sorted  to  the  towns  or  returned  to  this  country. 

Another  case  related  by  Mr.  Holmes  is  one  of  white  labor.  The  distinguished 
William  "Wirt,  having  purchased  land  in  Florida,  and  having  some  scruples  against 
the  employment  of  slave  labor,  carried  down  to  his  Florida  plantation  a  large  number 
of  white  men.  They  commenced  work  in  autumn,  and  during  the  winter  and  spring 
seasons  worked  with  such  diligence  and  fidelity  that  Mr.  Wirt  began  to  conceive  his 
brightest  anticipations  already  realized.  But  summer  came  with  its  hot  days  and 
moist  nights,  the  sinews  of  the  white  laborers  were  relaxed,  their  strength  began  to 
fail,  and  finding  the  burning  heat  altogether  too  much  for  them,  they  threw  down 
their  agricultural  implements,  and  in  a  body  left  the  plantation.  Mr.  Wirt  would 
have  lost  his  entire  crop,  but  for  the  fortunate  circumstance  that  a  gang  of  negroes 
were  in  the  neighborhood  for  sale,  whom  Mr.  Wirt  purchased,  and  thus  his  crop  was 
saved. 

Another  experiment  with  white  men  was  tried  in  Florida  by  a  New  York  gentle- 
man, who  took  a  large  number  of  German  laborers  to  Florida,  and  began  the  cultiva- 
tion of  New  Smyrna,  which,  says  Mr.  Holmes,  was  a  tract  of  land  upon  whidi  a 
German  colony  once  settled,  but  finding  free  labor  could  not  cultivate  Southern  soil, 
had  abandoned  it  With  true  German  fidelity  and  industry,  the  new  laborers  began 
their  task,  and  after  placing  the  ground  in  beautiful  order,  planted  the  crops.  But 
they,  too,  were  abruptly  driven  off  by  the  hot  weather,  and  there  being  no  negroes  for 
sale  in  the  neighborhood  to  supply  their  place,  the  New  York  gentleman  lost  his  crop 
and  abandoned  his  estate . 


TOBACCO :  THE  POPULAR  PLANT  IN  THE  WORLD. 

There  is  no  plant  whose  history  shows  so  many  vicissitudes  as  that  of  the  tobacoo. 
Imported  from  America  soon  after  the  discovery  of  that  continent,  it  was  received 
into  the  old  world  with  a  species  of  enthusiasm.  It  was  not  long,  however,  before 
some  of  the- evils  and  inconveniences  involved  in  the  use  of  it  began  to  appear,  and  a 
host  of  enemies  were  raised  up  against  it  Theologiats  pronounced  it  an  invention  of 
Satan,  which  destroyed  the  efficacy  of  fasting.  Councils  forbade  it  to  all  ecclesiastics 
under  their  control.  Popes  Urban  VII L  and  Innocent  XL  punished  the  use  of  it  with 
excommunication;  Sultan  Amurath  IV.  with  the  most  cruel  kind  of  death  ;  Shah  Ab- 
bas IL  with  penalties  almost  as  severe  ;  Michael  Feodorovitch  Tourie^  offered  a  bas- 
tinado for  the  first  offense,  cutting  off  the  nose  for  the  second,  and  the  head  for  the 
third  offense ;  Prussia  and  Denmark  simply  prohibited ;  and  James  of  England  wrote 
against  it. 

Finding,  however,  that  no  penalties,  however  severe,  could  check  the  indulgence  io 
a  luxury  so  highly  appreciated,  sovereigns  and  their  governments  soon  found  it  much 
more  advantageous  to  turn  it  into  a  source  of  revenue ;  and  the  cultivation  and  manu- 
facture of  tobacco  were  gradually  subjected  almost  everywhere  to  fiscal  regulations 
or  monopolies.  Tobacco  was  in  such  general  use  in  America  when  first  discovered, 
and  was  there  so  widely  spread,  that  it  is  difficult  to  come  to  any  conclusion  as  to 
what  precise  part  of  that  vast  continent  is  its  native  country — probably  »ome  portion 
of  the  Mexican  empire.  As  to  the  precise  date  of  its  introduction  into  Europe,  it  has 
been  already  stated  that  it  followed  closely  upon  the  discovery  of  America.  The 
Spaniards  under  Columbus  had  scarcely  landed  in  Cuba,  in  1492,  when  they  began  to 
smoke  cigars;  but  they  could  only  fully  appreciate  its  luxuries  when,  in  1618,  Fer- 
nando Cortez  occupied  the  island  of  Tobago,  where  the  plant  was  found  growing  m 
great  abundance.    Hernandez,  the  naturalist,  was,  it  is  believed,  the  first  who  bro(^;hl 


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it  into  Spain  from  Mezioo,  in  1689.  It  was  introdnced  into  Portugal  from  Florida  by 
one  Flamingo,  and  into  France  by  Father  Andre  Tberet,  or  by  some  friend  of  his,  al- 
thoagfa  the  more  common  opinion  is  that  the  first  seeds  received  there  were  those  sent 
about  the  year  1560  to  Qoeen  Oatharine  of  Medicis  by  Jean  Nieol,  French  ambassador 
in  Portngal.  It  was  probably  raised  also  in  Eagland  a  few  years  later,  but  received  no 
notice  till  its  well  known  introduction  by  Sir  Francis  Drake  from  Virginia,  in  1686. 
In  Tnscany  it  was  first  cultivated  under  Oosmo  de  Medici,  who  died  in  1574,  having 
been  originally  raised  by  Bishop  Alfonso  Tornabuoni  from  seeds  received  from  his 
nephew,  Monsigoor  Nicolo  Tornabuoni. 

Next  to  salt,  tobacco  is  the  most  generally  consumed  of  all  productions.  The  anneal 
consumption  here  is  on  an  average  16.86  ounces,  or  considerably  more  than  a  pound 
weight  to  every  man,  woman,  and  child  throughout  the  United  Kingdom.  Moreover, 
this  consumption  is  greatly  on  the  increase.  Between  the  years  1821  and  1831  the 
increase  was  at  the  rate  of  about  one  ounce  per  head ;  during  the  next  ten  years  it 
was  somewhat  less  than  an  ounce ;  but  from  1842tol851it  was  three  ounces ;  making 
an  increase  of  44  per  cent  in  proportion  to  the  population  within  the  last  thirty  years. 
In  Denmark,  exclusive  of  the  Duchies,  the  average  consumption  in  1851  was  nearly 
seventy  ounces  per  head.  But  this  is  nothing  to  what  is  used  in  warm  countries.  If 
the  population  of  the  earth  be  taken  at  1,000,000,000,  and  the  consumption  reckoned 
as  equal  to  that  of  Denmark,  or  seventy  ounces  per  head,  the  produce  of  the  whole 
world  will  amount  to  nearly  2,000,000  tons  (1,968,126)  a  year.  The  value  of  the 
quantity  thus  reckoned,  at  twopence  a  pound,  amounts  to  above  £36,000,000  sterling. 

BR00M.C0RN :  THE  METHOD  AND  COST  OP  CULTIVATION. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  a  letter  to  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  dated  at 
West  Glenville,  Schenectady  County,  New  York.  It  briefly  describes  the  mode  of 
culture,  cost,  and  commercial  value  of  this  product  of  agriculture : — 

"Broom-corn  for  many  years  has  been  cultivated  to  a  considerable  extent  with  us, 
especially  on  the  *flat  lands'  lying  along  the  Mohawk  River,  and  is  considered  a  pro- 
fitable crop.  The  principal  objections  to  growing  it  on  *  upland  *  are,  that  it  makes  no 
fodder  or  manure,  except  the  stalks,  which  are  but  of  little  importance,  either  as  a 
fertilizer  or  for  feed,  lliey  are  generally  consumed  in  the  field  after  the  brusli  is 
taken  oS, 

**  The  usual  method  of  cultivation  is  to  plow  the  land  in  tlie  spring,  harrow  it  until 
the  soil  is  pulverized  and  mellow,  and  then  roll  it  down  smooth  with  a  revolving  plank 
or  log  roller.  The  seed  is  sown  with  a  drill  as  early  in  the  spring  as  the  condition  of 
the  ground  will  admit,  in  rows,  at  the  distance  of  three  feet  apart,  and  from  six  to 
eight  inches  apart  in  the  drills.  As  soon  as  the  corn  is  above  ground,  a  narrow  space 
of  ground  on  each  side  of  the  row  is  scraped  with  the  hoe,  to  prevent  the  weeds  from 
hindering  its  growth,  the  remaining  space  being  left  for  the  cultivator,  which  is  fre- 
quently run  to  keep  down  the  weeds.  The  cultivation  is  finally  finished  by  running 
the  plow  twice  to  each  row. 

"  The  brush  is  cut  while  g^en,  and  as  often  as  convenient  As  it  grows  from  eight 
to  twelve  feet  high,  the  tops  are  first  bent  or  lopped  to  one  side  and  cut,  with  seven 
or  eight  inches  of  the  stalk  left  on.    Each  stalk  composes  a  brush.'' 

The  amount  of  money  realized  by  Mr.  Elibu  Smith,  of  Sunderland,  Franklin  County, 
Massachusetts,  from  a  crop  raised  on  one  acre  and  nine  roods,  and  which  was  exhibited 
to  the  Board  of  Agriculture  for  that  State,  is  stated  as  follows : —  ' 
1,025  pounds  of  brush,  at  10  cents 1102  50 

67  Dushels  of  seed,  at  40  cents. 26  80 

Total  receipt $129  80 

Expenses  for  plowing,  harrowing,  planting,  manuring,  hoeing,  harvesting, 
scraping,  and  cleaning  the  seed,  and  interest  on  land 88  60 

Net  profit • $90  80 

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$9$  StatUtics  </  AgrieuUare,  ete. 

iA5D  SALES  19  THE  UHTBD  STATIS  19  ]6S4-(S. 

Tb«  regular  Wasbingtoo  oorreepondeDt  of  the  New  York  Ckmrier  and  Mmquirtr 
has  compiled  with  great  care  the  subjoined  statement  of  tlie  quaotitj  of  laod  sold  and 
price  per  acre,  together  with  the  eutire  receipts  in  each  State  reported,  as  followa: — 

LAND  8ALS8  IN  THB  FRKK  STATC8  AND  TERRITOanS  FOR  1864-66. 

Acres  sold.  Reeetpts.  At.  per  mer^ 

Ohio 62,000  $27,000  48.0  ceDta- 

Indiana 866.000  63,000  17.7ceota- 

Michigan 928,000  622.000  67 . 0  cent* 

Iowa. 8,276,000  4,064,000  124.0  centa- 

IlUnois 1,081,000  944,000  87.0ceBt8' 

Wisconsin 1,672,000  1,670,000  106.0  cenU 

Minnesota. 412,000  618,000  125.0  centa- 

Territories 6,700  7,000  126.0  carta- 

Total 7,691,700        7,916,000        102.9ceiits. 

LAND  8ALI8  IN  THC  8LAVR  STATES  FOR  1864-66. 

Acres  sokL  Receipts.  At.  per  men^ 

Missouri 2,896,000  $1,247,000  48.0ceota. 

Arkansas 498,000  187,000  87.6eeiits. 

Florida 266 ,000  108,000  48.0  cents. 

Alabama 2,278,000  683.0C0  28.0ceot8. 

Mississippi 966,000  816,000  88.0ceotB. 

Louisiana 881,000  181,000  46.0  certa. 

Total 7,267,000      $2,684,000  86 .0  oeots. 

There  was  sold  for  cash  during  the  preceding  fiscal  year  7,036,786  acres  of  public 
lands,  showing  an  excess  of  lands  sold  for  cash  during  the  year  just  closed  of  7,884,000 
acres,  that  is  to  say,  an  increase  of  over  100  per  cent  But  the  aggregate  quantity  of 
land  alienated  by  the  general  government  was  undoubtedly  somewhat  less  in  1854-66 
than  in  the  previous  year.  The  total  sales  and  grants  of  lands  in  1863-64  amounted 
to  23,388,818  acres,  of  which  three  and- a- half  millions  were  located  with  miUtacy 
warrants,  about  thirteen  millions  of  acres  were  granted  to  States  and  corporatiom  for 
yarions  purposes.  Of  military  warrants  under  previous  acts,  there  remained  unlocated 
at  the  beginning  of  this  fiscal  year  a  number  sufficient  to  absorb  4,807,880  acres  of 
land.  The  presumption  is  that  this  whole  quantity  was  taken  up  within  the  year 
But  as  all  the  land  spoliation  bills,  but  that  for  the  relief  of  the  old  soldiers,  failed  m 
the  last  Congress,  it  is  probable  that  the  19,000,000  acres  sold  and  located,  comprised 
nearly  the  whole  of  what  was  alienated  by  the  government  witiiin  the  year. 

BEET  806AR  OF  FRA9CB. 

France  is  the  largest  producer  of  beet  sugar  in  the  world.  A  favorable  soil  and 
climate,  and  a  rural  and  industrious  population,  contribute  to  the  suocessful  prosecu- 
tion of  the  beet  sugar  manufacture.  This  manufacture  originated  during  the  reign  of 
Napoleon  Bonaparte.  His  continental  system  raised  colonial  produce  to  an  almost 
fSeibulous  price.  The  high  rate  of  sugars  induced  many  to  look  around  for  the  means 
of  producing  sugar  at  home,  and  an  impetus  was  given  to  the  search  by  the  offer  of  a 
magnificent  premium  by  the  emperor  to  the  successful  discoverer  of  a  permanent  home 
tource  of  supply.  Of  all  the  plants  tried  the  beet  proved  the  most  promtsii^  but 
forty  years  elapsed  before  the  manufiicture  of  beet  sugar  was  enabled  to  cope  socoeas- 
fully  with  colonial  sugars.  From  France  the  culture  spread  through  Belgium,  Ger- 
many, and  far  into  the  interior  of  Russia,  and  now  there  is  produced  of  this  kind  of 
sugar  on  the  continent  of  Europe  three  hundred  and  sixty  milUona  of  pounds,  neariy 


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t$n 


one-balf  of  which  is  manufftctored  id  FrMiee,  in  three  hundred  and  thirty- fonr  manu- 
iactoriee.  In  the  yicinity  of  Lille  the  arenige  yield  of  the  sugar  beet  is  tixteeo  toi» 
to  the  acre,  and  at  ValencieoDet  nineteen  ton&  In  some  localities  twenty-five  tooa 
are  produced. 


RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 


STEAMBOAT  DISASTERS  ON  THE  WESTERN  WATERS. 
The  third  annual  report  of  the  United  States  Steamboat  laspectorA  of  the  Western 
Waters  has  been  printed.    The  report  embraces  the  period  from  September  80,  1851, 
to  September  30, 1856.    The  following  is  a  condense  J  summary  of  the  most  import- 
ant particulars  of  this  report : — 


Steamboats  to  which  certificates  No. 

of  inspection  have  been  iaeued  91 

Tonnage  of  same 32,958 

Beceived  licenses  to  carry  gun- 
powder   27 

Fasseogers  carried  on  steamboats 
to  and  from  St  Louis. ......  1,045,269 

Boats  repaired  on  marine  railway 

and  dry  docks  from  casualties.  18 

Boats  ordered  to  be  repaired  on 
account  of  '*  wear  and  tear.". . .  57 

Boats  refused  certificate  of  in- 

f^pection  on  account  of  bulls. .  4 

Do.  on  account  of  boilers  con- 
demned  : 4 

Boats  bunk  and  lost 21 

Boats  sunk  and  raised 24 

Boats  lost  by  fire 8 

Lives  lost  by  boats  sinking 8 

Lives  loet  by  boats  burning. ...  18 

LiTes  lost  by  injurious  et«ape  of 
steam. 7 

Lives  lost  by  spar  breaking  while 

aground 5 

Original  licenses  granted  to  first- 
clase  engineers 1 

Original  licenseti  granted  to  sec- 
ond-class engineers 84 

The  total  number  of  passengers  carried  was  1,016,219.  The  lives  lost  for  the  two 
years  are  thus  ttated : — Laat  year,  by  explosion,  84 ;  by  fire,  55 ;  total,  89.  This  year, 
by  explosion,  none;  by  fire,  IS  ;  by  sinking,  8 ;  by  other  modes,  12 ;  total,  28. 

These  comparisons  will  show  that  while  this  year  there  have  been  carried  double  as 
many  passengers  to  and  from  the  port  of  St.  Louis  as  there  were  last  year,  not  one- 
third  the  number  of  lives  were  lost — and  none  at  all  by  tbat  much  dreaded  catastro- 
phe, the  explosion  of  a  bviiler.  So  extraordinary  a  fiict  of  improvement  cannot  fail  to 
make  a  deep  impreb«ion  on  steamboat  men  and  on  the  publia  They  will  be  apt  to 
•sk  themselves  if  accidents  can  be  so  greatly  decreased,  why  may  they  not  be  avoided 
altogether  f  Let  ua  hope,  for  the  glory  of  science,  for  the  praise  of  steamboat  men, 
and  for  the  sake  of  humanity,  that  tho  ensuing  year  shall  be  wholly  devoid  of  acci 
denta  among  steamboats,  resulting  from  causes  that  steamboat  men  should  oootroL 


Renewi^ls  to  first   and   second  No. 

claBS  engineers 246 

Licenses  refused  to  engineers  on 
account  of  Intemperance  ....  8 

Licenses  refused  to  engineers  on 
account  of  incompetency. ...  10 

Licenses  refused  to  engineers  on 
account  of  being  under  age. .  8 

Licenses  to  engineers  revoked. .  6 

Licenses  to  engineers  suspended  6 

Original  licenses  granted  to  pi- 
lots.   51 

Renewals  granted  to  pilots  ....  285 

Refused  on  account  of  incompe- 
tency    6 

Refut^ed  on  account  of  being  un- 
der a^e. 8 

Refuted  on  account  of  iutemper- 
ance 5 

Revocations ^ 

Suspensions 9 

Pilots  fined  for  non-oomplianoe 
with  rules I 

Boilers  found  defective  under  hy- 
drostatic prepsure 8 

Boilers  repaired   under  initpec* 
tioo 5S 


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638  BaUfoad^  Canal,  amd  SUtmboat  SMMct.    . 

CAHALS  AND  RAIUIOAM. 

Fbzbm AV  Hour,  Esq.,  Editor  of  the  Merehantff  Magmne^  etc  :— 

Dear  Sir: — These  are  not  rivals ;  they  are  auxiUariea.  Up  to  this  time,  < 
have  yielded  the  largest  profit  to  their  owners.  In  Qreat  Britain  there  has  been  a 
fAU  trial  of  these  modem  commercial  channels.  Her  canals  average  an  annual  io- 
come  of  over  five  per  cent,  while  her  railways  yield  bat  8  6. 10  per  cent  Railways 
have  the  great  advantage  in  monopolizing  the  travel  and  the  freight  in  artidea  of 
small  weight  and  great  value.  Railway  managers  have  smik  money  by  cairyiqg 
freight  below  cost.  This  has  been  done  chiefly  to  compete  with  water  channria  It 
has  also  been,  to  a  great  extent,  with  a  view  to  show  increased  gross  earnings.  Great 
deceptions  on  stockholders  have  been  practiced  in  this  way. 

I  have  compared  the  results  of  the  freight  bosiness  of  sixteen  of  the  prindpal  tail- 
roads  of  New  York  and  Massachnsetta—eight  in  each  State,  having  an  aggregate 
length  of  S,814  miles,  and  built  and  equipped  at  a  cost  of  1188,000,000— with  the 
New  York  canals  of  800  miles  in  length,  and  which,  I  suppose,  have  ooet  about 
$40,000,000. 

The  freight  carried  one  mile  by  sixteen  raibroads  last  year,  was,  in  tons.     859,488,837 
The  freight  by  the  canals  carried  one  mile  during  the  season  of  naviga- 

tiou  labt  year,  was 668,659,048 

Excess  by  ihe  800  miles  of  canal  over  the  2,300  miles  of  the  sixteen 

raUroads 809,170,41$ 

The  cost  of  carrying  one  ton  per  mile  on  the  canals  was  eight  mills,  and  on  the  rail- 
roads, averaged  nearly  three  cents.  Some  of  these  roads,  according  to  their  own  show- 
ing, carried  ireight  below  cost ;  and  every  man  conversant  with  the  management  U 
railroads  in  this  country  a  few  years  past,  knows  that  this  has  been  done  in  sevefil 
instances  to  the  extent  of  sinking  the  whole  capital  of  the  roads. 

The  canals  that  have  their  lake  termination  in  Toledo  need  only  to  be  well  managed 
to  become  profitable  to  the  owners,  as  well  as  a  rich  blessing  to  the  country  through 
which  they  pass.    In  (.rivate  hands,  they  would  be  so  at  once.        Yours, 

J.  W.  SOOTT. 

COST  OF  FUEL  TO  RAILROADS. 

Considerable  has  been  said  of  late  about  the  substitution  of  coal  for  wood  as  foel 
for  the  engines  upon  our  railroads,  and  it  would  seem  with  some  prospect  of  its  prac- 
ticability. The  following,  from  the  Alexandria  (Virginia)  Sentirulf  bears  upon  this 
point: — 

From  a  table  made  up  by  T.  0.  Atkinson,  Esq.,  and  which  we  have  been  permitted 
to  inspect,  we  gather  the  following  statement  of  the  expense  of  fuel  on  the  varioni 
railroads  named  lor  each  mile  run  by  a  locomotive  on  said  roads  for  the  year  1864  >— 

Cents. 

Baltimore  &  Ohio 6|- 

Baltimore  &  Washington II 

Webtero  (Mass.) S6 

Bodtoo  <&  Maine 22 

Boston  <b  Providence 29 

Boston  (&  Lowell 28 


Boston  &  Worcester. 36 

Eastern  (Masa) SO 

Old  Colony  &  Fall  River. 26 

Pittsburg 19 

Orange  <b  Alexandria. 64^ 


On  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  the  cost  of  fuel  is  about  9  per  cent  of  the  av- 
erage cost  of  running  a  train  of  cars.  On  the  Boston  and  Lowell  Road  it  is  about  SO 
per  cent,  and  on  the  northern  roads  generally,  where  fuel  is  high,  it  varies  from  thai 
down  lu  18  per  cent. 

It  is  evicieut,  in  view  of  the  vast  amount  of  fuel  required  for  the  locomotives,  and 
the  growiug  scarcity  of  wood,  that  coal  will  be  brought  more  and  more  into  use,  both 
from  ecouotuy  and  necessity. 

We  Warn  that  Uie  low  cost  of  fuel  in  the  expenses  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road is  due  m  great  part  to  the  large  use  of  coal    It  will  readily  be  understood  thai. 


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Bailroad^  Canal,  and  SUamboat  Statistics.  689 

OD  railroads  doing  a  very  extensive  business,  and  where  of  coarse  the  engines  are 
powerful  and  the  trains  large,  the  expenses  per  mile  run  are  greater  than  on  roads 
where  the  trade  and  travel  are  light 


TRAFnC  OF  THE  THE  ERIE  AHD  CEllTRiL  RAILROADS  II  1854  AUD  18(5. 

The  returns  of  the  New  York  Central  and  the  Erie  Railroads  for  the  financial  year 
of  the  Companies,  which  corresponds  with  the  official  railroad  year  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  are  complete,  and  exhibit  the  following  result : — 

MEW  TORK  CENTRAL.  XRIE. 

BepU,  1855.  Sept.,  1854.  BepU,  1855.  Sept.,  1854. 

October $688,768  $658,298  $689,019  $689,676 

November 668,898  466.276  486,798  461,266 

December 461,487  446,964  464,971  881,203 

January 421^988  886.862  427,829  887,238 

February 886,126  816,818  840,762  867,629 

March 620.000  429,088  607.090  466,787 

April 647,169  601,905  606,697  621,987 

May «..  620,000  609,887  476,128  600,661 

June 621,710  476,679  896,888  886,867 

July 466,472  426,766  876,206  407,270 

August 688,896  620,076  484,145  481,826 

September    722,862  646,886  664,697  617.668 

Miscellaneous Not  reported.    296,990  

Total $6,442,824   $6,918,884    $6,498,966   $6,860,967 

MORRIS'S  METHOD  OF  STEERIITG  IRON  SHIPS  BT  COMFASS. 

The  Boston  Atlas  says  that  Captain  Griffith  Morris,  of  the  steamer  R.  E  Forbes, 
has  discovered  how  to  detect  and  measure  the  local  attraction  in  any  ship,  and  how 
to  overcome  it  with  absolute  correctness,  so  that  the  compass  may  be  relied  upon 
under  all  circumstances.  After  ten  years  of  patient  experiment  in  an  iron  vessel,  he 
has  become  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  influences  which  affect  the  compass,  and 
during  the  past  six  years  the  steamer  which  he  commands,  and  which  is  of  iron,  has 
been  run  by  compasses  adjusted  by  him,  and  they  have  never  varied,  even  the  eighth 
of  a  point,  during  the  whole  of  that  time.  The  captains  of  the  steamers  Joseph  Whit- 
ney* William  Jenkins,  and  Palmetto — the  two  first  of  which  trade  to  Baltimore,  and 
the  last  to  Philadelphia— bear  testimony  to  the  value  of  Captain  Morris's  discovery, 
for  he  has  adjusted  all  their  compasses.  In  the  passages  between  these  ports  and 
Boston,  these  vessels  steer  every  point  of  the  compass,  and  consequently  any  deviation 
from  the  chart  courses  by  their  compasses  will  be  readily  detected.  Before  Captain 
Morris  adjusted  their  compasses,  they  were  so  much  affected  by  local  attraction  as  to 
be  almost  worthless. 

BROOKLYN  CITY  RAILROAD  COMPANY. 

A.  P.  Stanton,  the  efficient  President  of  this  company,  in  reply  to  a  note  from 
Messrs.  E.  Whitehead,  Son  it  Morrison,  bankers  and  brokers,  of  New  York,  states  that 
the  **  capital  of  the  Brooklyn  City  Railroad  Company  is  fixed,  by  an  act  of  the  last 
Legislature,  at  one  million  dollars  ($1,000,000.)  divided  into  100,000  shares  of  $10 
each.    The  amount  paid  in  on  the  capital  stock  is  $902,660. 

**  The  cumber  of  shares  of  full  stock  issued  is  80,682 ;  the  number  of  shares  of  scrip 
stock  issued,  19,468 — on  which  60  per  cent  is  paid. 

**  The  number  of  miles  of  road  built  is  about  18  of  double  track,  or  86  single  track. 
The  company  own  116  cars  and  700  horses ;  also  6  stations,  comprising  some  80  lots 
of  land,  with  barns,  stables,  car  houc^es,  repairing  and  blackEmiths'  tbops,  <i^c. 

**  The  company  owe  no  debts,  have  given  no  bonds,  nor  incurred  any  liabilities." 


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640  Journal  of  Mining  and  Manufactures, 


JOURNAL  OF  MINING  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


ORIGIN  OF  WIRE  ROP£ :   ITS  QdALITIES  AJVD  BCONOMT. 

At  the  British  AssociatioD,  Mr.  Andrew  Smith,  C.  E.,  of  XiODdoo,  (who  n  the 
patentee  of  the  wire  rope,)  read  a  paper  ou  **  Wire  Rope :  its  various  ManipuUtioni 
and  Appliances;  its  Commercial  Value  and  National  Economy.'*  Amongst  those 
manufactures  to  which  might  be  given  the  appellation  of  "  things  of  the  day/'  was  the 
invention  of  wire  rope,  and  so  he  claimed  a  few  moments  of  their  valuable  time.  Few 
manufactures  were  entitled  to  more  of  their  consideration  than  the  manufacture  oi 
wire  rope  as  a  substitute  for  hemp. 

It  was  in  the  year  1828  that  the  author  of  the  paper  first  applied  wire  rope  as  m 
substitute  for  catgut,  in  aid  of  another  invention  of  his  for  **  metallic  shutters."  The 
rats  had  destroyed  the  strength  of  the  catgut  line  by  eating  it  *,  the  position  of  tha 
sheave  or  pully  was  so  placed  and  made  so  narrow  in  the  groove,  that  none  bat  a 
small  substance  could  be  applied  to  that  particular  case.  Necessity,  after  all,  was 
the  mother  of  this  invention.  Time  rolled  on,  and  the  author  anxiously  watched  the 
working  of  this  experimental  metallic  cord ;  four  years  were  spent  in  experimenting, 
m  order  to  test  its  strength  in  comparison  with  hempen  rope  and  chain,  as  regarded 
weight,  size,  strength,  price,  durability,  and  economy.  This  required  time,  patieooe, 
and  a  heavy  outlay  of  capital.  Ou  the  12th  of  January,  1835,  the  first  patent  was 
obtained  by  Mr.  Smith,  and  in  1839  be  had  obtained  his  fourth  patent.  At  this  time 
the  wire  rope  had  been  applied  to  a  great  many  purposes,  but  more  particularly  for 
the  standing  rigging  of  ships,  both  in  the  navy  and  the  merchant  service.  In  the  year 
1841  other  makers  came  into  the  field,  and  the  manufacture  has  increased  much  sinoe 
that  time  in  various  profitable  appliances — from  the  working  of  time-pieoee  to  the 
working  of  intelligence  through  the  agency  of  the  submarine  telegraph  wire  rope 
cable. 

He  exhibited  two  specimens,  which  he  said  formed  the  subject  of  his  fifth  and  last 
patent  for  machinery  for  manufacturing  submarine  cables  and  wire  ropes  generally. 
In  practice,  they  were  found  efficient  in  their  operations,  producing  great  facility  in 
the  manufacture,  with  very  little  friction  in  the  rubbing  and  bearing  parts.  A  tabu- 
lar scale  which  he  produced  showed,  he  said,  the  utility  and  economy  of  wire  rope  at 
applied  for  standing  rigging  in  the  navy  ;  from  this  it  also  appeared  that  at  the  timA 
the  estimate  was  made,  a  saving  might  be  efifected  of  £28,582  on  £114,830,  being 
more  than  one-fourth.  This  was  at  a  time  when  the  price  of  hemp  was  less  than  half 
its  present  price,  it  being  then  only  £40  per  ton,  whilst  it  was  now  nearly  £90 ;  and 
the  rope  was  then  nearly  half  as  dear  again  as  at  the  present  time,  it  being  then  £60 
per  ton,  and  now  only  £40. 

Mr.  Smith  concluded  by  exhibiting  and  describing  two  models — one  showing  the 
applicability  of  the  wire  rope  for  standing  rigging,  and  the  other  for  mining  pa^ 
poses. 

WfflTEIIIia  PIUS  AND  NEEDLES  MADE  OF  IRON  AND  STBEL. 

The  subjoined  account  of  the  process  of  manufiEictaring  and  whitening  pios  and 
needles,  is  translated  from  the  Bulletin  de  la  Soeietie  D" E^ieouragement : — 

**  It  b  well  known  that  pins  made  of  brass  wire  are  deficient  of  strengtli  and  elat* 
tidty,  and  accordingly  they  have  been  replaced  by  pins  made  of  iroa  or  steel ;  bat  ft 
U  necessary  to  tm  them  over.    This  operation,  however,  cannot  be  peribrmed  eqoaUj 


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Journal  of  Mining  and  Manufactures.  641 

wen  vitli  iron  m  wiA  brass ;  the  pins  have  a  rongh,  uneyen  sarface,  trhich  renders 
them  iocoQveDient  to  use,  as  they  are  liable  to  tear  the  cloth. 

"Messrs.  Vantillard  and  Leblood,  wishing  to  avoid  this  defect,  formed  the  idea  of 
first  covering  the  iron  with  a  thin  coating  of  copper  or  other  metal  having  a  greater 
affinity  for  tin  than  iron  has ;  bat  in  order  that  this  resolt  shonld  be  satisfiictorilj  at- 
tained, it  is  necessary  to  poUsh  and  pickle  the  pins  before  coppering  them. 

"  The  above  named  mannfacturers  have  most  ingentoosly  effected  the  polishing,  the 
ptekling,  and  the  coppering,  by  one  single  operation.  To  treat,  for  example,  2  kilo- 
grammes (a  little  more  than  4  lbs.  ^\  oz.,)  4  litres  (abont  7  pints)  of  water,  SOO 
grammes  (10  ounces  9  drams  avoirdupois,  by  weight,)  of  oil  of  vitriol,  80  grammes 
(16  ounces  13  grains  avoirdupois)  of  salt  of  tin,  40  grammes  (1  ounce  4  drams  IT 
grains)  of  crystalized  sulphate  of  zinc — white  copperas— and  7  grammes  (about  108 
grains  avoirdupois)  of  sulphate  of  copper,  are  mixed  together ;  this  mixture  is  allowed 
to  dissolve  during  twenty-four  hours.  The  bath  being  thus  prepared,  it  is  to  be  in- 
troduced into  a  barrel  of  wood,  made  pitcher-like,  and  mounted  upon  an  axis.  Into 
this  barrel — ^which  has  a  capacity  of  about  85  pints  ^the  pins  are  now  to  be  put ;  it  is 
then  tamed  rapidly  during  half  an  hour,  when  the  pins  will  be  found  to  have  received 
a  pickling,  a  polishing,  and  a  slight  coppering.  After  the  lapse  of  this  time,  20 
grammes  (about  10  drams  8  grains  avoirdupois)  of  sulphate  of  copper,  in  ci^stals, 
(blue  stone)  are  to  be  added,  and  the  barrel  again  turned  during  ten  minutes,  when 
a  solid  coppering  will  be  effected,  with  a  fiuely-polished  surface.  This  done,^e  li- 
quid in  the  barrel  is  to  be  decanted  ofl^  and  may  be  used  repeatedly  for  the  same 
purpose ;  the  pins  are  washed  in  cold  water,  then  put  in  a  tray  containing  a  hot  solu- 
tion of  soap,  and  agitated  for  about  tv^o  minutes.  The  soaplye  is  decanted  off,  and 
the  pins  put  into  a  bag  with  some  fine  sawdust  and  shaken,  by  which  means  the  cop- 
pered surface  assumes  a  brilliant  appearance.  Tiie  pins  thus  prepared  may  bo  tinned 
in  the  ordinary  way.  The  articles  made  in  this  way  are  far  more  beautiful  and  use- 
ful than  those  made  in  the  ordinary  way. 

**  This  process  is  the  more  deserving  of  attention  at  present,  quite  independent  of 
the  superior  quality  of  the  pins,  in  consequence  of  the  exceedingly  high  price  of  brass 


SUPERIORITY  OF  AMCRICAV  IROIV. 

No  man,  says  Mr.  Henderson,  of  the  Boffalo  D&mocraey,  of  any  experience  in  the 
working  of  the  useful  metals,  will  deny  that  our  iron  U  better  than  the  British.  On 
the  Reading  Road,  where  careful  examinations  have  been  recorded,  and  with  a  ton- 
nage unsurpassed  by  any  railroad  on  the  globe,  ZxaAa  OoLSoaif  says  it  isii  found  tliat 
American  iron  wears  out  but  from  one-third  to  one-half  as  fast  as  English  iron.  The 
average  of  six  years*  wear  of  60  lb.  English  rail  was  above  11  per  cent  annually.  The 
average  of  four  years*  wear  of  the  •'  Erie  "  (English)  pattern  was  16  per  cent  annually. 
Oontrast  with  this  the  wear,  in  the  same  traek^  of  the  Phmnix  and*  Danville  rails.  The 
rails  of  Reeves,  Buck  <b  Co.,  of  Phoeaixville,  wore  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent  a  year  for 
six  years.  The  Montour  or  Danville  rails  at  the  rate  of  nearly  6^  per  cent  for  four 
years. 

Whatever  may  be  the  quality  of  a  rail,  the  Reading  Road  will  prove  its  durability. 
No  other  test  is  needed — where  fifteen  millions  of  tons  of  freight  and  cars  are  passed 
over  a  road  in  the  space  of  six  year^.  If  a  rail  is  laminated,  has  soft  ^ts,  or  is  made 
inferior  in  any  respect,  it  b  bound  to  show  itself,  inside  out,  in  a  five  years'  test  on 
the  Reading  Road. 

Bar  laoN.    In  all  rolled  iron  the  same  general  superiority  of  American  is  obsorv- 

TOL.  zxxm. — NO.  l^  41 


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942  Journal  cf  Mining  and  Hatm/aciuret* 

Me.  Mr.  Oolbun  cites  the  Juniata,  the  Sharon,  the  Tredegar,  and  other  Amema 
charcoal  iroDs  against  the  Lowmoor,  Bowling,  Kirkatall,  Cable,  and  other  English  iron 
— while,  also,  our  general  marks  of  anthracite  iron  are  superior  to  ordinary  English 
*'  refined "  iron.  For  the  same  reasons  that  our  rails  ar^  better,  onr  bars  are  alse 
better. 

PioiRON.  There  is  not  now  any  difference  to  speak  of  in  the  general  market  of 
Scotch  pig  and  American  No.  1  charcoal  foundry  pig.  The  American  pig  is  both 
harder  and  tougher.  Some  of  the  leading  locomotiYe  builders  will  use  no  othe/  thai 
American,  on  account  of  its  superior  hardness,  for  cylinders,  drlTing-wbeels,  etc.  For 
car-wheels,' where  the  best  iron  is  indispensable,  American  pig  is  used,  we  belieTe,  ex- 
clusively. 

Steel.  The  Adirondack  Sied  Company  have  made  steel  in  Jersey  City  equal  to 
any  of  English  manufacture.  We  must,  however,  thoroughly  get  rid  of  foreign  iron 
before  we  can  expect  to  dispense  with  foreign  steeL 


THB  ESSBNCS  OF  COAL  A  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  OIL  OF  TUiraiTIllB.  . 

According  to  the  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  d^JSncouragemmt^  M.Pe]ouze,  the  eon  cf  the 
distinguished  chemist  of  that  name,  proposes  to  use  an  oily  floid  oonsisting  of  a  mix- 
ture of  carbo-hydrogens,  especially  of  beuzoine,  Ac,  as  a  substitute  for  oil  of  tnrpc»> 
tine  in  painting.  Be  obtains  this  fluid,  which  boils  from  100^  to  168°  Centigrade,  by 
the  distillation  of  cannel  coal  by  means  of  sur  heated  steam.  This  liquid  is  colorleBa, 
very  fluid,  and  completely  Tolatile,  leaving  no  stain  upon  paper,  and  is  not  altered  by 
exposure  to  the  light  It  has  a  penetrating  cmel),  which  reminds  one  of  common  coA 
gas ;  but  this  entirely  disappears  when  it  has  evaporated.  A  number  of  c(»npanitiTe 
experiments  have  been  made,  with  the  object  of  comparing  it  with  oQ  of  turpestiBe, 
by  a  committee  of  the  Societe  d*£ncouragement  of  Paris,  all  of  whidi  have  resulted 
in  showing  that  walls,  woodwork,  <fcc^  painted  with  the  essence  of  coal,  dried  iar  more 
rapidly,  and  the  smell  disappeared  sooner,  than  where  essence  of  tnrpentine  was  cm- 
jdoyed. 

For  example,  in  one  case  where  the  coal  essence  and  oi!  of  tnrpentine  were  rcfpecfe- 
ively  mixed  with  three  times  their  volume  of  oil,  and  employed  under  exactly  similtr 
circumstances,  the  fmell  of  the  essence  oCcoal  was  completely  dissipated  at  the  end 
of  three  days,  while  that  part  painted  with  the  turpentine  mixture  had  stiil  a  strong 
smell,  and  was  not  completely  dry.  Hie  introduction  of  such  an  oil  woidd  be  cf 
great  mnportance,  not  only  in  a  commercial  point  of  view,  but  in  a  bygieoic  one  aka 


N£W  YORK  HATS. 

A  cotemporary,  in  descanting  upon  hats  made  somewhere  "  down  East,"  says  there 
is  something  magical  in  a  new  hat  The  gloes  or  sheen  thereof  seems  to  yield  new 
cheerfulness  to  the  visage  of  the  wearer.  It  appears  to  shed  a  smile  upon  his  lip- 
gives  a  smirk  to  his  cheek— and  superadded  luster  to  his  eye.  Commend  us  to  a  new 
chapeau.  Tour  hat  of  antiquity  has  always  something  melancholy  and  suspidom 
about  it;  it  awakens  sympathy  for  the  unfortunate  man  who  stands  under  the  article, 
and  leads  to  irresistible  conclusions  that  he  has  seen  better  days.  History  has  its  ao- 
oounts  of  hats,  and  of  their  wearers,  too  numerous  to  mention.  The  chapeaux  &r«a,of 
great  civic  andmilitary  people,  are  as  famOiar  to  the  world  as  was  Napoleco's  grey 
snrtont  to  his  Wdiers.  Whatever  some  people  may  imagine,  there  is  no  sati^&ctkB 
— no  positive  enjoyment — in  your  real  old  hat  It  palls,  after  a  while,  makes  the 
forehead  greasy,  and  resolves  itself  into  a  slouch  that  is  unseemly  to  see.  The  dis- 
grace of  an  ancient  hat  has  driven  many  a  man  to  despour.    Who  does  not  recollect 


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Journal  of  Mining  aTid  Mmtffactures.  643 

fhe  namelesB  and  yenerable  stratiger,  od  a  promontory  near  New  York,  who,  in  the 
patbetio  worda  of  tlie  Bong — 

•'AB  wildly  looked— put  on  his  #»  taftt— 
Then  madly  roahed  from  Weekawk'S  brow," 

Thos  borying  his  head  and  ita  coyering  in  the  dark  watera  of  the  Hodsoo.  Undoubt- 
edly it  was  the  want  of  means  to  get  a  new  envelope  for  his  soooce,  which  impelled 
that  unhappy  person  to  play  Sam  Patch.  Bach  yirtae  is  in  a  new  hatr-fiuch  is  the 
misery  to  be  without  one. 

There  is  a  moral  in  thia  chapter.  It  seryes  as  a  prolegomenon,  which  heralds  the 
way  to  some  practical  observations,  and  without  further  preliminaries,  we  may  as  well 
aay,  in  this  place,  that  the  hats  made  in  New  York  are  uosurpassed  in  beauty  and  ez< 
edleooe  either  at  home  or  abroad.  As  an  illustration,  we  may  mention  the  &ct  that 
an  American  gentleman  in  London  recently  dropped  into  the  estaUishment  of  a  man- 
u&cturer  of  hats,  and  while  his  hat  was  being  bruahed  the  manu£Eu;turer  took  occa- 
sion to  remark: — "That»  sir,  is  an  American  hat;  we  can't  make  such  in  London— so 
light,  so  elegant.  Your  countrymen,  who  are  behind  the  Old  World  in  the  fine  arts, 
teem  to  have  transformed  the  useful  into  the  fine."  The  hat  which  elicited  this  eulogium 
was  from  the  manu&ctory  of  Johk  N.  Gxnizc,  of  Broadway,  New  York. 


ALCOHOL  FROM  BEET.ROOT. 
It  has  already  been  stated  in  foreign  journals  and  in  the  Merchantt^  Magazine  that 
the  distillation  of  alcohol  firom  beet-root  has  been  commenced  on  rather  an  extensive 
scale.  The  apparatus  employed  in  the  operation  consists : — 1.  Of  a  distillery  appar- 
atus placed  on  a  brick  furnace.  This  costs  2,000  francs.  1.  Of  four  wooden  vats  for 
fermentation,  costing  480  francs.  8.  Of  six  vats  for  maceration,  860  francs.  4.  Of  a 
cutter,  160  francs.  6.  Of  pipes,  cocks,  and  various  utensils,  2,010  francs;  total,  6,000 
firancs.  With  this  apparatus  2,260  kilogrammes  of  beet-root  are  operated  on  daily, 
and  180  litres  (47^  gallooe)  of  aloohc^  and  1,800  kilogrammes  of  residue  are  obtained 
from  them.  The  expense  per  day  may  be  thus  set  down : — 2,260  kilogrammes  of 
beet-root  at  16  francs  the  1,000  kilogrammes,  36  francs ;  labor  and  fuel,  10  francs;  in- 
terest of  capital  at  10  per  cent^  2  francs  60  centimes;  repairs,  I  franc  60  centimes; 
total,  60  francs.  Th»  180  litres  of  alcohol  obtained  from  the  beet-root  are  at  60  deg. 
and  at  the  present  rate  of  that  article  (96  francs  the  hectolitre)  are  worth  171  francs, 
The  profit  is  consequently  121  francs  a  day.  The  residue  of  the  beet-root  operated 
OD  is  taken  hot  from  the  vats  and  placed  in  other  vats,  when  it  is  left  to  ferment  for 
twenty-four  or  thir^  hours.  It  is  then  mixed  with  small  straw  or  hay  chopped  up, 
and  is  given  to  cattle;  they  eat  it  greedily,  as  the  process  does  not  deprive  it  of  its 
nutritious  qualities.  

HOW  LAGER  BIER  IS  MADE. 
Ao  interesting  lager  bier  trial  came  off  in  Petersburg,  Yiiginia,  recently,  in  which 
lager  bt*^r  statistics  were  brought  out  on  oath,  and  may,  therefore  be  believed.  Mr. 
Solomon  Keyser  was  a  defendant,  and  was  charged  with  keeping  a  disorderly  bier 
saloon.  A  very  respectable  German  witness  in  Uie  case  defined  what  lager  bier  was. 
fie  said  it  was  manufactured  of  malt  and  hops,  and  was  made  bitter  by  throwing  an 
extra  amount  of  the  latter  in — that  was  bier.  This  compound  was  placed  in  a  barrel 
lined  with  a  casing  of  rosin,  and  was  laid  in  a  cellar,  from  which  laying  in  store  was 
derived  the  word  lager.  This  was  lager  bier,  or  "  stock  ale."  The  witness  thought  it 
might  burst  a  man,  but  would  «not  make  him  drunk.  He  had  known  German  ladies 
ifi  New  York  and  Philadelphia  to  put  seventeen  to  twenty  glasses  (pints)  under  their 
Wftbtbands  in  one  day,  and  sever  fael  the  elfocts. 


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644  JfereantiU  IIueMmm. 

WETTIJia  BRICKS  FOR  BUIWIVa. 

As  it  is  important  that  everj  one  enjAged  in  building  ahooH  be  well  informed  ia 
regard  to  the  durability  of  materials,  we  poblish  the  following  from  the  Scientific 
jLfncTtc€tn  .•— 

*•  Very  few  people,  or  even  builders,  are  aware  of  the  advantage  of  wetting  bricka 
before  laying  them,  or  if  aware  of  it,  they  do  not  practice  it;  for  of  the  many  housas 
DOW  in  progress  io  this  city,  there  are  very  few  in  which  wet  bricks  are  used.  A  wall 
twelve  inches  thick,  built  of  good  mortar  with  bricks  well  soaked,  is  stronger  in  every 
respect  than  one  sixteen  inches  thick,  built  dry.  The  reason  of  this  is,  that  if  the 
bricks  are  well  saturated  with  moisture,  they  will  not  abstraat  from  the  mortar  the 
mobture  which  is  necessary  to  its  crystalization ;  and  on  the  contrary,  they  will  anite 
ebemically  with  the  mortar,  and  become  as  solid  as  a  rock.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the 
bricks  are  put  up  dry,  they  iinmeJiately  take  all  the  moistnre  from  the  mortar,  leav- 
nig  it  to  dry  and  harden,  and  the  consequence  is  that  when  a  building  of  th'is  deserip* 
tioQ  is  taken  down  or  tumbles  down  of  its  own  accord,  the  mortar  from  it  is  like  so 
much  sand.^ 


MERCANTILE  MISCELLANIES. 


HUNT'S  BIOORAPHT  OF  AMBRICAIT  MERCHAVTS. 

**  The  true  greatness  of  our  country  lies  in  its  mercantile  history.  Though  we  have 
gained  laurels  io  war,  and  h  ive  wntten  our  names  proudly  in  the  golden  book  of  Sci- 
ence, it  cannot  be  doubled  that  both  the  one  and  the  other  were  inspired  by  agrienU 
taral,  manufacturing,  and  commercial  success,  and  that  this  forms  a  national  pular  of 
which  all  other  greatness  is  but  the  ornament  Too  much  praise  cannot  be  awarded 
to  those  who  sejurch  out  the  secret  springs  of  our  history,  and  chronicle  them  for  the 
benefit  of  future  generations.  Every  indication  manifests,  that  history  which  has  beeo 
hitherto  a  mere  compilation  of  what  may  be  called  mere  objective^  or  of  appareot 
events,  will  in  future  bo  more  searching,  more  concerned  with  the  deeper  epruigs  of 
human  action ;  in  a  word,  more  universal  and  scientific  than  it  has  hitherto  beeo.  It 
is  reserved  for  a  future  age  to  write  history  as  it  $hould  be  done,  and  to  this  intent  we 
cannot  praise  too  highly  those  who  collect  and  chronicle  materii^ls  which  would  other- 
wise perish.  More  than  one  writer  has  regarded  the  antiquarian  spirit  of  the  ImI 
half  century  83  a  special  interposition,  destined  to  preserve  the  memory  of  that  which 
its  cotemporary  ProgreM  is  rapidly  sweeping  away.  But  the  spirit  which  preserves 
the  memory  of  events  occurring  in  our  own  time  is  even  more  worthy  of  commenda- 
tion than  that  which  inspires  a  research  int.>  antiquity,  for  though  in  all  respects  as 
useful,  it  lacks  the  romance  popularly  attached  to  the  past 

**  Principal  among  those  who  have  contributed  to  the  record  of  our  mercantile  his- 
tory is  Mr.  FasEUAif  Hu.vt,  whose  magazine  will  always  be  invaluable  for  reference 
in  all  that  concerns  every  branch  of  statistics  and  industry.  It  is  accordingly  with 
pleasure  that  we  learn  that  Bir.  Ilunt  intends  publishing,  in  the  fall,  a  collection  of  the 
memoirs  of  cur  merdiants,  eminent  for  integrity,  energy,  enterprise,  and  evocees.  It 
will  consist  partly  of  biographies  which  have  already  beeo  published  in  the  Merchamti 
Magazine,  and  partly  of  original  contributions.  Among  tbem  will  be  the  life  of  P.O. 
Brooks,  of  Boston,  written  by  the  Hon.  Edward  Everett  Our  own  city  will  receive 
honorable  attention  io  the  lives  of  Morris,  Oirard,  the  late  T.  P.  Oope,  and  other  mea 
of  note.  It  is  needless  to  predict  soccese  for  a  work  of  this  kind,  which  will  deserve 
not  only  reading  but  study  from  every  man  and  boy  in  our  oountfy.** — PkiladtffkJB 
Evening  Bulletin,- 

The  preceding  extract  b  copieil  from  an  article  in  the  Philaddphia  Evtidmg  BrnfU- 
Itn,  edited  by  ALEXAMORa  GoMMizfaa,  Esq.  In  the  MerekanU  Magaxitu  for  July,  18M, 
(vol  XXX.,  pages  133-184,)  we  gave  notice  of  our  intention  of  publishing  near  the  dosi 
•C  the  present  year  the  "  Livn  or  ^^fn^i^ftiT  MaaoaAn^"  ^Tft^fMmt  liar  Integrity.  la- 


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MercanHk  MiBuUomei.  646 

doitry,  Soergy,  Enterprise,  and  Soocwt  in  Life— the  "  repreeentatiTe  men,  who  may 
lerre  as  a  key  to  uniyersal  mercantile  history."  The  plan  of  this  publication  has  been 
maturing  for  many  years,  and  we  now  hare  the  satisfaction  of  stating  that  the  first 
Tolnme  is  in  press,  and  will  be  published  early  in  December  of  the  present  year,  and 
the  second  during  the  year  1866. 

The  first  volume  will  embrace  several  biographies  that  have  appeared  in  the  pages 
of  this  Magaaioe,  but  these  have  been  reyised,  corrected,  and  enlaiged.  Others  were 
written  expressly  for  the  forthoommg  work. 

That  our  readers  may  form  some  idea  of  the  character  of  the  series,  we  give  the 
names  of  the  subjects  of  these  memoirs,  as  well  as  the  names  of  the  contributors  to 
the  ooUection,  as  follows  :— 

1.  THOMAS  HANDA8YD  PERKINS.    By  Hon.  Thomas  G.  Cart,  of  Boston. 

«.  THOMAS  PYM  COPK    By  Hon.  Joseph  R.  Chahdlm,  of  Philadelphia. 

8.  PETER  OHARDON  BROOKS.    By  Hon.  Edwaed  Evxextt,  LL.  D.,  of  Boston  . 

4.  NICHOLAS  BROWN. 

5.  STEPHEN  QIRARD. 

e.  SAMUEL  WARD.    By  Charles  Kimg,  LL  D.,  President  of  Columbia  College. 

7.  MATHE W  CARET.    CorrecUd  and  Revised  by  his  son,  Hrnrt  C.  Carry,  Esq. 

8.  THOMAS  EDDY. 

».  JONATHAN  GOODHUE. 

10.  JOSEPH  PEABODY.    By  Georor  Atkikson  Ward,  Eiq. 

11.  JACOB  LORILLARD.    By  Rev.  Wiluam  Brrrian,  D.  D. 

12.  GIDEON  LEE.    By  Charlks  M.  Lrupp.  Esq.,  of  New  York. 

18.  WALTER  R.  JONES.  By  W.  A.  Jones,  A.  M,  Librarian  of  Columbia  College. 
14.  SAMUEL  APPLETON.    By  Ephraim  P.  Prabodt,  D.  D,  of  Boston. 

16.  JOSEPH  MAY. 

18.  SAMUEL  SLATER.    By  Rev.  John  L  Blakr,  D.  D  ,  of  New  Jersey. 

17.  ALEXANDER  HENRY.    By  S.  Aosnii  Alubonb,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia. 

18.  JONAS  CHICKERING.    By  J.  L.  Blake,  D.  D. 

19.  ASA  CLAPP. 

20.  PATRICK  TRACY  JACKSON.    By  John  Amort  Lowell,  Esq.,  of  Maw. 
The  first  volume  will  be  illustrated  with  nine  fine  engravings  on  steel,  including 

portraits  of  T.  H.  Perkins,  Thomas  P.  Cope,  Peter  C.  Brooks,  James  G.  Kino,  Sam- 
uel Applrton,  Samuel  Slater,  Jonas  Chickerino,  Asa  Clapp,  and  Patrick  Traot 
Jaorson.  The  work,  in  two  volumes,  will  be  printed  on  fine  paper  and  a  new  and 
distinct  type.  Each  volume  will  contain  between  ^^9^  and  six  hundred  pages  octavo, 
handsomely  bound  in  muslin.  The  subscription  price  is  fixed  at  five  dollars  for  the 
two  volumes,  or  two  dollars  and  fiftt  cents  per  volume,  payable  on  delivery  of  each. 
The  Boston  Evening  Tranteript^  referring  to  our  plan,  alluding  to  the  *'  noble  speci- 
mens of  the  true  merchant"  furnished  by  that  city,  says : — 

**  Mr.  Hunt,  in  this  enterprise,  is  doing  for  the  commercial  biography  of  the  countiy 
what  Jared  Sparks  has  clone  for  our  American  biography  generally.      • 

The  plan  of  our  work  is  in  some  respects  diflerent  from  that  of  Mr.  Sparks.  His 
collection  embraces  the  lives  of  all  persons  who  have  been  distinguished  in  America 
fk>om  the  date  of  its  first  discovery  to  the  present  time.  It  includes,  however,  few 
that  were  merchants,  and  of  those  few  very  little  of  the  mercantile  life  is  given.  Our 
work  is  confined  to  the  merchants  and  business  men  of  the  past  and  present  century, 
and  while  we  give  prominence  to  the  events  and  circumstances  connected  with  the  di- 
versified pursuits  of  commercial  enterprise,  it  will  be  an  important  part  of  our  plan  to 
embrace  whatever  pertains  to  the  merchant  in  his  public  or  private  career — as  a  citi- 
xeo,  a  patriot,  a  statesman,  and  in  all  the  relations  of  social  and  domestic  life. 


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iS^O  MmmUU  M$cMimm. 

It  has  be€n  well  renuurked  that  <*  the  tfpo  prineipal  objeeto  to  be  ftttained  ia  bio- 
graphical compoeitioos  are  aocuraisy  as  to  facta  aod  fioith  io  the  literaiy  ezacatioiu" 
This,  as  to  the  first  requisite,  at  least,  has,  we  think,  been  attakied,  and  the  aAoooi- 
plished  scholarship  of  the  writers  of  several  of  the  Uographiet,  (leaTiog  our  ova 
labors  out  of  the  question,)  is  a  sufficient  guaranty  for  the  laat4iamed  reqmattA— (lift 
literary  execution. 

We  entered  upon  our  semi-literary  and  commercial  field  of  labor  some  aereateaa 
years  since,  aod  the  THiaTr-THasB  volumes  of  the  MtrchanU*  Magtunne  afford,  m  oar 
opinion,  pretty  eoodasive  evidence  that  we  have  not  been  idle  in  our  pioneer  < 
to  establish  a  commercial  literature,  and  give  it  a  **  habitation  and  a  name." 


THE  UriAUBS  OF  aHIPS  A  BTlTfOilAL  CBAEACTSRISTIC. 

Let  a  close  observer  take  a  stroll  leisurely  among  the  shipping  that  lines  the  East 
River,  says  the  Journal  of  Uommeree,  and  he  will  find  that  the  naming  of  their  ships 
is  as  significant  an  index  to  the  natiooal  peculiarities  of  a  people,  as  more  cooeeqoen- 
tial  matters.  The  Spaniard  evinces  the  superstitious  tendency  of  his  mind  by  snch 
titles  aa— Santissima  Trinidada,  St  Joseph,  Mother  Mary,  <&& ;  and  one  ill-lookiog 
hermaphrodite  brig  we  observed  discharging  cargo,  bore  on  her  stem  the  euphonious 
appellation  of  the  "  Twelve  Apostles." 

The  French,  agam,  manifest  their  gaite  and  gallantry,  by  such  titles  for  their  ships 
as  La  Belle  Julie,  La  Bayadere,  La  Prima  Donna. 

We  met  with  but  one  Italian  vessel,  and  she  was  small  and  of  most  primitive  coo- 
Btruction.  Her  sticks  were  badly  strained ;  instead  of  the  modem  wheel,  her  rodder 
was  governed  by  a  tiller  of  rough  wood,  with  the  end  carved  into  a  grotesque  resem- 
blance of  a  dog*s  head.  She  was  also  a  little  ^  hogged  ;**  and,  in  contrast  with  the 
graceful  outlines  and  raking  masts  of  the  clippers  that  were  near  her,  ehe  appeared  to 
as  mudi  disadvantage  as  a  deformed  man  among  a  file  of  picked  soldiers.  We  boarded 
her,  sought  the  captain ;  but  he  spoke  no  English,  and  beyond  a  few  phrases  from  the 
operas,  our  own  Italian  is  bankrupt  We  essayed  German,  however,  aod  there  he 
was  at  home — invited  us  to  enter  his  cabin,  and  pressed  up>on  us  his  hospitalitiea 
But  the  name  of  the  ship  was  The  Archangel,  and  it  confirms  our  theory.  We  found 
but  two  Dutch  (Holland)  vessels  in  our  walk,  and  these  two  strengthened  the  cuorie- 
tioD ;  for  the  Dutch  are  an  industrious,  frugal  people,  and  the  names  of  the  ' 
question  were  The  Beaver,  and  the  Gk>ld  Hunter. 

John  Bull's  crustiness  and  pugnacity  were  abundantly  attested  by  snch 
The  Badger,  The  GUdiator,  The  Spitfire,  The  Boxer,  The  Julius  Onsar,  <fce. 

And  Jonathan,  our  Brother  Jonathan,  whose  energies  promise  to  revolatiooiie  the 
world,  whose  motto  is  speed,  progrewion,  and  universal  dominion,  shows  bis  devotioa 
to  those  objects  by  calling  hia  ships  Sovereign  of  the  Seas,  King  of  the  Olif^Mn, 
Flying  Pigeon,  West  Wind,  Game  Oock,  Frightened  Lightning,  ^ 


CflOCOUTE  TRADE  OF  BOSTOBT. 
Few  are  aware  of  the  extent  of  the  chocolate  business,  or  the  supremacy  whi^ 
Boston  has  obtained  in  its  manufacture.  Of  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  doQars* 
worth  of  chocolate  (in  its  diflferent  forms)  sold  in  America  during  the  year,  nearly  all 
»  manufactured  by  firms,  according  to  the  Boston  CkronieU,  in  that  city.  Scarcely 
a  vessel  leaves  for  a  foreign  port  but  has  it  on  board.  The  business  is  not  of  suddee 
growth ;  by  fifty  years  of  labor  only  has  it  been  establiBhed,  and  the  names  of  John 
Preston  A  Sons,  and  Walter  Baker,  rendered  synonymous  with  the  article  they  have 
•o  long  made.    The  manufoctoriea  are  situated  in  Dorchester.    A  short  time  since  we 


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Mercantile  Miscellanies.  04f 

bftd  &d  pleftsore  of  ^itnessbg  the  process  by  which  the  rough  bean  is  prepared  for 
nsa  Iq  the  storehouse  on  the  one  side  were  heaped  hoge  sacks  of  the  cocoa  bean,  as 
H  Brrivee  from  South  America  and  the  West  Indies ;  and  on  the  other,  tall  sacks  of 
the  prepared  article. 

There  was  broma  for  tiie  invalid,  and  bags  upon  bags  of  shells  and  cracked  cocoa. 
There  was  cocoa  paste,  cocoa  sticks  and  carraccos  for  ships*  use,  confectioners*  choco- 
ktte,  and  some  half  dosen  different  brands  of  the  article  whose  names  we  do.  not  re- 
member. In  the  roasting^room  the  beans  are  roasted,  (not  baked,)  and  then  ground. 
Alter  going  through  the  many  processes  of  mixing  and  molding,  cooling  and  sorting, 
papering  and  boxing,  the  mass  is  ready  for  sale  and  for  use,  and  it  goes  throughout 
Ihe  country.  Boston  takes  the  lead  in  many  things,  but  in  the  chocolato  business  she 
reigns  supreme,  and  America  stands  to  that  city  for  the  whole  supply. 

MA01IBTIS»  Iir  TRADE. 

There  are  few  of  the  readers  of  the  Merchant  Jfagaxine  engaged  in  trade  that 
will  not  feel  the  foree  of  the  following  remarks  from  the  pen  of  the  cleyer  editor  of 
the  Philadelphia  Merchant  :— 

There  is  a  kind  of  magnetism  in  trade  that  goes  a  great  ways  towards  explaining 
the  greater  success  of  one  man  over  another  who  seems  to  have  equal  opportunities. 
While  conversing  with  a  very  enthusiastic  friend  the  other  day,  be  remarked : — 

**  How  queer  it  is  that  sometimes  when  a  customer  enters  the  store  I  feel  as  though 
it  would  be  impossible  to  sell  him  or  her  a  fip*s  worth,  but  at  another  time  I  feel  as 
though  I  could  make  a  customer  buy  just  what  I  feel  inclined  to  sell  There*s  a  real 
magnetism  about  it" 

"  Tes,**  we  replied,  "  and  your  battery  is  not  always  in  order." 

**  What  r*  he  answered,  **  do  you  mean  the  difference  is  all  in  me  /** 

"  Most  certainly,  for  you  confess  that  it  is  all  a  matter  of  feeling,"  we  replied,  ''and 
the  great  means  of  always  keeping  up  this  magnetic  power  is  to  be  absorbed  in 
what  we  are  doing,  bv  avoiding  temptations  to  day-dreaming  and  hasy  speculation." 

We  think  that  here  s  an  important  matter  for  every  salesman.  Whatever  is  to  be 
done  well  must  be  done  earnestly — the  man  must  be  fully  magnetized  for  the  labor 
before  him — fully  charged  with  eamestoess.  We  have  seen  goi>d  and  extensive  cus- 
tomers provoked,  and  impelled  to  leave  a  business  establishment  by  the  laekadaisioal 
manner  in  which  they  were  treated.  They  found  it  difficult  to  tell  whether  the  sales- 
man was  disposed  to  sell  at  all,  or  had  no  contidence  in  the  customer's  ioteation  to 
buy.  They  like  something  akin  to  real  home-heartiuess ;  they  want  to  find  a  man  in 
the  full  bloom  of  true  enterprise ;  and  they  almost  instinctively  catch  the  indifference 
of  the  salesman,  and  draw  themselves  away  without  becoming  purchasers. 

There  is  more  in  this  matter  of  magnetism  in  trade  than  many  will  be  willing  to 
aUow;  but  if  they  will  try  a  little  while  the  whole  souled  way  of  attending  on  their 
business,  treating  every  customer  as  though  each  one  might  be  a  large  purchaser,  they 
will  find  new  success,  and  will  enjoy  attention  to  business  with  more  relish  than  they 
have  ever  known. 

BUTIITG  WINE  BT  SAMPLE. 

We  applaud  the  penetration  and  the  management  of  one  of  our  old  Oommodores 
m  a  Spanish  port,  years  ago.  He  bought  a  cask  of  wine,  he  liked  the  flavor  of  it,  in 
one  of  those  enormous  celUurs,  where  the  Spanish  merchanto  store  their  immense  stock, 
and  where  they,  if  the  truth  must  be  revealed,  also  mix,  brew,  and  manufacture  them. 

'*  To  what  place  shall  I  send  the  pipe  ?**  inquired  the  merchant. 

**  Nowhere,"  said  the  blunt  sailor ;  **  I  will  take  it  with  me,"  and  then  appeared  a 
competent  number  of  sailors  with  a  vehicle  all  ready  for  the  purpose. 

The  merchant  hesitated,  demurred,  and  objected  to  delivering  it  for  one  reason  or 
other,  and  finally  offered  a  handsome  sum  if  he  would  toke  another  cask  next  to  it, 
just  as  good,  in  its  room,  as  this  particular  one  had  been  disposed  of  This  made  the 
Commodore  still  more  earnest  and  resolved ;  so  he  insisted  on  paying  the  Spaniflh 
trader  his  bill,  and  took  away  his  prize  without  asking  **  by  your  leave." 


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648  Mercantile  MisceUaniee. 

It  was  worth  doable  the  sum  he  gave  for  it»  as  it  was  a  sample  cask  of  the  pwre 
article,  which  he  and  all  who  went  to  that  cellar  to  purchase  were  to  taste,  as  a  crite- 
rioD  of  the  whole.  When  the  article  was  sent  home,  after  the  bargain,  another  was 
always  put  in  its  stead.  The  poor  merchant  was  thus  deprived  of  his  decoy  till  he 
could  prepare  a  new  one,  at  considerable  cost  This  time  he  made  a  poor  bargain 
with  the  American  Commodore,  who  used  to  tell  his  friends  at  Washington,  when  he 
treated  them  to  it,  that  it  was  the  best  battle  he  ever  fought,  and  he  had  seen  sharp 
service  in  1818. 


STICK  TO  SOME  ONE  PURSUIT. 

There  cannot  be  a  greater  error  than  to  be  frequently  changing  one's  bosibeas.  If 
any  man  will  look  around  and  notice  who  has  got  rich  and  who  has  not,  out  of  those 
he  started  in  life  with,  he  will  find  that  the  successful  have  generally  stuck  to  some 
one  pursuit 

Two  lawyers,  for  example,  begin  to  practice  at  the  same  time.  One  devotes  his 
whole  mind  to  hb  profession,  lays  in  slowly  a  stock  of  legal  learning,  and  waits  pa- 
tiently, it  may  be  for  years,  till  he  gains  an  opportunity  to  show  his  superiority.  The 
other,  tiring  of  euch  slow  work,  dashes  into  politics.  Generally,  at  the  end  of  twenty 
years  the  latter  will  not  be  worth  a  penny,  while  the  former  will  have  a  handsome 
practice,  and  count  his  tens  of  thousands  in  bank  stock  or  mortgages. 

Two  clerks  att^n  a  majority  simultaneously.  One  remains  with  his  former  employ- 
ers, or  at  least  in  the  same  line  of  trade,  at  first  on  a  email  salary,  then  oo  a  larger, 
until  finally,  if  he  is  meritorious,  he  is  taken  into  partnership.  The  other  thinks  it 
beneath  bim  to  fill  a  subordinate  position,  now  that  he  has  become  a  man,  and  accord- 
ingly starts  in  some  other  business  on  his  own  account,  or  undertakes  for  a  new  firm 
in  the  old  line  of  trade.  Where  does  he  end  I  Often  in  insolvency,  rarely  in  richea^ 
To  this  every  merchant  can  testify. 

A  young  man  is  bred  a  mechanic.  He  acquires  a  distaste  for  his  trade,  however, 
thinks  it  is  a  tedious  way  to  get  ahead,  and  Eets  out  for  the  West  or  California.  But, 
in  most  cases,  the  same  restless,  discontented,  and  speculative  spirit,  which  carried 
him  away  at  first,  renders  continued  application  at  any  one  pisce  irksome  to  him ; 
and  80  be  goes  wandering  about  the  world,  a  sort  of  semi-civilized  Arab,  really  a 
vagrant  in  character,  and  sure  to  die  insolvent.  Meantime  his  fellow-apprentice,  who 
has  stayed  at  home,  practicing  economy,  and  working  steudily  at  his  trade,  has  growD 
comfortable  in  bis  circumstances,  and  is  even  perbsps  a  citizen  of  mark. 

There  are  men  of  ability,  in  every  walk  of  life,  "^lo  are  notorious  for  never  getlirg 
along.  Usually,  it  is  because  they  never  stick  to  any  one  business.  Just  when  they 
have  mastered  one  pursuit,  and  are  on  the  point  of  making  money,  they  change  it  for 
another,  which  they  do  not  understand ;  and,  in  a  little  while,  what  little  they  are 
worth  is  lost  forever.  We  know  scoies  of  such  persons.  Go  where  you  will,  )ou  will 
generally  find  that  the  men  who  have  failed  in  life  are  those  who  never  stuck  to  ooe 
thing  long. 


FiCTS  iBOUT  CUBA  TOBACCO  ARD  HGABS. 
A  late  Havana  circular  says  the  *'  Yuelto  Absjo"  leaf,  which  goes  into  the  £ihrkof 
om*  best  cigars,  and  of  which  tbe  choice  (elections  are  rarely  shipped,  there  being  aa 
market  which  can  make  profitable  returns  f  c  r  it,  aTerages,  for  selections  of  the  several 
classes,  $100  to  |126  per  bale,  and  tbe  quantity  of  really  choice  leaf  is  so  small  iia 
proportion  to  the  whole  crop  made,  tbat  this  sale  is  maintained  from  year  to  year.  Tbe 
bale  or  ceroon  of  Ynelta  Absjo  weighs  ircm  1 6  to  90  pounds,  but  in  making  contracts 


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Mercantile  MUeellaniee.  649 

it  is  nerer  weighed  oach  ooe  makiog  hit  own  efitimate,  aa  the  price  per  bale  is  fixed 
— eelectiooe  of  what  are  termed  "  Utn,**  if  to  be  purchased  feparately,  would  cost  $120 
to  $160  per  bale— and  lower  qualities,  classed  «  2d8"  and  "  Sds,"  from  |90  to  |160 
per  bale.  The  Windward  leaf,  or  the  meet  common  tobacco  of  inland  culture,  is  al- 
ways weighed  and  contracted  for  by  actual  weight,  although  put  up  m  the  fame  class 
of  packages  as  the  fine  leat  This  goods,  of  inferior  quality,  ia  frequently  purchased 
at  from  $4  to  $5  per  100  pounds,  from  the  planter  directly ;  and  much  of  it  is  shipped 
to  the  United  States  and  Germany,  where  it  is  Cuba  leaf  at  any  rate.  Cigars  are  in- 
finite almost  in  variety,  but  of  reputable  factories  can  be  purchased  from  $12  to  $70 
per  thousand.  Three  or  four  factories  that  rule  the  taste  of  the  smoking  world  are 
arbitrary  in  their  tarifis,  predicated  upon  longestablisbed  fame,  and  they  permit  no 
floctuationa  In  the  last  week  there  were  shipped  hence  to  all  quarters  of  the  world, 
2,284,600  dgars  and  166,888  pounds  of  leaf  tobacco ;  and  this  year,  to  date,  178,896,760 
cigars  and  4,812,284  pounds  leaf  tobacco;  of  which,  during  the  week,  to  the  United 
States,  868,000  cigars  and  64.446  pounds  leaf  tobacco ;  and  this  year,  to  date,  81,166,260 
cigars  and  1,871,719  pounds  of  leaf  tobacca 


HEW  YORK  COTTOJf  MARKET  FOR  THE  BIONTH  ENDIIVG  OCTOBER  26. 

raSPABlD  PAB  THB  HBBOHlRTt*  MAOAZINB  BT  UHLHOBN  &  rBBDBBICKION,  BBOBBB8,llBWTOBK. 

A  downward  tendency  in  price  has  existed  throughout  the  entire  month,  and  since 
the  close  of  our  last  monthly  report  (September  2l8t)  the  decline  is  fully  one  cent  to 
one-and- a- quarter  cents  per  pound  on  all  grades.  This  rapid  retrograde  movement  in 
price  was  not  anticipated,  notwithstanding  the  very  favorable  condition  of  the  matur- 
ing crop  and  excessive  receipts  at  the  South,  but  is  caused  by  the  difficulties  attending 
our  largest  customer— Great  Britain.  The  present  commercial  embarrassment  of  both 
England  and  France  seems  probable  to  be  further  extended ;  and  to  save  her  gold,  the 
Bank  of  England  has  advanced  the  rate  of  diiscount  two  per  cent  during  the  past 
month  •,  while  France,  to  save  her  credit,  has  purchased  largely  of  gold  with  her  capital* 

The  fall  of  Sebastopol  was  looked  upon  by  many  as  likely  to  be  the  last  act  in  the 
bloody  tragedy  played  by  the  European  victors,  and  that  peace,  with  its  attendant 
security,  would  again  take  the  place  of  insecurity,  loss  of  life,  and  waste  of  money. 
A  continuation  of  the  war  to  an  indefinite  period  seems  now  certain,  and  the  vast 
drain  of  material  required  to  carry  it  on  begins  to  affect  most  seriously  the  course  of 
trade  both  in  Europe  and  America,  and  a  dull  state  of  trade  in  Manchester  needs  no 
telegraph  to  inform  the  Southern  planter  of  the  fact  The  decline  in  the  Liverpool 
market  during  the  past  month  has  been  ^d.  to  {d.  per  pound,  while  the  stock  on  hand 
on  the  6th  of  October  is  represented  to  be  only  618,960  bales,  against  796,700  bales 
same  date  1854.  The  consumption  since  January  1st  is  put  down  at  1,618,880  balest 
against  1,428,900  bales  for  same  time  in  1854.  Messrs.  Du  Fay  «k  Co.,  of  Manchester, 
io  their  Trade  Report  for  October,  observe  that  "  the  fact  is  incontrovertible,  that 
our  stocks — with  the  exception  of  goods  suitable  for  India — are  light,  and  that  firm 
prices  are  maintained  for  articles  which  have  to  be  manufactured  expressly  for  par- 
ticular purposes.  Our  market  is  therefore  a  healthy  one,"  <&&  Yet  notwithstanding 
the  above  statement  of  the  consumption,  stocks,  and  course  of  trade  in  the  manufac- 
turing districts,  a  monetary  distress  seems  inevitable,  and  a  lack  of  confidence  is  ob- 
servable which  renders  commercial  operations  embarrassing. 

The  transactions  in  this  market  during  the  month  amount  to  22,600  bales;  of  which 
our  own  manufacturers  have  taken  11,000  bales,  the  balance  being  taken  for  export 
00  orders  and  under  advances.  The  month  closes  with  a  very  moderate  demand  at 
prices  in  fovor  of  buyers,  and  a  small  stock,  which  alone  prevents  a  greater  declme 
than  that  quoted  above. 


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650  Mercantile  MiscellatUee. 

CftOF. 

XTp  to  date  we  are  without  any  acooonts  of  a  killing  frosty  and  the  proepeets  for 
a  yield  exceeding  that  of  any  former  period  are  generally  admitted.  The  quality  of 
the  new  crop  is  certainly  far  above  an  average  in  all  particulars.  The  ezceaa  in  re- 
receipts  now  amounts  to  168,000  bales. 

For  the  week  ending  September  28th  there  was  much  disposition  on  the  part  of 
holders  to  sell ;  buyers,  however,  were  not  found  at  the  rates  asked,  and  the  week 
cloned  with  sales  of  i,50Q' bales,  at  the  following  quotations : — 

PaiOBS  ADOPTED  BSPTXMBEB   28tH  FOE  THK  FOLLOWIKO  QUAUTIKS : — 

UpUQd.  Florida.  MobUe.  N.  O.  It  Texas. 

Ordinary 9  9                 9              9^ 

Middling 9}  10                lOJ          10^ 

Middling  £air lOi  lOf             lOf          11^ 

Fair Hi  11^              111          12^ 

The  quotations  for  the  week  ending  October  5th  were  reduoed  ^  to  ^c  per  pound 
on  sales  of  5,600  bales,  principally  for  export ;  the  drouth  at  the  Eastward  etiU  eoD- 
tinning,  the  demand  for  the  home  trade  was  amalL  The  market  closed  steady  at  the 
following  rates: — 

PaiOES  ADOPTED  OOTOBBa  6tH  FOR  THK  FOLLOWING  QUALITIES: — 

Upland.        Florida.        MobUe.     N.O.  It  Texas. 

Ordinary. -....        9  9  9  9 

Middling 9|  9|  9f  10 

Middlingfair lOi  lOf  lOf  11 

Fair lOf  11  Hi  18| 

The  sales  for  the  week  ensuing  did  not  exceed  4,500  bales,  at  a  decline  of  ic.  par 
pound.  The  foreign  advices  were  unfavorable,  and  receipts  at  the  South  large ;  freights 
also  advanced,  in  consequence  of  large  quantities  of  grain  going  forward ;  and  mooej 
being  more  in  demand,  exchange  was  not  in  favor  of  ehipments.  The  views  of  holden 
were  beyond  those  of  buyers.  One-half  of  the  week's  operatioos  were  for  home  use* 
The  following  represented  the  asking  rates : — 

P&IOXS  ADOPTED   OOTOBBE   12TH  FOR  THE  FOLLOWING  QI7ALITIE8  : — 

Upland.  Ftorida.  MobUe.  N.O.«c  Texas. 

Ordinary Si  8i              H                8| 

Middling 9i  9i              9i                H 

Middlingfair lOi  lOi  lOf              10| 

Fair lOi  lOf  11                Hi 

Our  market  for  the  week  ending  October  19th  was  extremely  heavy,  at  ic.  to  ie. 
decline  on  some  grades.  The  sales  did  not  exceed  4,000  bales ;  one-half  for  home 
use.  The  foreign  orders  were  generally  at  a  lower  limit,  and  but  little  dipposition  was 
evinced  to  operate  at  any  price.  The  weather  at  the  South  continuing  favorable  for 
maturing  the  crop,  many  concluded  to  wait  for  the  **  good  time  coming."  The  toatket 
closed  heavy  at  the  following:.— 

PRICES  ADOPTED  OCTOBER   19tH   FOR  THE  FOLLOWING  QUALITIES: 

Upland.  Florida.  HobUe.  N.O.&Texab 

Ordinary 8  8  8  8i 

Middling 9f  9f  9i  9f 

Middlingfaur 10  10  loj  lOi 

Fair lOi  lOi  lOf  Hi 

The  sales  for  the  week  closing  at  date  are  estimated  at  4,000  bales,  the  market 
under  the  Africa's  accounts  being  much  depressed.  Southern  markets  also  show  a 
falling  off  in  price ;  and  our  small  stock  here  alone  prevents  a  greater  reduction  than 
fc.  to  ^c  per  pound  for  the  week,  the  market  dosing  in  such  an  unsettled  conditiflB 
that  we  suspend  quotations. 


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ne  Book  Trade.  ^^^ 


THE  BOOK  TRADE. 

1.— 2%tf  AnnalM  of  San  Franeiseo ;  containing  a  Summary  of  the  History  of  the 
first  Discovery,  Settlement,  Progress,  and  Present  Condition  of  California,  and  a 
Complete  Histoiy  of  all  the  Important  Events  connected  with  its  Great  City.  To 
whidi  are  added  Biographical  Memoirs  of  some  prominent  Citizens.  By  Framk 
Sool*  John  H.  Gihon,  and  Jamw  Nisbit.  8vo,  pp.  824.  New  York :  D.  Apple- 
ton  A  Co. 

The  annals  of  San  Francisco,  its  rise  and  wonderful  progress,  and  the  summary  of 
Califomian  history,  the  account  of  the  early  English  bucaneers,  or  more  respectably 
termed  privateers,  (for  they  sailed  under  formal  license  from  their  government,)  such 
as  Sir  Francis  Drake,  Cavendish,  and  others,  who  visited  California  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  the  account  of  the  early  missions,  and  the  other  matter  which  makes  up  this 
volume,  both  from  its  character  and  the  ability,  taste,  and  judgment  which  the  trio  of 
authors  have  displayed  in  its  production,  render  it  a  work  which  no  student  of  history 
can  aflford  to  be  deprived,  and  one  which  is  largely  interesting  to  the  general  reader. 
The  biographical  sketches  in  the  latter  part  of  the  volume  embrace  the  names  of  the 
diflferent  Mayors  of  the  city,  besides  Thomas  O.  Larkin,  General  John  N.  Sutter,  Ed- 
ward Gilbert,  Colonel  Stevenson,  Senator  Gwin,  and  several  others  more  or  less  mti- 
mately  connected  with  the  history  of  California.  The  work  is  illustrated  with  one 
hundred  and  fifty  fine  engravings,  is  mechanically  handsome,  and  will  undoubtedly 
earn  a  large  circulation. 

i^HUtorical  Colleciiont  of  Georgia;  containing  the  most  InteresUng  Facts,  Tradi- 
tioDS,  Biographical  Sketches,  Anecdotes,  etc,  relating  to  its  History  and  AnUquities, 
from  its  first  Settlement  to  the  Present  Time.    Third  Edition.    By  the  Rev.  GEoaoa 
Whits,  BL  A.    8 vo,  pp.  729.    New  York :  Pndney  &  Russell 
Much  labor  has 'been  expended  on  this  work,  which  is  one  of  rare  interest  to  the 
residents  of  sunny  Georgia  and  her  sons  wherever  livmg.    It  is  a  work  which  will 
furnish  a  large  amount  of  matter,  precious  to  the  future  historian  of  that  State,  and 
forms,  like  the  work  on  New  EUmpshire,  lately  noticed  in  thepe  pages,  a  contribution 
to  the  history  of  the  whole  country.    The  book  is  compiled  from  official  documents, 
original  records,  and  the  oral  traditions  of  some  of  the  •*  oldest  inhabitants."    It  is  il- 
lustrated by  nearly  one  hundred  engravings,  including  public  buildings,  relics  of  an- 
tiquity, historic  localities,  natural  scenery,  and  portraits  of  eminent  men,  of  which  the 
••  Empire  State  of  the  South  "  has  not  a  few,  who  were  born  or  lived  within  her  limit*. 
The  name  of  John  Forsyth,  her  eminent  jurist  and  representative  in  the  National 
Councils,  sheds  luster  upon  the  nation.    We  have  not  space  now  in  this  place  to  speak 
further  of  her  distinguished  men.     A  brief  sketch  accompanies  each  portrait.     Mr. 
White,  the  reverend  author  of  this  work,  published  a  work  on  the  statistics  of  Georgia, 
which  was  favorably  received. 

Z^Carrie  EfMtion  ;  or  Life  at  Cliftonville.    By  Mrs.  C.  A.  Hatden.   12mo,  pp.  360. 
Boston :  James  French  &  Ca 

Here  is  a  work  by  that  well-known  authoress,  who  has  so  long  delighted  many  rea- 
ders by  her  sparkling  tales  in  our  popular  periodicals.  It  cannot  be  doubted  that 
Carrie  Emerson  will  meet  with  a  ready  sale,  and  give  to  the  gifted  and  talented  wri- 
ter that  due  credit  which  such  a  work  should.  It  shows,  in  lively  coloring,  the  alas 
too  frequent  manner  of  village  gossip,  so  often  fatal  in  its  consequences.  It  delineates, 
with  a  purity  of  thought  and  expression  seldom  equaled,  the  character  of  one  who« 
though  much  slandered  and  abused,  came  out  pure,  uke  metals  from  the  melting  fur- 
nace. The  character  of  Carrie  Emerson  is  a  fine  one  and  quite  life  like,  and  we  heart- 
ily commend  her  sentiments  to  the  careful  perusal  of  everj^  one,  especially  let  it  be 
read  by  those  who  are  apt  to  **  speak  ill  of  a  neighbor,  thinking  no  real  harm."  The 
characters  are  generally  to  the  point  and  beautifully  portrayed,  while  an  exalted  tone 
pervades  the  whole,  and  blends  in  one  compass  many  and  various  dispositions.  Let 
no  family  be  without  this  book,  but  let  every  mother  present  a  copy  to  her  daughter, 
telling  her  to  beware  of  the  faults  it  speaks  of,  while  she  copies  with  earnestness  all 
the  good  it  contains.  It  is  a  story  of  thrilling  interest,  that  will  be  read  extensively, 
and  cannot  fail  to  please  for  its  highly  moral  tone  and  truthful  delineation. 


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<I52  Ths  Book  Tr^$i4. 

A.^ Harper B*  Clatiieal  Library.    The  Works  of  Horace.     Translated  literal] j  into 
Engliah  prose.    By  C.  Smart,  A.  M,  of  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge.     A  New 
Ediiiun  revised,  with  a  copious  selectioo  of  notes.    By  Theodorb  Alois  Booklkt, 
B.  A.,  of  Christ  Church.     12mo.,  pp.  325. 
6.--37/«  Works  of  VtrgiL     Translated  literally  into  English  prose,  with  Notes  hf 
Davidaoo.    A  New  Edition,  revised  with  additional  Notes.    By  TeKODoas  Alois 
BucKLKY.    12 mo.,  pp.  806.    New  York  :  Harper  A  Brothers. 
The  two  ToIumeR,  the  titles  of  which  are  qnoted  above,  are  reprints  firom  Bohn's 
Classical  Library,  published  in  London.    The  learned  editor  has,  in  the  translation  of 
Horace,  given  a  closer  rendering  of  the  Latin  than  Smart    We  are  informed  that 
the  text  of  Orelli  has  been  generally  followed.    Useful  annotations,  ancient  and  mod- 
em, ot  various  commentators,  and  several  quotations  from  Hurd  on  the  Ars  Poetica, 
have  been  introduced.    This  edition  of  the  works  of  the  great  Roman  lyric  poet  and 
satirist  is  a  desideratum  to  the  student,  whether  young  or  advanced.    In  the  edition  of 
Virgil  the  trauslation  of  Davidson  has  undergone  revision  and  alteration ;  there  is 
closer  accuracy  in  translation,  and  the  construction  is  more  strictly  adhered  to.    The 
translation  has  been  compared  with  the  text  of  Wagner,  and  with  the  principal  com- 
mentaries.   We  notice  that  in  both  these  volumes  the  English  edition  has  freely  used 
the  laborious  researches  and  learning  of  Dr.  Anthon,  who  has  accomplished  so  mudi 
for  classical  literature  in  the  production  of  most  excellent  text  and  other  books  for  onr 
schools  and  colleges. 

6.— 77«?  Life  of  the  Right  Honorable  John  Philpot  Curran.     By  his  Son.    Witk 
Additions  and  Annotations  by  Dr.  Shelton  Idactcenzie,  Editor  of  **Sheirs  Sketches 
of  ihelrish  Bar."    Second  Edition.    12mOn  pp.  604.    New  York :  J.  S.  Redfield. 
It  is  admitted  that  John  Philpot  Curran,  for  many  years  the  most '  brilliant,  elo- 
quent, and  successful  member  of  the  Irish  bar,  was  also  one  of  the  few  real  patriots 
at  a  time  when  treachery  and  cowardice  united  to  destroy  the  independence  of  Ire* 
land.    To  this  hour  he  is  remembered  as  one  of  the  most  witty  men  of  his  time.    Dr. 
Shelton  Mackenzie  has  taken  the  life  of  Curran  by  his  son,  published  in  1819,  and 
added  greatly,  to  its  value,  interest,  and  completeness,  by  incorporating  a  great  deal 
of  new  and  sterling  matter  on  the  text,  by  adding  a  variety  of  explanatory  notes,  and 
by  giving  an  appendix  containing  ample  specimens  of  Irish  wit.     There  also  is  an 
original  and  characteristic  portrait  of  Curran.     Altogether,  this  work  is  extremelr 
readable,  and  while  it  amuses,  also  gives  a  striking  and  correct  account  of  public  ai- 
fairs  in  Ireland  during  the  last  twenty  years  of  the  last  century. 

7. — Bits  of  Blarney,    By  Dr.  Shslton  Maokxmzxe.     12mo.,  pp.  450.     New  York: 

J.  S.  Redfield. 

Dr.  Shelton  Mackenzie,  editor  of  the  ''Noctes  Ambrosisme "  and  several  other 
works,  is  author  of  this  volume,  which  may  be  described  as  a  lively  melange  of  Irish 
subjects,  in  which  gayety  and  gravity  alternate.  It  consists  of  Irish  stories  and  le- 
gends, eccentric  characters,  and  sketches  of  two  eminent  publicists— Henry  Grattan 
and  Daniel  O'Connell.  The  biography  of  the  latter,  full  of  personal  anecdote,  is  about 
the  best  thing  in  the  book.  The  author  slily  justifies  its  appearance  therein,  on  the 
ground  that  0*Connell  was  **  one  of  the  greatest  professors  of  '  blarney '  these  later 
days  have  seen  or  heard."  A  story  called  the  Petrified  Piper ;  another,  containing 
the  true  history  of  Captain  Rock ;  the  amusing  sketch  of  Father  Prout,  including  a 
very  original  sermon ;  and  a  spirit-stirring  ballad,  entitled  the  Oeraldine,  may  also  be 
mentioned  as  especially  worthy  of  praise.  Bits  of  Blarney  will  establish  its  author's 
character  as  a  humorist,  with  great  variety  of  mformation,  and  a  wonderful  recollec- 
tion of  events,  persons,  and  places.    It  has  already  gone  into  a  third  edition. 

8. — Native  and  Alien,    The  Naturalization  Laws  of  the  United  States;  also  a  Syn- 
opsis of  the  Alien  Laws  of  all  the  States,  together  with  the  Forms  for  Naturaliza- 
tion, Important  Decisions,  General  Remarks  on  the  subject,  Historical,  Past,  and 
Present  <&o.,  <S:c.    By  a  Miuiber  of  tbe  Bar.    To  which  is  added  the  ConstitutMA 
of  the  United  States.    12mo.,  pp.  102.    Rochester:  D.  M.  Dewey. 
This  pamphlet,  as  the  title  would  indicate,  contains  such  matters  as  every  citizen  of 
the  United  States  should  be  acquainted  with,    lliere  are  sometimes  mistaken  notioM 
abroad  among  the  many  with  regard  to  the  rights  of  natives  and  aliens  and  the  nata* 
ralizBtion  laws.    This  work  will  correct  such  notions.    A  compilation  of  this  kind, 
presentf^d,  as  it  is,  in  a  form  and  at  a  price  adapted  to  general  circulation,  should  have 
a  large  sale. 


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9,^^apan  at  It  Wa$  and  h.  By  Rtohakd  HiLDRVTff.  aathor  of  "  Hi«tnry  of  the 
HDited  States,"  etc.  12iiio.,  pp.  676.  Boaton:  Phillips,  Sampson  A  Go.  New^ 
York :  J.  0.  Derby. 

Mr.  Hildreth,  the  author  of  a  meritorioua  and  popular  history  of  the  United  States, 
and  of  some  other  able  works  less  widely  known,  has  in  this  book  given  the  cream  of 
a  good  many  volames,  most  of  which  would  be  inaccessible  or  uninteresting  to  the 
general  reader ;  he  has  selected  the  ** curiosities,  novelties,  aod  palatable  extracts" 
m>m  these  volumes.  He  has  followed  the  historic  method,  and  the  reader  can  see 
Japan  with  the  successive  eyes  of  all  thoie  who  have  visited  it,  and  com-nitted  their 
observations  and  reflections  to  paper  and  print  The  complete  history  of  the  Portu- 
guese, Spanish,  and  Dutch  relations  will  be  found  here,  and  the  Bi^lish  and  American 
relations  are  very  fully  treated.  The  work  is  illustrated  with  an  outline  map,  and  is 
replete  with  extraordinary  characters  and  adventures.  It  forms  a  useful  and  mterest- 
ing  oontribution  to  historical  literature  generally. 

10. — Kate  Stanton;  a  Page  from  Real  Life.    12mo.,  pp.  833.    Boston :  James  French 

A  Co. 

Here  is  a  tale  of  truth — no  common  blending  together  of  a  parcel  of  characters  to 
make  up  a  book,  but  a  straightforward,  earnest  narrative  of  life.  The  authoress  is 
unknown,  but  her  work  will  be  appreciated  wherever  truth  is  loved  and  honored.  The 
style  is  beautiful  and  unique.  The  authoress  copies  no  one,  studies  no  model,  but  her 
book  shows  a  style  blending  that  of  Dickens,  Thackeray,  and  Bulwer  all  in  one.  The 
publbhers  have  found  it  extremely  difficult  to  supply  the  many  orders  already  given 
for  this  remirkable  work,  so  great  is  the  call  and  detnand.  We  trust  it  will  be  found 
on  every  table — it  deserves  a  place  in  every  heart,  so  beautiful  and  touching  are  its 
eentimeots,  so  pure  and  ex:iltea  its  tone.  Its  great  origin ility  is  striking,  while  its 
moral  is  plain  to  every  reader.  We  guaranty  to  all  who  purchase  this  work  a  fair  re- 
turn for  the  outlay. 

11. — Ths  Works  of  Shaknpeare ;  the  Text  carefully  restored  according  to  the  first 
Editions;  with  Introductions,  Notes,  Original  and  Selected,  and  a  Life  of  the  Poet. 
By  the  Rev.  H.  N.  Hud3o.h,  A.  M.  In  Eleven  Volumes.  I8mo.  Boston  and  Cam- 
bridge: James  Munroe. 

The  eighth  volume  of  this  edition  of  Shak^psare  contaius  the  plays  of  "  Timon  of 
Athens,''  '-  Coriolouus,**  **  Julius  Csssar,"  **  Anthony  and  Cleopatra."  The  editorial 
introductions  and  notes  to  these  plays  exhibit  the  profound  research,  the  superior 
scholarship,  the  clear  and  elegant  diction  of  the  very  talented  and  reverend  editor, 
as  well  as  a  true  appreciation  of  **  the  Great  Dramatist.*'  The  volumes  are  printed 
in  a  clear,  readable  type,  on  very  fine  paper,  and  are  well  adapted  for  the  shelves  of 
a  library. 

12. — The  Note-Book  of  an  Bugliih  Opium  Eater,  By  Thomas  db  Qoincst,  author  of 
''Confessions  of  an  Opium  Eater,"  etc.,  etc.  12mo.,  pp.  292.  Boston  :  Tickuor  ik 
Fields. 

This  is  the  nineteenth  volume  of  the  varied  writings  of  De  Q^'ncey  that  have  been 
issued  by  the  American  publishers.  It  embraces  s  >m8  of  bis  later  productions.  The 
opening  article — "Three  Memorable  Murders,"  a  sequel  to  "  Murder  considered  as  one 
of  the  Fine  Arts" — was  written  last  year.  The  writings  of  this  author  possess  a 
oharm  that  mu^t  ever  bo  appreciated  by  the  catholic  admirers  of  chaste  literature 
and  wise  criticism. 

18. — The  Young  Woman^s  Book  of  Health.  By  Dr.  William  A.  Aloott,  author  of 
the  **  House  1  Live  In,"  "  Young  Housekeeper,"  **  Library  of  Health,"  etc  12mo., 
pp.  3 1 1.    New  York :  Miller,  Orton  <&  Mulhgan. 

This  b  a  Taluable  treatise  on  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  physical  education  and 
development  of  woman.  It  treats  of  the  diseases  incident  to  the  sex,  in  the  most 
unexceptionable  manner,  and  as  the  result  of  much  experience  and  long  and  patient 
labar,  is  entitled  to  the  highest  respect  from  those  whom  it  is  designed  to  instruct  and 
benefit. 

llw— T'Af  Sure  Anchor  r  or  the  Young  Christian  Admonished,  Exhorted,  and  Encour- 
aged.   By  Rev.  H.  P.  ANoaaws.    12mo.,  pp.  316.    Boston:  James  French  tk  Co. 
Few  religious  books  have  been  written  in  a  style  more  attractive  than  this.    The 

analogy  of  the  ship  and  all  that  pertains  to  the  ocean  is  sustained  throughout  the 

work. 


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l^.—The  Contrant  Between  Good  and  Bad  Mm.  IllwinAed  bj  the  Biographr  and 
TruthB  of  the  Bible.  By  Gabdnsb  Spring,  D.  D.«  LL.  D.,  Pastor  of  the  Brick 
Presbyterian  Church,  in  the  City  of  New  York.  In  2«yolB.  8vo.,  pp.  417  and  412. 
New  York :  M,  W.  Dodd. 

Dr.  Spring  is  among  the  moat  popular  and  acceptable  preachers  in  the  American 
Presbyterian  Church,  and  is  moreover  the  author  of  a  number  of  works  on  reUgious 
subjects,  all  more  or  less  stamped  with  the  views  of  the  Church  to  which  he  belongs. 
The  present  work  is  designed  to  furnish  the  reader  some  opportunity  of  deciding  the 
questions,  Who  are  good  and  who  are  wicked  men  ? — a  rather  difficult  problem  for 
the  finite  mind  of  man  to  solve.  The  author,  however,  professes  to  give  an  impartkd 
view  of  the  subject ;  to  look  at  ^food  men  and  bad  men  as  they  are.  Good  men  have 
their  weaknesses  and  faults  *,  wicked  men,  too,  have  their  virtues.  The  author's  iUot- 
trations  are  chiefly  drawn  from  the  Bible. 

16. — Plym<mth  Collection  of  Hymne  and  Tunee :  for  the  Use  of  Chnstian  Congrega- 
tions.   8vo.,  pp.  484.    New  York:  A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co. 

The  plan  of  this  book  is  somewhat  unique.  It  combbes  both  the  poetry  and  the 
music  of  religious  worship.  It  numbers  more  than  thirteen  hundred  hymns  and 
nearly  four  hundred  tunes.  The  compiler,  the  Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  has  ran- 
sacked the  whole  realm  of  devotional  poetry,  and,  besides  the  common  and  popular 
hymns  embraced  in  the  books  of  the  past,  has  enriched  his  collection  with  many  not 
to  be  found  in  any  other  collection  llie  musical  department  of  the  work  was  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  John  Zundel  and  the  Rev.  Charles  Beecher.  Aside  from  the  intrineie 
excellence  of  the  collection,  the  great  popularity  of  the  editor  will  insure  for  it  a 
most  favorable  reception  in  the  churches  of  the  North  and  East.  It  is  a  handsomely 
printed  book. 

17. — Cora  and  the  Doctor;  or  Revelations  of  a  Physician's  Wife.     12mo.,  pp.  407. 

Boston :  John  P.  Jewett  <b  Co.    New  York :  Sheldon,  Lamport  <fr  Co. 

This  volume  is  dedicated  to  Dr.  John  Jefifries,  the  highly-esteemed  physician  of  Um 
authoress,  *'  in  grateful  remembrance  of  his  professional  rervices,  but  \bithout  his  coo- 
sent,  from  a  desire  to  remain  incognito."  Ilie  revelations  of  a  physician's  wife,  if 
truthful,  would  develop  some  curiosities  that  would  make  the  uninitiated  stare.  We 
have  not  been  able  to  dip  deep  enough  into  the  book  to  decide  upon  its  merits  as  a 
whole,  but  from  the  fact  that  during  a  recent  visit  to  Boston  we  saw  a  large  numba 
of  copies  piled  up  in  one  corner  of  a  benevolent  merchant's  counting-room,  we  jvtigQ 
that  the  book  is  designed  by  its  circulation  to  do  good. 

18. — Zettere  to  a  Young  Fhyiieian  Just  Entering  upon  Practice.  By  James  Jack- 
son, M.  Dn  LL.  D.  18mo.,  pp.  844.  Boston :  Philhps,  Sampson  A  Ca  New  York : 
J.  C.  Derby. 

These  letters  embrace  much  that  will  interest  not  only  the  young  practioner,  bat 
the  general  inquirer.  The  teachings  of  an  old  and  ex|)eiienced  physidaD  like  Dr. 
Jackson,  cannot  prove  otherwise  than  useful  and  instructive  to  the  young  physician 
about  to  assume  the  responsible  duties  of  a  very  useful  profession.  Written  in  the 
spirit  of  candor,  in  a  familiar  style,  the  work  cannot  fail  of  meeting  with  favor  beyoad 
the  pale  of  the  profession. 

U.-^Words/or  the  Worker.  Six  Lectures.   By  Rev.W.D.HALicT,of  Alton.  Boston: 

Crosby  A  Co.     1856.    12mo. 

These  are  earnest  **  words  "  from  an  earnest  man  to  an  earnest  dass  on  an  earnest 
subject  Steppiog  out  of  the  usual  circle  of  Sunday  meditation,  Mr.  Haley  di^^oursei 
on  Labor,  Capital,  Self  Education,  Books,  Character,  Christianity,  in  a  way  which  the 
workers  appredated,  and  with  a  generous,  truthful,  hopeful  spirit  We  understand 
he  is  a  successful  young  minister  of  the  liberal  school,  for  whom  the  AUoniana  are 
jnst  completing  a  substantial  church. 

20.— /«>ra'«  Child     12ma,  pp.  604.     New  York :  J.  C.  Derby.     Boeton :  PhiUipe, 

Sampson  <b  Co. 

A  pleasantly  written  romance,  with  a  well  conceived  plot  and  admirably  sustabed. 
The  heroine's  history  is  veiled  in  obscurity,  until  by  singular  coinddences  it  b  brought 
to  light  The  reader  will  follow  the  interests  of  Isiora's  Child  with  earnestness,  and 
will  find  in  her  history,  as  well  as  in  some  of  the  o&er  characters,  true  repreaentatteos 
of  life.  *^ 


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21. — A  Vint  to  India,  China,  and  Japan  in  the  year  1868.    By  Bata&d  Tatloe. 

12010.,  pp.  689.    New  York :  George  P.  Putoam  i  Co. 

The  present  volame  closes  the  record  of  the  author's  two-and-a-half  years'  travel, 
which  was  commenced  in  the  "  Journey  to  Central  Africa,"  and  continued  in  the 
"  Lands  of  the  Saracen."  Bayard  Taylor,  though  a  rapid  traveler,  has  a  clear,  keen 
eye,  and  a  quick  perception,  and  a  power  of  description  that  comparatively  few  of 
lu8  coteroporaries  possess.  There  is  an  apparent  truthfulness  in  his  delineation  of 
scenes  and  incidents,  that  adds  greatly  to  the  value  of  whatever  he  undertakes  to 
write.  The  entire  travels  included  in  this  hook,  embracing  India,  China,  Japan,  Loo 
Choo  and  Bonin  Islands,  and  a  long  homeward  voyage  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
were  all  accomplished  in  the  space  of  a  year,  and  yet  few  of  the  descriptions  bear 
any  marks  of  haste.  When  Bayard  Taylor  says  that  he  has  **  conscientiously  endeav- 
ored to  be  correct  or  im partial  ,**  we,  from  a  knowledge  of  his  personal  character,  are 
ready  to  give  him  our  entire  credence. 

22.— /fiftif  View  of  Slavery;  or  a  Tour  among  the  Planters.    12mo.,  pp.  818.    Bos- 
ton :  John  P.  Jewett  A  Co. 

This  volume  professes  to  contain  little  more  than  a  record  of  facts  eeen  and  learned 
during  an  extensive  tour  in  the  Southern  States  in  1862  and  1863,  being  a  journal 
made  by  the  author  at  the  time.  The  manut>cript,  as  originally  prepared  for  tbe  press, 
we  are  told  in  Dr.  Parsons'  preface,  contained  the  entire  names  of  persons  and  places. 
These,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  careful  publieher,  have  in  moat  instances  been  sup- 
pressed, or  the  initials  only  inserted.  This  was  done  solely  from  a  regard  for  the  feel- 
ings of  the  individuals  refered  to,  many  of  whom  the  author  counts  among  his  personal 
friends.  Those  who  wish  to  test  the  truth  of  his  statements  can  have  the  names  by 
applying  to  the  «uthor  or  publisher.  Dr.  Parsons  takes,  of  course,  the  northern  view 
of  slavery,  but  aside  from  that^  his  book  contains  much  that  interests  the  unprejudiced 
reader,  North  or  Sooth. 

28.— ul<ptra/f on.    An  Autobiography  of  Girlhood.   By  Mrs.  Maknkbs.    12ma,  pp.  884. 

New  York :  Shedon,  Lamport  &  Co. 

This  story  it  written  with  an  earnest  purpose.  Regarding  the  undefined  dissatis- 
&ction  which  creeps  silently  but  surely  into  the  eoul,  as  it  makes  advances  in  all 
earthly  knowledge,  and  the  unconscious  reaching  out  for  the  Divine  Ideal,  which  marks 
an  earnest  nature,  as  the  unwritten  history  of  every  thoughtful  student,  the  author's 
aim  has  been  to  teach  such  that  not  wealth,  nor  position,  nor  beauty,  nor  intellectual 
elevation,  nor  friendship,  nor  love,  all  good  in  their  place,  can  dispel  this  dissatisfaction. 
In  a  word,  Mrs.  Manners  has  aimed  to  be  iaithful  to  the  soul  advancing  into  a  culti- 
vated maturity  of  woaianhood.  .--•' 

24. — Berriee  and  Bloteomt :  a  Verse  Book  for  Young  People.    By  T.  Wicstwood,  au- 
thor of  the  **  Burden  of  the  Bell,"  **  Beads  from  a  Rosary,"  **  Miscellaneous  Poems." 
Cleveland:  a  B.  Shaw. 
This  book  affords  evidence  of  the  progress  of  printing  in  the  West    It  would  be 

creditable  to  the  press  in  any  of  our  Atlantic  cities.     The  poems  are  written  in  an 

easy  and  graceful  style,  and  possess  charms  that  will  enlist  the  attention  of  young 

people. 

26. — Habits  and  Men  ;  with  Remnants  of  Record  touching  the  Makers  of  Both.  By 
Dr.  DoRAN,  author  of  **  Table  Traits,"  **  Queens  of  England,"  ikc^  <fcc  12mo.,  pp.  402. 
New  York :  J.  a  Redfield. 

A  collection  of  essavs  and  sketches,  the  character  of  which  is  indicated  in  the  title. 
Those  who  are  fond  of  rare  and  racy  reading,  who  seek  to  blend  amusement  with  gen- 
eral information,  adding  capital  to  their  stock  of  conversational  lore,  will  find  in  Dr. 
Doran  a  very  pleasant  and  companionable  friend. 

26. — Learning  to  Talk  ;  or  Entertaining  and  Instructive  Lessons  in  the  Use  of  Lan- 
guage. By  Jacob  Abbott.  New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 
This  is  the  first  number  of  three  volumes,  called  "Harper's  Picture  Books  for  the 
Nursery."  It  is  intended  for  very  young  children,  and  seems  to  be  finely  adapted  for 
its  purpose.  It  is  illustrated  with  170  engravings.  The  pictures  will  amuse  and  fix 
the  attention  of  the  child  while  the  descriptions  are  read ;  the  stories  will  instruct  and 
amnse  at  the  same  tUne. 


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656  The  Book  Trade. 

^I.^Oahfield;  or  Fellowship  in  the  East    By  W.  D.  AaxoLD.    12mo^  pp.  444.   Kev 

York:  D.  Appleton  <fc  Oo. 

Mr.  Arnold,  of  the  fifth  regiment  of  British  nativ^o  infantry,  U  a  most  worthy  son  of 
the  late  Dr.  A*nold,  of  Kugby.  Uis  descriptions  of  Indian  every  day  life  are  qnite 
inviting,  and  drawn  with  apparent  accuracy.    India  id  much  talked  of  m  England  just  . 

now — more  than  since  the  days  of  Warren  Hastings  For,  as  the  author  shrewdly  ra- 
•marks,  the  Winchester  folks  want  cotton,  and  when  cotton  is  wanted.  Eagland  ii 
ready  to  begin  and  consider  its  duty  to  India.  Oakfield  Uall  has  an  aim,  and  a  g^ood 
one.  It  U  Ui  inspire  an  eame^tne^  and  give  a  moral  tone  to  the  English  mind,  and 
thus  bring  ab.iut  a  reform  in  the  government  of  the  British  possessions  in  the  East 
The  work  is  written  in  a  scholarly  style,  and  will  bs  read  wiUi  more  than  ordinary  in- 
terest by  a  large  class  of  persons. 

28. — The  Physiolofjy  of  Marriage,    By  an  Old  Physician.     18mo.,  pp.?59.    Boetoo: 

John  P.  Jewett  i  Co. 

The  importance  of  the  topics  treatei  in  this  volume  will  not  we  think,  be  ques- 
tioned. It  is  ddii^ned  for  thj  young  of  bith  sex  is.  Tiiere  are  tho^e  porh  ips  who  will 
object  to  one  or  two  chapters  a)  not  so  well  adapted  to  the  wants  of  mere  boys  as  to 
those  of  youth  and  youig  men;  while  tha  former  will  ba  the  mast  eager  to  read  them. 
We  do  not  think  so.  Ignorance  is  the  moat  fruitful  source  of  physical,  social,  and 
moral  evil.  Tna  volume  i*  divided  into  fourteen  chapters,  in  whicn  the  true  relattoot 
of  the  sexes,  premature  marriage  and  its  consequences,  errors  of  courtship,  and  ednoa- 
tion,  are  judiciously  treated.  One  chapter  is  devote  1  to  individual  transgression  and 
its  penalties ;  aaother  to  a  >cial  errors  and  their  punishment;  another  to  the  physical  -^ 

laws  of  marriaife ;  another  to  the  laws  of  pre^jn  mcy,  <fec     The  work  is  c-alculated  to  Jj 

do  much  good,  and  should  be  put  into  the  haa  U  of  young  childrdb,  that  they  may  " 

learn  how  to  escape  the  evil  consequences  arisia^j  from  ignorancs. 

t^.^The  Origin  and  Hlttory  of  the  Doctrine  of  JEndlets  Punishment,    By  Thoicas  B. 

TuATER.    Boston :  James  M.  Usher. 

The  design  of  this  little  work  is  to  show  that  the  d  )Ctrine  of  endless  puni'^hmeot  is  AS 

not  of  divine  origin,  but  traceable  directly  to  a  heathen  source.     It  does  not  prdfost  "* 

to  be  an  elaborately  philosophical  or  critical  discussion  of  the  subject,  but  only  a  pop- 
ular presenutlm  of  the  method  of  proof,  and  of  the  leading  facts  and  authorities  oo 
vhich  the  argument  rests.     That  the  old  doctrine  of  endless  torment  far  transoeadt  ^^ 

trangressions,  scarcely  requires  argument  in  this  nineteenth  century.    Suffering  is  snrs         "^ 
to  follow  sin,  lasting  as  long  as  that  lasts. 

SO. Maud,  and  Other  Poems.    By  Alfred  TeNNrsoir,  D.  L.  0.,  Poet  Laureate.  ISom^ 

pp.  150.    Boston:  Ticknor  A  Fields. 

Maad  covers  one  hundred  and  eighteen  pages  of  this  beantifnl  volume,  and  is  fol- 
lowed by  seven  other  spirited  poems.  Tennyson  is,  we  believe,  very  generally  re- 
garded as  the  best  livmg  English  poet  His  philosophy  is  evidently  of  the  transoso- 
dental  school,  but  we  suppose,  as  Poet  Laureate,  it  must  be  regarded  as  perlectl/ 
orthodox. 
31. — The  Rag  Picker;  or  Bond  and  Free.     12mo,  pp.  431.     New  York :  Maeoo  A 

Brothers.  ,  ^ 

This  popular  tale  has  passed  through  we  know  not  how  many  editions,  and  the  4»-    «  , 
mand  for  it  is  not  yet  exhausted.    It  belongs  to  the  "  Lamplighter,**  **  Watchmao,*  aa''     ' 
*  Newsboy  **  class  of  literature,  and  will  not  lose  by  comparison  with  either. 


I 


s 


82. Leaves  from  a  Family  Journal,    From  the  French  of  Emile  Sodvestrb,  i 

of  the  **  Attic  Pnilosopber  in  Paris."     12mo.,  pp.  277.     New  York:  D.  Appletov 

<fcCk). 

A  beautiful  transUtion  of  a  very  interesting  journal  of  family  life.     It  wiH  fiat" 

among  the  cultivated  and  refined  many  admiring  readers. 

tZ.—The  Deserted  Wife,    By  Mrs.  Emm\  D.  E.  N.  Southworth.  author  of  the  •  Ittm^ 
ing  Bride,"  **  Lost  Ueirc^s,"  "  Wife's  Victory,"  '» Curse  of  Clifton,"  •*  Deserted  Da^^  ' 
ter,"  etc     12mo,  pp.  68tJ.    Philadelphia :  T.  B.  Peterson. 
Mrs.  South  worth  has  acquired  a  con-^iderable  reputation  for  her  finely-drava  plQ<^" 

tures  of  American  life.    The  present  volume  equals  in  grace,  vigor,  and  imiwatin  |>» 

lerest,  any  preceding  publication  from  the  same  popukr  pen. 


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HUNT'S 

MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE. 

Establlsbed  Jnlyt  I839« 

BY  FREEMAN  HUxYT,  EDITOR  AND  PROPRIETOR. 

VOLUME  XXXIIL  DECEMBER.   186  5.  NUMBER  VI. 

CONTENTS  OF  NO.    VI.,  VOL.  XXXIII.    ' 
lETICLKS. 

I.  PROGRESS  OF  COMMERCE  AND  SCIENCE.    Thoughts  on  Navfwtlon— War— H.iiit-  659 

lug  and  FUhiDg—Agrlcutture—Miulng— Manufactures.    Bj  A.  H.  RvDiea,  Esq.,  of  New 
Jarsey 

II.  THE  HARTSTEIN  ARCTIC  RELIEF  EXPEDITION.    By  E.MittUM,  Esq.,  of  Brook- 

lyn. I*  I dW 

til.  COMMERCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  CITIES  OF  EUROPE.— No.  zir.  The  City  of  Glas- 
gow, Scotland.    By  D.  0<  Kcllooo,  Ecq.,  late  U.  d.  Consul  at  Glasgow 673 

IV.  UNIFORMITY   IN  WEIGHTS,  MEASURES,  AND  COINS,  AMONG   COMMERCIAL 

NATIO.NS 682 

V.  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.— No.  xx.  Stomp  DatT—PaTorlHsm  toward 
Jamaica— Oihcr  liiiiirious  Acts— .Moodures  to  Advantage  the  Colonies.  By  Eaoca  Halk, 
Jr.,Esq.,ur  New  York 099 

VI.  TOE  LAW  MERCIIANT.-No.  ii.     The   Application  of  Volaotary  Paymento.     By 

Abbott  Brothkrs,  Counselors  at  Law,  of  New  York 696 

JOURNAL  OF  HEBCANTILE  LAW. 

Sweating  Case— Contract  of  Afflrelghtroent 703 

Sblppera— Unseawortbiuess-Tbo  American  Ship  Ashland  before  the  French  Tribanal  of  Com- 
merce  707 

l«ss  by  Fire -»* Dangers  of  Rlrers only  Excepted" 706 

GOHIERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  KETIKW: 

BXBKAOINO  A  nNAXOlA^L  AND  OOMMBECIAL  EB7IKV  OF  TBI  UNITBD  STATES,  BTC,  II.LD8TBA- 
TED  WITH  TABLES,  BTO.,  AS  FOLLOWS  : 

looming  Confidence  in  the  Stock  and  Money  Market— Further  Particulars  of  the  late  Deprea- 
slon— Honrdin><  of  Specie- Fluctuations  in  Slocks  and  Exchansv— Revraue  of  tiie  Country 
— Cumparative  s^laivments  of  the  Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States  for  tho 
Fiscal  Vear  ending  Juuo  3i,  I85G— The  Bank  Movement  in  Rosion,  New  York,  and  Phila- 
delphia-The  Gold  Product  and  Deposits  at  the  Assay  OOIce— Foreign  Imports  at  Nvw  York 
for  October,  and  since  January  l«t— Imports  of  Dry  Goods— Bxporta  frum  N««w  York  to 
Pbreign  Porto  for  October,  and  fVom  January  1st— Bxporu  of  Domestic  Produce,  eto.. .  .708-717 

IMir  Tarfc  C«Cira  MarkeU    By  Umoeh  *  Fmmricksoji,  Bitikefi,  MBIT  York 717 

VOL.  XXXIII, — NO.  VI.  42 


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8(8  OONTKim  OV  NO.  VI.,  TOU  xxxin. 

JOURHAL  OF  BANKING,  CDRRENCT,   AND  FINANCE. 

PAfll. 

Oty  Taxation  io  the  United  SUte9. Tit 

Banking  in  the  UnlUHl  Statea— Ua  Kfli-cta..... , J* 

The  M>stei7  of  Exchange  on  England <^' 

Exchange  in  New  Orleans— Bates  of  i^ight  Exchange  ou  New  York  and  the  Eastern  CltlM,  and 

New  Orleans,  during  ihe  Year.~The  Hanks  of  eian  Praucisoo X ^ 

Boaland  Personal  Property  In  Philadelphia. ^ 

Act  Relating  lo  Bank  Charters  in  New  Jen^e/.-San  Francisco  Shipments  of  Cold  for  0  Months.  7jM 
Injector  an  Iron  Currency  ht  China *^ 

COIIBRCIil   RKGUIATIORS. 

Cnstomt  RegulatloDS  of  the  United  states T^ 

Bonded  Goods  Passing  Through  Canada 7S8 

Actor  Lonisiaoa  Relative  lo  Notaries  in  New  Orleans ^ 

Of  Executions  and  c$ale  of  Property  in  Lfouislana.— Uf  Keeping  Gunpowder  In  New  York— >n 
Abstract  of  the  Aa  ofthe  Legislature  of  New  York  Rtrspectlng  the  Ki-eping  of  Gunpowder 

in  the  City  of  New  York ^ 

Dntles  up«in  Grain  Imported  Into  France.— Of  Liens  and  Chattels  Mortgaged  in  Vermont 731 

Satea  of  Wbarfage  at  the  Port  of  New  York.-Tbe  SUndard  Weight  of  LlTcrpoul  tfaU  at  New 
Orleaos.-RecelptaodDeUvery  of  Sample  Packages. 79 

JOURNAL  OF   INSURANCE. 

Marine  Insvance— Perils  of  the  Sea— Master^s  Negligence— Insurer^  Liability 733 

COMHKRCIAL  STATISTICS. 

The  Report  on  Commerce  and  Navigation 73S 

Profits  of  diave  Labor.— Statistics  of  the  Commerce  of  the  United  States 731 

Tkade  and  Commerce  of  Cincinnati 741 

NAUTICAL   INTELLIGENCE. 

notice  to  Harinenk—Rocks  on  Cortes  Bank,  Coast  of  California 743 

Answer  to  a  Problem  in  Narigutlon 744 

Petit  Mennn  Ught-Hoose,  Maine.— Change  In  the  Light  of  Greifswald  Island,  Coast  of  Praaiis, 

RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  8TEAIB0AT  STATISTICS. 

Rates  and  Regalatlons  for  Management  and  Passage  of  Vessels  through  the  Ship  Canal  at  :?l. 

Mary*s  Falls,  Established  by  the  Slate  ttoard  of  Control,  June,  IrtU 741 

jnDIci'  "     "      -  .     ~ — 


I  Dictionary,  by  Zerah  Cotburn,  Editor  of  the  Railruad  Adviicate... 748 

OUrer  Brans  and  the  Steam  Engine 74t 

D«Ylan*s  Railroad  Chair  and  Rail.— Railroads  In  the  State  of  Con iiedicut 730 

Merchant  ^hlps  and  Steamers— Proportion  of  Vehsels— Large  Ships  fur  Long  Voyages. 7SI 

Staamboat  Trudeof  St.  Louis TSl 

JOURNAL  OF  MINING  AND  I ANDPACTUEES. 

Iron  Industry  of  the  United  States 73^ 

ImproTements  in  Machinery— The  Steam  Hammer 7S4 

Greatest  Depths  of  Mines  In  the  >¥orld TSS 

Manafactnre  of  Currant  Wine  —Some  Account  ofthe  Zinc  of  Commerce 7jl 

Early  Mannfsctures  In  New  England 7S7 

The  Inventor  of  Gas  Lights.— Progress  of  Public  Works  In  India. 72ri 

Boot  and  Shoe  Trade  of  Boston. 731 

STATISTICS  OP  AGRICULTURE,  kt. 

TheTeaCnltore 73t 

Cinnamon  Fields  In  Ceylon ^ 

AgricoJluralSutlslicsofthe  Untied  Kingdom Til 

Corn  StaUstics  in  France. -The  Guanu  Trade  of  Philadelphia Tti 

The  Imperial  Rice  of  China.— The  Cultivation  of  the  Strawberry TO 

The  Plainialn  Tree.— Improvemeut  In  the  Live  Stock  of  Ohiow— History  of  an  Acra  of  Land....  764 

lERCANTILB    MISCELLANIES. 

Phfloeophy  of  Advertising.— BmerMMi  on  Trade TO 

Ladles  as  Clerks —New  Mercantile  Movemfniiu  Bostoiu 7M 

Spurious  Indigo  In  Market.— fhe  Rivers  of  Maine  the  >*k>uree  of  her  Wealth »f7 

Copyofanold  Bill  of  Lading.— A  txiUle  of  Champagne 711 

Recommendation  of  aCabtn  ISoy.— Parsimony  sad  Economy  In  Trade 791 

Measures  of  DUfereot  Cooatrlea 779 

TDB  BOOI   TRADE. 

oraOnawBoeUor  BMrfidltiona , ....ni-fV 


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MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE 


AND 


COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 


DECEMBER,    1856, 


Irt  L-PR0GKES8  OF  GOXXERCB  IND  8CIBNCB. 

THOUOBTS   ON   NATIOATION — WAR — HUNTING    AND   FISHINO — AGBIOULTVBB 
MINING MANUTAOTURSS. 

In  the  present  age  mercantile  interests  are  closely  connected  with  al- 
most every  pursuit  Very  few  vocations  may  be  found  that  do  not  exhibit 
A  visible  tie  connecting  them  with  Commeroe.  Some,  of  course,  are  more 
intimately  bound  to  it  than  others;  and  these  links  are  larger  or  smaller^ 
.<slearer  or  more  obscure,  according  to  the  circumstances  of  me  case. 

Empire  has  been  rare  without  command  of  the  sea.  To  have  the  Medi- 
terranean, in  ancient  days,  was  to  govern  the  world.  The  policy  of  the 
priest  nobles  of  Egypt  and  India  was  to  divert  popular  attention  from 
marine  vocations.  The  same  has  been  the  case  generally  with  Asia  and 
Africa.  Continental  Europe  has  allowed  Britannia  to  rule  the  waves.  In 
1208  Magna  Charta,  by  its  regulations,  gave  protection  to  foreign  mer- 
chants, prohibited  delays  in  the  administration  of  justice,  and  gave  new 
encouragements  to  Commerce.  International  treaties  followed;  and  a 
mercantile  spirit  was  poured  forth,  copiously  refreshing  to  the  country's 
prosperity.  Navigation  acts  were  framed,  marine  facilities  progressedi 
.and  improved  ships  sailed  from  port  to  port  in  many  directions. 

With  China,  that  ancient  country,  how  different  a  policy  has  been  pur- 
sued !  The  Chinese  may  be  said  to  be  anything  but  economists  of  time 
on  the  water.  The  speed  of  their  traveling  boats  bears  no  resemblance  to 
that  of  our  steamers.  Though  they  have  given  practical  simplicity  and 
effect  to  many  mechanical  powers,  yet  of  the  motor  strength  in  the  giant 
arm  of  steam,  they  are  altogether  ignorant  '*  However  ancient  their 
knowledge  of  the  compass,  the  .art  of  .navigation  among  them,**  says 


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660  ProgrtMB  of  Commerce  and  Science, 

Davis,*  "  has  rather  retrograded  than  advanced  in  later  times.  It  is  clear 
that  thej  once  navigated  as  far  as  India,  and  their  most  distant  voyages 
at  present  extend  no  further  than  Java  and  the  Malay  Islands  to  the 
south." 

We  may,  perhaps,  attribute  this  apathy  to  the  unconquerable  prejudice 
— forbidding  alteration  in  their  clumsy,  unsafe  junks ;  or  to  the  other  fact 
that  within  ner  own  territory  she  produces  everything  deemed  requisite 
for  the  wants  of  her  population.  * 

At  the  present  day  among  commercial  nations,  profits  of  enterprise  de- 
mand brevity  of  voyage.  Authentic  records  assure  us  that  a  proportion 
of  wrecks  and  disasters  annually  occurring,  results  from  errors  of  the 
compass.  These  errors  are  attributed  to  the  iron  used  in  the  construction 
of  vessels,  to  the  presence  of  tanks  and  funnels ;  or  to  defects  in  the  com- 
passes themselves  as  supplied  in  ordinary  trade.  In  vessels  of  war  par- 
ticularly, the  attractive  power  of  the  guns  is  great.  As  these  deviations 
ditt'er  in  vessels,  there  is  no  remedy  for  ascertaining  the  true  amount  bat 
by  direct  experiment  Each  ship  of  the  Royal  Navy  has  its  compass  ad- 
justed previous  to  setting  sail  on  a  long  voyage.  Hence,  the  establishment 
of  the  **  Compass  Observatory  "  in  En^and.  It  remains  to  be  fully  devel- 
oped whether  similar  precautions  are  soon  to  be  taken  in  the  mercantile 
marine,  so  that  future  hazards  and  losses  may  be  independent  of  these  pre- 
cautions. 

The  value  of  cargoes  depends  upon  the  nature  of  the  voyage  in  many 
instances ;  favorable  currents  and  fair  winds  facilitate  progress.  ^  It  has 
been  shown  that  Lieut.  Maury's  Charts  and  Sailing  Directions,"  says  Dr. 
Breist,  "  have  shortened  the  voyages  of  American  ships  by  about  one- 
third."  The  Kew  Committee  had  lately  intrusted  to  them  for  verification 
and  adjustment  1,000  thermometers  and  50  barometers  for  the  navy  of 
the  United  States,  as  well  as  500  thermometers  and  60  barometers  for  the 
English  service. 

Hereafter,  observations  and  surveys  by  scientific  oflBcers  of  the  navy  aad 
mercantile  marine  are  to  be  rendered  more  available  to  science  and  mas- 
kind.  The  British  government  has  established  a  department  in  the  Boaid 
of  Trade  to  carry  out  valuable  recommendations  for  improving  navieatSoB 
and  accumulating  meteorological  data.  Meanwhile,  the  National  Obser- 
vatory at  Washington  has  not  been  idle ;  and  a  large  number  of  ships, 
chiefly  American,  are  now  engaged  in  observations,  stimulated  by  the  ad- 
vice and  aided  by  documents  liberally  fnmished  by  the  United  States. 
The  two  oonntries  of  Anglo-Saxon  ori^n  are  broadly  proclaiming  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  sea.  Neither  the  chivalrous  knight  nor  the  warlike  cru- 
sader, but  the  courteous  merchant^  is  a  prominent  character  of  the  a^ 
His  main  aid  is  the  sailor.  Crood-will  goes  forth  with  the  sailor,  and  in 
him  you  find  your  citizen  of  the  world.  The  mission  of  the  soldier  is  i^ 
gressive ;  that  of  the  sailor  is  pacific  The  one  marches  to  confiict  aaid 
carries  with  him  terror  aad  ruin ;  the  other  bears  tidings  of  peace  and  ii 
hailed  with  pleasure  and  profit 

Denmark,  Sweden,  Holland,  Russia,  and  France,  exhibit  large  commer- 
dal  tonnage,  with  considerable  naval  force ;  but  the  great  bulk  of  eommet- 
cial  tonnage  is  fbuml  with  America  and  England.  Acquirements  of  Con- 
neroe  and  its  advances,  aocompanying  increased  facilities  for  navigatioB, 

'   OMrM1IMwy«rOMntTol.fl»«M. 

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mf^^  correspoikding  improvemeDts  in  naval  power.  la  a  retrospective 
view  recur  to  Carthage,  who,  as  she  became  wealtliy  and  influcDtial,  at- 
tained the  most  commanding  position  in  the  world ;  but  her  avenues  of 
power  were  mainly,  if  not  entirely  maritime  and  mercantile — and  in  this 
point  her  conqueror  soon  gained  over  her  a  vast  advantage.  The  country 
having  resources  and  means  of  a  merely  commercial  character,  may  soon 
fall  an  easy  prey  to  the  eagerness  of  mercenary  foes,  whuse  power  is  supe- 
rior or  whose  main  policy  points  to  valor  and  battle.  Mr.  Wheaton,  in 
writing  to  our  Secretary  of  State,  20th  of  November,  182*7,  from  Copen- 
hagen, says : — 

*'  You  can  hardly  have  an  adequate  notion  how  this  country  (Denmark) 
was  impoverished  by  the  war  brought  upon  it.  *  *  *  When  we 
consider  that  they  lost  at  a  single  blow  their  navigation  and  all  their  cap- 
ital engaged  in  Commerce,  we  cannot  wonder  at  their  reluctance  to  enter 
into  new  engagements.^' 

A  navy  not  only  adds  vastly  to  geographical  discovery,  but  affords  its 
contributions  to  civilizing  efforts  and  to  science.  It  also  hovers  around 
the  paths  of  the  merchants'  ships ;  and  by  the  very  exhibition  of  its  force, 
deters  all  attempts  to  disturb  **  their  mission  of  peace  and  brotherhood 
across  the  seas."  Our  official  documents  exhibit  prodigious  growth  in 
trade  and  navigation ;  and  every  sea  bears  the  evidences  of  our  increasing 
maritime  powers. 

WAR. 

In  rapid  succesdon,  after  the  invention  and  use  of  gunpowder,  various 
war  facilities  appeared.  Among  these  were  cannon,  mortars,  muskets^ 
bullets,  bombshells,  and  other  materials  and  implements.  At  the  siege  of 
Algiers  in  1*304,  tiie  use  of  gunpowder  first  appeared.  The  crusades, 
which  were  outlets  for  a  Roman  spirit,  martial  if  not  barbarous  in  its  ten- 
dencies, were  attended  by  their  peculiar  influences.  Provisions  for  outfits, 
with  such  conveyances  and  other  needfuls  as  the  red  cross  warriors  re- 
quired to  reach  the  field  of  action,  were  supplied  by  the  merchants.  The 
palmers,  or  pilgrims,  on  their  return,  scattered  knowledge  of  far-off  cus- 
toms, broke  shackles  of  superstition ;  and,  while  turning  attention  to  the 
celigion  of  Christendom,  gave  vitality  to  its  literature  and  trade. 

The  use  of  gunpowder,  invented  by  a  mind  turned  to  Roman  tenets,  ex- 
hibited that  a  warlike  spirit  had  almost  overdone  itself.  Taste  for  torture, 
as  well  as  conflict,  had  reached  its  climax.  Combat  was  carried  to  ex- 
oess.  The  most  heroic  warriors  fell  before  a  trembling  touch  given  to  the 
destroying  engine.  The  veriest  coward  often  conquered  with  ease.  In- 
genuity overreached  genuine  bravery.  Chivalry,  which  had  its  flourishing 
period,  had  been  designed  to  infuse  humanity  in  war,  to  foster  truth  and 
justice,  modify  martial  taste,  and  cherish  that  attention  toward  the  female 
sex  for  which  the  Gothic  race  is  so  distinguished.  Its  influence  operating 
with  the  humanizing  teachings  of  Christianity,  it  diffused  a  spirit  of  com- 
ity which  inspired  Commerce  and  spread  through  our  modem  jurbprtt- 
dence,  making  it  so  widely  distinguished  from  ancient  systems.  But 
chivalry  had  ^so  its  evils :  and  among  these  were  its  fantastic  notions  of 
honor,  and  its  neglect  of  mental  culture  for  mere  accomplishments  of  gal- 
lantry. 

This  military  system  was  gradually  modified  by  time.  As  matured  and 
presented  by  our  own  patriotic  heroes,  it  has  won  world-wide  renown^ 


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MS  Pr^ffrtm  0f  C^mmerci  and  Sciemx. 

Out  immortal  general,  a  son  of  the  ^  chivatroos  SouU^**  was  not  len  gal- 
lant  than  brave.  Discountenancing  any  bnt  defensive  action,  these  sturdy 
patriots  blended  science  with  bravery ;  and  wrought  out  victory  in  a  man- 
ner as  honorable  to  their  humanity  as  to  their  fortitude  and  heroism. 

Late  statistics  of  the  military  force  and  resources  of  the  several  nations 
of  Europe  present  a  formidable  warlike  aggregate.  But  for  all  purposes 
of  offensive  and  defensive  warfi^re,  they  exhibit  nothing  surpassing  tlie  in- 
ternal military  strength  of  the  United  States.  Many  volunteer  companies, 
scattered  over  the  Union,  subject  to  military  rules  and  regulations,  are 
duly  equipped  and  almost  fully  disciplined.  A  fair  proportion  of  artilletT 
force  and  dragoons  will  also  be  observed.  Military  and  naval  schools,  ad- 
mirably established  and  conducted,  are  sustained  by  Congress  in  a  liberal 
manner.  The  actual  organized  military  force  of  the  Federal  Govemmenti 
though  not  large,  is  adequate  in  efficiency.  And,  considering  the  total 
militia  force  of  the  Union,  added  to  the  fact  of  an  inherent  military 
spirit  in  the  American,  with  an  accustomed  use  of  arms  in  field  sports  and 
target  practice,  a  potent  array  of  war  facilities  may  be  readily  seen  in  oor 
republic. 

Prevailing  philosophy  in  America  wisely  teaches  doctrines  averse  U> 
war ;  and  me  ruling  policr  encourages  every  pacific  vocation.  Humaa 
nature  is,  nevertheless,  in  all  ages  the  same ;  and  nations  known  to  pos^ 
sess  wealth  are  not  permitted  to  enioy  prolonged  repose.  In  time  of 
peace  prepare  for  war ;  as  wars  are,  in  the  nature  of  things,  inevitable. 
They  are  often  in  themselves  purifying  tempests  to  governments,  and  not 
unfrequently,  when  sanguinary  and  protracted,  emaciating  and  radically 
destructive.  Either  luxury,  more  oppressive  than  the  swoni,  assails  a  peo- 
ple, stirring  up  desires  for  conquest  or  internal  commotions ;  or  they  be- 
come a  prey  to  the  race  having  cultivated  courage  and  the  art  of  war  to  a 
greater  extent  than  themselves.  Consideration  and  discipline  for  war  are 
all-important 

As  a  power  in  war,  navies  become  indispensable  at  an  early  period.  Vast 
variations  have  come  over  these  aspects  within  a  few  centuries.  The  flai- 
bottomed  vessels  of  the  Saxons,  with  wicker  upper  works  and  hide  saila, 
have  long  been  superseded  by  efficient  ships  and  other  craft  Radical 
changes  have  been  wrought  by  science  within  the  present  century  in  tba 
structure  of  sea  vessels,  and  in  modes  of  sea  warfare.  In  the  session  of 
Parliament,  1841,  the  Duke  of  Wellington  remarked,  in  the  Houae  of 
Lords,  that  ho  did  not  remember  in  all  his  experience,  except  the  then  re- 
cent instance  on  the  coast  of  Syria,  (siefife  of  Acre,)  of  any  fort  being  taken 
by  ships,  excepting  two  or  three  years  before,  when  the  fort  of  St  Jean 
d'Ulloa  was  captured  by  the  French  fleet  That  was  the  single  instance 
he  recollected,  though  he  believed  that  something  of  the  sort  had  occnrred 
at  the  siege  of  Havana  in  1763.  The  proceeding  imder  consideration  bad 
been  altogether  most  skillful.  Not  less  than  500  pieces  of  ordnance  were 
directed  a^inst  the  walls,  and  the  precision  of  firing  so  well  kept  up,  the 
wise  position  of  the  vessels,  and  the  explosion  of  the  magazine,  all  aided 
in  the  speedy  achievement  of  victory.  It  was  one  of  the  greatest  deeds 
of  modem  times.  The  invention  of  ordnance  and  the  application  of  steam 
to  ships  of  war  as  a  motive  power,  render  it  difficult  to  anticipate  the 
verge  to  which  naval  military  power  may  in  the  future  extend. 

The  present  warlike  attitude  in  Europe  gives  scope  to  military  sdenca. 
Bngland,  France,  Turkey,  Russia,,  Austria,  and  Prussia,  present  na  wUk 


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Progrtn  ef  Ckxmim^rt^  and  Seieiue.  iM^ 

M6s  for  varied  operations.  The  policy  of  Russia  is  traditionary.  Ene* 
land,  with  possessions  reauiring  watchfulness,  finds  herself  allied  wiui 
France,  to  whom  a  war  is  out  vent  for  military  ambition.  Our  own  ez* 
tensive  intercourse  facilitates  edification  in  the  art  of  war ;  and  America 
derives  benefits  from  remote  experience.  Already  our  Secretary  of  War 
has  annouftced  that  important  results  among  the  remarkable  incidents  of 
battle  indicate  that  material  modifications  will  be  made  in  the  future  ar- 
manient  of  troops. 

Naval  experiments  with  new  artillery  have  recently  been  made  in  £ng^ 
land,  in  the  presence  of  military  and  naval  commanders,  which  practice 
has  been  described  as  good.  During  the  past  year  the  United  States  War 
Department  ordered  a  substitute  to  take  tne  place  of  the  percussion  lock 
on  all  muskets  hereafter  to  be  made  at  the  public  armories,  and  we  thus 
see  that  the  metallic  cap,  which  was  of  itself  an  advance,  is  superseded  by 
a  still  greater  improvement 

HUNTIKO    AND   FISHING. 

We  read  of  nothing  of  hunting  as  a  pursuit  till  the  days  of  Nimrod, 
after  the  flood.  Nomadic  modes  of  life,  with  their  wild  and  excited  sports, 
were  introduced  subsequently  to  the  pastoral ;  probably  by  men  wearied 
with  the  daily  and  nightly  watchings  of  the  plain,  or  the  monotonous  labor 
of  the  field.  In  certain  periods  of  history  hunting  has  been  in  certain  lo- 
calities a  common  pursuit  The  goddess  of  the  chase,*  reared  by  My- 
thology, was  represented  as  a  healthfiil-looking  huntress  of  the  woods, 
bearing  a  quiver  of  arrows  and  a  bow.  Joys  of  the  chase  are  renowned 
in  story  and  song.  The  dart  added  to  security  and  comfort  The  Saxon 
bow,  with  its  toil  of  utility,  was  often  taken  in  the  path  of  pleasure. 
Thomas  Cranmer,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  bom  2d  July,  1489,  in  his 
boyhood,  "  was  put  to  learn  his  granmiar  of  a  rude  parish  clerk,"  and  was 
permitted  by  his  father  to  follow  "  the  civil  and  gentlemanlike  exercises  ^ 
of  the  day,  which  consisted  of  diversions  of  hunting  and  hawking,  and 
drill  in  the  use  of  the  bow.  The  hunt  in  Europe,  &ough  less  common 
than  formerly,  may  often  be  found  and  enjoyed.  A  letter  before  us  speaks 
of  the  hunting  lodge  of  Uie  Duke  of  Nassau,  located  in  a  gorge  of  the 
monntain  which  overshadows  the  town  of  Wiesbaden,  near  the  Rhine. 
Here  the  duke  enjoys  the  pleasures  of  the  chase  amid  extensive  forests,  in 
which  deer  abound.    Similar  facilities  are  possessed  by  others. 

The  bow,  spear,  club,  and  trap,  together  with  the  more  modem  inven- 
.  tions,  have  been  called  by  traders  into  the  channels  of  tra£Sc.  American 
hunters  and  Westem  riflemen  (renowned  for  sharp-shooting  in  Mexico) 
find  a  charm  about  their  pursuits  which  creates  an  attachment  not  easily 
relinquished.  Inventions  and  contrivances  have  afforded  facilities  to  this 
vocation,  and  it  is  connected  with  the  wealth  of  large  estates.  Legislative 
enactments  have  regulated,  and  large  companies  engaged  in  it  It  has 
been  not  only  a  road  to  opulence,  but  to  enlarged  geographical  and  scien- 
tific observation.  "  In  survejring  the  widely-extended  trade  of  the  North- 
west Company,"  says  Haskel,  August  2,  1820,  "we  perceive  evidence  of 
mo  energy  and  perseverance  highly  creditable  to  its  members  as  men  of 
business.  They  have  explored  the  westem  wilds,  and  planted  their  estab- 
lishments over  a  tract  of  country  some  thousands  of  miles  in  extent 


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W^  Proffreas  4>/ Gmnmeree  4md  SmtMk 

They  have  made  the  Bayages  of  the  wildernesa  tributary  to  the  oomfoiis 
of  oivilized  society."  Science  has  facilitated  the  pureuita  of  huntiDg  and 
fishing;  and  they,  in  their  turn,  have  added  to  the  light  of  science. 

The  fish  of  the  Nile,  the  Mediterranean,  with  those  of  the  Indian  Ocean 
and  the  inland  seas  of  Asia,  are  read  of  in  history.  An  American  writer^ 
speaking  of  pleasure,  says  ^'  There  is  fishing — the  contemplative  man^s  re- 
creation. Read  Walton  and  fish.  Ye  who  are  seeking  for  a  cheap,  quiet 
{)leasure,  betake  yourself  to  a  shady,  retired  nook,  and  pass  a  day  in  si- 
ence  and  reflection.  It  is  an  occupation  full  of  wisdom."  But  fishing  is 
susceptible  of  several  views.  The  term  fisherman  awakens  recollections  ai 
familiar  history.  Fishing  is  extensively  resorted  to  as  a  recreation ;  con- 
siderable numbers  pursue  it  in  some  one  or  other  of  its  branches  as  a  busi- 
ness. Regulating  enactments  apply  to  our  river  and  bay  fish ;  while  cer- 
tain international  treaties  pertain  to  the  herring,  mackerel,  and  cod  fisheiies. 
The  latter  came  near  involving  the  country,  a  short  time  ago,  in  conflict 
Whale  catching  with  Americans  has  long  been  a  popular  pursuit  Science 
has  acquired  many  a  trophy  from  our  enterprising  whalemen.  Their 
broadly  extended  skill  and  intrepidity  in  this  branch  of  labor  are  attended 
by  encomium  and  profitable  rewards. 

AGRICULTURE. 

The  narrative  with  which  we  are  favored  of  the  early  history  and  set- 
tlement of  the  family  of  Adam,  represents  them  as  living  together  in  one 
place,  or  diverging  to  separate  localities  in  companies,  and  attending  in 
general  to  agricultural  and  pastoral  vocations. 

Culture  of  the  soil  is  of  perpetual  importance.  The  doctrine  that  agri- 
culture constituted  the  best  basis  of  the  prosperity  and  happiness  of  a 
nation,  was  a  valued  principle  of  the  Mosaic  constitution.  It  was  held  in 
high  esteem  by  many  ancient  nations.  China,  Egypt,  Rome,  are  countries 
who  valued  most  highly  the  plow.  Before  astronomical  observations 
reached  any  great  degree  of  accuracy,  the  ancient  Greeks  had  to  watdi 
the  rising  of  Arcturus,  the  Pleiades,  and  Orion,  to  mark  their  seasons,  and 
to  determine  the  proper  time  for  their  rural  labors.  At  the  rising  of  the 
star  Sir! us  along  with  the  sun,  the  Egyptians  expected  the  overflowing  of 
the  Nile,  at  which  event  they  were  to  sow  their  grain,  or  as  sacred  writ 
has  it,  "  cast  their  bread  upon  the  waters."  They  also  then  cut  their  ca- 
nals and  reservoirs,  and  prepared  the  way  for  their  expected  harvest 

Pressure  of  agricultural  produce  finds  scope  in  trade.  Calls  of  Com- 
merce stimulate  tilth.  The  farmer  ceases  to  be  isolated  and  exclusive ;  he 
tills  his  fields  not  for  himself  alone,  but  for  others.  Refuse  lands  are  re- 
claimed. Swamps  and  forests  are  superseded  by  farms  and  gardens ;  and 
proli6c  produce  seeks  its  way  to  manufactory  and  mart  Contributions 
firom  the  soil  become  commodities  of  trade.  Invention  and  ingenuity 
open  avenues  of  traffic,  and  society  arises  as  an  arena  of  mutual  ex- 
change. 

Agriculture,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  was  in  an  extremely  low  con- 
dition in  England.  A  gradual  improvement  continued  with  the  advance 
of  Commerce.  Tillage  became  less  imperfect ;  implements  of  husbandly 
less  rude.  The  roots  that  now  smoke  on  our  tables,  cabbages,  carrots^  po- 
tatoes, were  then  unknown.  Wheaten  bread  was  rarely  used — ^the  com- 
mon kinds  being  made  of  rye,  barley,  or  peas.  Subsequently,  continenta 
were  brought  under  contribution,  and  agricultural  science  has  advanced  at 


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Prcfjifreu  (^  Oamwkeree  cmd  3eimce»  9U 

attapid  rate,  Profeeaed  cbecEUSts,  audi  a8  Ltebeg,  Joboston,  Draper,  Cbil- 
tOD,  and  others,  have  analyzed  eoils  and  plants.  Entomologists  have  die- 
Gpvered  the  nature  of  destructive  insects ;  and  ornithologists  ttie  auxiliaries 
in  their  destruction.  It  is  becoming  well  understood  that  agriculture  is  a 
Boienoe  as  well  as  an  art  ^^  Its  successful  cultivation  is  intimately  allied 
with  the  most  profound  inrestigations  of  philosophy  and  the  most  elabor- 
ate exertions  of  the  human  mind."  The  broad  expanse  of  our  own  coun- 
try, with  its  practical  formers,  its  agricultural  societies  and  institutions, 
exhibita  an  active  prosecution  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  this  leading 
pursuit 

MIKIKO. 

This  branch  of  labor  arose  in  the  rude  search  for  gems  and  golden 
grains.  The  amethyst  of  India  and  the  turquoise  of  Turkey  have  been  of 
interest  to  trade ;  the  same  may  also  ba  said  of  many  other  gems,  as  the 
opal  of  Hungary  and  the  emerald  of  Sweden.  Diamonds  of  Pastael, 
twenty  miles  from  Golconda,  at  the  foot  of  the  Gate  Mountains,  have  been 
in  great  request.  The  valuable  gold  mines  of  California  brought  that  re- 
gion into  immediate  notice. 

Of  more  or  less  consequence  to  Commerce  have  been  the  flints  of 
France  and  the  copper  of  Siberia ;  the  pumice  of  Lipari ;  the  emery  of 
Naxos,  and  the  gypsum  of  Nova  Scotia.  In  the  department  of  Aude,  in 
France,  twelve  hundred  persons  were  at  one  time  employed  in  fabricating 
the  jet  found  there  into  buttons,  ear-rings,  bracelets,  etc.  The  amber  pits 
of  Prussia,  the  explorations  of  which,  exceed  one  hundred  feet  in  depth, 
are  said  to  have  afforded  a  revenue  of  twenty-six  hundred  dollars  annually 
to  the  bend  of  the  government.  The  salt  mines  near  Cracow  have  been 
wrought  since  1261.  At  the  bottom  of  these  mines,  in  some  places  one 
thousand  feet,  a  commonwealth  of  families  reside,  having  their  convenient 
dwellings,  carriages,  and  avenues,  their  peculiar  manners,  amusements, 
and  polity. 

In  1307,  coals  were  first  used  in  England.  Great  Britain  is  probably 
more  indebted  for  her  national  aggrandizement  to  her  mineral  wealth  than 
to  many  other  causes  combined.  Without  her  coal,  her  metallic  ores 
could  never  have  been  drawn  from  the  depths  of  the  earth  where  they 
were  concealed ;  or  if  near  the  surface  they  could  never  have  been  profit- 
ably refined.  Without  her  coal,  her  Birmmgham,  her  SheflSeld,  her  Man- 
chester, and  other  manufacturing  towns  would  never  have  existed.  With- 
out her  manufactures  her  Commerce  would  be  prostrated.  At  the  present 
time  (1836)  the  coal  areas  in  the  British  Islands  cover  12,000  square  miles, 
with  an  annual  produce  of  87,000,000  tons ;  France,  2,000  miles,  annual 
produce,  4,160,000  tons;  United  States,  113,000  miles,  annual  produce, 
6,000,000  tons. 

Improvements  in  tools,  the  lise  of  hydraulic  machines,  and  the  steam-en- 
gine, nave  aided  vastly  in  distributing  mineral  treasures  among  the  nations. 
The  connective  sciences  of  geology  and  mineralogy  have  been  industriously 
pursued.  A  grand  source  of  individual  and  general  prosperity  is  the  de- 
velopment of  the  natural  resources  of  the  country. 

MANUFACTURES. 

The  raw  material  of  the  eartl^  whether  it  be  veeetatioii  of  the  earth  or 
the  ore  of  the  mine,  passes  through  processes  of  <£ange.  Fabrics  appear 
t0  suit  the  calls  of  need  and  of  mioj^    Implements  are  brought  i^rtk  ai 


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66e  Th€Mwrtitem  AreHe  BMtf  BMpeiUimi. 

the  deroaQds  of  emergency  and  necessity.  Manufacturing  attendants  upon 
trade  add  yastly  to  home  comforts,  fireside  and  social  conveniences. 

Intercourse  is  of  vast  benefit  to  manufactures.  Roger  Guiseard,  in  1 146, 
brought  home  from  Greece  certain  captives,  who  taught  at  Palermo  the 
art  of  rearing  the  silk-worm  and  weaving  silk.  In  1831,  the  art  of  weav- 
ing cloth  was  introduced  in  England,  and  in  1386  linen  weavers  appear. 
In  1530,  the  spinning-wheel  was  invented;  in  1690,  the  art  of  weaving 
hose :  all  followed  by  a  variety  of  valuable  inventions  and  discoveries  in 
the  manufacturing  domains  of  labor.  By  aid  of  machinery,  first  used  ia 
England  within  a  century,  that  country  has  largely  pursued  manufactaring 
branches,  and,  not  deterred  by  local  differences  in  the  value  of  labor,  thmr 
cotton  and  woolen  goods  float  upon  almost  every  sea  of  the  world. 

The  advances  of  science  are  due  neither  to  associations  of  ingeniouB 
men,  nor  to  philosophical  societies,  though  these  have  their  uses,  but  to 
the  labors  of  individuals  working  by  themselves.  *^  What  a  man  earns  by 
thought,  study,  and  care,  is  as  much  his  own,''  says  Webster,  "  as  what  he 
obtains  by  his  hands."  Hence,  Congress  is  authorized  to  secure  to  each 
inventor  the  enjoyment  of  his  invention  as  his  own  property.  He  has  an 
original,  inherent  right  in  it  as  a  personal  earning — an  acquisition  it  is  by 
the  paramount  right  of  nature.  So  far  as  the  people  of  our  Republic  pre- 
sent their  abilities  at  invention,  (as  at  the  exhibitions  of  England  and 
France,)  they  display,  in  preponderating  phase,  a  practical  tendency  of 
mind.  They  do  not  tarry  to  embellish  and  adorn,  nor  seek  to  sacrifice 
utility  to  elegance.  In  the  machinery  and  inventive  departments  they  ex- 
hibit most  genius  and  capacity.  Without  seeking  to  excite  artificial  de- 
sires, they  present  their  object,  having  for  its  ^m  creation  and  usefulneaa. 


Art.  n.— THE  HARTSTEIN  ARCnC  BELIEF  RIPEDITIO!!. 

This  expedition  was  fitted  out  by  the  government  of  the  United  States 
for  the  search  and  rescue  of  Doctor  Kane  and  his  brave  little  company  of 
seventeen  young  men,  who  sailed  in  the  Grinneli  brig  Advance,  of  144 
tons,  from  New  York,  on  the  31st  of  May,  1853,  for  the  Polar  seas,  in 
search  of  Sir  John  Franklin.  The  long  absence  of  Dr.  Kane,  with  the 
knowledge  of  the  sad  fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  created  so  painful  a  sen- 
sation in  the  public  mind,  that  Congress  made  an  appropriation  of  one 
hundred  and  fifly  thousand  dollars  at  their  last  session  to  cover  the  oosi 
of  sending  two  vessels  for  the  search  and  rescue  of  the  ice-bound  expedi- 
tion. 

The  bark  Release,  of  330  tons,  Lieut  H.  J.  Hartstein  commanding,  and 
propeller  Arctic,  of  250  tons,  Lieut  G.  C.  Simms,  with  a  company  of  49 
volunteers,  all  told,  sailed  from  Sandy  Hook  on  the  4th  day  of  June  last 
On  the  5th  July  the  expedition  reached  Leivelly,  in  latitude  about  69*^  N., 
longitude  54^  45'  W.,  where  they  remained  until  the  9th.  From  thenoe 
they  proceeded  to  Haroe  Island,  where  they  obtained  bituminous  coal  from 
the  mines.  On  the  16th  they  were  off  Upper  Navick,  the  most  northern 
Danish  settlement  on  the  coast  of  Greenloid,  latitude  about  7^  N.,  loogi- 
tnde  about  66^  W.  On  the  29th  ice  made  half  an  indi  thick,  iempeni* 
tare  on  board  the  vessel,  81^    On  the  9th  <^  Angoat  Oape  MelfUki  m 

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The  JBurtitetn  AreHe  Belief  Expeditum,  m*t 

IfttStnde  about  76^,  longitude  about  64^,  was  distant  about  80  miles.  On 
the  loth  they  were  off  Cape  Alexander;  and  on  the  17  th  reached  latitude 
78*  21'  S4"  N.,  longitude  72**  87'  W.,  the  highest  northing  made,  and 
were  then  within  a  few  miles  of  Dr.  Kane^s  vessel,  the  Advance,  which  wat 
frozen  in  on  the  10th  of  September,  1853,  in  latitude  78*  45'  N. 

In  my  appeal  to  the  public  in  behalf  of  Dr.  Kane  and  his  companions, 
published  in  the  New  York  papers  of  the  6th  of  December,  1 854, 1  said : 
^  He  has  doubtless  proceeded  from  Cape  Alexander  north,  without  going 
south  and  west;"  and  so  it  has  proved.  Lieut.  Uartstein  on  the  17th 
landed  on  Littleton  Island,  and  from  thence  on  the  same  day  proceeded  to 
Erene  Bay,  where  he  landed  and  found  a  settlement  of  Esquimaux,  num- 
bering about  thirty,  who  were  living  in  tents  made  of  the  sails  of  Dr. 
Kane^s  vessel. 

From  them  he  learned  that  Dr.  Kane  and  his  party  had  been  there 
about  two  months  previous,  and  had  gone  south  in  boats.  From  hero 
I^ut  Hartstein  proceeded  south  and  west,  and  on  the  20th  landed  on  the 
shores  of  Possession  Bay,  the  west  shore  of  Baffin^s,  in  latitude  about  73* 
SC  N.,  longitude  about  77*  W.  After  going  south  a  little  way,  they 
erossed  Bamn^s  Bay,  and  on  the  12th  of  September  were  in  sight  of  the 
western  coast  of  Greenland,  and  on  the  18th,  in  reentering  the  harbor  of 
Leivelly,  discovered  a  Danish  brig,  which,  immediately  on  seeing  them, 
hoisted  the  American  flag,  which  Lieut  Hartstein  supposed  was  done  as 
a  compliment  to  the  expedition ;  but  in  a  few  moments  after,  two  whale 
boats  put  off  from  Leivelly  with  the  Pot  Rock  flag  hoisted,  having  the 
aherished  name  of  Henry  Grinnell  upon  it,  and  shortly  after  Dr.  Kane 
came  on  board. 

He  and  his  party  had  made  the  tour  from  Erene  Bay,  over  the  ice  and 
through  the  water,  to  Upper  Navick,  and  there  found  the  Danish  brig,  in 
which  they  had  taken  passage  for  Europe,  and  on  their  way  stopped  at 
Leivelly^  where  they  providentially  met  Lieut  Hartstein.  On  the  1 8th  of 
September  the  expedition  lefl  Leivelly,  the  Arctic  having  the  bark  Release 
and  Danish  briff  m  tow;  and  on  the  11th  of  October — twenty-three  days 
— -reached  Sandy  Hook,  having  been  absent  only  four  months  and  eleven 
days,  and  most  successfully  and  most  fully  accomplished  the  object  of  the 
expedition. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  has  done  itself  high  honor  in 
sending  forth  the  relief  expedition,  and  Lieut  Hartstein  has  won  for  him- 
self an  imperishable  fame  in  so  promptly  volunteering  in  this  humane 
service,  and  conducting  it  with  such  great  skill  and  good  seamanship  as  to 
make  it  eminently  successful. 

I  have  been  kindly  furnished  with  a  journal  of  the  entire  cruise  of  the 
Hartstein  expedition— embracing  observations  upon  the  temperature  of 
the  atmosphere,  temperature  of  the  water,  markings  of  the  barometer, 
course  and  force  of  the  wind,  state  of  the  weather,  condition  of  the  ice, 
latitudes  and  longitudes,  variations  of  the  needle,  bearings  of  the  land,  <ka, 
Blade  and  recorded  every  four  hours,  night  and  day. 

As  I  record  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere  every  sixty  minutes, 
night  and  day,  at  my  place  of  observation  on  Brooklyn  Heights,  and  have 
continued  these  observations  for  a  series  of  years,  I  have  the  accurate 
means  of  comparison  with  the  records  of  observation  by  the  Hartstein 
expedition  simultaneously  made.  I  have  likewise  the  original  records  of 
mervaUona  made  hourly  for  me  by  Lieut  De  Haven  during  his  cruise  in 


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ees  Tke  ffarUtem  Antic  lUUrf  JBigHitUtim 

the  Arctic  seas  in  18^0  and  1851,  also  for  compariBon.  In  'addBtion  t» 
these,  I  keep  a  record  of  the  dritl  of  Arctic  ice  reported  by  veaaeb  crossing 
the  Atlantic,  and  this  record  covers  fifteen  consecutive  years,  viz^  from 
1841  to  18<35,  inclusive. 

These  recoixls,  together  with  those  recently  obtained  from  Sir  Edwaid 
Belcher,  commander  of  the  British  Arctic  Expedition,  who  was  in  the 
Arctic  zone  nearly  Uiree  years,  ending  with  the  autumn  of  1854,  illustrate 
the  extraordinary,  and  until  now  undiscovered  fact,  that  the  more  intense 
the  Arctic  cold,  the  greater  the  flow  of  the  Arctic  ice*  They  also  iUue- 
tra^  and  show  that  in  summer,  heated  terms  here  are  cold  terms  in  the 
Arctic,  and  vice  versa.  The  same  holds  good  in  comparing  the  winter 
temperatures  of  both  places  of  observation. 

This  comparison  has  also  been  extended  to  the  observations  made  by 
Lieut.  Parry  during  near  a  yearns  sojourn  at  Melville  Island,  north  of  lati- 
tude 75°  and  west  of  the  line  of  no  variation,  in  1819  and  1820,  and  those 
of  Oapt  Franklin  and  Dr.  Richardson,  on  the  continent  bordering  the 
Polar  Sea  east  of  Copper  Mine  River,  longitude  117°  W.,  in  1821  and 
1822,  and  near  the  mouth  of  M^Kenzie's,  in  longitude  about  137^  W.,  in 
1824  and  1 825,  all  with  the  same  results. 

Neither  Lieut  Hartstein  nor  Lieut.  De  Haven  observed  any  lightning 
or  heard  thunder,  while  in  the  Arctic  zone ;  nor  do  I  find  any  mention  of 
that  phenomenon  by  any  Arctic  navigator  within  that  limit  Earthquakes 
have  not  been  observed  there ;  I  have  never  found  that  phenomenon  no- 
ticed in  any  account  which  has  been  published  by  Arctic  navigators,  tf 
they  occur  at  sUl,  the  occurrence  must  therefore  be  very  rare.  High  winda 
and  storms,  however,  prevail  within  the  Arctic  zone. 

The  lowest  temperature  recorded  by  Lieut  Hartstein  during  his  cruise, 
was  26°  on  the  9th  of  August,  in  latitude  about  76°.  This  was  the  tem- 
perature on  board  the  Arctic ;  on  the  ice  beyond  the  heat  of  the  vessel,  it 
was  doubtless  several  degrees  lower.  Lieut  De  Haven  in  1 850,  in  the 
same  vicinity,  observed  the  same  decree  of  temperature  on  the  Idth  of 
August,  and  thie  lowest  in  that  monui. 

When  Lieut  Hartstein  was  entering  the  harbor  of  Leivelly  on  the  5th 
of  July,  a  snow  storm  of  several  hours  prevailed  ;  imd  next  day,  at  four 
P.  M.,  the  temperature  rose  to  76°,  and  at  four  o^clock  next  momijig  had 
fallen  to  28° — a  change  of  forty-eight  degrees  in  twelve  hours.  Seventy- 
six  degrees  is  a  very  high  temperature  for  that  latitude,  and  we  think  it 
is  probable  that  the  sun's  rays  may  have  fallen  on  the  bulb  of  Uie  ther- 
mometer. There  is,  however,  one  fact  to  be  stated  in  conneotton  with  this 
high  temperature— and  that  is,  that  it  occurred  within  two  hours  of  the 
termination  of  the  heated  term  here,  which  commenced  on  the  25th  of 
June  and  lasted  till  the  6th  of  July — durition  twelve  days — during  which 
the  temperature  here  rose  to  98°.  The  heat  passed  like  the  shadow  of  aa 
eclipse,  from  the  temperate  to  the  frigid  zone. 

The  aurora  borealis  was  seen  but  twice  during  the  cruise,  vis.,  on  the 
11th  of  September,  in  latitude  about  69°  30'  N.,  longitude  about  61°  W^ 
and  again  on  the  4th  of  October,  in  latitude  42°  34'  N.,  longitude  62° 
46'  W. ;  and  on  the  evening  of  the  4th,  sheet  lightning  was  seen  to  the 
•outh  simultaneously  with  £at  aurora. 

At  my  place  of  observation  there  was  a  heavy  dew  on  the  morning  of 
the  11th  of  September.  At  midnight  the  temperature  waa  m  efmlwrm^ 
smd  continued  ia  that  state  for  seven  eoneecutive  hQWt\  after  whiok  the 


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'ieiBperature  rose  to  W^  in  tbe  shade  tmi  1 2(^  in  the  rud^  and  remained 
at  that  for  upwards  of  three  hours.  The  evening  of  the  lotli  and  of  the 
12th  there  was  much  ligtitntng.  A  large  meteor  was  seen  from  Valley 
Forge,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  evening  of  tl»e  1 1  th.  A  most  terrific  thunder 
storm  visited  Norfolk,  Virginia,  that  evening,  and  the  next  day  the  yellow 
^ver  was  greatly  increased.  A  great  thunder  storm  also  visited  Turk'b 
Island.  The  ship  Cowper  the  same  day,  in  latitude  38^  N.,  longitude 
66°  W.,  was  struck  by  lightning.  In  the  evening  of  the  ]2tlj  there  was 
a  thunder  storm  at  Manchester,  New  Hamphire,  and  also  at  the  Island  of 
Bt.  Lucia,  West  Indies.  Thus  much  for  the  connection  of  the  aurora  of 
the  11th  September. 

On  the  4th  of  October,  when  the  second  aurora  w^is  noticed  fVom  on 
1>oard  the  vessels  of  the  expedition,  the  aurora  was  also  seen  here,  and  was 
very  brilliant.  Two  American  ships  in  two  different  docks  in  Liverpool, 
England,  on  that  day  were  struck  by  lightning  and  injured.  A  snow 
storm  prevailed  for  nearly  an  hour  at  Nebraska  City  and  the  surrounding 
country.  The  morning  of  the  day  previous  there  was  lightning  at  my 
place  of  observation,  and  the  day  following  a  severe  snow  storm  visited 
BL  Louis,  Missouri ;  Milwaukie,  Wisconsin ;  and  also  Fort  Laramie.  Thus 
mdch  for  the  connection  of  the  aurora  boreatis  of  the  4th  of  October. 

Aurora  Borealis  was  visible  here  on  the  8th  and  16th  of  August,  and 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  Gulf  of  the  St.  Lawrence  on  the  1 1th  of  that  month, 
and  meteors  were  abundant  from  9th  to  I4th,  inclusive.  The  great  vol- 
eano  of  Mauna  Loa,  Sandwich  Islands^,  was  convulsed  on  nights  of  Sth^ 
1 1th,  «nd  1  dth  of  that  month,  but  neither  the  light  of  the  volcano  nor  the 
aurora  were  seen  by  the  Arctic  Expedition,  which  was  then  north  of  lati- 
tude 75^,  for  the  reason  that  at  that  time  the  sun  shone  there  throughout 
the  twenty-four  hours,  but  they  encountered  a  snow  storm  on  the  0th,  and 
fogs  on  the  9th,  10th,  and  11th. 

The  extraordinary  aurora  borealis  of  1 9th  and  20th  of  February,  1 862, 
which  was  visible  during  the  entire  night  both  in  the  United  States  and 
England,  and  seen  in  many  parts  of  Europe,  Mas  simultaneous  with  a  great 
thunder  storm  in  France,  and  with  a  most  extraordinary  eruption  of  the 
-volcano  Mauna  Loa.  Sir  Edward  Belcher  was  at  that  time  north  of  the 
Arctic  magnetic  pole;  in  one  of  his  letters  to  me  he  says  the  aurora  was 
not  observed  there. 

These  foots  are  interesting,  and  unite  with  our  other  records  in  bearing 
testimony  to  the  fact  that  the  gi'eat  changes  in  our  atmosphere  are  from 
the  earth  itself,  in  its  action  upon  that  atmosphere. 

It  would  swell  this  communication  to  a  great  length  were  I  to  treat  in 
detail  of  the  atmospheric  changes  in  the  Arctic  as  compared  with  the 
changes  here.  I  will  therefor^  pass  over  them,  and  come  directly  to  an 
interesting  matter  mentioned  in  Dr.  Kane's  brief  account  of  his  expedition 
within  the  Arctic  zone,  after  his  vessel  had  been  frozen  up.  His  vessel 
was  frozen  up  in  latitude  78^  46',  longitude  about  72^  west  He  proceeded 
north  from  that  to  the  parallel  of  82^  dO',  where  he  discovered  an  opett 
sea,  that  was  free  from  ice  as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach.  The  tempera* 
tores  he  recorded  give  no  evidence  that  there  exists  a  milder  climate  far* 
ther  north.  This  open  water,  therefore,  must,  it  seems  to  me,  owe  its 
fluidity  to  its  great  depth,  or  its  holding  so  much  salt  in  solution  as  to  en^ 
able  it  to  resist  frost  The  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Lakes  in  this  State  were 
*«e  from  106  ^tiog  the  intense  cold  o^  Febrttary,  IWfr,  which  was  as  lorn 


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6)0  The  MarUtem  Arctic  BMrf  Ri^M/m. 

«8  30^  or  more  below  zero  in  that  vicinity.  This  exemption  firom  froit  ii 
owing  to  the  great  depth  of  the  water  of  these  lakes. 

The  Dead  Sea  would  remain  fluid  in  the  lowest  temperatures  of  the 
Arctic  atmosphere,  and  the  same  exemption  from  frost  pertains  to  the 
great  American  Salt  Lake  in  Utah.  The  cold  atmosphere  of  the  Aretio 
forces  the  salt  held  by  the  sea  water  in  solu:ion  to  density  in  fluidity  that 
will  resist  frost;  hence,  pools  of  salt  water  are  found  on  the  ice  within  the 
Arctic  zone  during  the  most  intense  cold,  but  as  soon  as  the  weather  be- 
comes mild,  that  dense  salt  water  seizes  upon  the  ice  it  has  been  driren 
from  by  the  cold,  and  melts  it  as  rapidly  as  that  operation  could  be  per* 
formed  by  red-hot  iron. 

In  our  ordinary  winter  atmosphere  in  this  latitude,  salt  is  advantageous- 
ly used  to  dissolve  ice  in  pumps  that  have  been  frozen  up,  and  for  clearing 
ttdewalks  of  ice. 

It  is  difficult  to  form  an  opinion  of  the  extreme  north  from  what  comes 
under  our  observation  here.  When  Lieut  Parry  was  at  Melville  Island  in 
1819-20,  he  savs  that  during  their  walks  on  shore  a  mass  of  rock,  a{^Mi- 
rently  half  a  mile  distant,  could  be  taken  up  in  one  minute's  walk,  and  the 
frequency  of  the  deception  did  not  lessen  its  effects.  Sound,  during  a 
still,  cold  atmosphere,  was  so  powerful  that  common  c<mversation  c<Hdd 
be  heard  at  the  distance  of  a  mile.  Thus  it  is  seen,  that  neither  sight  nor 
hearing,  in  the  cold  Arctic  atmosphere,  performs  the  same  services  in  its 
results  as  here. 

Sir  Edward  Belcher,  in  surveying  Prince  Alfred's  Bav,  found,  when  he 
came  to  lay  down  his  angles,  he  was  obliged  to  diminish  the  Bay  so  im- 
mensely as  showed  the  delusion. 

This  occurred  in  latitude  75^  to  77°  north ;  beyond  that,  and  on  the 
very  verge  of  northemess,  who  can  tell  what  greater  differences  may 
exist? 

In  reference  to  differences  of  temperatures,  our  own  records  of  observa- 
tion are  full  of  instruction.  For  example :  On  the  7th  day  of  Februaij 
of  the  present  year,  the  temperature  at  our  place  of  observation,  Brooklyn 
Heights,  fell  to  6°  below  zero ;  at  Randolph,  Vermont,  to  44°  below  that 
line.  The  difference  in  latitude  between  the  two  places  is  about  two  de- 
grees, and  the  difference  in  temperature  thirty-ei^ht  degrees.  Both  are  in 
about  the  same  longitude.  Between  Randolph,  Vermont,  and  Clarkesville, 
Tennessee,  the  difference  was  99  degrees  of  temperature.  Clarkesville  is 
in  latitude  about  36°  30'  N.,  and  Randolph  about  44°  N.  The  tempera- 
ture at  Clarkesville  was  hh  decrees  above  zero.  The  difference  between 
Clarkesville  and  Randolph  is  about  the  same  in  degrees  of  latitude  aa  be- 
tween Dr.  Kane's  extreme  northing  and  the  parallel  where  theory  fixes  the 
verge  of  northemeu. 

There  are  high  mountains  north  of  75^  north  latitude ;  but  I  find  no 
accounts  of  volcanoes  north  of  70°,  east  of  Behring's  Straits, 

From  what  is  here  stated,  we  need  not  be  surprised  at  anything  that 
may  be  found  in  the  far,  far  North. 

Lieut  De  Haven,  on  the  22d  of  September,  1850,  in  latitude  about  76^ 
north,  longitude  about  94°  west,  saw  open  water,  or  a  water  sky,  which  he 
supposed  to  be  an  open  sea  to  the  west  of  the  posiUon  in  which  his  vessels 
then  were. 

The  unseen  cannot  be  judged  of  from  what  is  seen.  A  person  appnMu^ 
ii^  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  River  fr^m  the  placid  wateii  of  Lake  On* 


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Tk$  Him-isUU  AreHc  Bdirf  Expeditum.  e7l 

Isrio,  would  not,  from  anything  there  visible,  suppose  he  was  within  18 
miles  of  the  greatest  cataract  known  on  oar  eardi ;  and  so  with  respect  to 
the  channel  of  Hurl  Gate,  a  person  approaching  that  great  ocean  gorge 
from  New  York  would  never,  coming  within  half  a  mile  of  it,  suppose, 
from  anything  there  visible,  that  he  was  thus  near  such  a  dangerous  pass. 
The  expedition  has  furnished  me  with  a  variety  of  geological  specimens. 
The  first  in  order  is  bituminous  coal  from  Haroe  Island,  latitude  70^  25' 
north,  longitude  54°  45'  west.  This  coal  is  of  an  excellent  quality,  and 
contains  a  great  number  of  small  pieces  of  crystalized  naptha.  It  crops 
out  in  the  edge  of  a  hill  a  few  feet  from  the  shore  in  a  stratum  of  from  four 
to  five  feet  in  thickness.  It  is  a  few  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is 
very  acoessible.  Disco  Island,  near  by  Haroe,  has  also  an  abundance  of 
the  same  kind  of  coal.  Captain  Inglefield  visited  these  coal  mines  in 
1852,  and  states  in  his  public  report  that  a  thousand  tons  oould  be  mined 
(here  in  a  short  time.    The  following  is  the  English  analysis  of  the  coal : 

Specific  gravity 1 .  3S48 

VoUtile 60.06 

Cohe,  cooimoo. « • 9.84 

Fixed  cjtrbon 89. 5S 

A  vessel  can  reach  the  coal  mines  from  here  in  a  run  of  from  20  to  30 
days. 

Captain  MK)lure  found  bitominous  coal  in  latitude  75°  and  76°  north, 
and  longitude  about  120°  to  122°  west.  Lieut.  Parry,  in  1819  and  1820, 
found  pieces  of  bituminous  coal  on  Melville  Island,  latitude  75°  north, 
longitude  111°  west,  and  the  captain  of  a  whaler,  who  entered  Behring*s 
Straits  with  Captain  Collinson  in  1851,  informs  me  that  there  is  both  bi- 
tuminous and  anthracite  coal  on  the  western  shores  of  the  polar  seas. 

Captain  M'Clure  found  smoking  hillocks  on  his  way  from  Behring's 
Straits  to  the  Bay  of  Mercy,  and  Sir  Edward  Belcher,  in  1863,  ascended 
a  mountain  that  overlooks  Wellinffton  Channel,  which  he  named  Pitch 
Mount,  from  its  stones  giving  out  the  odor  of  naptha,  and  when  the  tem- 
perature in  Uio  month  of  May  rose  to  35°  in  the  shade,  such  portions  of 
the  mountain  as  the  sun  shone  upon  became  soft  and  sticky,  and  he  re- 
marked that  he  left  it  because  it  seemed  to  be  in  a  semi-fluid  state.  This 
mount  must  be  as  far  north  as  76°  or  77°.  In  one  of  Sir  Edward^s  letters 
to  me,  he  remarks  that  there  is  no  petroleum  found  there.  That  fluid,  on 
coming  near  the  surface,  would  crystalize  in  the  Arctic  atmosphere. 

It  has  been  supposed  by  some  that  the  Arctic  coal  was  newly  formed, 
and  they  imagine  they  could  see  the  grains  of  the  wood  in  it.  They 
should  bear  in  mind  that  the  Arctic  regions  have  probably  been  bare  of 
wood  since  the  deluge,  about  4,000  years  ago,  hence  there  was  no  wood 
to  produce  this  "  recent  formation,*^  as  it  is  termed.  Coal  is  there,  as  is  the 
case  everywhere,  a  mineral  crystalization,  and  has  no  more  C4>nnection 
than  water  has  in  cases  where  wood  becomes  imbedded  in  ice. 

At  Erene  Bay  a  rounded  metallic  nodule  of  great  hardness  and  of  great 
specific  gravity  was  obtained  from  the  Esquimaux.  They  use  it  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  steel  in  striking  fire  with  quartz  rock.  It  breaks  with  a  bright 
fracture,  and  is  a  compound  of  sulphur  and  iron.  The  natives  value  it 
very  highly.    It  is  said  to  be  plenty  on  the  shores  of  Whale  Sound. 

From  Cape  Alexander  they  obtained  sandstone  of  a  very  delicate  white, 
and  from  Haykhuyt  Island  conglomerate  or  pudding  stone,  in  which  quartz 
pebbles  predominate.     From  the  shores  of  Possession  Bay,  agates  and 


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^72  The  ffarUteid  ArcOe  SeUrf  &pediium. 

jasper  were  obtained ;  also  quarte  and  other  pebbles.  I  hare  also  other 
specimens  from  further  north,  which  I  hare  not  yet  had  time  to  C'xamino. 

Among  the  botanical  specimens  are  grasses,  moss,  and  a  dwarf  willow. 
Perhaps  I  may  succeed  in  obtaining  some  good  seed  from  the  grass,  and 
the  wHlow  is  still  idire,  and  I  think  it  is  in  a  condition  to  grow  in  this 
climate. 

The  Arctic  Zone  once  had  a  climate  different  from  that  whioh  now  ex- 
ists there,  but  that  time  was  probably  anterior  to  the  deluge. 

The  public  mind  sets  in  a  strong  and  broad  current  against  any  more 
Arctic  Expeditions,  but  the  time  will  come  when  other  expeditions  will  be 
undertaken,  and  I  have  no  doubt  the  Arctic  zone  will  be  found  to  be  rich 
in  its  mineral  wealth.  The  great  hardships  that  have  been  endured  in  the 
polar  regions  is  the  cause  of  this  feeling  or  panic,  but  the  suffering  has 
oeen  owing  to  a  want  of  suitable  accommodations.  Such  buikiings  as  are 
in  use  in  our  climate,  with  plenty  of  fuel  and  a  good  stock  of  provisaons, 
there  is  no  difficulty  in  living  in  the  Arctic  climate,  but  when  a  great 
number  of  persons  are  huddled  together  in  the  cabin  of  a  small  vessel,  it 
is  impossible  to  be  comfortable  or  healthy.  Then,  again,  persons  who  live 
in  cold  climates  should  wear  warm  hose  clothing.  Sir  Edward  Belcher, 
in  a  letter  I  recently  received  from  him,  says : — "  Your  observation  on  the 
clothing  in  cold  climates  are  very  correct,  and  acting  on  the  same  princi- 
ple, or  simply  to  have  light  air-proof  externals,  with  loost  woolen  material 
between  it  and  the  skin,  I  found  the  same  clothing  I  donned  at  the  Ork- 
neys in  May  served  me  even  in  the  severest  cold,  63^  5'  below  zero,  and 
until  my  return  to  this  country,  excepting  only  when  traveling,  when  it 
was  merely  changed  for  a  still  more  air  as  well  as  water  proof  material — 
seal  $kinP 

In  another  letter  he  says : — "  It  is  the  confined  atmosphere  of  winter 
between  decks  which  is  so  much  to  be  dreaded.  This  may  be  avoided  if 
Arctic  vessels  are  so  fitted  as  to  afford  adequate  height  for  the  escape  of 
the  breath  before  it  becomes  so  suddenly  condensed  as  to  constitute  a  warm 
internal  infection  of  mixed  breath  and  cold  air,  which  attacks  the  lungs 
in  the  last  stages  of  scurvy  as  dropsical.  I  succeeded  in  the  winter  of 
1853-54  in  proving  how  much  remams  to  bo  done  in  order  to  perfect  sach 
fittings." 

Arctic  dwellings  should  have  deep  cellars.  A  cellar  as  deep  as  some  oi 
the  sub-cellars  in  New  York  would  be  but  little  affected  by  Arctic  cold. 

Nothing  further  is  at  present  looked  for  from  the  Arctic  except  accounts 
from  Hudson  Bay  of  the  search  ordered  for  the  discovery  of  tne  remains 
of  Sir  John  Franklin,  or  the  party  of  near  forty  persons  who  were  seen  in 
the  spring  of  1850,  coming  south  over  the  ice  dragging  a  boat  after  them, 
by  some  Esouimaux  sealing  on  the  north  side  of  King  William's  Land, 
and  who,  it  is  said,  subsequently  perished  by  starvation.  These  accounts 
may  now  be  expected  daily.  b.  m. 

Bbookltn  Hbiohts,  November  0, 1855. 


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Art.  m.— COfflMEBCUl  AND  INDUSTRIAL  CITIES  OF  EUROPE. 

MUMBiR  xnr. 
THE  CITY  OP  GLASGOW,  SCOTLAND: 

ITS   OOMMEROB     WITH    THE    UNITED    STATES,    ETC. 

Tmt  intimate  and  advancing  commercial  relations  existing  between  the 
port  and  city  of  Glasgow  and  the  United  States,  it  is  hoped  may  serve  to 
render  a  brief  glance  at  some  items  of  the  history  of  that  city,  its  geo- 
graphical position,  manufacturing  interests,  and  American  trade,  not  nnin- 
terestin!]r  tx)  the  readers  of  an  American  commercial  magazine.  Several 
years'  residence  there  in  an  oflScial  capacity,  connecting  him  with  the 
Commerce  of  this  country,  has  given  the  writer  some  facilities  for  such  a 
review,  and  enlisted  his  sympathies  in  that  trade  and  for  the  people  of 
that  city.  Circumstances  have  delayed  this  publication  so  long,  that  the 
statistics  that  follow  may  want  that  freshness  and  pertinency  they  would 
heretofore  have  had.  The  hope,  however,  that  this  beginning  may  stimu- 
late some  other  and  abler  hand  to  bring  up  the  record  for  the  intervening 
time,  and  that  thus  it  may  prove  useful  to  his  countrymen  engaged  in  the 
Scotch  trade,  animates  him  to  proceed. 

Glasgow  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  cities  of  Scotland.  History  informs 
us  that  its  site  once  formed  part  of  a  Roman  province,  though  it  does  not 
appear  then  to  have  been  a  distinguished  station.  A  bishopric  and  church 
was  established  there  as  early  as  .'.60  of  the  Christian  era.  It  is  pleasantly 
situated  near  the  western  coast  of  Scotland,  on  both  banks  of  the  River 
Clyde,  which  divides  it  unequally  about  forty-five  miles  above  the  firth,  or 
bay,  of  the  same  name,  in  55  degrees  52  minutes  of  north  latitude,  and 
4  degrees  16  minutes  west  longitude.  The  river  flows  to  the  west  abovt. 
fifteen  miles,  where  it  expands  into  the  firth,  which,  running  northwesterly, 
in  its  general  cx)urse,  empties  into  the  Irish  Channel.  Originally  it  was^ 
like  most  other  British  cities  of  early  times,  walled  and  fortified  for  de- 
fense against  invasion,  and  protection  from  semi-barbarous  neighbors^  TJie 
people  were  crowded  together  in  lofty  houses,  having  very  little  ope^i , 
space,  and  with  confined  and  narrow  streets.  The  buildings*  of  both  the 
old  and  modern  parts  of  the  city,  with  very  few  exceptions,  aye  formed  of 
a  soft  freestone — quarried  in  the  immediate  neighborhood — of  a  light  and 
handsome  color,  but  the  dampness  of  the  climate,  acting  with  the  smoky 
atmosphere  caused  by  the  universal  use  of  bituminous  coal,  soon  darkens 
the  external  walls  and  gives  them  a  somber  and  dingy  hue.  The  peculiar 
Scotch  style  of  building — that  of  making  each  story  a  s^^jarate  tenement 
— formerly  encouraged  the  multiplication  of  Jlats^  as  t^^  separate  stories 
are  called*  Security  having  been  a  greater  object  thai^qomfort,  the  pre- 
vailing policy  was  to  huddle  the  population  into  as  sina^l  compass  as  pos- 
sible. That  policy  has  been  very  much  modified  and  iipproved  in  the  new 
portions  of  the  town. 

In  1166  the  city  was  erected  into  a  royal  borough,  and  in  1451  the 
Pope,  then  head  of  all  the  western  churches,  authorized  the  establishment 
of  a  College,  which  was  the  foundation  of  the  present  celebrated  University 
of  Glasgow. 

The  repeated  invasions  of  Scotland  by  the  English  in  early  times,  ex^ 

VOL.  XXXIII. — HO.  VI.  48 


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074  Commercial  and  IndMtHal  (XiUs  (/Europe. 

tending  nearly  to  the  union  of  the  two  countries  under  one  go^emmeBt 
by  the  succession  of  James  YI.  to  the  English  crown ;  the  frequent  col- 
lisions of  rival  clans,  and  the  contests  of  the  Reformation,  rendered  for 
ages  almost  the  whole  country  a  battle-field;  and  the  Commerce  and 
growth  of  Glasgow  was  insignificant  until  within  the  last  two  centuries. 
Among  the  armed  conflicts  in  that  city,  the  battle  of  Glasgow,  five  centu- 
ries ago,  by  which  the  invading  forces  of  Edward  I.  of  England  were 
driven  out  and  subdued  by  the  brave  Sir  William  Wallace  and  his  clans- 
men, is  one  that  Scottish  bards  and  historians  have  sung  and  recorded 
with  the  highest  rapture. 

The  discovery  and  colonization  of  the  West  India  islands  and  the  con- 
tinent of  America  opened  a  new  field  to  Commerce.  The  situation  of 
Glasgow,  its  contiguity  to  the  Atlantic,  and  the  enterprise  of  its  cidzeDa, 
gave  it  the  lead,  and  it  has  always  been  the  principal  mart  of  that  trade 
in  Scotland.  But  in  the  prosecution  of  a  maritime  trade  she  had  obstacles 
to  overcome  that  would  have  been  insurmountable  to  a  people  wboee 
energies  had  been  less  persevering  and  indomitable.  The  river  prop^ 
was  narrow  and  shoal  quite  to  the  firth,  and  the  head  of  that  for  several 
miles  more  or  less  obstructed.  Although  the  high  tides  of  the  British 
seas  swell  the  volume  of  the  river  to  the  rapids  above  the  city,  yet  before 
its  enlargement  by  modern  improvements,  only  the  smallest  coasting  ves- 
fids  could  ascend  to  it,  and  such  only  on  flood-tides.  Indeed  so  shoal  waa 
the  river  until  within  half  a  century,  that  at  ebb-tides  schoolboys  forded  it 
at  pleasure  where  now  is  a  harbor  capable  of  floating  ships  drawing  twenty 
feel.  Persons  now  living  in  no  very  advanced  age  have  assured  the  writer 
of  having  done  so  in  their  youth. 

GneejQOck,  some  twenty  miles  below,  on  the  firth,  was  then  con»dered 
the  head  of  navigation  for  sea-going  ships.  That  is  also  an  ancient  town, 
and  from  early  times  has  been  engaged  in  foreign  trade ;  but  with  all  its 
natural  advantages  numbers  now  but  about  50,000  inhabitants — lees  than 
one-seventh  that  of  Glasgow.  Merchants  of  the  latter  place,  then  engaging 
in  foreign  trade  were  compelled  to  lade  and  unlade  their  cargoes  at  Green- 
ock, subject  to  traoshipment  and  transit  to  their  own  warehouses  at  borne. 
Desiring  to  have  their  Conmierce  more  fully  under  their  own  control,  the 
citizens  of  Glasgow^  through  their  municipal  authorities,  set  about  estab- 
lishing A  harbor  that  should  be  accessible  to  heavy  ships,  and  governed  by 
themselves. 

In  the  selection  of  a  point  for  the  location  of  the  new  harbor,  the  ch<Hce 
first  fell  on  the  small  but  ancient  borough  of  Dumbarton,  five  miles  above 
Greenock,  on  the  opposite  shore,  at  the  estuary  of  the  Leven  Water,  the 
outlet  of  Loch  Lomond.  This  town,  lying  directly  at  the  base  of  the 
craig  whose  summit  is  crowned  by  the  castle  of  the  same  name,  so  fismou 
in  ancient  warfare,  being  one  «tf  the  few  places  in  Scotland  that  by  a  pro- 
vision in  the  union  with  England  is  forever  to  remain  a  fortified  poet,  has 
a  good  natural  harbor,  with  a  sufSdeot  depth  .of  water.  The  good  people 
^  of  this  borough^  after  ^vely  considering  the  proposition  of  their  ndgfa- 
bors,  sagely  declined  the  ofier  of  improving  their  harbor  and  using  it  for 
the  Glasgow  trade,  because  it  would  be  apt  to  induce  a  large  increase  of 
population,  and  thus  ruse  the  prices  of  provisions,  already — as  they  argued 
— sufficiently  high.  Thus  baffled,  the  Glasgowians  chose  the  seat  of  an 
old  titled  femily  nearly  opposite,  improv^  and  r^ulated  its  harbor, 
erected  wharves,  dry  docksi  and  4>ther  ccaivenienoes,  aid  j^e  it  the  i 


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I%$  <hiy  of  GktMffow,  SeoOMud.  670 

«f  Port  Qiasgow.  Tb«  oociipation  of  this  port  for  their  trade  oommenced 
in  1662.  For  nearly  160  years  it  remained  the  harhor  and  port  of  th« 
Glasgow  marine. 

As  Commerce  increased,  the  inconveniences  of  a  distant  harbor  were 
more  and  more  felt  and  appreciated.  At  length,  measures  were  matured 
and  plans  adopted  for  clearing  out  and  improving  the  whole  bed  of  the 
river  from  Glasgow  to  the  firUi,  for  removing  obstructions  in  the  channel 
of  the  latter,  and  erecting  barriers,  buoys,  lighthouses,  and  all  the  necesr 
sary  requirements  of  navigation.  To  carry  out  tha>e  objects  eflSciently, 
proper  acts  of  Parliament  were  obtained.  The  municipal  government  was 
invested  with  authority  to  make  the  contemplated  improvements,  on  ac- 
count and  at  the  expense  of  the  city ;  to  levy  taxes  and  borrow  money  to 
provide  for  the  expenditures ;  and  to  collect  transit  duties  on  all  vessels 
ascending  the  river,  to  supply  the  means  for  paying  interest,  continuing 
the  improvements,  and  reimbursing  the  loans.  This  important  work,  de« 
nominated  the  "  Clyde  Navigation  Trust,"  is  managed  by  a  board  of  trus- 
tees from  the  City  Council^  whoee  decisions  are  subjected  to  the  approval 
of  that  body. 

One  of  the  city  magistrates  is  especially  assigned  to  the  dutj»  of  trying 
and  adjudging  all  causes  arising  on  the  waters  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
this  board.  The  work  has  been  prosecuted  now  for  many  years  by  dredg- 
ing machines  to  deepen,  and  excavations  to  straighten  the  channel,  and 
Cit  broader  widtn.  Year  by  year  it  has  progressed,  until  the  river  has 
me  an  immense  canal,  free  from  locks  and  obstructions,  capable  in 
fiood-tides  of  floating  vessels  of  twenty  feet  draught,  quite  to  the  Broom- 
ielaw,  or  lower  bridge,  in  the  city  of  Glasgow.  Above  that  bridge  th^ 
river  remains  in  its  original  condition,  shoal,  and  navigable  only  for  boats. 
The  work  of  improvement  is  still  progressing,  and  every  year  the  capacity 
of  the  river  is  more  or  less  enlarged  by  increasing  its  depth,  cutting  on 
projecting  points,  and  enlarging  its  width. 

In  addition  to  improving  the  navigation,  the  trust  embraces  the  erection 
of  wharves,  of  sheds  for  protection  in  loading  and  discharging  cargoeSf 
and  all  the  modern  labor-saving  fixtures  for  facilitating  such  business. 
The  wharves  are  chiefly  of  stone,  substantially  and  permanently  built  Fov 
the  use  of  these  improvements  a  tariflf  of  charges  is  established  on  all  ves* 
sels  arriving  and  on  all  articles  laden  and  unladen.  The  wharfage  on 
merchandise  is  small  in  detail,  but  produces  a  large  sum  on  the  wholn 
trade  of  the  port 

These  charges  vary  from  one  to  two  pennies  on  each  package,  and  on 
each  ton  of  heavy  goods.  From  a  small  beginning,  the  income  of  th^ 
tru»t  has  been  annually  advancing,  until,  from  all  sources,  in  1852  it  exr 
eeeded  £600,000  sterling.  It  is  estimated  that  ultimately  it  will  provide 
lor  paying  otf  the  debt  of  the  trust,  and  become  a  source  of  revenue  for 
general  purposes 

The  removal,  by  these  improvements,  of  business  from  Port  Glasgow 
has  left  that  place  dull  and  declining,  with  a  stationary  population  of  about 
10,000.  The  colonial  timber  trade  of  Glasgow  is  nearly  all  that  remains 
to  it.  A  large  proportion  of  its  present  inhabitants  are  hand  weavers.  It 
has  a  few  pleasant  residences  for  gentlemen  doing  business  in  the  city. 

The  regular  increase  of  population  being  one  of  the  highest  evidences 
of  prosperi^  and  advancement,  the  following  table,  collated  from  the  n»- 


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tip  Ctmmmml  and  JMrn^triaJ  Ottte  tfEuropi : 

teonal  ceti«ns  !br  the  ^venl  yean  refoned  to,  is  g^Fen  to  exhibit  the  pof> 
tilar  growth  of  the  city : — 

1801.  1811.  1811.  1811.  1841.  18SI. 

88,769  110,460  U7,04S  203,426  282.184  858,9(1 

The  chief  elements  of  the  Commei'ce  which  Glasgow  gathers  and  dis- 
tributes are  the  manufkctures  of  Scotland.  For  these  she  is  the  great  and 
principal  depot  The  iron  trade  almost  all  centers  in  it.  The  iron  of  the 
country,  in  its  different  forms,  is  principally  shipped  from  this  port  direct 
to  foreign  countries,  or  sent  coastwise  to  Liverpool  and  other  porta  for 
transhipment  or  a  market 

A  few  small  ports,  Ardrossan,  Troon,  and  Irrine,  on  the  west  coast,  aad 
Leith  and  Grangemouth,  on  the  east,  riiip  comparatively  small  quantities^ 
Next  to  the  landed,  the  iron  manufacture  is  the  most  important  interest  in 
Great  Britain.  No  part  of  the  realm  enjoys  better  facilities  for  prodncinff 
this  staple,  cheap  and  in  abundance,  than  Scotland.  Her  ores,  her  ooa!^ 
her  lime,  and  all  other  materials  for  smelting  it,  are  usually  found  in  the 
same  fields.  The  supply  of  these  materials  is  probably  inexhaustible,  at 
least  for  generations  to  come.  The  contiguity  of  navigable  waters,  and 
the  general  extension  of  railways,  cheapen  transport  charges  to  the  most 
moderate  rates. 

Manufactures  of  cotton,  flax,  and  wool,  being  so  much  lighter  of  more- 
ment,  find  their  way  in  greater  proportion,  direct  from  the  workshops,  by 
railway  to  Liverpool  and  other  English  ports,  for  export  Notwithstand- 
ing, the  direct  shipments  of  these  fabrications  from  Glasgow  is  very  large 
and  highly  valuable. 

Ship-building  has  grown  to  be  a  leading  interest  on  the  Clyde.  More 
iron  ships  are  annually  built,  equipped,  and  launched,  from  Glasgow  to 
Greenock,  inclusive,  than  from  any  other  place  in  the  commercial  world. 
The  number  on  the  stocks  in  progress  generally  exceeds  twenty,  and  many 
6f  these,  steamers  and  ships  of  the  first  class.  At  the  same  time  a  large 
number  of  wooden  vessels — some  of  these,  also,  of  first  class — are  con- 
stantly produced.  Here  all  the  fine  and  powerful  steamers  of  the  Cunard 
line,  so  triumphantly  successful,  and  here  many  of  the  best  ships  and 
ateamers  in  the  British  merchant  marine,  have  been  built  and  equipped. 

Chemicals,  for  use  in  the  manufacturing  arts,  oonstitute  an  important 
department  in  the  manufactures  of  the  city  and  its  vicinity.  Theae  pro- 
ductions being  generally  heavy,  are,  like  iron,  chiefly. shipped  from  home. 
Coal  raised  in  the  immediate  neighborhood,  and  in  other  portiona  of  the 
western  part  of  Scotland,  where  it  abounds,  is  exported  from  this  port  in 
targe  quantities. 

The  number  of  mills  and  factories  in  operation  in  the  city,  for  different 
kinds  of  manufacture,  exceeds  one  hundred — all,  or  nearly  all,  operated  by 
steam.  The  only  fuel  in  use  is  the  bituminous  coal  of  the  counUy  already 
mentioned.  The  dense  smoke  dischaiged  from  this  agent  is  justly  deemed 
a  great  nuisance,  and  many  experiments  have  been  made  to  discover  a 
means  to  consume  it,  as  yet  with  very  little  success.  All  these  erectiona 
have  lofty  chimneys  for  raising  it  to  a  jOTeat  height,  but  its  density  causes 
it  to  settle  and  unite  with  the  smoke  ofthe  less  towering  structures  of  the 
eity,  and  the  atmosphere  is  constantly  surchaiged  more  or  less  with  its 
impurities,  but  is  not  believed  to  be  rendered  unhealthy. 
It  may  not  be  uninteresting,  in  passing,  to  remark  briefly  on  the  exten- 


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tive  ctkemioal  .worl»  of  jthe  Mossre.  Tennent,  ooyering  qn^  of  the  beigbta  o( 
the  city,  doubtless  the  largest  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  They  occupj 
some  fifty  acres  of  ground,  and  turn  out  a  variety  of  articles  in  lar^  qaanr 
titles.  Among  the  multitude  of  erections  composing  the  works,  Uie  great 
chimney,  belie?ed  to  be  the  highest  ever  built,  is  a  curious  and  conspicu* 
ous  land-mark — the  first  seen  in  approaching  Glasgow  from  any  quarter. 
Before  its  erection,  certain  gases  discnarged  from  the  works  were  found  to 
be  noxious  to  surrounding  vegetation,  and  a  nuisance  to  the  people  residing 
near.  The  municipal  authorities  were  appealed  to  for  redress.  They  or- 
dered the  offensive  works  to  be  removed,  or  a  chimney  raised  so  high  aa 
to  carry  the  obnoxious  vapors  beyond  the  eity.  The  latter  alternative 
was  chosen  and  the  chimney  erected.  It  is  circular,  50  feet  diameter  at 
the  base,  rises  conically  460  feet  high  to  a  diameter  of  6  feet  at  the  top. 
Three  millions  of  bricks,  and  about  thirty  tons  of  iron  for  bands  and  sup- 
ports,  were  employed  in  its  construction,  and  a  cost  of  £10,000  sterling 
incurred. 

But  to  return  to  the  subject  of  iron.  The  many  fumaoee  and  iron  works 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  city  and  in  the  adjacent  neighborhood  roll  up  their 
constant  columns  of  smoke  and  fiame,  Jike  the  pillar,  of  cloud  and  of  fire 
of  old,  obscuring  the  heavens  by  day,  but  lifting  up  the  horizon  by  a 
resplendent  and  far-reaching  illumination  by  ni^t,  significantly  indicating 
a  path  to  individual  and  national  prosperity.  It  is  well  known  that  the 
crude  metal,  in  pigs,  is  the  staple  of  that  manufacture  in  Scotland.  Glas- 
gow being,  as  alr^y  stated,  the  grsat  depot  for  the  country,  the  general 
statistics  that  follow,  it  is  hoped,  may  not  be  thought  irrelevant  to  tho 
purpose  in  hand  :— 

mi  WOLIJOWWQ  TABLK  KZBISIQ  THB  PSOgUSSIVl  mCSKASB  OT  TBI  MAHUPAOTURS,  AS 
INDIOATID  BY  TOB  NUMBBR  OT  rOSIIAOBS  IN  OPBEATION  IN  SOOTLaMD,  AT  DIFFBBBKT 
PBRIODS  FROM    1788  TO   1846. 

1788.      1896.      1811.      1810.     184f. 
Number  of  furaaces « 8  17  22  27  M 

Large  as  the  increase  apparentiv  was  during  the  fifly-seven  years  hers 
represented,  the  actual  results  will  be  found  to  have  been  much  greater, 
when  we  consider  the  well-established  fact,  that  by  the  lights  c?  expe- 
rience and  the  developments  of  skill,  the  average  quantity  produced  by  a 
trngle  furnace  per  annum,  rose,  from  1790  to  1640,  to  more  than  three- 
Ibld.    The  ibliowing  will  illustrate  this : — 

nriMATBD  ANNUAL  PRODUOnON  OT  PIOIRON  PRR  FORNAOB  AT    TBR  FXRIODj^  BTATBD. 

1796.  1817.  1840. 

Totts l»0S3  2,429  8,478 

The  authority  firom  which  these  estimates  are  drawn  asserts  that  the 
yearlv  production  had  risen  in  1840  to  6,100  tons  for  each  furnace,  being 
an  advance  of  nearly  100  per  cent  in  nine  years,  and  of  about  500  per 
eent  since  1796.  Statistics  hereafter  given  corroborate  the  (act  that  this 
is  now  only  an  ordinary  yield. 

This  progressive  and  enormous  increase  should  no  doubt,  in  some  meas- 
ure, be  referred  to  the  introduction  of  the  hot  blast  in  smelting,  and  to  a 
general  enlargement  of  capacity  in  the  eonatnxction  of  furnaces,    Yt^ 


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678  Commermtl  €md  Industrial  0%tie$  cf  Europe : 

after  every  possible  allowance  of  this  nature,  it  will  be  found  that  the  raUo 
ef  production  from  the  raw^  material,  during  little  over  half  a  century,  has 
been  wonderfully  augmented,  and  the  cost  of  production  vastly  reduced. 
But  to  proceed ;  the  following  table  exhibits  the  number  of  furnaces  in 
Scotland,  erected  and  in  blast,  for  the  dght  years  ending  December  Slst^ 
1852:— 

Paraaeet.  PnrvMeft. 

Kreoled.  Jo  biMt  Erected.   In  UmL 

December,  1845 109         94      |  December,  1849 14S        llS 

1846 125  97      I  «  1850. 148         r06 

1847 180  89  «*         1851 148         114 

«*  1848 140        108      I  **  1858.....  144        118 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  total  production  of  pig-iron  in  tons  for 
the  same  years,  together  with  the  direct  and  coastwise  shipments,  and  the 
market  prices  in  December  of  each  year : — 

Prodnetioa.  Bblpmenti.  Piriee. 

December,  1845 500.000             £8  16    0 

-  1846 580,000  876,000  8  15    0 

-  1847 540.000  870.000  2    6    6 

••          1848 690,000  895,000  2     8    0 

••          1849 692.000  874.000  2    7    6 

1850 680.000  825,000  2    6    0 

-  1851 775.000  450.000  1  17    6 

1852 780,000  424.000  8  12    6 

Competent  merchants  estimated  that  in  the  latter  year  210,000  tons 
shipped  was  exported,  and  214,000  tons  sent  coastwise,  and  that  of  the 
exports  100,000  tons  were  shipped  to  the  United  States. 

The  production  of  malleable  iron  in  Scotland  is  comparatively  much 
less  than  in  several  districts  of  England  and  Wales,  and  bears  no  corre* 
spondinfi^  proportion  to  the  pig-iron  produced.  In  1852,  the  number  of 
malleable  iron  works  had  risen  to  11,  which  employed  120,000  tons  pig- 
iron,  and  produced  90,000  tons  of  rails,  bars,  ship  and  boiler  plates,  sheets, 
Ac  The  increase  of  production  of  these  descriptions  of  iron  will  be  fbnnd 
to  have  been  rapid  during  the  last  few  years,  as  the  following  statistics  will 
show: — 

TABLE  OP  nmi ATI8  OF  MAUSABLB  IBOa  PSODVGBD  DVEIMO  TBC  TBAaS  STAnB. 

1845 torn        85,00011849 tone        80,009 

1847 60,000|  1852 90,000 

A  much  larc^er  proportion  of  these  irons  find  their  way  into  the  mar- 
kets of  the  United  States  than  of  pigs,  but  in  the  absence  of  authentio 
data  the  quantity  cannot  be  conclusively  stated.  Considering,  bowevw, 
that  our  improvements  absorb  the  greater  part  of  the  Scotch  railway  inm, 
the  estimate  is  ventured  that  one-third  at  least  of  the  production,  or  30,000 
tons,  was  shipped  to  our  markets. 

In  the  same  year  there  were  in  operation  in  Scotland  157  foundries, 
melting  170,000  tons  of  pig-iron.  A  much  smaller  proportion  of  the 
manufactures  of  these  works  enter  into  the  American  trade,  yet  no  incon- 
siderable amount  of  castings  will  be  found  to  have  been  consumed  in  this 
country. 

Estimates  from  the  data  already  presented,  adoptii^  Uie  probable  afe^ 
age  prices  of  the  year,  will  present  the  value  oi  Scotdi  iron  imp<^ted  into 
tus  country  during  1852,  as  follows : — 


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S%$  OUy  of  Gkagow,  ScoOand.  070 

Pigiroo $MOO,000 

JiAlleable 1.000.000 

Total.  ezcIosiTe  of  foundry  productions  . . .  •  v  $2,600,000 

It  might  be  instructive  to  present  similar  reviews  and  statistics  of  the 
other  manufactures  of  that  country,  and  of  their  relations  to  the  Commerce 
of  this,  if  materials  equally  authentic  for  careful  estimates  were  available, 
but  they  are  nowhere  distinctly  and  fully  collected  and  preserved ;  besides, 
it  would  lengthen  the  present  article  beyond  the  purposes  in  view. 

In  considering  more  directly  the  Commerce  of  Glasgow  with  the  Uni- 
ted States,  we  are  indebted  to  the  records  of  the  American  Consulate  at 
that  port  and  its  dependencies,  for  the  statistics  illustrating  it,  hereafter 
presented.  These  embrace  a  period  of  two-and-ahalf  years,  during  which 
the  writer  was  charged  with  the  duties  of  that  office. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  number  of  vessels  arrived  from  the 
United  States  at  Glasgow,  American  and  foreign,  for  the  periods  named : 

AMBRIOAN. 

From 
fVom     olberU.S.   IVom 
VeMetau        Tonoage.     N«w  York,     ports,    for.  phs. 

18S1 45            38.487            Zt            12  1 

1852 88            21.856             20             17  I 

1858. 8  mouths  ending  July  Ist.            28            18.760            11            11  4 

Total 109  58.908  68  40  6 

FORXIGN. 

1851 41  19.477  24  17 

1852 84  19.577  12  22 

1858, 6  months  ending  July  1st..  88  17,850  15  18 

Totfd 108  56.404  51  57 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  number  of  American  vessels  departed 
firom  Glasgow,  chiefly  for  home  ports,  and  of  foreign,  or  British  and  co- 
lonial vessels,  for  United  States  ports,  with  their  tonnage,  and  the  ports 
for  which  they  cleared,  during  the  same  time : — 

AMSEIOAV. 

for  For         For         Otber    Fortlpi 

Tcswis.       Tonnsg*.     New  York.  Boston. Plillsdel'a.  U.S. pti,   ports. 

1851 46            28.904            88  2            1              8            2 

1852 80            17.868            26  2            2              1             . 

1858* 85            19.840            28  I             .             11            1 

Totol....  Ill  60.602  86  5  8  15  S 

rOBIIQIi. 

1851 118  59.414  84  89  *  .  40 

1852 187  72.712  44  40  •  58 

1858* 77  86,060  84  28  .  8  • 

'IV>tal....  827  168.176  112  107  .  101 

Her  Majesty's  custom-house  records  ^t  Glasgow  do  not  present,  in  a 
complete  and  aggregate  form,  the  articles  nor  value  of  the  cargoes  arriv- 
ing.   An  accurate  statement  of  deliveries  by  American  vessels  could,  there- 

•  BIsBoiilkseadl^inljlst 


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§Bfi  Commercial  om^  JMu9ifintl£^  ^^rape  : 

fore,  only  be  obtained  by  reference .  to  the  United  States  dttton-booaes, 
whence  the  clearances  were  made.  No  efficient  effort  had,  consequently, 
been  made  by  the  United  States  Consulate  to  gather  and  record  the  statis- 
tics of  inward  cargoes  from  the  United  States,  until  the  year  1852.  Since 
that  time  such  returns  only  as  could  be  collected  there  have  been  registered. 
These,  though  imperfect,  may  not  be  without  interest  as  an  approximatioii 
towards  true  results  in  investigating  the  Commerce  of  our  country  with 
that  port. 

The  following  table  exhibits  such  statistics  of  cargoes  arrived  from  the 
United  States  as  could  be  collected  from  the  record  of  deliveries  in  the 
Consulate  ;■ — • 

BT  AMERIOAN  YBSSSLS* 

Bl>l8.  PhdORM 

QQarten  Rbte.  TIeroeB  Daval  Balet         applsi 

wheat.  fl«iur.  proTtoloiit.  atores.  ooUom.     €heete,ftc 

1862 10,669  20,609      640  2,828  24,841 

1868* 10,469  27,616     1.021  2,829  21,881 

BT  rOBKIOir  TXS8KLB. 

1862 

1868* 1,108        44,814        11,111        8,677        18,888        2.711 

The  British  customs  returns  for  exports  are  more  full  and  explicit,  and 
the  uniform  courtesy  of  Her  Majesty's  officers  in  that  service  enables  the 
Consulate  to  obtain  statistics  of  outward  cargoes  much  more  compreben- 
nve  and  satisfiactory. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  value  of  cargoes  departed  from  Glas- 
gow for  the  United  States,  together  with  the  number  of  passengers,  and 
the  quantities  of  pig  and  maUeable  iron  shipped  for  the  same  penod  :— 

IV  AMKEIGAN  VB88BIA 

ToMiaQi 

Tons  andoiber 

Value.             Pasaengen.        plg-lroii.  mallfthtelwa. 

1861 $1,087,861            4.691            19,662  700 

1862. 674,067            8.689            14^69  1.849 

1868, 6  months  ending  July  1*              710,792            2,876           14,266  725 

Total $2,422,210  10,766  48,096  8,214 

IN  FOERIGN  TB88BL& 

1851.., $1,278,294  6,118  28.059  4.644 

1862. 8.768.202  6.186  28.618  6.411 

1863, 6  months  endiBg  July  K  U49.711  2.466  21.669  1.167 

-   Total $6,981,207  12,709  78,241  12.212 

The  revenue  laws  of  the  United  States  require  that  the  owner  of  mer- 
chandise imported  should  make  oath  before  a  collector  of  customs  or  other 
competent  officer  .of  his  ownership,  the  corrootness  of  the  invoice,  and  the 
identity  6f'  the  goods.  Wherever,  therefore,  the  owner  resides  or  sojoam 
here,  that  verification  is  made  here,  usually  at  the  custom-house  where  the 
goods  are  entered.  If  the  owner  is  in  a  foreign  country  he  then  verito 
his  invoices  before  an  American  Consul,  previous  to  forwarding  them  to 
his  agent,  to  whom  the  goods  are  consigned.  Consequently,  alT  invotc«s 
bearing  such  consular  verification,  represent  only  mercnaadise  shipped  ftr 
account  of  foreign  owners,  and  consigned  to  agents  or  commiaaon  houses 

•  Wxm<nthit»4ii€4nfar  lit 


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here,  and  a  record  of  them  gives  no  light  on  importations  for  Aroericaii 
account,  or  on  the  relative  proportion  of  goods  entered  for  foreign  ao- 
count.  It  is  believed,  notwithstanding,  that  the  following  statement  may 
not  be  without  its  interest 

Tlie  aggregate  value  of  merchandise,  invoices  of  which  were  verified  at 
the  Glasgow  Consulate  for  export  to  the  United  States  by  British  owners, 
for  the  period  already  referred  to,  a  moiety  of  which,  probably,  was 
shipped  from  Liverpool,  with  an  occasional  shipment  from  London,  Hull, 
and  other  porta,  was  as  follows : — 

1851 $2,088,647 

1862.. 8.118,82» 

1868,  six  mootbs  to  Joly  1 1,890,818 

Total $7,997,689 

It  would  be  a  useful  investigation  to  inquire  into  the  proportions  exist- 
ing between  the  imports  of  merchandise  for  foreign  account  and  those  on 
account  of  our  own  merchants,  and  of  their  relation  to  the  aggregate  of 
importations  into  the  United  States,  not  only  in  reference  to  this  trade, 
but  to  the  general  Commerce  of  the  country,  were  not  available  statistics 
so  entirely  insufficient  as  to  forbid  it.  The  records  of  the  customs,  pub* 
lished  annually  by  the  government,  give  the  imports  in  detail  and  their 
whole  value.  Explicit  and  faithful  returns  from  all  the  American  Consu^ 
lates,  carefully  arranged  and  consolidated,  can  alone  enable  us  to  arrive  at 
the  amount  and  value  of  merchandise  received  for  account  of  foreign  own- 
ers. If  such  returns  were  required,  let  their  results  be  deducted  from  ih% 
aggr^rate  exhibited  by  the  customs  reports,  and  the  balance  would  repre- 
sent the  amount  of  imports  for  American  account  Returns  provided  for 
from  Consuls,  however,  do  not  furnish  the  necessary  data  for  such  an  ezr 
hibit  Again,  were  their  returns  copious  enough  for  this  object,  only  gen- 
eral aggregates  would  be  obtained,  without  a  more  comprehensive  systeni 
of  reports.  The  value  of  imports  from  any  given  port,  though  deducting 
the  amount  of  invoices  verified  before  the  Consul  at  the  same  port,  and 
comparing  their  sum  with  the  difference,  would  not  give  the  true  relations 
of  home  and  foreign  ownersbipt  in  the  trade  of  that  place,  for  in  many, 
perhaps  most  Consular  districts,  these  verifications  embrace  merchandise) 
shipped  from  other,  often  several  different  porta.  Were  it  required  that 
such  returns  should  distinguish  and  consoliaate  the  values  of  the  invoices 
verified  for  each  shipping  port^  then  customs  reports,  and  Consular  records 
together,  would  furnish  materials  for  the  comparisons  and  results  in  (|uefl^ 
tion«  Such  comparisons  would  be  highly  important  to  the  intelligent 
merchant)  in  governing  his  foreign  orders^  by  showing  to  some  reliable 
extent,  from  the  facts  collected  through  a  series  of  years,  the  competition 
to  be  expected  from  foreign  adventures.  But  until  government  shall  di? 
rect  the  collecting  of  suitable  statistics,  through  these  channels,  we  must 
be  cpntent  with  uie  imperfect  estimates,  in  this  regard,  now  in  our  power. 


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Irt.  ir.— UNIFORHTI  IN  WEIGHTS,  HE18DRE8,  AND  COINS  1I0N6 
COMMESCHl  NATIONS. 

UNiFORMnr  in  the  instrumentalities  of  exchanges,  like  the  formation  of 
roads,  is  both  the  cause  and  the  effect  of  advancing  civilization.  As  there 
cannot  be  weighta,  measures,  and  money  where  there  are  no  exchanges,  so 
there  can  be  no  exchanges  where  these  are  wanting,  and  where  they  are 
imperfect  exchanges  must  be  imperfect  There  is  a  necessity  that  thej 
should  advance  with  an  equal  step ;  if  the  instrumentalities  of  exchanges 
are  wanting,  Commerce  must  languish  till  they  are  supplied  and  m»de 
equal  to  its  requirements,  and  where  Commerce  is  absent  or  extremely 
limited,  it  will  be  found  that  its  weights,  measures,  and  coins  are  of  the 
rudest  character — imperfect  and  inexact. 

In  barbarous  ages,  when  a  rive^  or  a  mountain  formed  an  almost  insur- 
mountable barrier  to  intercourse  among  the  scattered  populations,  every 
tribe  had  its  peculiar  language  or  dialect,  its  peculiar  customs  and  laws, 
and  its  petty  traffic  required  only  such  measures  as  enabled  the  members 
of  the  community  to  make  among  themselves  a  few  simple  exchanges.  If 
an  individual,  more  adventurous  or  curious  than  the  rest,  undertook  the 
hardships  and  dangers  of  travel  beyond  the  natural  boundaries  of  his  tribe^ 
he  soon  found  himself,  if  not  among  enemies,  at  least  among  those  with 
whom  intercourse  of  any  kind  was  almost  impossible,  and  was  glad  to  get 
back  among  his  own  people — by  the  history  of  his  adventures,  confirming 
rather  than  lessening  their  hostility  towards  all  who  lived  remote.  Non- 
intercourse  produced  diversity  in  language  and  custom,  and  diversity  in 
these  tended  to  promote  non-intercourse,  mutual  hatred,  and  savage  wars. 
Incalculable  waste  of  the  earth^s  products  was  the  consequence  of  non-in- 
tercourse. Abundance  and  famine  existed  at  the  same  time  in  contiguous 
States.  Agriculture  and  Commerce  remained  undeveloped,  and  man  him- 
self remained,  century  after  century,  ignorant,  superstitious,  and  savage, 
at  once  the  instrument  and  the  victim  of  priestcratl  and  misrule. 

The  use  of  Commerce  being  to  transport  commodities  from  parts  of  the 
earth  where  they  are  in  abundance  to  tnose  parts  where  they  are  wanted, 
whatever  hinders  this  transportation,  or  renders  the  interchange  difficult 
or  dangerous,  is  detrimentaJ  to  the  service  of  humanity,  whether  the  ob- 
stacles arise  in  the  form  of  vast  mountain  chains,  or  spread  themselves  oat 
in  the  shape  of  tempestuous  oceans,  or  whether  they  appear  in  the  form 
of  diverse  languages  or  customs,  or  confused  and  irregular  measures  of 
quantity  and  value.  So  long  as  any  of  these  obstructions  remiun  to  be 
overcome,  so  long  will  Commerce  imperfectly  accomplish  its  beneficent 
work — that  of  taking  from  every  man  nis  superfluities,  and  giving  him  in 
exchange  those  things  which  ne  needs  but  cannot  produce  witn  advan- 

So  long  as  traffic  was  petty  and  internal  only,  comparatively  little  in- 
convenience was  felt  from  the  diversity  in  weights  and  measures,  but  the 
rapidly  extending  Commerce  of  the  present  day,  bringing  nations  into  a 
reuiUonship  as  close  as  was  that  of  tnbes  or  clans  in  the  earlier  ages,  ren- 
ders imperative  the  demand  for  a  universally  uniform  system — a  syston 
that  shall  be  at  once  so  excellent  that  its  superiority  over  all  others  shaO 
be  freely  admitted,  and  so  simple  that  it  can  be  easily  acquired. 

In  the  United  States  a  decimal  currency  needs  no  advocate,  experienea 


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Among  Commercial  Na^oma.  §88 

hayiog  sufficiently  shown  to  all  its  efficacy  and  simplicity,  notwithstanding 
its  anomalous  connection  with  a  system  of  weights  and  measures,  in  whicn 
all  the  articles  of  Commerce  are  sold  in  other  than  decimal  proportions. 
While  our  currency  is  in  tenths  and  hundredths,  everything  bought  or 
told  is  divided  into  halves,  quarters,  or  thirds,  or  into  the  arbitrary  and  in- 
extricably confused  proportions  given  in  Troy  weight,  avoirdupois  weight, 
long  measure,  dry  measure,  liquid  measure,  <S;c. — a  complicated  system 
which  has  come  down  to  us  from  the  "  good  old  times  "  when  feudal  princes 
tinkered  with  weights  and  measures  as  well  as  with  the  currency*;  from 
the  rude  ages  when  the  length  of  the  inch  was  determined  by  the  dimen- 
sions of  **  three  barley  corns ;"  and  when  king  Henry  III.  enacted  thai 
^  An  English  penny,  called  a  sterling,  round  and  without  clipping,  was  to 
weigh  thirty-two  wheat  corns  taken  out  of  the  midst  of  the  ear,  and 
twenty  pennies  were  to  make  an  ounce,  twelve  ounces  one  pound,  and 
eifl^ht  pounds  a  gallon  of  wine,  and  eight  gallons  of  wine  a  London  bushel, 
which  is  the  eighth  part  of  a  quarter."  From  such  a  standard,  it  is  ob- 
vious, that  absolute  accuracy  was  unattainable,  even  if  the  exigencies  of 
those  times  had  required  more  than  an  approximation  to  definite  propor- 
tions. The  accuracy  and  permanence  attainable  by  means  of  the  metrical- 
decimal  system  of  France  is  seen  in  striking  contrast  with  the  above  in 
the  history  of  the  establishment  of  its  base,  Uie  metre,  a  forty-millionth  of 
the  earth's  circumference. 

Having  adopted  a  decimal  currency,  and  at  the  same  time  retained  a 
system  of  weights  and  measures  which,  from  the  constant  occurrence  in  it 
of  the  divisions  of  twelve — halves,  thirds,  and  fourths — may  perhaps  pi^o- 
perly  be  called  duodecimal^  reform  in  this  particular  is  worthy  of  attention 
here  more  than  in  those  countries  in  which  the  reform  has  not  commenced. 
The  fact  that  in  retail  trade  the  sixteenth,  eighth,  fourth,  and  half  of  a 
dollar  are  constantly  required,  while  the  occasion  for  the  use  of  any  deci- 
mal portion  is  comparatively  rare,  may  show  the  tendency  of  our  "  duo- 
decimal "  system  of  weights  and  measures  to  bring  the  currency  into  agree- 
ment with  it ;  that  is,  to  make  the  parts  of  a  dollar,  like  the  parts  cf 
commodities  they  are  used  to  purchase,  to  be  sixteenths,  eighths,  fourths, 
and  halves — an  inconvenience  not  experienced  in  those  countries  where 
the  currency  and  the  measures  are  alike  irregular,  or  ''  duodecimal." 

Another  reason  for  its  special  claim  upon  our  attention  is  the  consider- 
ation that  its  adoption  by  a  country  whose  Commerce  is  growing  so  rap- 
idly 88  ours,  would,  even  if  the  expressed  intention  of  doing  so  did  not  in- 
duce other  leading  nations  to  adopt  it  simultaneously  with  ourselves,  finally 
insure,  nay,  even  necessitate  its  adoption  throughout  the  world. 

It  is  thus  evident  that  reform  in  our  measures  of  quantity  and  value  will 
be  only  half  complete  till  we  adopt  a  decimal  system  of  weights  and 
measures.  Fortunately,  its  adoption  alone  is  necessary ;  we  are  Spared 
the  labor  of  its  formation.  There  exists  ready  to  our  hands  the  French 
system,  simple,  beautiful,  and  complete,  at  once  adapted  to  the  wants  of 
science  and  of  Commerce,  and  to  which  it  can  no  longer  be  objected  that 
it  has  not  been  tested  by  experience,  or  that  its  general  adoption  is  attended 
with  insuperable  difficulties  from  the  attachment  of  the  mass  of  the  peo- 
ple to  old  customs.  For  more  than  half  a  century  the  scientifically  formed 
metrical-decimal  system  of  France  has  been  in  advantageous  use  not  only 
in  that  country,  but  in  several  of  the  minor  States  which,  in  the  course  of 
the  last  hfdf-century,  have  come  under  the  influence  of  France. 

France  was  not  always  homogeneous  as  now.    Consisting  for  many  ages 


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€94  UniformUf  m  WngkU^  MBomrei^  and  Caim^ 

fd  Aereral  grand  divisions,  worthy  of  being  conndered  as  so  many  petlj 
kingdoms — ^as  did  England  in  the  days  of  the  Heptarchy — it  has  only  been 
l^  a  slow  and  gradual  series  of  changes  and  developments  that  the  various 
elements  of  the  nation  have  become  thoroughly  united.  Down  to  1789, 
the  year  of  the  first  French  Revolution,  France  was  sdll  divided  by  local 
customs,  dialects,  and  natural  boundaries,  into  a  number  of  half-cemented 
provinces.  Though  now,  for  a  considerable  length  of  time,  making  in 
some  sort  integral  parte  of  one  great  nation,  Brittany,  Picardy,  Normandy, 
Champagne,  Guienne,  Burgundy,  Provence,  Languedoc,  Anjou,  and  some 
<^her  districts,  retained  peculiar  systems  of  weights  and  measures,  which, 
when  at  last  the  old  landmarks  were  broken  up  by  the  Revolution,  and 
internal  traffic  throughout  France  sought  new  channels  and  became  more 
eitensive,  were  found  to  be  sources  of  endless  confusion.  A  conflict  of 
systems  amon^  the  various  provinces  would  doubtless  have  finally  resulted 
in  the  establishment  of  one  to  the  eidusion  of  the  others,  bnt  not  before 
the  lapse  of  considerable  time,  or  before  much  inconvenience  had  beea 
Uki,  The  Constituent  Assembly  saw  this  and  resolved  to  apply  a  remedy 
at  once  prompt  and  radical,  and  upon  the  motion  of  Talleyrand,  charged 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  with  the  task  of  devising  a  system  of  weights 
amd  measures  which  should  not  only  meet  Uie  exigencies  of  France,  bnt  of 
which  the  simplicity  and  excellence  should  lead  to  its  adoption  by  aU 
other  nations. 

The  result  of  their  labors  was  the  present  metrical-decimal  system  of 
France,  a  description  of  which  follows,  the  substance  of  which,  together 
with  some  suggestions  for  iU  farther  simplification,  and  better  adaptation 
to  t^  wants  of  this  country  and  the  world,  are  derived  from  a  memoir  by 
William  W.  Mann,  Esq.,  prepared  at  Uie  request  of  Alexander  Vatts- 
M ARE,  and  by  him  transmitted  to  the  Hon.  Hannibal  Hambun,  Chairmaa 
of  the  Committee  on  Commerce  in  the  United  States  Senate,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Reports  of  MM.  Silbermann  and  Durand  on  the  ^  Standard 
weights,  measures,  and  coins  exchanged  between  ^e  governments  of  Franoe 
and  the  United  States." 

The  system  is  called  the  fMtrical-deeimal  system,  metrical  because  it  ia 
based  upon  the  m«lre,  the  unit  of  measures  of  length,  decimal  because  in 
all  the  multiples  and  divisions  of  the  metre  and  of  the  other  units  of  the 
system,  the  process  is  by  decimals ;  that  is,  by  tens,  hundreds,  thousands, 
tens  of  thousanda;  and  in  the  descending  seri^  by  tenths,  hundredths^ 
thousandths,  and  so  on.  The  metre  itself  the  base  of  the  whole  ^stem, 
was  obtained  as  follows  :r-*-The  Academy  of  Sciences,  resolving  that  the 
unit  of  lineal  measure  should  be  the  basis  of  the  new  system,  determined 
that  it  should  be  the  ten-millionth  part  of  the  distance  from  tiie  equator 
to  the  pole^  or  a  forty-millionth  part  of  a  line  drawn  round  the  earth 
through  the  poles.  Adopting  temporarily  a  metre,  the  length  of  which 
was  deduced  from  he  measurement  of  the  meridian  made  forty  yeu«  be- 
fore in  Peru  by  the  French  geometrician  Laeaille,  for  greater  certiunty  the 
Academy  ordered  a  new  trigonometrical  measurement  of  the  meridian,  whiA 
was  made.  From  this  measurement  was  deduced  the  metre  now  in  use. 
The  meridian  selected  passed  through  France  from  Barcelona  to  Dunkirk, 
thence  northwardly  through  England  and  Scotland,  and  towards  the  south 
through  Spain  to  Formentura,  one  of  the  Balearic  Islands.  The  ^venn 
tnent  of  France  invited  foreign  nations  to  unite  in  this  great  acientiie 
work,  by  sending  deputies  to  a  congress  of  the  nK)fft  lear^  men  of  all 
countries.    From  this  body  a  commission  was  formed  whioh,  having  eare> 


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folly  examined,  tested,  and  verified  what  bad  been  already  aeoompUsbed 
by  the  Academy,  finally  sanctioned  the  system  as  now  established. 

The  provisional  metre  derived  from  the  measurement  of  Lacaille  was 
found  to  be  for  all  practical  purposes  as  correct  as  that  derived  from  the 
great  trigonometrical  measurement  of  the  meridian  ordered  by  the  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences.  For  all  purposes  not  purely  scientific  it  is  the  same. 
The  length  of  the  metre  as  now  established  is  very  nearly  thirty-nine 
inches  and  a  third,  or  exactly  39.370091  inches  of  the  British  imperial 
yard. 

The  word  metre  is  derived  from  a  Greek  word  signifying  measurey  and 
the  names  of  its  multiples  and  divisions  are  also  adopted  from  the  Greek 
and  Latin  languages,  being  thus  neither  French  nor  English,  but  belong- 
ing equally  to  all  nations.  Notwithstanding  the  learned  nomenclature  of 
the  system,  it  is  at  once  simple,  ingenious,  and  convenient.  It  is  easily 
learned  and  retained  in  the  memory.  The  name  instantly  suggests  the 
amount  and  the  nature  of  the  measure.  It  is  only  necessary  to  fix  in  the 
memory  twelve  short  words  with  their  meaning,  and  the  diflSculty  is  mas- 
tered. Probably  no  nomenclature  could  be  devised  more  simple  or  more 
universally  applicable.  Of  these  twelve  words  four,  from  the  Greek,  of 
the  ascending  scries,  are  the  multiples  or  augmentations  of  the  units. 
They  are — 
Deetif  sigDifjiDg  tm;  htcto^  a  hundred;  kilOf  a  tk<m$and;  and  myria,  ten  thoueand. 

Next  we  have  three  words,  from  the  Latin,  of  the  descending  series^ 
which  express  the  divisions  or  diminutions  of  the  units.    These  are — 

Decft  signifying  a  tenth  ;  eenti,  a  hundredth  ;  and  mitti,  a  thousandth. 

These  seven  words  prefixed  to  the  term  m£tre  give  us  the  complete 
nomenclature  of  the  long  measure  under  the  French  metrical  system. 
Thus— 

Myrtaroetre  aignifiea • Ten  tboupand  metres. 

Kilometre One  tbouMiDd  roetres. 

Hectometre • One  hundred  metre& 

Decametre Ten  metrea. 

Metre One  metre. 

Becimetre One-tenth  of  a  metre. 

Centimetre ...» One-hundredth  of  a  metre. 

Millimetre Ooe-thousaodlh  of  a  metre. 

The  instruments  of  long  measure  are — a  double  decametre,  a  decametre, 
a  semi-decametre,  a  double  metre,  a  metre,  (used  in  Commerce  as  our  yard- 
stick,) a  demi-metre,  a  double  decimetre,  and  a  decimetre.  The  kilometre 
is  the  term  generally  used  in  speaking  of  long  distances,  as  we  use  the 
term  mile.  The  kilometre  is  equal  to  1,093}  yards.  Our  mile  is  equal  to 
1,609  metres,  or  1*609  kilometre. 

SUPERFICIAL  OR  LAND  MEASURE. 

In  superficial  measure  the  unit  is  the  are,  from  the  Latin  area.  The  are 
u  a  superficial  extent  of  which  each  side  is  ten  metres  in  length,  contain- 
ing consequently  a  hundred  square  metres.  We  have,  therefore,  by  the 
combination  of  words  above  described — 

The  hectare  containing • .  .Ten  thousand  tqnare  metres. 

The  are .One  bandred  square  metres. 

The  ccDtiare One  square  metre. 

The  hectare  is  used  in  measuring  land,  as  the  acre  is  with  us.  It  is 
^Qid  to  neariy  two-and-a-half  acres,  or  exactly  2*471143  acres.    The 


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chain  used  id  ineasuriDg  land  iii  a  decametre,  (e^tial  to  82  feet  and9*T00910 
inches,)  of  which  each  link  is  two  decimetres  m  length. 

SOLID  MEASURE. 

In  solid  measure  the  unit  is  called  a  stere,  from  a  Greek  word  signifying 
tolid.  The  stere  is  the  cuhe  of  a  metre.  By  combination  with  deca,  ten, 
and  deciy  a  tenth,  we  have  its  nomenclature  as  follows : — 

The  decRttere  contabiog Ten  cubic  metres. 

The  fitere One  cubic  metre. 

The  decistere Ooe-teoth  of  a  cuImc  metre. 

The  stere  is  equal  to  35*31658  English  cubic  feet  The  instruments  of 
measurement  are  the  demi-decastere,  the  double  stere,  and  the  stere.  These 
instruments  are  used  chiefly  for  measuring  firewood.  The  demi-decastera 
is  a  little  less  than  1 1  of  our  cord. 

LIQUID  AND  DRY  MEASURE. 

The  unit  of  liquid  and  dry  measure  is  called  litrey  from  a  Greek  word 
for  a  measure  of  liquids.  The  litre  is  a  vessel  containing  the  cube  of  Uie 
tenth  part  of  the  metre.  It  is  a  square  vessel  a  decimetre  in  depth,  d 
which  each  side  measures  a  decimetre.  Its  multiples  and  divisions  are 
formed  and  named  as  above  explained.    They  are — 

The  kilolitre  containiog One  thousand  litres. 

The  hectolitre One  hundred  litres. 

The  decalitre Ten  litres. 

The  litre One  litre. 

The  decilitre Ooe-tenth  of  a  litre. 

The  centilitre One  hundredth  of  a  litre. 

The  liirey  which  is  used  as  the  quart  is  with  us,  is  rather  less  than  a 

Suart,  being  -220097  parts  of  the  British  imperial  gallon,  or  a  little  more 
ban  a  pint  and  three-fourths.  The  hectolitre,  used  in  measuring  laige 
quantities,  is  equal  to  22'009663  imperial  gallons.  The  legal  measures  in 
use  are  the  hectolitre,  demi-hectolitre,  double  hectolitre,  decalitre,  deroi- 
decalitre,  double  litre,  litre,  demi-litre,  double  decilitre,  decilitre,  demi-de- 
cilitre,  double  centilitre,  and  centilitre.  These  measures  have  variooB 
forms,  according  to  convenience,  but  their  capacity  is  certain  and  gradu- 
ated upon  that  of  the  square  litre. 

WEIGHTS. 

In.  weights  the  unit  is  the  grammey  a  term  adopted  from  a  Greek  word 
iignifying  a  small  weight  1  he  gramme  also  is  based  upon  the  metre. 
Its  weight  is  the  thousandth  part  of  a  cubic  decimetre  of  distilled  water 
taken  at  its  greatest  density,  which  occurs  at  a  temperature  of  four  degrees 
above  zero  of  the  centigrade  thermometer,  (30^  2'  Fahrenheit,)  weighed 
in  a  vacuum.    The  nomenclature  of  weights  is  as  follows : — 

Iffy riagramme  is. , Ten  thousand  grammes. 

Kilogramme. One  thousand  grammes. 

Hecti'gramme One  hundred  grammes. 

Decagramme Ten  grammes. 

Oramiiie One  gramme. 

Decigramme One-tenth  of  a  gramme. 

Centigramnoe Oue-huodredth  of  a  gramme. 

Milligramme • One  thousandth  s(  a  grammsi 

The  weight  of  one  cubic  metre  of  distilled  water,  1,000  kilogranuiN^ 
is  the  French  ton,  used  in  stating  the  burden  of  ships.    It  ia  equal  to  niae- 


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Ammg  Oommfereial  yiaUhni.  09f 

teen  Hundred  and  seventy  pounds  avoirdupois.  A  hundred  kilogrammes 
is  the  metrical  quintal,  and  equal  to  1*97  cwts^  220*5500  pounds  avoirdu- 
pois, or  268*0300  pounds  Troy. 

There  are  in  use  weights  of  fifty,  of  twenty,  of  ten,  and  of  five  kilo- 
grammes, the  double  kilogramme,  the  kilogramme,  demi-kilogramme, 
double  hectogramme,  heclogramme,  demi-hectogramme,  double  deca- 
gramme, decagramme,  demi-decagramme,  double  gramme,  gramme, 
weights  of  five  and  of  two  decigrammes,  the  decigramme,  weights  of  five 
and  of  two  centigrammes,  the  centigramme,  weights  of  five  milligrammes, 
of  two  milligrammes,  and  of  one  milligramme. 

The  kilogramme  is  used  in  Commerce  as  our  pound  avoirdupois.  It  is 
exactly  equal  to  22055  pounds  of  that  weight  The  gramme  and  its  di- 
visions are  used  by  apothecaries  and  jewelers.  It  is  used  dlso  in  philo- 
sophical experiments.    It  is  exactlv  equal  to  15*434  grains  Troy  weight. 

Thus  it  is  seen  that  the  nomenclature  of  the  whole  system  is  composed 
of  twelve  words.  Seven  of  these  are  the  numerals  of  multiplication  and 
division,  as  before  stated ;  the  other  five  are — 

The  metre^  the  unit  of  long  measure. 

The  cue,  the  unit  of  superficial  or  land  measure. 

The  atere,  the  unit  of  solid  measure. 

The  litre,  the  unit  of  liquid  and  dry  measure,  or  capacity. 

The  gramtM,  the  unit  of  weight 

The  combination  of  these,  as  has  been  seen,  supplies  all  the  names  re- 

auired  in  the  system,  the  termination  expressing  the  kind  of  measure,  and 
tie  prefix  its  amount 
Standards  of  the  metre  and  of  the  kilogramme,  made  of  platinum,  as 
the  metal  least  liable  to  alteration,  have  been  most  carefully  constructed, 
and  are  deposited  among  the  archives  of  the  State.  The  standard  metre, 
at  the  temperature  of  freezing  water,  indicates  the  true  length  of  the  metre. 
The  standard  kilogramme,  weighed  in  a  vaccum,  gives  the  true  weight  of 
the  kilogramme. 

THE   COINS   OF   FRANOB. 

WiUi  characteristic  ingenuity  the  French  have  connected  the  coinage 
with  the  metrical-decimal  system.  The  franc^  the  monetary  unit,  is  equal 
in  value  to  eighteen  cents  and  seven  mills  of  our  money.  It  is  divided 
into  decimes  and  centimes^  (tenths  and  hundredths.)  Accounts  are  kept  in 
francs  and  centimes.  The  franc  is  a  coin  of  which  nine  parts  are  silver  to 
one  of  copper,  and  weighs  ^ve  grammes.  Gold  coins  are  nine  parts  pure' 
gold  and  one  part  copper.  The  centime  and  all  the  copper  coins  are  made 
of  an  alloy,  of  which  ninety-five  parts  are  copper,  four  tin,  and  one  zinc 
The  centime  weighs  one  gramme.  The  proportional  weight  and  dimen- 
tton  of  the  coins  of  France  are  exhibited  in  the  following  table : — 


— OOLD. 

DUm. 

Diam- 

,  OOPPBR. 

Diam- 

Deaom- 

eUH*. 

Deoom- 

eter. 

Denom-                     eler. 

ioation. 

Weight. 

Milll- 

iButiOD.  Weight. 

Mllli- 

limlkm.     Weight     Milli- 

Frtnot. 

GramiiMM. 

metrea. 

Frmica.  Grmmmet.  metres. 

Oentiraea.  Grammes,  metres. 

20 

6.46161 

21 

6           26 

87 

10           10           80 

10 

8  22680 

17 

2           10 

27 

6             6           26 

6 

1.61290 

14 

1            5 

Centlmei. 

28 

2             2           20 

60             2^ 

18 

1             1           16 

20             1 

16 

No  other  coins  than  the  above  are  now  struck,  and  all  old  coins  are  be- 

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ing  gradaally  withdrawn  from  circuhttion.  Of  the  three  metals  used  for 
the  coinage,  8,100  franca  in  gold,  or  200  franca  in  silver,  or  10  franca  in 
copper  weigh  one  kiloOTarome,  so  that  the  coins  may  be  used  for  ordinary 
purposes  as  weights,  instead  of  the  regular  weights  of  brass  and  iron. 
Thus,  by  decimal  division,  by  weight  and  by  diameter,  is  the  coinage  of 
Fntnce  intimately  connected  with  its  weights  and  measures.  This  connec- 
tion is  so  complete  that  the  length  of  the  metre  may  be  obtained  with 
correctness  enough  for  all  practical  purposes,  by  placing  a  number  of  coins 
together  in  a  line,  of  which  the  various  diameters,  as  may  be  seen  by  the 
preceding  table,  are  regular  proportions  of  the  metre.  The  absolute  ac- 
curacy, however,  of  this  method  of  measurement  is  destroyed  by  the  let- 
ters in  relief  on  the  edges  of  some  of  the  coins,  which  is  to  be  regretted, 
as  impairing  though  to  an  unimportant  degree,  the  beautiful  harmony  and 
close  connection  of  parts  for  which  the  system  is  so  remarkable. 

The  above  description,  imperfect  as  it  is,  may  serve  to  show  that  the 
system  is  immeasurably  superior  to  every  other  that  has  been  in  use  in 
ancient  or  modern  times.  Connected  with  an  unchangeable  base,  the 
forty-millionth  part  of  the  earth^s  diameter,  it  has  at  the  same  time  the 
recommendation  of  introducing  into  all  calculations  of  weights  and  meas- 
ures, the  facility  and  rapidity  which  already  characterize  our  calculations 
in  dollars  and  cents. 

In  the  adoption  of  this  system,  however,  by  the  United  States  and  Eng- 
land, and  almost  necessarily  afterwards,  by  all  commercial  nations,  it 
might  be  desirable  to  modify  it  in  a  few  particulars,  though  radically  it  is 
perhaps  not  susceptible  of  improvement.  The  modificktions  of  which  it 
IS  designed  here  to  speak  relate  only  to  such  a  trifling  change  in  the 
nomenclature  of  the  system  as  would  secure  a  similar  proitun<:iation  in 
all  countries,  and  by  adapting  it  more  fully  to  the  uses  of  actual  Cora* 
merce. 

The  change  suggested  in  the  nomenclature  relates  not  to  its  etymology, 
but  to  its  orthography.  The  names  of  the  units  as  they  now  stand  are 
liable  to  be  differently  pronounced  even  in  the  same  country.  It  is  pro- 
posed to  apply  to  all  of  them  a  rule  of  modification,  whiih,  without 
changing  their  derivation,  will  make  monosyllables  of  them  all,  and  estab- 
lish their  orthography  in  such  a  manner  that  tlie  same  sounds  must  be 
necessary  in  all  the  langua^s  of  £urope,  and  make  variation  in  the  saaie 
country  unknown.  Thus,  if  the  spelling  of  metre  were  changed  into  nutty 
are  into  arr^  stere  into  sterr^  gramme  into  pramm,  and  litre  into  l*it,  every 
Frenchman  would  at  once  pronounce  these  words  exactly  as  we  do.  He 
could  not,  by  the  rules  of  his  language,  do  otherwise.  In  Great  l^ritain 
and  this  country  there  would  be  no  variation ;  neither  is  it  possible  to 
conceive  how  any  other  pronunciation  could  arise  in  Germany,  or  in  any 
part  of  Europe,  if  the  final  consonants  were  always  doubled.  The  names 
of  the  units  thus  modified  should  be  without  change,  or  even  the  addition 
of  the  sign  of  the  plural,  which  the  numeral  prefixed  would  indeed  render 
unnecessary. 

The  denominations  of  the  multiples  and  divisions  of  the  units,  and  of 
the  weights  and  measures  of  the  system,  are  unnecessarily  and  inconve- 
niently various ;  for  instance,  the  kilolitre.  Why  not  say  one  thousand 
litres — or  ten  hectolitres?  Instead  of  the  terms  double  decalitre,  decalitre, 
demi-decalitre,  double  decilitre,  decilitre,  demi-decilitre,  would  it  not  be 
more  convenient  in  practice  to  aay  twenty  litree,  ten  Htrcs,  fite  liW, 


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Am/omg  Oommtrcial  Nktwrn^  i99 

twenty  centtlitreB,  ten  centiHtrefl,  and  fire  centilitres  f  As  the  franc  is  di- 
vided into  centimes,  so  should  the  litre  be  divided  into  centilitres.  In 
monetary  divisions  there  is  no  use  for  the  terms  decimes  and  demi-decimes 
— neither  is  there  any  more  necessity  for  the  terms  decilitre  and  demi- 
decilitre.  The  same  remarks  are  applicable  to  the  multiples  and  divisions 
of  units  throughout  the  series  composing  the  system.  What  is  intended 
not  for  scientific  and  learned  men  exclusively,  but  for  constant  popular 
use,  should  be  reduced  to  the  simplest  form  consistent  with  perfection  in 
practice.  All  technicalities  not  necessary  should  be  carefully  avoided.  To 
the  existence  of  these  learned  technicalities  is  to  be  ascribed  the  difficulty 
experienced  in  some  parts  of  France  in  making  the  system  take  root  In 
this  respect  the  system  bears  evidence  of  its  paternity.  Devised  by  purely 
acientific  men,  it  needs  to  be  perfected  by  practice  and  experience.  It  is, 
therefore,  suggested  that  when  other  nations  adopt  this  system  they  wilt 
fix  the  denominaUons  of  the  various  measures,  and  of  the  multiples  and 
divisions  of  the  several  units,  as  follows : — 

LONG  MBASUBS. 

The  minam«tre Ten  thousand  metres. 

The  kilometre One  thousand  metrea. 

The  metre One  metre. 

The  centimetre One-hnodredth  of  a  metre. 

The  millimetre One  thousandth  of  a  metre. 

The  myriametre  is  for  the  statement  of  astronomical  spaces ;  the  \S\o^ 
metre  for  geographical  and  itinerary  distances ;  and  the  millimetre  for 
scientific  and  other  purposes.  The  measures  of  Commerce  would  be  tbA 
same  as  now — being,  however,  simply  called  measures  of  twenty,  ten,  five>. 
and  two  metres ;  of  one  metre,  of  a  demi-metre  or  fifty  centimetres,  and 
of  twenty  and  of  ten  centimetres. 

SuPiiiRFiciAL  Measure  not  being  probably  capable  of  further  simplifica- 
tion, need  not  be  here  again  given.  ^ 

In  Solid  Measure,  the  following  denominations  would  be  iound  more 
<K>nvenient  in  practice  tlian  those  now  used ; — 

The  bectoetere One  kaodred  cubic  metres. 

The  «/«r« One  cubic  metre. 

The  centistere .One-hundredth  of  a  cubic  metre. 

The  measures  in  use  now  would  remain,  only  being  called  measures  of 
five  steres,  of  two  steres,  and  of  one  store. 

In  Weiqhtb  the  following  denominations  would  be  found  sufficient: — 

The  kilogramme « One  tboutand  gtammes^ 

The  gntmme ^ One  gramme. 

The  milligramme One-thousandth  of  a  gramme. 

The  ton,  of  one  thousand  kilogrammes,  for  stating  the  burden  of  ships, 
would  be  retained,  as  would  also  the  metrical  quintal,  of  one  hundred 
kilogrammes,  to  be  used  in  measuring  large  quantities.  The  weights  of 
Commerce  would  be  the  same  as  at  present,  but  called  simply  weights  of 
fifty,  of  twenty,  of  ten,  of  five,  and  of  two  kilogrammes ;  of  one  kilo- 
gramme, of  a  demi-kilogramme,  or  five  hundred  grammes,  and  of  two 
hundred,  one  hundred,  fifty,  twenty,  ten,  five,  and  two  grammes ;  of  one 
gramme,  of  a  demi-gramme,  or  five  hundred  milligrammes,  and  of  two 
hundred,  one  hundr^,  fifty,  twenty,  ten,  five^  and  two  milligrammeB,  and 
of  one  milligramme. 

VOL.  xzxui. — KG,  VI.  44 


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In  LiQinB  and  Drt  M basubb  the  dmominations  would  be-— 

The  hectolitre One  bnndred  litres. 

TbeHtre One  litre. 

The  cmtiUtre Ooe-hoodiedth  of  a  Utre. 

The  measures  now  in  use  would  remain,  but  would  be  denominated  the 
hectolitre ;  the  demi-hectolitre,  or  fifty  litres ;  measures  of  twenty,  ten, 
five,  and  two  litres ;  of  the  litre,  the  demi-litre,  or  fifty  centilitres ;  of 
twenty,  ten,  five,  and  two  centilitres ;  and  of  one  centilitre. 

A  short  comparison  of  the  above  denominations  and  numbers  must 
satisfy  any  one,  that  while  they  belong  as  rigorously  to  the  metrical  sys- 
tem as  those  actually  in  use,  they  are  at  the  same  time  more  convenient 
and  simple,  aud  therefore  better  fitted  for  universal  adoption. 

It  is  suggested  that  a  rule  may  be  found  for  the  establishment  of  the 
five  units  of  the  system,  that  shall  have  the  advantage  of  greater  sim- 
plicity, and  at  the  same  time  be  more  rigorously  systematic  Instead  of 
the  present  expression  of  the  units : — 

Metre f  a  certain  portion  of  the  earth's  meridiaD..One  metre. 

Ar«t  sorffLoe  of One  hundred  square  OMtres. 

Stertt  a  mass  of One  cubic  metre. 

Oramme^  a  weight  of  distilled  water .'  .One  cubic  centimetre. 

lAtre^  a  veseel  containing .  • One  cubic  decimitre. 

it  would  be  better  to  say  the  imits  are : — 

Metre^  a  certain  portion  of  the  earth's  meridian.. One  metre. 

Are^  a  surface  of. One  metre  square 

8iete^  a  mass  of One  metre  cube. 

Oramme,  a  weight  of  distilled  water  .........  .One  metre  cube. 

LUre^  a  vessel  containing One  metre  cube. 

The  length  of  the  metre,  however,  as  actually  fixed,  renders  this  mode 
of  determming  the  value  of  the  other  units  impossible  in  practice.  This 
difficulty  may  be  removed  by  reducing  the  metre  to  the  length  of  the 
present  decimetre,  making  it,  not  a  ten-millionth  part  of  a  fourth  of  the 
earth^s  meridian,  but  a  hundred-millionth.  The  nomenclature  and  prinei- 
ple  of  construction  of  the  system  would  not  be  affected  in  the  slightest 
degree.    It  would  only  necessitate  a  partial  shifting  of  names.     Thus — 

The  mvriametre  would  become the  deca-myriaroetre. 

The  kilometre • .  .the  myriametre. 

The  metre the  decametre. 

The  decimetre ; the  metre. 

The  centimetre .the  decimetre. 

The  mittimetre ..••••* « .  the  centimetre. 

The  same  yard-stick  would  be  used,  only  being  called  decametre  instead 
of  metre.  Itinerary  measure  would  remain  as  it  is,  only  the  kilometre 
would  be  called  myriametre.  The  iand-measurer*s  chain  would  be  calM 
a  hectometre,  instead  of  a  decametre. 

The  hectare  wotdd  become .the  heoto-mjrarew 

The  are , the  myriare. 

The  centiare the  hectare. 

In  Solid  Measure : — 

The  decastere  would  become the  myristere. 

The  stare the  kilostara. 

Tbedeoistere .the  I 


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Amm^  Ckmmuwl  NrnHuu,  wMl 

In  Weigiit8>- 

The  kflogntinme  would  becoRM the  ^ramiiM; 

The  gramme the  mtUigrainHM. 

The  milligrainme » .  the  mille-miUigrtmm& 

In  liquid  and  diy  measure  ^ere  would  occur  no  change  whatever,  ex- 
cept that  we  should  say  of  the  litre,  it  is  a  vessel  of  which  the  capacity  is 
one  cubic  metre,  instead  as  now  of  one  cubic  dedmetre ;  for,  under  the 
new  arrangement,  the  decimetre  would  have  become  the  metre. 

With  regard  to  the  coinage  of  France,  so  intimately  connected  with  the 
metrical-decimal  system  of  weights  and  measures,  it  is  desirable  that  there 
should  be  an  important  modification  of  the  monetary  unit  before  its  uni- 
versal adoption.  The  actual  unit  of  French  money,  the  franc,  is  too  small. 
Let  the  five-franc  piece,  nearly  of  the  same  value  as  the  dcSIar,  be  divided 
decimally  into  cents  and  mills,  and  be  made  the  unit  of  the  universal  cur- 
rency. It  would  be  necessary  to  give  it  a  new  name,  which  should  not 
be  either  franc  or  dollar,  as  these  names  would  be  liable  to  create  co^Ca- 
sion  in  the  ideas  of  those  who  had  been  in  the  habit  of  attaching  them  to 
a  difi!erent  value,  besides  having  a  national  character  might  on  that  ground 
excite  prejudice,  and  cause  delay  in  the  adoption  of  the  system.  A  name 
might  be  taken  for  this  as  for  the  other  units  from  one  of  the  dead  lan- 
guages, which,  being  equally  the  property  of  all  mankind,  would  be  free 
from  all  these  objections.  The  name  of  the  old  Greek  silver  coin  stater 
might  be  adopted  without  change,  or  it  miriit  become  statre^  conforming 
with  metre  and  litre,  or  in  accordance  with  the  modified  nomenclature 
suggested  above,  it  might  become  statt  The  three  denominations  of  mo- 
ney then  being  statre^  centistaire,  and  millietatre^  might  be  annexed  to  the 
five  series  of  weights  and  measures,  each  series  being  composed  of  three 
denominations  only,  except  that  of  long  measure,  in  whicn,  for  scientific 
purposes,  two  supernumerary  terms,  myriametre  and  millimetre,  are  re- 
tained. It  might  be  convenient  for  the  stating  of  very  large  values  to  add 
the  term  decastatre. 

Though  few  persons  could  be  found  to  deny  the  advantages  of  a  unifohn 
system  of  weights  and  measures  throughout  the  world,  there  may  arise 
with  many  a  doubt  as  to  whether  the  universal  system  to  be  adopted 
should  be  a  decimal  system.  It  may  be  objected,  that  as  the  various 
weights  and  measures  now  existing  are  the  natural  growth  through  a 
series  of  ages  of  the  necessities  of  trafl[lc,  and  being  thus  founded  on  expe- 
rience, are  therefore  likely  to  be  better  adapted  to  practical  purposes  than 
any  artificial  system,  the  work  of  merely  scientific  men.  It  may  be  said 
that  it  is  not  from  accident  or  arbitrary  arrangements  that  in  all  the  va- 
rious proportions  of  the  old  English  weights  and  measures,  ten  or  a  tenth 
never  occurs,  while  twelve  and  its  divisions  and  multiples  are  constantly 
occurring,  from  which  it  may  be  argued  that  there  is  a  natural  fitness  in 
the  number  twelve  to  be  used  as  the  numeral  base  of  measurements.  But 
to  this  there  is  the  satisfkctory  answer,  that  in  France  the  decimal  system 
has  been  found,  after  an  experience  of  more  than  fifty  years,  to  work  well, 
and  that  if  any  inconvenience  has  been  felt  from  parts  of  the  system,  it 
has  been  much  more  than  compensated  by  its  general  superiority. 

As  for  any  difficulty  that  might  be  experienced  in  causing  its  adoption 
in  this  country  from  the  attachment  of  the  masses  of  the  people  to  dd 
customs,  it  is  likely  that  much  less  opposition  would  be  made  to  it  here 
than  in  other  countries,  partly  from  the  experience  afaready  hid  in  a  4«ci- 


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092  CommtM  pf  tkt  UniUd  StaUs. 

mal  curreDcy,  and  partly  from  our  being  much  more  aoctislxnned  to  the 
adoption  of  new  improvements  and  inventions  than  any  other  people. 
There  will,  therefore,  when  this  subject  shall  be  taken  up  for  action  by  the 
great  commercial  nations,  be  found  in  this  country  but  a  united  voice  in 
Its  favor.  The  merchant  as  well  as  the  philanthropist  will  welcome  this 
as  one  of  those  measures  whose  tendency  is  to  bring  the  nations  of  the 
world  into  a  universal  brotherhood. 


Art.  T.— COHHERCE  OF  THE  UllITEIt  8T1TES. 

RVMBBB  ZX. 

•TAHT  Dimr— TATOBmilt  TOWAB»  JAMAICA— OTSBK  IBJVB1«VS  ACT»— ■BABVBBS  TO  ABTABTAVS 

TBB  09L0BIBB. 

After  exhausting  their  eloquence  in  petitions  and  temonstrances,  the 
colonists  resorted  to  their  first  practical  measure  with  reference  to  the 
acts  lately  adopted  and  impending.  In  July,  about  two  months  before 
the  new  Sugar  acts  went  into  effect,  about  fifty  of  the  leading  Boston 
merchants  signed  an  agreement,  in  the  shape  of  a  formal  resolution,  to 
curtail  largely  the  use  of  those  superfluities  of  dress  obtained  from  abroad. 
Laces  and  ruffles  were  to  be  laid  aside ;  no  English  cloths  were  to  be  pur- 
chased  but  at  a  fixed  price ;  and  most  of  the  articles  used  in  mourning 
habits  were  to  be  laid  aside.  They  further  agreed  to  encourage  every 
species  of  home  manufacture.  This  spirit  spread  widely  in  Massachusetts 
and  some  other  colonies ;  a  very  considerable  retrenchment  was  made  in 
the  amount  of  foreign  purchases,  and  the  manufactures,  especially  of  the 
coarser  kinds  of  clothing,  took  such  a  start  that  the  colonists  were  em- 
boldened to  the  belief  that,  in  case  of  necessity,  they  could  manage  to  live 
comfortably  without  depending  on  outward  trade  for  any  of  me  neoet- 
saries,  or  even  the  real  conveniences  of  life. 

This  measure  was,  partly,  what  it  appears  on  its  hce — retaliative — and 
was  also  partly  the  dictate  of  necessity.  By  the  powerful  adverse  influence 
it  would  exercise  upon  British  Commerce,  it  was  hoped  the  ministry  might 
be  compelled  to  retrace  their  steps.  But  if  ineflective  to  that  end,  it  was 
still  necessary,  when  the  means  of  purchasing  from  England  were  so 
largely  cut  off,  to  limit  their  business  with  her  in  a  corresponding  d^ree. 
Even  in  the  ordinary  course  of  things,  a  considerable  retrenchment  in  their 
foreign  purchases  was  imperatively  demanded.  The  great  fault  of  the 
colonial  merchants  had  always  been  a  disposition  to  buy  beyond  their  abil- 
ities— an  evil  which  was  much  facilitated  by  the  easy  credits  they  ^ere 
allowed  by  the  merchants  of  England.  To  the  latter  a  great  part  of  the 
provincial  traders  were  already  so  much  indebted,  that  they  could  obtain  no 
rarther  credit,  and  must  therefore,  perforce,  alter  their  style  of  business 
and  of  living,  or  go  into  bankruptcy. 

The  two  revenue  acts  went  into  operation  at  the  appointed  time,  and 
the  most  vigorous  efforts  were  made  to  secure  their  full  enforcement  The 
naval  officers,  being  also  customs  officials  under  them,  exerted  the  same 
vigilance  and  energy  they  had  lately  employed  in  capturing  prizes  from 


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Oommtrc$  of  the  United  Statee.  698 

the  enemy.  In  this  new  employment,  their  serviees  were  advantageous  to 
the  interests  of  neither  party.  Being,  of  course,  mainly  unacouainted  with 
the  rules  and  customs  pertaining  to  the  service,  which  consiaerable  atten- 
tion and  experience  were  required  to  understand,  and  still  less  aware  of 
the  particular  irregularities  which  it  was  for  the  advantage  of  all  to  over- 
look, as  it  had  been  the  authorized  custom,  they  ei^erly  and  indiscrimi- 
nately pounced  upon  every  vessel  found  infrin^ng  in  the  slightest  degree 
upon  the  strict  letter  of  the  law,  of  which  they  were  necessarily,  in  a  great 
degree,  the  rude  interpreters. 

The  proper  customs  officers  were  also  sufficiently  decided  in  their  sup- 
port of  the  new  acts.  Perpetual  collision  occurred  between  them  and  the 
New  England  merchants,  especially  in  the  ports  of  Boston,  Salem,  Glouces- 
ter, Newport,  and  Falmouth  (now  Portland.)  The  excitement  rose  to  a 
high  pitch.  But  the  officials,  under  the  strict  injunctions  given  them  and 
the  new  and  efficient  authority  brought  to  their  aid,  were  indomitable.  It 
was  in  vain  to  complain  of  even  the  palpable  illegality  of  many  of  the 
seizures.  The  only  redress  for  such  improper  violence  was  in  an  appeal 
to  the  boards  of  admiralty  or  the  treasury  in  England ;  but  this  was  a  re- 
sort so  distant,  the  delay  and  expense  of  action  were  so  great,  these  arbi- 
ters were,  besides,  so  mutually  prejudiced  against  the  cause  of  the  colonists, 
and  the  latter  were  so  utterly  repugnant  to  the  transfer  to  England  of  the 
jurisdiction  of  cases  which  should  have  been,  as  always  before,  at  least 
primarily  settled  in  the  colonial  courts,  that  the  privilege  was  of  little 
avail  to  them. 

Macgregor  finds  one  instance  of  a  oase  tried  before  the  Superiorr  Court 
of  New  York  in  1766,  but  it  originated  from  a  seizure  made  m  1763 — the 
year  before  the  acts  in  question  were  enacted.  The  suit  was  for  illegal 
seizure  of  ship  and  cargo  by  a  captain  in  the  royal  navy,  and  a  verdict 
was  rendered,  in  favor  of  the  owner,  of  4,046/.  with  costs. 

Under  these  proceedings,  the  important  trade  of  the  Northern  colonies 
to  the  foreign  West  Indies  was  soon  almost  entirely  annihilated,  and  all 
branches  of  tbeir  Commerce  and  of  internal  trade  and  industry  suffered 
severely  in  sympathy.  The  drain  of  silver  in  the  payment  of  the  duties, 
80  far  as  the  trade  was  still  continued,  soon  exhausted  the  colonies  of  the 
little  specie  existing  in  their  circulation.  To  add  yet  more  to  their  em- 
barrassment. Parliament  had  also,  but  with  less  questionable  propriety, 
perhaps,  than  in  the  other  cases,  interfered  in  reference  to  their  paper  is- 
sues. A  few  days  only  after  the  passage  of  the  new  duties,  a  hill  was 
adopted,  inhibiting  any  farther  emissions  of  the  colonial  credits,  their  in 
being  made  le^al  tender  for  debt,  and  enjoining  the  prompt  redemption, 
hard  money  aJone,  of  all  those  in  circulation  at  the  time  their  payment 
became  due. 

But  the  North  Americans  were  not  the  only  sufferers  by  the  new  tariffs. 
Jamaica,  the  favored  West  India  colony,  which  was  principally  to  derive 
the  benefit  of  these  acts,  felt  their  evil  results  most  severely.* 

In  the  impartial  and  indiscriminate  exercise  of  their  duties,  the  naval 
officers  cut  off  as  well  the  trade  between  this  island  and  the  foreign  West 
Indies,  as  between  New  England  and  the  latter.     The  colonists  of  Spain 

*  The  popnlatlon  of  Jamaica  waa  eatlmated  in  1764  at  15,000  wbitea,  exduatre  of  the  mUttary  and 
naral  eaiabllabnieni  and  ibe  tea*farlug  people ;  and  4^)00  free  people  of  color.  The  alavea,  by  oeo- 
ana  io  1763,  oambered  146,461  The  total  would  about  equal  ibe  population  of  Conaeaicutj^Neir 
York,  or  Maryland,  and  waa  exceeded  nmong  the  oontineotal  oolonlea  only  by^Maaaachuaetta,  PaiiB- 
^ylfanUi  and  ViivinU. 


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ifl  the  Wert  Indies  aad  ob  the  oontiBeDt^  had  lomg  beea  aecostcNDed  to 
resort  claodesthielT  to  the  EngUsh  islaiids  for  the  pofdune  of  Eivopeaa 
merchandise,  which  Spsin,  attemptiBg  the  monopolj  of  their  market,  fat- 
Dished  thera  at  most  exoriNtaat  prices.  Jamaica  had  always  beoi  tha 
mat  center  of  this  intercourse,  ud  had  profited  extremely  hj  it  The 
bpaniards  came  thither  in  small  coasting  vessel^  hrii^ng  mnles,  csttiei, 
cochineal,  indigo,  some  medicinal  drugs,  and  great  qnaatities  of  gold  and 
silrer.  They  entered  under  pretence  of  stress  of  wcAther,  accident,  or  for 
refreshments — the  only  adnussible  causes — di^esed  of  their  cargoes,  and 
took  back,  at  the  risk  of  confiscation  and  eoiportl  punishment  from  the 
Spanish  antbcHities,  almost  ail  species  of  British  manufiieinre.  The  Eag^ 
lish  government  had  connired  at  this  trade,  thoodi  under  its  own  int^* 
diction,  on  account  of  the  mat  advantage  to  £e  islands,  to  the  British 
manufacturers,  and  to  Britii£  Commerce. 

The  naval  ofiScers,  with  uncalculating  impartiality,  fdl  upon  these  Span- 
ish contrabandists,  sod  the  Governor  cl  Jamaica,  b^aff  also  compdled  by 
the  letter  of  his  instructions  to  assist  these  xealous  administrators  of  this 
law,  this  most  advantageous  trade  was  speedily  extinguished,  and  the  sup- 
ply of  the  Spanish  colonies  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Freneh,  tha 
Dutch,  and  the  Danes,  all  esffer  to  accept  the  fortunate  oppcMrtunity ;  and 
the  latter,  endeavoring  to  make  most  of  the  advantage  by  throwing  opea 
their  little  islands  for  the  importation,  free  in  effect^  of  all  European 
goods.* 

Thus  the  British  navy,  becoming  in  efiect  guarda  castas  for  the  king  of 
l^ain,  effected  in  his  behalf  what  the  ntmost  efforts  of  his  own  fleet  bad 
been  unable  to  aocomplislL  The  effect  upon  the  prosperity  of  JaoMica 
was  seen  in  a  diminution  of  168,000^,  in  its  expc»rts,  and  of  a  still  laiger 
veductton  in  its  imports,  bero^  fully  ptoportional  with  the  loss  of  tha 
Northern  colonies  m>m  the  tariff  acts. 

Another  occasion  of  injury  to  a  portion  of  the  British  West  India  colo- 
nies was  an  attempt  of  the  king,  by  letters-patent  issued  in  July  of  this 
year,  (1764,)  to  impose  upon  the  tided  iskmds ;  namely,  those  eaptured 
from  France  during  the  war  and  confirmed  to  England  at  the  peace,  the 
four-and-a-half  per  cent  duty.  This  tax  upon  export  had  been  originally 
granted  by  the  Assembly  of  Barbadoes,  and  had  afterwards  been  extended 
to  the  other  British  islands.  The  plea  for  enforcing  it  upon  the  ceded 
islands  against  the  will  of  their  inhabitants,  was  the  principle  that  the 
orown  possessed  absolute  dominion  over  them  as  c&nquerei  territories. 
The  planters  opposed  the  claim,  on  the  ground  that  such  dominion,  if  ii 
ever  existed,  was  relinquished  by  the  proclamation  inviting  British  set- 
tlers, and  assuring  them  of  the  enjoyment  of  all  the  rights  aad  iromunitiea 
secured  by  the  British  constitution.  The  contest  lasted  until  1774^  irhmk 
it  was  decided  by  the  judiciary  of  England  against  the  pretensions  of  the 
sovereign. 

*  By  deor^  of  Jaly  7,  Uie  kloir  of  Den»ark  opened  bit  liliiDde  of  St.  TboaiM  uA  St  Jolin  for  the 
admiaslon  of  Kuropeao  nerohAndlM  In  DnDtsli  Testels,  pnyfcif  two  per  cent  ad  Tatoren  ;  unI  of 
ABMrieaa  produce  In  veoMle  of  my  natloB,  paying  flv«  P^r  cent,  ench  veteelt  Mug  attov^d  toes^ 
port  any  foreign  foods  fret  o/  4utf ;  but  eiporte  to  £**rope  to  be  made  only  in  Danlata  TeMelai  and 
to  (CO  direct  to  Denmark.  Tbe»e  Manda  were  occnpted  nnatly  by  BHtMi  planters  and  mwetiiiii, 
tbe  latter  mostly  engaged  in  eontraband  trade,  and  tbeir  newspapers  were  prfnic^  bodi  ta  Daaisb 
and  BiiRllsb.  tlie  opening  of  tbese  Islands  was  of  mucb  beneflt  wlerward  to  the  North  Am  ' 
who  pvoOted  also  somewhat  by  a  decree  of  the  king  of  fYance  in  17S4,  allowing  all  veaisili 
frt^iy  along  tbe  shores  of  the  French  islands,  and  eren  to  enter  them  in  ease  of  neeeieity. 
Teasels,  by  treaty,  not  being  before  permitted  to  sail  within  a  leagne  of  those  Waada-'ite 
rwtrlctK>ni  applying  to  Preach  TMkelt  regarding  the  EagUah  Istattda. 


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Chmmeru  ^  iU  VmUi  SUUm  6M> 

Nor  was  England  wiUiout  ker  fall  sbaie  of  the  evik  of  ber  late  iiopoli- 
tic  measures.  Without  materially  improving  her  revenue,  these  act^ 
through  their  disastrous  influence  upon  the  colonies,  inflicted  serious  inju- 
ry upon  her  own  interests.  To  the  surprise  of  the  ministers,  the  exports 
of  the  kingdom  to  hoth  the  North  American  and  West  Indian  possessions 
experienced  an  alarming  diminution,  and  while  expecting  the  complete 
triumph  of  their  policy,  the  cabinet  was  stunned  with  a  cry  of  reprobation, 
no  less  boisterous  and  general  from  the  distressed  merchants  and  manu- 
&cturer8  of  Britain  than  from  the  habitual  grumblers  of  the  colonies.* 

But,  worthy  of  all  attention,  and  admonitive  of  high  danger  as  was  the 
former  voice,  it  was  not  yet  the  design  of  the  government  to  make  thai 
speedy  and  inglorious  retreat  from  meir  ruinous  error  which  they  were 
called  upon  to  perform.  Nor  had  they  even  abated  their  intention  to  push 
&rther  onward  in  their  infatuated  policy.  They  were  not  disinclined,  in- 
deed, to  relieve,  as  far  as  possible,  their  &vorite  Jamaica,  and  to  partially 
obviate  thereby  the  embarrassments  of  England,  but  they  would  suffer  all 
rather  than  mitigate  the  atrocity  of  their  measures  toward  the  turbulent 
plantations  of  North  America.  Instructions  were  accordingly  sent  to  the 
governors,  collectors,  admirals,  and  other  officers  of  the  land  and  water, 
within  the  latter,  to  maintain  all  that  rigidity  and  vigor  in  the  execution 
of  the  recent  laws  which  they  had  before  displayed,  while  to  the  same 
officials  at  Jamaica  and  the  other  West  India  islands  orders  were  simulta- 
neously dispatched,  that  Spanish  vessels  entering  therein  by  reason  of  dU- 
tret0y  or  far- supplied,  as  formbblt,  should  receive  all  the  cusistance  ihej 
had  formerly  received,  provided — as  a  seeming  regard  to  law  made  it  ne- 
cessary to  except — *^  they  did  not  attempt  to  oring  in  foreign  merchan- 
dise.'' 

But  it  was  too  late  to  retrieve  the  blunders  of  the  naval  zealota,  or  at 
least  to  restOTe  matters  entirely  to  their  former  condition.  The  Spanish 
smugglers  were  disgusted  with  the  conduct  of  men  who  had  first  encour- 
aged them  to  violate  the  laws  of  both  countries,  and  had  then  so  shabbily 
turned  upon  them.  The  Dutch,  Danes,  and  French  had  quietly  seated 
themselves  in  the  lost  position  of  Enffland,  and  were  determined  to  main- 
tain their  acquisition  by  every  effort  m  their  power.  While  the  trade  had 
been  m  the  possession  of  England,  it  had  owed  its  success  mainly  to  the 
^et  and  unobserved  method  in  which  it  had  been  conducted.  When  the 
evils  of  its  strangulation  were  discovered,  the  matter  of  reviving  it  was 
publiely  discussed ;  the  jealous  government  of  Spain  took  cognizance  of 
the  designs  of  England,  and  to  <kfeat  the  scheme  of  the  intended  restora- 
tion, the  trade  of  all  the  Spanish  West  Indies  was,  for  the  first  time,  opened 
to  all  Spanish  subjects,  on  the  European  or  American  continents,  on  the 
payment  of  moderate  duties  on  importation  into  the  islands.  Hitherto^ 
all  the  trade  of  the  Spanish  colonies  had  been  a  close  mon(^>oly  of  the 
erown,  or  of  associations  formed  under  the  royal  charter.  The  Spaniards, 
indeed,  in  both  hemispheres,  lacked  the  spirit  and  the  ability  to  profit 
p^eatly  by  this  indulgence,  in  competition  with  English  tradera;  but  the 
uicreased  advantages  hr  contrabandism  thus  opened  were  equally  avail* 
able  by  other  nations  as  well  as  the  English,  and  though  the  demand  for 
British  fabrics  still  maintained  the  ascendant  in  the  Spanish  colonies,  the 
lost  ground  was  but  partially  recovered. 

'  h  1761,  MiflreirsraMl  buikraplilM  te  GmH  SlttalB,  s  vtmhm  iMqailid  te  aay  pivfiof* 
jMrol  Brttiahblitory. 


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Md  Oom$Mere$  cf  the  UnUed  Simtes. 

Othvb  ComfERCiAL  Lkoislation.  Another  measure  of  Parfianent  in 
1764,  calculated  to  injure  the  trade  of  America,  was  a  statute  for  the  eo- 
couragement  of  the  kat  manufacture  in  Great  Britain.  By  this  act,  the 
drawback  before  allowed  on  the  re-exportation  of  bearer  skins  from  the 
kingdom  was  repealed,  and  in  its  stead  a  duty  of  '/d.  on  each  skin  and  la. 
6d.  for  every  pound  of  beaver  wool  was  imposed  on  such  export,  the  skins 
on  their  original  importation  paying  a  duty  of  only  Id.  each.  The  design 
of  this  act  was  to  cut  off  the  European  market,  which  the  colonies  had 
hitherto  indirectly  enjoyed,  for  this  species  of  fur,  to  cheapen  the  price  of 
the  raw  material  to  the  English  hatters,  and  to  suppress  tne  manufacture 
elsewhere  in  Europe.  The  effect  of  this  act  was  more  unfavorable  toward 
America  from  the  increase  that  had  taken  place  in  the  value  of  furs  through- 
out Europe.  After  the  conquest  of  Canada,  large  orders  for  furs  and  skins 
were' forwarded  to  England  from  Flanders  and  other  parts,  and  even  from 
Russia,  which,  though  largely  producing  them,  was  unable  to  supply  the 
wants  of  its  own  inhabitants. 

Another  measure,  about  this  time,  not  calculated  to  advantage  the  col- 
onies, or  to  lessen  tiie  occasions  of  diflSculty  with  the  royal  officers,  was 
an  order  from  the  king  to  the  Surveyor-General  of  Woods  in  America,  to 
set  off  at  places  near  the  sea  or  navigable  rivers  in  New  England  and  Can- 
ada 300,000  acres  of  the  best  woodlands  for  the  uses  of  the  British  navy, 
and  to  be  preserved,  under  heavy  penalty,  as  provided  in  former  laws,  from 
the  intrusion  of  the  inhabitants.  The  attempt  to  guard  similar  reserva- 
tions had  long  before  been  occasion  of  difficulty  between  the  officers  and 
the  frontier  people ;  and  the  prospects  of  collision  increased  as  the  popu- 
lation of  the  wooded  localities  augmented,  and  as  the  multiplication  of 
towns,  and  the  extension  of  the  shipbuilding  interest  in  New  Eoglandy 
began  sensibly  to  exhaust  the  more  available  forests. 

But  the  legislation  and  the  other  imperial  influences  of  the  year  were 
not  entirely  vicious  in  regard  to  what  affected  colonial  interests.  There 
were,  indeed,  several  measures  adopted  during  this  and  the  two  or  three 
preceding  years  that  deserve  favorable  mention,  as  intended^  in  at  least  an 
mcidental  manner,  to  confer  positive  benefit  upon  the  colonies.  In  1761 
and  succeeding  years,  large  grants  of  money  were  made  as  compensatioa 
to  the  North  Americans  for  their  expenses  in  the  war.  These  amounts 
were  paid  in  specie,  and  were  a  most  important  relief  especially  to  the 
New  Englanders  in  the  disordered  condition  of  their  finance,  and  the  mis- 
erable state  of  their  currency.  The  annual  grant  for  the  support  of  Geor- 
gia in  1701  was  £4,057,  of  which  sum  £1,000  was  appropriated  for  pur- 
chasing the  cocoons  of  the  silk-worms,  and  for  the  farther  enconragemait 
of  that  branch  of  industry,  Mr.  Ottolengi,  an  Italian,  was  sent  out  under 
salary  to  instruct  the  Georgians  in  the  management  of  the  culture.  The 
same  year,  also,  the  society  instituted  under  royal  auspices  in  London  for 
the  encouragement  of  arts,  manufactures,  and  Commerce,  offered  large 
premiums  to  those  who  should  import  the  largest  quantity  of  Pot  and  Pearl 
Ashes  from  the  colonies.  Treatises  were  also  distributed  among  the  cole- 
nbts,  giving  instructions  relative  to  the  best  method  of  manufiu^turing  those 
articles. 

In  1763,  the  act  granting  a  bounty  on  the  production  of  Indigo  in  the 
colonies  was  continued  for  seven  years  from  uiat  time,  although  the  f^e- 
mium  was  reduced  to  4d.  the  pound.  The  newly  acquired  regions  were 
•pened  to  settlers  from  the  older  oolonies  or  elsewhere  on  the  most  libenl 


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Oommeree  of  th$  UniUd  Stat$$.  607 

tenuB,  and  with  assurance  of  the  utmost  political  privileges.  Extensive 
donations  of  land  were  made  to  officers  and  soldiers  serving  in  the  late 
war,  and  free  grants,  also,  were  made  in  the  Floridas  and  oUier  parts  to 
such  persons  as  would  undertake  the  culture  of  silk,  cotton,  wine,  oil,  co- 
chineal, indigo,  madder,  (fee,  regarding  all  which  there  were  existing  en-  < 
couragements  in  the  shape  of  bounty  or  otherwise. 

The  offensive  measures  of  1764  were  accompanied  by  several  acts  of 
protection  and  encouragement  To  stimulate  the  cultivation  of  Hemp  and 
Flax  in  America,  Parliament  granted  a  bounty  of  £S  on  every  ton  of  clean 
merchantable  hemp  or  rough  flax  imported  from  the  colonies  into  Great 
Britain  from  June  24,  1*764,  to  June  24,  1771,  descending  to  £6  for  the 
years  1771-8,  and  £4  for  the  third  seven  years,  1778-85.  The  act  en- 
couraging the  import  of  Timber  and  Lumber  from  the  colonies,  being 
about  expiring,  was  renewed  for  seven  years  more.  Another  act  permitted 
Rice  to  be  carried  froip  South  Carolina  or  Georgia,  in  British  or  colonial 
vessels,  to  any  part  of  America  lying  to  the  southward  of  Georgia,  on 
paying  one-half  subsidv,  eouivalent  to  the  duty  remaining  in  the  treasury 
if  the  rice  were  carried  to  England  and  thence  reshipped  with  drawback. 
The  grant  of  this  privilege,  however,  involved  again  the  principle  of  tax- 
ation.  For  the  encouragement  of  the  colonial  Whale  Fishery,  already 
rapidly  increasing,  another  act  made  a  great  reduction  in  the  duties  on  oil 
and  whale-fins  imported  into  Great  Britain  from  the  colonies.  This  act 
had  a  most  beneficial  influence  on  that  branch  of  American  business.  To 
increase  and  secure  the  safety  of  the  Cod  Fishery,  vearly  grants,  avera^ng 
about  £10,000,  were  made  to  the  young  colony  of  Nova  Scotia,  to  relieve 
its  population  of  the  expense  of  government ;  and  the  import  of  Salt  into 
Canada  was  now  permitted  for  one  year  from  any  part  of  Europe,  as  al- 
ready allowed  in  New  England  and  Newfoundland.  These  latter  measures 
were  positively  beneficial  to  the  colonies  chiefly  concerned  in  the  pursuit, 
in  so  far  as  they  tended  to  secure  the  fisheries  against  capture  or  competi- 
tion by  the  French,  but  were,  in  another  view,  regarded  as  adverse,  as  suc- 
coring a  new  and  important  rival.  Another  measure,  calculated  to  be 
positively  beneficial,  was  a  resolve  for  a  complete  survey  of  all  the  coasts, 
narbors,  bays,  and  rivers  of  the  grand  colonic  empire  in  North  America, 
rnider  the  authority  of  which  two  Surveyors-General,  Messrs.  Samuel  Hol- 
land and  William  De  Brahm,  were  appointed,  the  former  for  the  region 
from  the  St.  Lawrence  southward  to  the  Potomac ;  the  latter  for  that  lying 
between  the  Potomac  and  the  extremity  of  Florida.  The  act  regarding 
paper-money,  though  apparently  adding  to  the  present  embarrassments  of 
the  colonies,  must  on  the  whole  be  regarded  as  not  only  a  legitimate  use 
of  power,  if  England  could  at  all  properly  legislate  for  America,  but  as  a 
judicious  restraint  upon  a  very  dangerous  system  in  which  the  Americans 
were  too  much  inclined  to  adventure. 

Such  were  the  beneficial  or  least  objectionable  measures  recently  adopted 
bearing  on  colonial  interests.  If  some  were  of  indifferent  or  questionable 
policy,  the  intent  of  all  was  good,  and  there  were  some  among  them  cal- 
culated to  be  productive  of  positive  advantage.  But  whatever  beneficent 
results  might  accrue  from  this  embodiment  of  good  intentions,  they  were 
engulfed  in  the  gigantic  mischief  of  the  last-named  year's  legislation. 


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998  7Ti*  lam  MtnAamt: 

Irt.  fl.— TIB  liW  lEBCIilT. 

!  mniBBs  n. 

THB   ipPUOATIOV   OF  VOLUNTABT  PAnCSMIB. 

Haviv&  in  the  last  number  explained  the  debtor's  right  to  apply  a  toI- 
untary  payment^  we  proceed  to  tne  second  division  of  Ute  subject: — 

lU   THB    creditor's   RIGHT  TO   APPLY  THE   PATMEVT. 

It*  a  payment  is  unaecompanied  by  any  directions  as  to  its  application, 
it  is  called  a  general  or  open  payment ;  and  the  rule  of  law  in  respect  to 
payments  of  this  kind  is,  that  the  party  who  receiyes  them  has  a  right  to 
apply  them.  That  is  to  say,  whenever  a  debtor  has  made  a  payment  witlfc- 
out  communicating  to  the  creditor  his  wishes  respecting  its  application, 
the  right  to  apply  it  passes  to  the  creditor. 

In  exercising  this  right  the  creditor  may  follow  his  own  interest;  he  it 
not  bound  to  ^llow  that  of  the  debtor.  He  may  select  that  one  of  his 
claims  which  it  is  most  for  his  interest  to  have  paid  first,  and  i4>ply  the 
general  payment  upon  that  Yet  he  must  not  make  a  harsh,  unreasonabla 
application,  or  one  which  the  debtor,  if  he  ^  had  thought  about  it»  could 
not  reasonably  have  expected  that  he  would  make.  The  oase  of  Ayer  m> 
Hawkins  illustrates  these  principles. 

Ayer  brought  this  suit  against  Hawkins  to  recover  the  amounts  of  three 
promissory  notes  made  by  Hawkiiki.  The  defense  was  that  the  notes  were 
"outiawed." 

It  was  evident  upon  the  trial  that  the  notes  of  Hawkins  had  been  doe 
more  than  six  years  before  the  commencement  of  the  suit  To  meet  thia 
difficulty  Ayer  undertook  to  show  that  Hawkins  had  made  a  part*paymeai 
upon  each  of  the  notes  within  six  years.  To'^do  this  he  called  a  witness 
who  was  present  at  a  conversation  between  Ayer  and  Hawkins,  in  the 
eourse  of  which  Hawkins  admitted  that  in  1841,  which  was  about  five 
years  before  the  trial,  he  had  paid  Ayer  twenty  dollars. 

*'  Well,"  said  Ayer,  continuing  the  conversation,  "  I  indorsed  the  moa^ 
«pon  the  notes;  was  that  right T 

"  I  don't  know  anything  about  any  notes,"  replied  Hawkins. 

Ayer  then  showed,  after  this  vritness  had  finished  his  account  of  the 
oonversation,  that  he  had  divided  the  twenty  dollars  between  the  three 
notes— ^ndoraing  a  part  of  it  upon  each  of  them.  Thus,  as  his  ooansd 
contended,  there  had  been  a  part-payment  upon  each  of  the  notes  withos 
six  years,  and  so  they  were  all  taken  out  of  the  Statute  of  limitations. 

Hawkins  tiien  ofifered  some  evidence  tending  to  prove  that  he  had  lemt 
ihe  twenty  dollars  to  Ayer  instead  of  paying  it  to  hmu  He  was  not  very 
successful,  however,  in  his  endeavor  to  make  this  out 

After  the  evidence  was  all  given.  Judge  Bedfield  charged  the  jury.  He 
told  them  that  if  they  were  satisfied  that  Hawkins  paid  Ayer  twenty  dol- 
lars to  apply  towards  debts  which  he  owed  him,  and  gave  no  directions  at 
the  time  of  payment  upon  what  debt  it  should  be  applied,  it  thereby  be« 
came  the  right  of  the  plaintiff  to  make  the  application  upon  such  claims 
as  he  had  against  the  defendant  in  any  of  the  ordinary  modes  of  making 
such  applications,  but  not  in  an  extraordinary  and  unreasonable  manotf. 


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The  ApplieaUan  of  Vol%m$arif  PaymmU.  699  \ 

Aa  there  was  no  evidence  that  Ayer  had  any  other  demands  against  Haw- 
kins, to  which  this  payment  could  apply,  except  the  notes  in  suit,  they 
mifi^ht  infer  that  it  was  intended  to  apply  on  the  notes,  or  one  of  them ; 
and  if  so,  it  would  remove  the  bar  of  the  Statute  of  Limitations  as  to  such 
note  or  notes.  But  the  plaintifl^  Ayer,  could  not  apply  a  part  of  the  pay- 
ment upon  each  note,  and  thus  take  all  out  of  the  statute.  The  most  he 
could  do,  would  be  to  apply  it  to  that  one  of  his  demands  which  would 
be  most  favorable  to  himself ;  and  as  all  the  notes  were  barred  by  the 
statute,  Ayer  would  be  justified  in  making  the  application  upon  the  largest 
note,  though  that  was  the  most  recent,  if  there  was  nothing  from  which  it 
could  be  ascertained  upon  which  particular  note  the  defendant,  HawkinB| 
intended  the  application  to  be  made. 

The  jury  found  a  verdict  for  the  plaintiff,  Ayer,  for  the  amount  of  the 
largest  note.  Both  parties  were  dissatisfied  with  this  decision,  and  they 
botu  appealed. 

Ayer  contended  that  he  ought  to  be  allowed  toVecover  upon  all  three  of 
the  notes ;  Hawkins  that  he  ought  not  to  be  compelled  to  pay  either  of 
them. 

The  Supreme  Court  decided  that  the  instructions  which  Judae  Bedfield 
gave  to  the  jury  were  correct.  After  concisely  stating  the  nues  of  law, 
which  we  have  already  considered,  Judge  Royce,  who  delivered  the  opin- 
ion of  the  Supreme  Court,  concluded  it  as  follows : — 

"  But  although  it  is  usually  said  that  the  creditor  may  apply  a  general 
payment  as  he  pleases,  there  are  many  cases  where  he  is  not  mdulged  to 
this  extent,  even  in  the  absence  of  any  express  direction  from  the  debtor. 
The  right  to  direct  the  application  being  universally  conceded  to  the  debtor 
in  the  first  instance,  regard  is  still  had  to  his  intention  in  the  matter  where 
the  facts  and  circumstances  render  that  intention  sufficiently  clear  and 
certain.  And  if  the  debtor  silently  waives  the  right  in  favor  of  the  cred- 
itor, it  should  be  intended  that  he  does  so  relying  upon  a  mode  of  appli- 
cation to  which  he  could  not  justly  or  reasonably  object  But  the  cuurse 
which  the  plaintiff  pursued  in  this  instance,  by  distributing  the  payment 
among  all  Lis  demands,  and  thus  seeming  to  preclude  all  defense  under 
the  statute  as  to  either,  was  such  as  he  doubtless  knew  was  not  anticipated, 
and  would  not  be  approved  or  sanctioned  by  the  defendant.  It  is  entirely 
without  precedent,  as  far  as  I  have  discovered,  among  the  numerous  cases 
reported  on  this  subject,  and  we  are  fully  convinced  that  it  has  not  pro- 
duced the  effect  desired.  The  plaintiff  was  at  liberty  to  select  any  one, 
even  the  largest  of  the  notes,  and  apply  the  payment  upon  it,  for  so  much 
had  been  yielded  to  him  by  the  defendant.  And  the  defendant  must  be 
taken  to  have  understood  that  his  legal  liability  upon  such  a  note  would 
be  therebv  revived,  but  beyond  this  his  presumed  intention  cannot  justly 
be  extended.  As  the  charge  of  the  judge  was  in  accordance  with  these 
views,  and  the  plaintiff  was  enabled  to  recover  to  the  extent  of  his  legal 
right,  there  is  no  apparent  error  to  be  corrected,  and  the  judgment  below 
is  affirmed." 

It  is  not  easy  to  define  the  limits  of  the  creditor's  right  much  more  dis- 
tinctly than  is  done  in  the  above  decision.  He  can  make  no  applicatioa 
which  is  harsh,  unreasonable,  or  unjust  toward  the  debtor ;  but  whether 
any  application  violates  the  rule,  is  only  to  be  determined  jupon  a  review 
of  the  circumstances  of  the  particular  case. 

One  or  two  principles  have,  however,  been  laid  down  which  will  guid^ 
creditors  to  avoid  manifestly  objectionable  applications. 


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?00  The  Law  Merchant  : 

One  18  that  the  creditor,  as'a  general  rule,  can  only  apply  the  payment 
to  legal,  valid  claims,  capal)Ie  to  be  enforced  against  the  debtor.  He  can- 
not employ  a  general  payment  in  satisfaction  of  a  claim  which  the  law 
will  not  enforce. 

The  case  of  Ayer  vs.  Hawkins  is  perhap  an  apparent  exception  to  this 
rule,  for,  though  it  is  not  distinctly  stated,  it  appears  from  the  report  to 
have  been  the  case  that  at  the  time  when  the  general  payment  was  made 
all  three  of  the  notes  were  outlawed.  If  so,  then  in  that  case  the  creditor 
was  allowed  to  apply  his  payment  to  a  claim  which  could  not  at  that  time 
have  been  enforced  at  law.  But  we  must  remember  that  Ayer  had  no 
other  claim  capable  to  be  enforced  against  Hawkins  upon  which  he  might 
have  applied  the  paym^t  He  had  only  the  three  outlawed  notes ;  at 
least  there  was  no  evidence  of  any  others,  and  it  is  very  probable  that  if 
it  had  been  proved  that  at  the  time  when  Hawkins  paid  the  twenty  dollars 
he  owed  Ayer  a  debt  which  was  then  legally  collectable,  it  would  have 
been  decided  that  the  payment  ought  to  have  been  applied  to  the  valid, 
collectable  debt,  insteatl  of  to  either  of  the  outlawed  notes. 

Another  limitation  upon  the  creditor's  right  of  application  is  this :  that 
he  can  never  hold  a  payment  in  suspense  until  a  new  debt  accrues  and 
apply  it  to  that,  leaving  a  prior  indebtedness,  which  was  subsiding  at  the 
time  of  the  payment,  unsatisfied.  The  creditor  need  not,  as  will  be  more 
fully  pointed  out,  make  his  application  immediately  upon  receiving  the 
money,  but  whenever  he  does  make  it  he  must  choose  among  the  various 
debts  existing  at  the  time  when  the  money  was  naid.  This  principle  is 
explained  in  an  English  case,  (Hammersley  vs,  Knowleys,  2  Espinasse's 
Rep.,  665,)  which  was  tried  between  fifty  and  sixty  years  a^o. 

The  facts  of  that  case  were  these : — All  readers  of  Engli^  history  know 
that  George  IV.,  when  Prince  of  Wales,  was  a  very  extravagant  and  dis- 
sipated young  man,  and  although  the  income  allowed  him  was  fifty  thou- 
sand pounds,  be  ran  very  heavily  in  debt ;  so  much  so,  that  the  kmg,  his 
ftither,  finally  refused  to  assist  him,  and  application  had  to  be  made  on  his 
behalf  to  Parliament  for  relief.  After  some  temporary  aid,  which  was  in- 
sufiScient,  an  arrangement  was  made  for  the  payment  of  the  Prince's  debts 
and  the  increase  of  his  allowance,  it  being  made  a  condition  that  he  should 
marry  the  Princess  Caroline  of  Brunswick.    This  he  accordingly  did. 

A  jeweler  named  Nathaniel  Jeflfreys,  who  had  a  high  reputation  for 
skill  in  his  trade,  was  engaged  to  provide  the  jewelry  for  the  marriage  be- 
tween the  Prince  of  Wales  and  the  Princess  Caroline.  The  expense  of 
such  jewelry  as  was  considered  suitable  was  fifty-five  thousand  pounds,  or 
about  two  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  dollars.  Of  course,  to  prepare 
these  jewels  required  the  expenditure  of  a  large  sum  in  advance  oy  JeflT- 
reys,  and  either  because  he  had  not  sufiScient  capital  for  the  enterprise,  or 
was  not  suflSciently  cautious  in  the  employment  of  it,  or  more  probably 
because  payment  was  not  made  to  him  for  the  jewels  so  soon  as  he  had 
reason  to  expect,  he  became  very  much  embarrassed.  He  was  indebted 
to  his  bankers,  the  Hammersleys  among  others. 

Anxious  to  protect  the  Hammersleys  ft'om  loss,  Jefilreys  procured  from 
his  brother-in-law,  Knowleys,  a  promissory  note  for  eight  hundred  pounds, 
which  note  he  indorsed  to  the  Hammersleys,  and  paid  it,  together  with 
two  others,  into  their  hands.  This  was  early  in  Februaiy,  1797.  On  the 
27th  of  February  the  notes  fell  due.  Before  that  day,  Jeffreys  explained 
to  one  of  the  Hammersleys  that  the  note  of  his  brother-in-law  was  only 


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The  Application  of  Voluntary  Payments.  701 

what  is  called  ah  ''  accommodation  "  note,  that  is,  a  note  made  as  a  favor 
to  the  payee  and  i^ithout  bis  paying  value  for  it,  and  asked  him  if  he 
would  not  hold  it  over  after  it  fell  due,  until  he,  Jeffreys,  should  receive 
payment  for  the  royal  jewels.    To  this  Hammersley  consented. 

On  the  27th  of  February  Jeffreys  paid  to  the  Hammersleys  two  thou- 
sand pounds,  and  said  that  as  soon  as  he  received  his  money  he  would 
pay  the  balance  that  he  owed  them,  and  would  also  leave  a  deposit  in 
their  hands  for  use,  sufficient  to  repay  them  for  their  favors  to  him.  The 
two  thousand  pounds  was  paid  in  generally,  and  the  Hammersleys  carried 
it  generally  to  Jeffreys'  account  There  was  then  remaining  due  about 
three  hundred  and  two  pounds. 

After  this,  Jeffreys  incurred  new  debts  to  the  Hammersleys  by  borrow- 
ing or  drawing  money,  until  finally  he  became  entirely  insolvent  It  then 
occurred  to  the  Hammersleys  that  by  employing  the  two  thousand  pounds 
to  pay  off  the  debts  incurred  by  Jeffreys  after  the  27th  of  February,  and 
then  collecting  the  notes  from  the  persons  who  made  them,  they  should 
be  paid ;  whereas  if  they  allowed  the  two  thousand  pounds  to  go  towards 
the  payment  of  the  notes,  thev  would  have  no  means  of  collecting  ;the 
subsequent  debts.  Accordingly,  they  brought  a  suit  against  Knowleys, 
the  brother-in-law  of  Jeffreys,  upon  his  note  for  eight  hundred  pounds. 

Erskine,  the  distinguished  English  lawver,  was  counsel  for  Knowleys. 
He  maintained  that  the  Hammersleys  could  only  apply  the  two  thousand 
pounds  to  the  debts  subsisting  at  the  time  when  it  was  paid ;  and  that 
therefore  they  could  not  recover  from  Knowleys  at  most  only  three  hun- 
dred and  two  pounds,  the  balance  which  remained  due  from  Jeffreys  after 
the  payment  of  the  two  thousand  pounds. 

Lord  Kenyon,  the  judge  before  whom  the  case  was  tried,  sustained  this 
view. 

"  The  grounds  of  the  law  as  to  payments,"  said  he,  in  his  charge  to  the 
jury,  "  are  very  clear.  When  a  person  pays  money  on  one  account,  it 
must  be  so  applied,  and  cannot  be  changed ;  but  the  rule  is  not  so  strict 
as  to  say  that  the  application  must  be  made  at  the  time  the  payment  is 
made — it  may  be  done  at  a  future  time  in  pursuance  of  a  foregone  trans- 
action. But  when  there  is  a  subsisting  demand  between  two  parties,  and 
the  debtor  makes  a  payment  generally,  it  would  be  too  much  to  say  that 
it  was  not  a  pavment  but  a  deposit  It  does  not  appear  to  me  that  it  can 
be  so  taken,  unless  the  parties  agree  that  it  should  be  so.  That  this  was 
not  so  taken  by  the  plaintiffs  themselves,  (the  Hammersleys,)  appears.  I 
therefore  think  that  as  the  subsisting  debt  on  the  27th  of  February,  when 
Jeffreys  paid  in  the  two  thousand  pounds  on  account,  arose  on  the  note  in 
question,  and  the  two  others  mentioned  in  the  case,  the  plaintiffs  were 
bound  to  ascribe  it  to  that  account" 

And,  according  to  these  instructions,  th^  jury  found  a  verdict  for  the 
plaintiffs  for  three  hundred  and  two  pounds  only. 

It  has  already  been  explained  that  the  debtor  must  make  his  applica- 
tion, if  at  all,  at  the  time  when  the  payment  is  made.  The  rule  is  differ- 
ent with  respect  to  the  creditor.  He  is  not  required  to  make  his  applica- 
tion immediately  on  receiving  the  money.  The  reason  for  this  difference 
is  twofold — first,  the  debtor  has  full  opportunity  to  consider  and  decide 
upon  the  application  which  will  best  advance  his  mterests  during  days  and 
weeks  before  he  makes  the  payment  The  creditor  has  no  such  previous 
opportunity.    In  many  cases  the  payment  may  take  him,  as  it  were,  by 


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1 702  7^  Lav  MerektmL 

sQrprise.  And  it  la  but  reasonaMe  that  he  should  have  leisure  after  the 
time  of  payment  to  reflect  upon  and  determine  his  course.  Second.  The 
right  of  the  debtor  must  be  terminated  whenever  the  right  of  the  creditor 
attaches ;  else  there  would  be  continual  conflict  between  the  two.  There- 
fore, if  the  right  of  the  creditor  is  to  attach  immediately  after  the  payment, 
the  right  of  the  debtor  must  then  cease ;  but  no  such  reason  applies  in  the 
creditor's  case. 

But  how  long  a  time  is  allowed  a  creditor  ?  Different  Courts  have  an- 
nounced different  rules  upon  this  subject 

He  may  make  his  application  at  any  time  after  payment,  say  some. 

At  any  time  before  the  commencement  of  suit^  say  others. 

At  any  time  before  a  controversy  respecting  the  application  arises,  s^ 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Vermont 

At  any  time  before  a  settlement  of  account  between  the  parties,  saysim 
early  English  case. 

lie  may  make  it  within  a  reasonable  time,  say  a  majority  of  the  cases. 

Probably  the  true  rule  is,  that  the  creditor  may  exercise  his  right  at 
any  time  before  a  controversy  arises  between  the  parties  respecting  the 
proper  application ;  but  cannot  claim  it  after  that  time. 

We  have  said  that  an  application  on  the  part  of  the  debtor  may  be  im- 
plied from  circumstances.  The  same  remark  applies  in  the  case  of  the 
creditor.  It  is  not  necessary  that  his  intention  respecting  the  paym«it 
should  be  expressed  in  distinct  words ;  and  as  he  does  not  lie  under  so 
strong  a  necessity  to  notify  the  other  party  of  his  determination,  as  doe« 
the  debtor,  it  is  not  so  strongly  to  be  urged  upon  him  to  define  his  inten- 
tion with  distinctness,  though  this  is  usually  to  be  recommended.  Any 
facts  which  show  clearly  that  the  creditor  did  in  fact  decide  upon  a  partic- 
ular appropriation  of  the  fund — as  a  credit  given  for  it  upon  an  account, 
an  indorsement  of  it  upon  a  note,  and  the  like — will  suflSce.  And  by 
crediting  it  upon  an  account  he  is  understood  to  apply  it  to  the  items  in 
the  order  of  time  in  which  they  accrued.  There  is,  moreover,  an  import- 
ant difference  between  the  effect  of  the  charge  of  a  sum  paid  by  the  debtor 
in  his  account-books  and  the  credit  given  by  the  creditor.  The  entry  . 
made  by  the  debtor  is  not,  if  standing  by  itself,  a  circumstance  from  which 
his  application  can  be  implied,  as  has  been  already  explained.  But  the 
entries  made  by  the  creditor  in  his  books  of  account,  if  shown  to  have 
been  made  at  their  dates,  and  before  the  controversy  sprung  up,  are  evi- 
dence to  show  his  application.  Even  the  commencing  a  suit  upon  one  of 
two  demands,  has  been  held  to  be  a  proper  act  on  the  part  of  the  creditor 
to  evince  that  he  has  applied  a  previous  payment  to  the  other. 

Although  the  creditor  has  liberty  to  defer  his  application  for  some  time 
after  the  payment,  yet  he  is  bound  by  any  application  which  he  has  once 
made.  He  cannot  change  his  mind  as  his  interest  changes,  and  because 
no  controversy  has  as  yet  arisen,  release  his  first  application  and  deter- 
mine upon  a  new  one.  On  the  contrary,  when  a  legal  and  valid  appro- 
priation of  a  payment  has  once  been  made,  it  can  only  be  changed  by 
assent  of  both  parties.    Neither  one  can  make  any  alteration  in  it 


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JOURNAL  OF  MERCANTILE  LAW. 


SWEATING  CASE — COKTRACT  OF  AFFREIGHTMERT. 

We  give  below  the  opinion  of  Jodge  Hoffman,  of  the  United  StateH  District 
Conrt,  (California,)  in  the  case  of  the  ship  "  Live  Yankee."  The  case  is  one  of 
especial  importance  to  shippers  to  California,  and  will  be  read  with  interest  not 
only  by  those  engaged  in  the  North  Pacific  bat  the  India  and  China  trade  :-* 

Adrian  &  Story  V5.  the  "^live  Yankee." 

This  was  a  libel  on  a  contract  of  affreightment  The  goods  were  shipped 
onder  the  u^mal  bill  of  lading,  but  on  delivery  were  found  to  be  saturated  with 
moidtare,  and  much  damaged. 

It  was  proved  thai  the  goods  were  stowed  in  the  usual  and  proper  manner, 
but  on  the  top  of  the  between-decks  cargo,  and  immediately  under  the  upper 
deck,  and  that  the  damage  was  caused  by  moisture  in  the  hold  of  the  vessel,  or 
what  is  usually  called  sweat  On  the  general  principle  by  which  this  cause  must 
be  determined  this  Court  has  already  expressed  its  opinion. 

In  the  case  of  Levy  V5.  the  **  Caroline,"  it  was  considered  that  the  carrier  is 
not  liable  for  damage  arising  from  sweat,  unless  he  is  proved  to  have  been  guilty 
of  negligence.  That  so  far  as  relates  to  damage  from  this  cause,  all  goods 
transported  on  voyages  like  that  from  the  Eastern  States  to  this  port  must  be 
considered  perishable,  or  liable  to  injury,  and  the  genera!  rules  with  regard  to 
perishable  goods  must  be  applied  to  them.  That  where  damage  is  attributable 
to  the  intrinsic  perishability  of  goods,  the  carrier  is  not  liable^  unless  it  appear 
that  he  has  neglected  to  take  proper  care  of  them.  These  principles  must,  I 
think,  govern  Uiis  case. 

In  the  case  of  Conroys  V5.  Scarr,  19  Carr.  and  P.  R.,  383,  whicli  was  an  ac- 
tion Bguinst  a  carrier  for  damage  to  goods  arising  from  their  bad  stowage,  it  was 
held  ihat,  if  on  the  whole  it  be  left  m  doubt  what  the  cause  of  the  injury  was, 
or  if  it  may  as  well  be  attributable  to  ^  perils  of  the  sea  "  as  to  negligence,  the 
plaintiff  cannot  recover.  Lord  Denman  said,  in  summing  up,  that  ^  the  jury  were 
to  see  clearly  that  the  defendants  were  guilty  of  negligence,  before  they  could 
find  a  verdict  airainst  them."    (Angell  on  Car.,  sec.  212.) 

In  Cariss  vi.  Johnson,  in  the  New  York  Superior  Court,  1848,  Judge  Oakley 
said: — 

^  I  do  not  consider  that  common  carriers  are  in  all  cases  responsible  for  not 
delivering  property  In  a  sound  state.  They  are  not  warrantors  that  the  properly 
shall  remnin  saf)  and  sound.  They  are  only  warrantors  for  its  safe  delivery,  and 
their  further  responsibility  depends  upon  whether  they  use  due  care  and  dilli- 
gence  in  carrying  the  property,  or  that  negligence  can  be  proved  against  them  by 
any  omission  to  do  what  prudent  men  should  do  under  such  circumstances." 

Undoubtedly,  when  goods  are  given  to  a  carrier  in  a  sound  state,  and  are  dam- 
aged when  delivered,  the  presumption  of  law  is  that  it  was  by  his  negligence. 
But  if  he  can  Hhow  a  peril  of  the  sea  sufficient  to  account  for  the  injury,  or  a 
natunl  cause,  such  as  the  leakage,  evaporation,  or  fermentation  of  liqutds,  or  the 
rotting  or  decay  of  fruits,  &«.,  the  burden  of  proof  will  then  be  on  the  plaintiff 
to  show  uctunl  negligence  or  defective  means.  If,  in  such  a  case,  the  proof  leaves 
it  doubtful  what  the  cause  of  the  injury  was,  or  "  unless  the  jury,"  in  the  words 
of  Lord  Denman,**  see  clearly  that  the  defendants  have  been  guilty  of  negligence  " 
the  plaintiff  cannot  recover. 

The  degree  of  diligence  to  which,  in  respect  of  perishable  goods,  carriers  are 
bound,  is  stated  by  Judge  Oakley  in  the  case  already  cited.  Their  responsibility 
depends  upon  whether  Uiey  use  doe  care  and  diligence  in  carrying  the  property; 


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704  Jaiwrml  cf  Mercaniih  Law. 

or  that  negli^nce  can  be  proved  against  them  by  any  omission  to  do  what  pro* 
dent  men  should  do  under  such  circumstances. 

In  the  case  at  bar,  the  injury  is  shown  to  have  arisen  fW>m  sweat  or  moisture 
collected  in  the  hold  during  the  voyage,  it  appears  that  sweat  is  incidental  to 
all  voyages  around  the  Horn ;  that^  in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  it  almost  invari- 
ably occurs;  that  it  is  a  cause  of  damage  well  known  to  both  shippers  and  ship 
owners,  and  that  as  yet  no  certain  means  have  been  devised  to  prevent  it ;  that 
it  is  caused  by  the  great  variations  in  temperature  necessarily  occurring  on  such 
voyages;  that  it  depends,  in  a  great  degree,  upon  the  nature  of  the  cargo,  and 
is  affected  by  other  circumstances,  the  nature  and  operation  of  which  are  not 
clearly  explained. 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  damage  by  sweat  arisos  from  natural  causes  inde- 
pendent of  the  agency  of  man,  and  that  it  is  to  be  likened  to  the  damage  by 
fermentation,  evaporation,  spontaneous  combustion,  &.C.,  which  are  all  more  or 
less  owing  to  the  heat  or  other  conditions  under  wliich  cargo  i><  carried  in  ships, 
but  for  losses  by  which  the  carrier  is  not  liable,  unless  negligence  can  be  proved. 

The  negligence  attributed  to  the  carrier  in  this  case  is  alleged  to  connist  in  his 
not  having  provided  sufficient  ventilation  for  his  ship.  80  mr  as  his  means  ex* 
tended,  the  master  is  shown  to  have  used  all  diligence  in  ventilating  the  cargo. 
The  hatches  were  frequently  taken  off,  and  everything  was  done  which  during  a 
voyage  could  be  done  to  preserve  it.  The  ship  was  provided  with  one  lam 
ventilutor,  going  down  to  the  hold,  and  communicating  with  the  between-dccks 
by  air-holes.  She  seems,  in  the  opinion  of  some  of  the  witnesses  at  least,  to 
have  been  as  well  ventilated  as  nhipa  ordinarily  are;  but  her  means  of  ventila- 
tion were  inferior  to  those  usually  provided  in  clipper  ships — the  latter  being 
generally  furnished  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  ventilators  of  Emerson's  construc- 
tion. 

It  is  contended  that  the  carrier  was  negligent  in  not  having  had  more  venttU- 
tors,  or  a  system  of  ventilation  such  as  that  recently  adopted  in  most  clipper 
ahipH. 

The  carrier  in  this  case  undoubtedly  supposed  that  the  ventilation  provided 
by  him  wns  sufficient  to  secure  all  the  good  effects  which  ma;^  attend  ventilation. 
The  question  is,  has  he  been  guilty  of  negligence  in  not  having  adopted  a  more 
thorough  system  ? 

On  tbo  part  of  the  claimants  it  is  contended  that  the  only  preventive  of  sweat 
which  has  been  suggested,  is  of  extremely  uncertain  efficacy!  That  sweat  fre- 
quently occurs  in  well  ventilated  ships,  and  that  sometimes'  no  traces  of  it  are 
observed  in  the  least  ventilated  vessels ;  that  it  depends  more  upon  the  nature  of 
tlie  cargo  than  upon  any  other  circumstance ;  but  that  it  is  affected  by  oausea 
the  nature  and  mode  of  preventing  the  operation  of  which  are  not  ascertained. 

In  support  of  these  allegations  they  have  called  many  witnesses  of  the  highest 
respectability,  and  possessed  of  the  largest  opportunities  for  observation.  Some 
of  them  have  not  hesitated  to  declare  that  they  consider  the  ventilation  of  sbipsi 
as  commonly  practkred,  of  no  use  whatever,  or  positively  injurious. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  libelants  have  attempted  to  show  by  the  testimony  o( 
an  equal  number  of  witnesses,  that  the  sweating  of  ships  can  be,  and  is,  pre- 
vented by  the  use  of  a  thorough  system  of  ventilation;  that  such  a  system  has 
been  generally  adopted  in  the  clipper  ships  of  recent  construction,  and  iliat  ita 
efficacy  has  been  proved  by  the  condition  of  the  cargoes  of  several  ships  now  or 
recently  in  port  Tbey  further  showed  that  ventilation  is  required  by  Lloyd*8 
agents  in  China,  in  ships  taking  cargoes  of  tea  and  silks,  to  prevent  the  efieeta 
of  steam.  It  was  suggested,  however,  that  the  steam  thus  intended  to  be  pro- 
vented  was  a  dry  and  noxious  exhalation,  impairing  the  flavor  of  teas  and  injur- 
ing the  fabric  of  silks,  but  was  wholly  distinct  from  sweat,  which  m  condensed 
moisture  collected  on  the  lower  side  of  the  deck.  This  point,  however,  was  not 
dearly  established. 

Had  the  libelant  in  this  case  clearly  established  the  general  recognition  of  the 
fact,  that  a  particular  svstem  of  ventilation  will  prevent  damage  by  sweat ;  thai 
tliat  system  ia  univeraallj  adopted  and  is  usually  effectual,  he  might  olain  that 


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Journal  of  Mercantile  Law.  106 

the  maaler  in  omitting  to  adopt  it  had  shown  a  want  of  ordinary  diligence  and 
eare.  But  although  he  has  shown  that  the  clipper  ships  which  frequent  this 
port  are  usually  ventilated  in  some  way  more  or  less  thorough,  he  is  met  by  the 
fact  that  cargoes  are  frequently  damaged  in  the  best  ventilated  ships,  and  by  the 
testimony  of  numerous  witnesses,  who  express  their  disbelief  in  the  efficacy  of 
any  system  of  ventilation  whatever. 

Before  the  Court  can  say  that  the  omission  of  any  particular  means  of  pre- 
venting this  damage  is  negligence  in  the  master,  it  must  be  satisfied  that  those 
means  are  generally  recognized  as  effectual. 
Does,  then,  the  testimony  establish  this  fact? 

Whether  or  not  ventilation  is  of  any  service,  seems  to  be  a  mere  matter  of 
opinion,  nor  is  it  possible  for  the  Court,  on  the  evidence,  to  come  to  any  certain 
conclusion,  whether  the  advocates  or  opponents  of  ventilation  are  in  the  right. 

The  whole  subject  seems  involved  in  doubt  and  obscurity,  and  the  systems  of 
ventilation  that  have  been  resorted  to  appear  to  have  been  adopted  as  experiments 
or  attempts  to  remove  the  evil,  rather  than  as  a  certain  and  ascertained  means  of 
preventing  it. 

It  has  been  urged  with  great  force  by  the  advotate  of  the  libelants  that  it  is 
the  duty  of  the  Court  to  exact  from  the  carrier  the  employment  of  the  latest  in- 
ventions, and  to  demand  that  he  keep  pace  with  the  last  improvements  in  me- 
chanical art;  that  by  so  doing  the  Court  will  cherish,  promote,  and  stimulate  the 
application  of  science  to  the  useful  arts,  and  contribute  to  their  growth  and  im- 
provement. But  the  difficulty  in  this  case  is  that  it  does  not  clearly  appear  that 
ventilation  is  an  improvement. 

On  the  eontrarVi  several  witnesses,  whose  great  experience  entitles  their  opin- 
ions to  much  credit,  affirm  that  in  their  own  ships,  and  for  their  own  cargoes, 
they  would  not  adopt  any  system  of  ventilation  whatever. 

Emerson's  ventilators,  the  employment  of  which  was  most  stronglv  insisted 
on  by  the  advocate  of  the  libelants,  have  been  in  use  for  the  last  nve  or  six 
years.  If  they  had  been  found  so  effectual  a  remedy  as  to  justify  the  Court  in 
pronouncing  the  carrier  who  fails  to  adopt  them  guilty  of  negligence,  is  it  cred- 
ible that  so  many  and  so  respectable  persons  connected  with  shipping  would 
be  found  to  disbelieve  in  that  and  all  other  systems  of  ventilation  1 

The  testimony  brought  to  show  a  prevailing  usage  in  this  port,  that  the  ship- 
per bears  a  loss  by  sweat,  though  it  failed  to  establish  a  usage  in  the  legal  sense 
of  the  term,  proved  this  at  least:  that  the  general  opinion  of  persons  connected 
with  Commerce,  shippers  and  ship  owners,  is  that  the  ship  is  not  liable.  Surely 
such  an  opinion  would  not  prevail  if  there  were  any  well-known,  usually-adopted, 
and  generally-recognized  means  of  preventing  sweat  And  yet  the  Cfourt  most 
find  such  to  be  the  fact  before  it  can  declare  this  vessel  to  be  liable. 

If  it  should  be  determined  in  this  case  that  every  vessel  which  is  not  provided 
with  a  ventilating  apparatus  is  liable,  the  principle  would  include  many  ships 
which  have  avoided  injuring  their  cargoes,  though  wholly  unprovided  with  ven- 
tilation. 

In  the  case  of  the  ••  Thomas  Watson,"  for  example,  the  rule  would  operate 
vrtth  peculiar  hardship.  That  vessel,  it  appears,  has  made  five  voyages  to  this 
port,  and  has  never  damaged  a  single  package,  and  yet  she  is  not  ventilated  at 
all.  Surely  her  owners  are  justihed  in  assuming  that  ventilation  in  her  ease 
would  be  no  improvement  If  then,  on  her  next  voyage,  some  of  her  cargo  is 
injured  by  swe^t,  her  master  would  be  held  liable  for  negligence,  under  the  prin- 
ciple the  Court  is  asked  to  adopt 

With  what  propriety  can  the  Court  call  upon  her  owners  to  adopt  a  system 
which  experience  of  their  own  ship  has  proved  to  be  unnecessary,  it  not  injuri- 
ous; and  how  can  it  make  a  similar  exaction  of  any  of  the  numerous  witnesses 
of  intelligence  and  experience  who  profess  their  aisbelief  in  the  efficacy  of  all 
systems  of  ventilation  ? 

It  may  be  said  that  ventilation  may  not  be  requisite  in  vessels  of  the  size  of 
ihe  *•  Thomas  Watson,"  while  in  clipper  ships  to  omit  it  would  be  improper. 

But  this,  after  all,  is  but  an  opinion  opposed  by  many  of  the  moat  experienced 

VOL.  XXXIII. — ^HO.  VI.  45 


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906  Jimmal  qf  MneanUU  Zcm. 

witnesses,  ond  affordinff  no  solid  basis  for  the  jndgment  of  a  Coort.  Beddea, 
in  the  uncertainty  ana  obscurity  in  which  this  subject  is  involved,  how  can 
the  Court  discriminate  between  vessels  of  various  sizes?  When  is  a  vessel 
Inr^  enough  to  require  ventilation  ?  When  is  she  small  enough  to  dispense 
with  it? 

Even  the  witnesjies  for  the  libelants^  who  are  the  strongest  advocates  for  ven- 
tilation, confess  that  damage  by  sweat  is  of  constant  and  daUy  occurrence;  that 
few  ships  arrive  whose  cargoes' are  not  more  or  lens  injured  by  it,  and  that  a  still 
more  thorough  system  of  ventilation  is  required.  Could  this  be  so  if  there  did 
exist,  as  claimed  by  the  libelants,  any  generally-known  and  usually-adopted 
remedy  ?  If  the  ship  owner  is  guilty  of  negfligence  in  this  case,  for  having 
failed  to  adopt  a  generally-recognized  remedy  for  sweat,  it  should  appear  that 
cargoes  can  be,  and  usually  are,  protected  by  it — and  yet  the  reverse  is  tho  fact. 
How  can  this  remedy  be  said  to  be  generally  recognized  as  such  when  it  fails  so 
often  as  to  leave  the  question  as  yet  undetermined  whether  it  is  of  any  use 
whatever. 

It  is  urged  that  the  ship  owners  in  this  case  have  themselves  recognized  the 
expediency  of  ventilation  by  introducing  it  into  their  own  ships,  but  that  the 
means  adopted  by  them  were  incomplete  and  insudicient.  But  the  fact  that  tbej 
have  tried  what  they  no  doubt  considered  a  sufficient  system  of  ventilation,  at 
least  shows  that  they  were  not  reckless  or  indifferent  on  the  subject,  and  the 
question  still  recurs — Are  there  any  well-known  and  generally-recognized  means 
of  preventing  this  kind  of  damage  which  they  have  been  guilty  of  negligence 
in  omitting  to  use?  If  there  had  been  any  such,  it  is  but  fair  to  suppose  they 
would  have  been  adopted  in  a  ship  whii*h  the  libelants  in  their  letter  to  the 
master  pronounce  ^  a  noble  specimen  of  the  merchant  marine." 

Ills  to  be  observed  that  in  the  very  letter  in  which  the  libehmta  annonnee 
their  intention  to  test  the  question  of  the  ship^s  liability  for  damage  by  sweat, 
they  make  no  complaint  of  insufficient  ventilation,  or  auggest  the  use  of  Biore 
efficient  means  to  that  end.  But  they  propose  *^  the  idea  of  experimenting  upon 
the  prevention  of  sweat  by  ceiling  the  between-decks  overhead.**  They  thus 
aeein  themselves  to  admit  that  no  certain  or  established  means  of  preventing 
thin  damage  exist,  and  the  remedy  is  suggested  merely  as  an  experiment. 

On  the  whole,  I  consider  that  under  the  evidence  in  this  ease  it  does  not  ap- 
pear that  the  damage  has  occurred  from  causes  originating  in  theaseney  of  man; 
nor  that  it  could,  like  damage  by  rats,  injuries  by  worms,  eto,  nave  been  pre- 
vented by  proper  care;  that  the  injury  has  arisen  from  natural  causes,  the  effect 
of  which  the  Court  cannot  affirm  tho  carrier  could  or  ought  to  have  guarded 
against;  tlmt  it  is  not  to  be  likened  to  the  case  of  some  unknown  and  infernal 
'  defect  in  the  particular  vehicle  of  conveyance,  for  which  the  carrier  in  liable, 
but  it  is  a  risk  to  which  every  sliipper  knows  his  goods  are  liable,  and  which  be 
aljK)  knows  there  are  no  ascertained  and  established  means  of  preventing;  that 
he  is  as  couipetent  as  the  carrier  to  determine  which  of  the  various  modes  of 
preventing  it  are  most  likely  to  insure  the  desired  result;  and  that  in  shipping 
in  tliis  vessel  he  assumed  the  ri>«k  of  her  system  of  ventilation,  as  he  would  have 
assumed  the  risk  of  damage  without  any  ventilation  whatever  had  he  ahipped 
bU  goods  in  the  **  Thomas  Watson  ** — and  that,  inasmuch  as  he  knew  the  daa- 
gers  to  which  his  goods  would  be  exposed,  he  might,  had  be  chosen,  have  pro- 
tected them  by  packinnf  them  in  a  different  manner. 

But  while  1  feel  called  upon  so  to  determine  in  this  case  and  with  the  preseet 
imperfect  knowledge  of  this  subject,  it  is  not  to  be  inferred  that  the  same  decis- 
ion will  always  hereafter  be  mude.  On  the  contrary,  if  it  should  hereafter  ap- 
pear that  science  has  suggested,  or  experience  has  shown,  a  remedy  or  preventive 
of  damage  from  this  aoua'e,  which  shall  be  generally  recognized  and  adopted,  it 
will  be  negligence  in  the  carrier  to  omit  its  use. 

But  as  at  present  it  cannot  be  said  with  any  certainty  tliat  such  a  remedy  has 
been  discovered,  I  cannot  find  the  carrier  guilty  of  negligence  in  having  failed  to 
roHort  to  one  that  has  been  suggetited  and  used  to  some  extent,  but  the  utility 
or  efficacy  of  which  is  still  a  matter  of  didcuasion  and  dispute. 


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Jwrnal  qf  Hv^misi^  Lam.  1^ 

SHIPPBRS — UIS£AW0RTaUIS9S — ^XHB  AMBBICAK   SHIP  ASHIiAIlD  BEFORB  THB 
FBENCH  TRIBUNAL  OF    COMMERCE. 

The  Tribanul  of  Commerce,  of  Uafre,  has  recently  had  before  it  for  a<!(jadioa- 
tion,  a  Mtiit  inHtituted  by  the  captain  of  the  American  ship  Ashland,  against  a 
commercial  house  in  that  port,  under  the -following  circumstances: — 

Thf  Arthlnnd,  Capt  Robert  B.  Benson,  sailed  from  New  Orleans  for  Havre  on 
the  3 J  of  February,  1854,  with  a  enrgo  of  flour,  cotton,  and  staves.  On  crossing 
the  b.ir  ofilie  Mi-ssinsippi  the  vessel  heeled  twice,  and  each  time  was  injured  by 
the  lowbouL  The  Attbloud,  however,  continued  her  voyage  till,  after  some  days, 
it  was  discovered  that  she  leaked  more  than  usual,  when  she  put  back  to  New 
Orleanx.  iSUe  remained  there  for  five  months  undergoing  repairs,  and  left  on 
the  l5;h  of  Au'iust,  under  the  command  of  Capt  Afoore,  with  her  origin.il  cargo, 
Having  that  4.UUU  barrels  of  flour  were  replaced  by  3,360  bags  of  maize  and  to 
ber  merchandise. 

Ill  her  voy.'ige  the  Ashland  received  fresh  damages — had  her  rudder  head  bro- 
ken, and  had  in  hold  two  feet  ei^ht  inches  of  water,  which  readied  the  maize 
and  bur^^t  the  bags  containing  it;  and  (he  captain,  in  order  to  get  at  the  pomps, 
had  io  elevaiB  them  six  inches.  The  Ashland  again  put  back  and  returned  to 
Norfolk,  whern  an  examination  of  the  ship  and  cargo  was  made  by  experts,  re- 
piirs.  direced,  and  the  maize  and  127  bales  of  cotton,  which  were  damaged, 
ordered  to  l»e  un-ihipped. 

8he  li'fi  Norfolk  on  the  7th  of  December,  and  arrived  at  Havre  on  the  27th, 
wliiMi  C.ipL  Moore  made  a  demand  on  the  connignees  of  the  cargo  for  their 
qiiotii  of  the  repairs  of  the  vessi*!;  and  a  eommirssioner  was  named  to  estimate 
tlie  menhu iidi.se  and  the  value  of  the  vessel  at  the  time  of  her  two  returns.  In 
tile  nie.uiiinie  EiUvnrd  Barlow  &  Co.,  the  consignees  of  the  maize  sold  at  Nor- 
folk, sui'd  the  four  insurance  companies  in  which  it  had  been  injured.  The.  in- 
surers itttervi'ned  in  the  suit,  and,  conjointly  with  the  consignees  of  the  cotton, 
conieiided  tiiat  in  the  flrst  place  it  was  the  raiding  of  the  pumps  which  had 
d;iuiai^<'(i  liiu  ninize  and  cotton  ;  and  in  the  second  place,  that  the  raising  of  the 
pumps  having  bi'cn  voluntary,  it  either  had  taken  place  for  the  common  s:ifety, 
ill  wfiicii  case  the  damages  sustained  by  these  goods  should  be  classed  as  gross 
d  inijiL'es,  or  that  it  was  not  necessary  to  do  it  at  all,  in  which  case  it  was  a  fault 
for  vviiiVh  the  captain  was  re.Mponsible. 

The  c'jiisigiiee.H,  on  their  side,  contended  that  the  vessel  on  its  flrst  setting  out 
w.is  nil  seaworthy,  and  that  consequently  they  were  not  liable  for  the  repairs  at 
New  Orleans.  Capt.  Moore,  in  accepting  the  intervention  of  the  insurers, 
lornied  agMin»*t  them  an  incident.il  demand  for  payment  of  the  freight  which  re- 
m.iiued  due  oit  the  maize,  contending  that  they  were  responsible  for  the  obliga- 
tions of  the  siiippers,and  that  tlie  sale  of  the  maize  not  having  produced  ouoiu^ 
to  piy  its  frelgiii  for  Uic  whole  voyage,  they  should  be  compelled  to  pay  the  de- 
tiftr.  lo  this  the  insurers  replied  that  the  freight  eould  only  be  charged  to  Nor- 
folk, where  tlie  maize  was  sold,  and  that  even  if  the  demand  was  eatertabed,  the 
shippers  whom  they  had  reimbursed  for  its  value,  were  reaponaible. 

The  Court  held  :*^ 

Th.it  there  were  no  reasonable  presumptions  to  soppoae  the  vessel  nnsea* 
worthy  when  she  (ii'st  left  New  Orleans;  that  the  elevating  of  the  pumps  was  an 
<irdiimry  operation,  and  did  not  constitute  either  a  sacriflce  made  for  the  common 
Siifuiy,  or  .1  fault  on  the  (Kirt  of  the  cjiplain ;  that  the  shippers,  not  the  consignees 
ur  insurer.^,  are^  responsible  for  the  balance  of  the  freight  on  the  maize  for  the 
whole  voyage ;  that  they  are  liable  for  the  repairs  done  in  Norfolk,  but  not  fof 
the  txpenses  of  the  relnrn  to  New  Orleans;  that  the  captain  is  entitled  to  the 
whole  of  the  freight  on  the  cotton  and  maize  sold  in  the  course  of  the  voyage  on 
iici'ount  of  damage ;  that  tiie  private  damages  to  the  vcAsel,  recognized  and 
pr(»ve.i  at  Norfolk,  were  77,8i0  francs,  and  the  general  damages,  26,{$87  francs: 
;uid  luat  towards  the  latter  sum  the  vessel  and  freight  should  contribute  6,237 
fraiies,  and  the  cargo  20,650  francs. 


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708  Commercial  CknmieU  and  Review. 

•  LOSS  BT  FIRE— **  DAJTGERS  OF  RITER8   OHLT  BXCEFTBD.** 

An  important  legal  decision  was  made  at  St  Louis  in  October,  1865,  touching 
the  rights  of  steamboat  owners  and  merchants  The  parties  were — ^Memphis 
Insurance  Company  vs,  Oliver  Garrison  and  Daniel  R.  Garrison.  The  ease  is 
thus  stated  :— 

In  the  year  1849  a  large  amount  of  cotton,  valued  at  $16,290,  was  shipped  at 
Memphis  and  other  points  in  Tennessee,  for  New  Orleans,  on  the  steamboat 
Convoy,  of  which  boat  the  defendants  were  owners. 

A  bill  of  lading  was  given  by  the  boat,  under  which  the  cotton  was  to  be  car- 
ried and  delivered,  **  dangers  of  rivers  only  excepted." 

The  boat  and  cargo  were  destroyed  by  fire,  which,  it  was  admitted,  did  not 
arise  from  any  fault  or  negligence  of  the  master,  crew,  agent,  or  owners. 

The  Memphis  Insurance  Company  had  insured  the  cotton  against  "  loss  by 
fire."  They  paid  the  loss,  and  brought  this  suit  against  the  owners  of  the  boa^ 
to  recover  the  Value  of  the  cotton,  claiming  to  l^  equitably  subrogated,  or  en- 
titled to  all  the  rights  of  the  original  owners  of  such  cotton. 

The  Court  held:— 

1st  That  the  comolainants  were  entitled  to  sue  in  equity,  to  recover,  if  the 
defendants  were  liable. 

2d.  That  the  exception  in  the  bill  of  lading  of  "  dangers  of  the  river  only," 
did  not  include  fire — fire  was  not  a  danfi^er  of  the  river  within  the  meaning  of  the 
bill  of  lading,  though  it  did  not  proceed  from  any  fault  or  negligence  of  those 
managing  the  boat 

A  decree  was  accordingly  rendered  against  the  defendants  for  the  value  of  the 
cotton. 

The  St  Louis  Democrat  says  of  it : — 

**  This  decision  is  highly  important  to  our  commercial  people  generally,  and 
will  occasion  much  comment  among  steamboat  owners  and  others.  North  and 
South.  The  case  hangs  upon  a  very  nice  point,  and  perhaps  a  majority  will  not 
be  willing  to  admit  the  distinction  made  between  dangers  of  the  river  and  dan- 
gers on  the  river.  The  question  will,  doubtless,  l^  carried  to  the  Supreme 
Court" 


COMMERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW. 


RBTURHUItt  CORnPlXCB  tH  TBI  STOCK  ANO  XONKT  XARKKT— P1TRTHB&  PA&TICVLARt  OT  TEC  LATt 
BBPSKMIOR^BOAaBIllS  Or  SPtai^rLUCTVATIOMl  IK  STOCKS  AKD  KZCBAKOB— ItBTBMtnE  OT 
TBI  COUNTRT^COMPARATiyi  STATBMKim  OF  TBI  COMMIRCB  ABD  HATIOATIOII  OF  TBI  lilHIIB 
STATU  POR  TBI  PISOAL  TSAR  IRDUfO  JtTRB  30,  1SS5~TBB  BARK  HOYIMIRT  IB  BOBTOR,  RRW 
TORK,  AHD  PBlLABRLnnA— TBR  SOLD  PRODUCT  ARR  DIPOSITS  AT  TBI  RRW  YORK  AMAT  OTPKB 
— PORKIOR  IMPORTS  AT  RRW  TORK  POR  OCTOBRR,  ARS  SIRCR  JAMUART  IST  —  IMPORTS  OP  RRT 
eOORS— IZPOiRTS  PROM  RRW  TORK  TO  PORRISR  PORTS  POR  OCTORRR,  ARS  PROM  4ARUART  IST— 
RXPORTS  OP  DOMISTIC  PRODVOB,  RTO* 

Thb  general  distrust,  almost  amounting  to.  a  panic,  which  ushered  in  the  first 
days  of  November,  has  given  place  to  a  more  cheerful  feeling,  and  the  fore- 
bodings then  heard  on  every  side  from  the  timid,  have  none  of  them  been  real- 
ized. There  has  been  no  real  scarcity  of  money,  and  the  only  suffering  was 
from  "  looking  for  evil,"  proving  the  truth  of  the  adage  that  **  ills  which  never 
happen  chiefly  make  us  wretched.**  The  advance  of  interest  to  6  per  cent  by 
the  Banks  of  EngUnd  and  France,  with  the  brief  excitement  it  occasioned  in  the 
foreign  market,  led  at  once  to  the  prediction  of  a  suspension  of  specie  payments 


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Oomm$reial  ChrcmcU  and  Benew.  109 

in  both  countries;  and  the  bear  party  in  car  leading  commercial  markets, for 
their  own  purposes,  rang  the  changes  upon  this  alarming  theme,  until  the  public 
mind  became  feverish  and  excited,  and  securities  of  all  descriptions  rapidly  de- 
clined. In  New  York  there  seemed  at  first  to  be  no  bottom  to  the  depression-* 
stocks  daily  declining,  and  all  holders  who  owed  borrowed  money  pressing  their 
sales.  There  came  with  this  decline  a  general  distrust  of  foreign  commercial 
bills,  and  a  wide  difference  was  made  for  specie  remittances.  Many  bankers  also 
preferred  to  ship  specie  with  the  chances  of  an  increased  premium  for  it  in  Eu- 
rope. 

The  alarm  first  originated  in  London,  owing  to  the  constant  current  of  specie 
to  France,  even  when  exchanges  were  against  it,  as  noticed  at  the  close  of 
last  month's  review.  This  drain  continued,  and  many  have  accounted  for  it 
by  supposing  that  it  was  the  result  of  a  gigantic  movement  on  the  part  of 
Russia,  either  to  obtain  a  supply  of  specie  for  her  own  uses,  or  to  cripple  the 
Allies  by  drawing  off  their  resources.  It  appears  to  us,  however,  far  more  prob- 
able that  the  disappearance  of  the  precious  metals  is  owing  to  the  hoarding  by 
the  people — a  process  accelerated  by  the  excitement  it  occasioned.  The  fall  in 
the  prices  of  stocks  in  this  country  was,  as  we  have  said,  very  rapid,  some  of  the 
leading  raihroad  shares  falling  $12  to  $13  per  share  in  about  t^o  weeks;  but  the 
recovery  has  been  nearly  as  rapid,  although  the  former  price  has  not  yet  been 
reached. 

The  drain  of  gold  from  hence  is  now  checked,  the  increased  demand  for  pro- 
visions and  the  shipments  of  cotton  having  furnished  an  ample  supply  of  foreign 
exchange.  The  bullion  now  arriving  from  California  will  be  turned  into  coin, 
and  go  to  swell  the  aconmuUtion  in  our  banks  and  the  amount  in  circulation 
among  the  people.  Whether  the  price  of  exchange  will  fall  so  low  as  to  war- 
rant the  importation  of  specie,  is  not  yet  clear.  -This  would  undoubtedly  be  the 
case,  but  for  the  dread  of  losing  specie  in  London,  which  will  affect  the  demand 
for  our  produce,  and  espedally  our  cotton,  the  moment  the  current  sets  in  this 
direction. 

The  government  have  large  payments  to  make  from  the  Treasury  this  fall^ 
but  the  revenue  of  the  country  is  ample,  and  is  now  increasing.  The  cash  du- 
ties received  at  this  port  for  the  month  of  October  are  largely  in  excess  of  the 
corresponding  total  for  the  same  month  in  either  of  the  preceding  years.  The 
aggregate  since  January  1st,  however,  is  $5,609,286  66  less  than  for  the  first 
ten  months  of  1864,  and  $8,266,470  71  less  than  for  the  corresponding  period 
of  1863:— 

OASH  DUTUS  maonvxD  at  niw  Toax. 

im.  18U.  18M.  18iS. 

First  quarter $7,617,88'7  73  $11,126,600  47  $10,878,699  81  $7,688,888  21 

Second  quarter. .. .  6,682,426  16     10,041,829  08      8,864,26146  6,711,667  60 

Third  quarter. 10,281,190  03     18,618,106  14     12,699,868  06  11,601,617  60 

In  October 2,892,109  67      2,705,694  88      2,402,116  10  8,829,194  96 


Total  from  Jan.  Ist  $26,928,612  48  $87,486,128  97  $84,889,948  91  $29,280,668  26 

The  foreign  imports  at  all  the  ports  of  the  United  States,  (including,  of 
course,  California  and  Oregon,)  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1866,  were 
$261,382,960,  against  $306,780,263  for  the  preceding  year,  showing  a  decline 


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no 


OofJimercial  (^ronkle  aihd  'Reif^. 


of  $44,397,29d.  The  total  exports  from  the  UnHed  Statea  to  fbrei^  porta  for 
the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1855,  were  9275,156,846,  agninst  C278,^l,064 
for  the  preceding  year,  showing  a  decline  of  only  $3,084,218.  It  will  be  seen 
from  this,  that  while  for  the  year  1854  the  imports  exceeded  the  exports 
927,539,189,  for  the  last  year  the  exports  exceeded  the  imports  913,773,886. 

IMPORTS  INTO  THE  UmTBD  STATIS  FBOH  FOBSION  TORTS  : — 

Tear  eodlng  Jmie  30.                    Dutiable.  Free  goods.  9pee1e<tbiillloo.  Totet 

1846 $96,106,724  $18,077,698  $4,070,242  $1I7.254,5M 

1846 96,924,068  20,990,007  8,777.782  l2J.6vl,797 

1847 104,773,002  17,651,847  24,121,289  146,646,688 

1848 182,282,326  16,866,879  6,360.224  164,9&8.928 

1849 196,479,774  15,726,425  6,661.240  147,867.489 

1860 166,427,936  18.081,690  4,628.792  178.I$8,8I$ 

1861 191.118.845  19,662.996  6.453.692  216.224.982 

1862 188,252,608  24,187.890  6.606,044  212,945.442 

1868 286,695,118  27,182,162  4,201.88*  2rt7.978,647 

1864 272,546.481  26,827.660  6.906,162  806.780.268 

1866 221,292,624  86,480,624  3.659,812  261^82,960 

^he  above  shows  an  increase  daring  the  last  year  of  910*102,864  in  the  im. 
ports  of  free  goods,  but  a  falling  off  of  9^1 1^^3,807  in  dutiable  mertsbsndtse, 
and  93,246,350  in  specie.  The  course  of  the  import  trade  for  the  lust  three 
years  is  worthy  of  especial  notioe.  The  year  ending  June  30,  1853,  shows  an 
increase  over  the  previous  year  of  $55,033,305 ;  and  the  year  1854  showed  an 
increase  over  1853  of  93*7301,606 — making  a  gain  of  992,834,911  in  two  years. 
For  the  last  year  the  decline,  as  already  stated,  is  9^4,897,293,  which  brings  the 
imports  below  the  total  for  the  year  1852-3.  We  annex  also  a  comparative 
table  of  export  b  — 

EXPORTS  FROM  THB  UNITED  STATBS  TO  FOBEION  F0ET8. 

Domeetic  Foreign  Specie  and 

Tear  ending  June  30.  produce.  produce.  bullion.  TotaL 

1846 198,466.330  $7,584,781  $8,606,495  $1 14,646,60< 

1846 101.718.042  7,866,206  8.906,268  113,428.616 

1847 160,674,844  6.166,764  1,907,024  158,648,622 

1848 180,208,709  7.986.806  15,841,616  154,032,181 

1849 181,710,081  8,641,091  5,404,648  145,766,820 

I860 184,900,388  9,476,498  7,622.994  161,898,720 

1851 178,620.138  10.295.121  29.472,762  218,388.011 

1852 164,981,147  12.087,048  42.674,185  209.668,866 

1858 189,869,168  18,096,218  27,486.875  880,976,167 

1864 216,167.604  21,661,187  41,422,423  iUMlfi^ 

1865 192,751,185  86,158,368  66,247,343  275,156,846 

While  the  imports  of  the  last  year  have  fallen  below  even  the  total  for  1852--3t 
the  exports  are  nearly  forty-five  millions  greater  than  for  that  year.  Of  the  t^tii 
exports  of  specie  for  the  last  year,  $53,957,418  were  of  domestic  production,  and 
92,289,925  of  foreign.  The  shipments  of  domestic  produce,  exclasive  of  specie, 
were  $22,406,369  less  than  for  the  preceding  year,  while  there  is  an  increase  of 
94,497,231  in  the  exports  of  foreign  prodaoe,  and  $14,824,930  in  the  exports  of 
specie. 

We  have  also  prepared  from  the  same  official  source  full  statements  of  the 
tonnage  statistics,  showing  the  Commerce  with  foreign  ports  at  all  of  th6  ports 
of  the  United  States  :-^ 


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Cbmmerdal  Cknmide  and  Review.  711 

TOVBCft  or    TS88BL8,  WITH    THMR    TORVAOB    AVD    OBBWt,  WBIOB    BlfTBEBD    IICTO   TBB 
POETS  or  Ta«  UMITBD  BTATI8   PEOM    FOEKIOM    fOETS,  POE    TAB    TBAE    SMPIKO    JUXB 

SOra,  1865. 

Number.  Tom.  Men.  Boji. 

American  vewela 9,816        8.861.191  187,261  667 

Foreign  vessels 10.012        2.088.948  99.891  916 

Total  entered 19.827        6,946,889  287,142       1»478 

SnnLAE  8TATE1IKKT  FOE  TEAE  KNDINO  JDNB  80,   1864. 

American  Tessela 9,466        8,762.116  186.927  72« 

Foreign  vessels... 9,648        2,182.224  100,248        1.212 

Total  entered 19,108        6.884,889  286,170        1,988 

XUMEBE  or  VESSBtS.  WITH  THBIE  TONMAOB  AVD  0EEW8,  WBIOH  OLBAEBD  FEOM  ALL  THE 
FOET8  OF  THE  UNXTBD  ETATEB  FOE  FOEEigif  POETB,  DUEIMQ    THE  TBAE  ENDINO  JUHB 

80th,  1866. 

/  OEBW. % 

Namber.  Tom.  Men.  Boyt. 

Amencao  vessels 9,669        4,068,979  142,988  739 

Foreign  vessels 9,921    .    2,110,822  101.978  900 

ToUl  cleared 19,490        6,179,801  244,716       1,689 

BIMILAE  aTATBHEMT  FOE  TBAE  ENDING  JONB  80tH,  1864. 

American  vessels 9.670        8.911,892  141,028  797 

Foreign  vessels 9,608        2.107,802  98,617        l,l«6 

ToUldeared ,       19,078        6,019,194  289,646       1,998 

We  alHo  annex  a  statement  showing  in  what  class  of  vessels  the  imports  and 

exports  were  carried  daring  the  year  ending  Jane  30,  1866 : — 

In  Amer.  vessels.    In  for.  Tetsels.  Total. 

TmpoHs $202,284,900      $69,288,620      $261,468,620 

Exports 208,260,662        71,906.284        276,166,846 

Total $406,486,462    $131,189,904      $636,626,866 

This  shows  that  out  of  $636,625,366  in  valne  transported  between  American 
and  foreign  ports  daring  the  last  year,  over  three-fourths  were  carried  in  Amer> 
can  bottoms,  the  freight  on  which  is  to  the  credit  of  this  country,  whether  col- 
lected here  or  abroad. 

The  loans  and  discounts  of  the  banks  have  generally  decreased,  and  the  specie 
basis  is  almost  uniformly  lower.  The  New  York  city  banks  have  nearly  one 
million  of  dollars  more  specie  than  on  the  last  of  September,  and  yet  their 
discount  lines  are  five  millions  lower.  The  deposits  have  run  down  also,  owing 
in  part  to  the  drawing  down  of  country  bank  balances.  We  continue  our  state- 
ment of  the  weekly  averages  from  the  opening  of  the  year: — 

WXXKLT  AVXEAGBS  NEW  TOEK  CtTT  BANKS. 

Loans  and 

Date.                Capital.  Dtaeoonts.                Bpeete.  dreolatioo.  Deposits. 

Jan.    6,  1866  $48,000,000  $82,244,706  $18,696,968  $7,049,982  $64,982,168 

Jan.  18 48.000.000  88,976.081  16,488,626  6,686,461  67.808.398 

Jan.  20 48.000.000  86.447.998  16,872.127  6,681.866  69,647,618 

Jan.  27 48,000,000  86,664,667  16.697.260  6,739.823  20.186.618 

Feb.     8 48.000.000  88.146,697  17,489,196  7.000,766  72,928,817 

Feb.  10 48.000,000  89,862,170  17,124,391  6,969,111  73,794,342 

Feb.  17. ... .     48,000,000  90,860,081  17,889,086  6,941,606  76,198,686 


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712 


Commercial  Cfkromeh  and  JUview. 


Date.  OtpltaL  nid  dteeoants.  flpcde.  Clrenlitioii. 

Feb.  24 48,000,000        91,690,504        16,870^76        6,968,562  74,544,721 

March   8....     48,000.000        92,886,125        16,581.279       7,106,710  75,958,844 

March  10...     48.000,000        92,881,789        16,870,669        7,181,998  76,259,484 

March  17...     48,000,000        92,447,846        16,988,982       7,061,018  76,524.227 

March  24...     48,000.000        98.050.778        16,602.729       7,452,281  76,289,928 

March  81...     47,688,415        98,634,041         16,018,106       7.887.688  75,600.186 

AprQ    7  . .       47.865.665        94.499.894        14.968,004       7,771,584  77,818,908 

April  14  . . .     47,866,665        94,140,899        14,890,979       7,528,528  77,282,242 

April  21...     47,855,665        98,682,893        14,865,041        7,510.124  75,744.921 

April  28....     47.856,665        92,505,951         14.282,424        7.610,985  76.219.951 

Maj    5 47,866,666        98^)98,248        14,825,050        8,087.609  78,214.169 

May  12 47.855,665        91,642,498        14,585.626        7,804,977  75.850.592 

Ma7l9 47.855.665        91,675,500        15,225,056        7,688.680  77,351,218 

May  26 48,684,780        91.160,518         15.814,532        7,489,687  75.765,740 

Jane    2 48,684,780        91,197,658         15,897.674        7,555,609  76.348,286 

Jane    9 48.684,730        92,109,097         15,005,155        7.502,568  77.128,789 

Juoe  16 48,688.380        98.100.885         14.978,558        7.452,161  77,894.454 

June  28 4,8.633,880        94.029,425         14,706,629        7,335,658  79,1 18,185 

June  80. 48,688,380        95,673,212        15,641,970        7,394,964  81,908.965 

July    7 48,633.380        97,852,491         16.881,098        7.748.069  85.647,249 

July  14 48,883,880        98,521,002         16,576,506        7,516.724  85,664,186 

July  21 48.833.880        99,029.147         15,918,999        7,407,086  82.079,690 

July  28 48,883,380        99,083,799         15,920,976        7,409,498  81.625.788 

At^.    4. 48,833,880      100,118,569         15,298,868        7.642.903  88,279,990 

Aug.  11 48.833.880       100,774.209         16.280.669        7,714,401  88.141,820 

Aug.  18 48.833,880       101.154.060         14,649.246        7,610,106  81,948,671 

Aug.  26 48,883,880       100,604,604         18,326.878         7.682.096  81.278,558 

Sept    1 48,838,880      100^36,970        12,862,828        7,620.178  81.057,310 

Sept    8 48.888.380      100,278,738         12,006,625        7,861,148  80,442,478 

Sept  15 48,833,380        99,897,009         12,218.240        7.721,825  80,510.806 

Sept  22....     48,883,380        98,681,784         11,665,891        7,716.492  80.105,147 

Sept  29....     48,883,880        97,886,225          9,919,124        7.724,970  76.818,109 

Oct      6....     48.888,380        95,516,021         11,110,687        7,868,217  77,582,626 

Oct    13 48,883,880        95,069.420        11,188,878        7,840,114  76.615.807 

Oct  20....  48,883,380  95,103,376  12,461,723  7.888.164  77,852.551 
Oct    27...       48.888.380         94,216,872         11.168.521         7.828.489.      76,974356 

Nov.    8 48.888,880        98.869.079         11.106,298        8,071,608  77,787,570 

Not.  10....     48,838,880        92,464,290        10,855.526        8,088,608  75,762,408 

New  York  State  Baxks.    The  following  summary  shows  the  aggregate  re- 
aourcea  and  liabilities  of  the  banBe  in  this  State,  as  exhibited  by  their  reports  to 

the  Superintendent  of  the  Banking  Department,  of  their  condition  on  the  morn- 
ing of  the  29th  September  last  At  that  date  there  were  284  banks,  including 
one  branch,  and  the  Camden  and  Farmers'  Bank  of  Mina,  which  reported,  al- 
though closing  np  and  doing  no  business  :— 

RBSOUaOKS. 

Loans  and  discounts $166,946,989 

OverdrafU 450,116 

Due  from  banks ^ 12,666,517 

Due  from  directors,  including  absolute  and  cootmgent  liabilities* 18,744,148 

Due  from  brokers* 4.588.661 

Real  estate 5,857.587 

Specie 10,910^80 

Cash  items 18,090,545 

Stocks  and  promissory  notes 20,590,160 

Bonds  and  mortgages 7.886.828 

Bills  of  solyeot  banks 2,958,088 

Bills  of  suspended  banks 617 

Loss  and  expense  account. 1,164,466 


*  ThSM  Uems,  txoDpt  $55,122,  do  not  go  Into  the  aggregate  amoant  of  resoaroes. 


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Oamfnercial  Chrcniele  and  Bmew,  718 

UABILITCEB. 

Capital $85^89,690 

Oirculation , 81,840,008^ 

Profits 11,078,981 

Due  to  banks 26,046,489 

Due  indiTiduals  aod  corporations,  other  than  banks  and  depoeitora.  r . .  1,097.744 

Due  Treasurer  of  the  State  of  New  York 8,241,469 

Due  depositors  on  demand 86,610,926 

Due  to  others,  not  included  in  either  of  the  above  heads 2,617,758 

The  Boston  banks  show  a  very  moderate  change  in  the  same  direction : — 

WXBXLT  AVSBAGBS  AT  BOSTON. 
^     .  October  82.      October  29.    NoremberS.    NoTeinberl2.  Norember  19* 

OapiUl 182,710,000  $82,710,000  182,710,000  $82,710,000  $82,710,000 

Loans  and  discounts.    64,289,600    68,646,465    68,118,989     62,267,900    61,840,000 

Specie 2,645,000      2.674,999      2,426,147       2,127,600      2,128,000 

Due  from  other  banks      8,411,858       8,688,264      8,764,818      8,874,000      8,664,000 
Due  to  other  banks. .       6.878,400      5,676,768      6,122,880      4,943,000      4,685,700 

Deposits 16,970,000     15,489,090     16,847,107     18,980,600     18,694.600 

Oirculation 8,607,000      8,614,889      8,690,980      8,651,900      8,448,000 

The  Philadelphia  banks,  with  the  exception  of  the  Bank  of  Pennsylvaniai 
and  North  America,  (whose  regular  period  is  later,)  have  declared  their  usual 
semi-annual  dividends,  which  we  annex  in  comparison  with  the  last  two : — 

Not., '54.  May,  55.  Not.,»55. 

Capital.          Percent.  Per  cent.  Percent.       TotaL 

Farmers*  and  Mechanics' $1,250,000            6  5  6  62,500 

Girard 1,250,000            8  8  8  87,500 

Philadelphia 1,150,000            6  7  6  67,500 

Commercial 1,000,000            5  6  6  50,000 

Mechanics' 800,000            6  6  6  48,000 

Western 600,000  10  6  7  85,000 

Northern  Liberties 850,000            6  6  6  21,000 

Manufacturers'  and  Mechanics' 800,000           4  5  5  15,000 

Southwark 250,000            5  6  5  12,000 

Kensington 250,000            6  6  9  22,500 

Bank  of  Ck>mmerce 250,000           5  5  5  12,500 

Penn  Township 225,000            6  6  6  11.260 

Tradesmen's 150,000           5  5  5  7,500 


$7,725,000  70  69  71  892,250 

The  Western  Bank,  in  the  jear-and-a*half  that  our  table  covers,  has  divided 
23  per  cent;  the  Kensington  Bank,  21  per  cent ;  the  Northern  Liberties,  18;  the 
Mechanics',  18;  the  Philadelphia,  17;  the  Farmers'  and  Mechanics',  15;  Com- 
mercial, 15;  Southwark,  15;  Bank  of  Commerce,  15;  Penn.  Township,  16; 
Tradesmen's,  15 ;  Manufacturers'  and  Mechanics',  14;  and  Girard  Bank,  9. 

The  goldproduct  of  California  is  undiminished,  but  the  mint  at  San  Francisco 
is  in  condition  to  coin  several  millions  per  month,  and  large  sliipments  are  made 
direct  to  Europe,  so  that  the  receipts  at  our  ports  are  not  quite  as  large  as  for 
last  year.  The  Philadelphia  mint  has  been  closed  for  repairs.  The  following 
will  show  the  receipts  at  the  Assay  Office  in  New  York  for  October : — 

DEPOSIIB  AT  THE  ASSAY   OmOB,  MKW  TOBK,  FOB  TUB  MONTH  OF  OCTOBBB. 

Gold.  Silver.  TotaL 

Foreign  coins. $8,000  00        $10,400  00  $18,400  00 

Foreign  bullion 21,000  00  9,800  00  80,800  00 

Domestic  bullion 8,626,000  00  26,094  00        8,652,094  00 


Total  deposiU $8,650,000  00        $45,794  00      $8,695,794  00 

Total  deposits  payable  in  bars. $2,960,000  00 

Total  deposits  payable  in  coins 785,794  00 


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Included  in  the  deposiU  were  $230,000  California  mint  gold  bars,  and  $94  in 
native  Like  Superior  silver. 

The  foreign  Commerce  of  the  country  is  increojiing,  as  already  noticed  in  our 
general  remarks.  The  imports  at  New  York  from  foreign  ports  for  the  month 
of  October  are  $4,573,993  larger  than  for  October  of  last  year,  $3,422,106  larger 
than  for  the  same  period  of  1863,  and  9^,957,158  larger  than  for  the  same  lime 
in  1852.  Tills  itjt  in  accordance  with  the  intimation  given  in  our  last  month's 
report,  and  with  public  expectation.  The  imports  toward  the  close  of  last  year, 
following  as  they  did  the  extreme  activity  of  the  previous  twelvemonth,  were  un- 
usually sm.ill.  The  increase  for  the  month  is  about  two-thirds  of  it  in  dry 
goods,  and  the  remainder  in  general  merchandise. 

rOBBIGN  IMPOaTS  AT  NEW  TOBK  FOR  OCTOBKB. 

18a  1851.  18S4.  18SS. 

Entered  for  cnnsumption $7,776,614  $9,637,601  $7,645,071  $12,088,621 

Entered  for  warehouping 694,426  1,866,866  2,210,646      2,379,886 

Freegwils 215,148  422.166  1,086.467       1,082,125 

Specie  aud  buU'on 62,690  266.802  88,864           64,899 

Total  entered  at  the  port $8,647,878  $12,182,925  $11,031,088  $16,605,031 

Withdrawn  from  warehouse 1,266,670      1,188,988      2,070,644      1,6'*7,487 

Notwithf^tanding tie  increase  during  the  last  month,  the  total  foreign  imports 
aince  January  1st  are  $33,034,253  less  than  for  the  corresponding  ten  months  of 
last  year,  nnd  $37,194,902  less  than  for  the  same  period  of  1853,  and  $19,574,867 
less  than  for  the  same  period  of  1852,  as  will  appear  from  the  following: — 

rORKIGH  nCPORTB  AT    NSW  TORK  FOR  TEN   MONTHS   FROX    JANUARY   IST. 

1851.  18M.  18(4.        lUi. 

Entered  for  consumption $91,080,891  134,775,790  120,408,905  96,753.67$ 

Entered  for  warehousing 7,134,816     19,268,112    26.780.869  21.667.S88 

Freegoods 10.884.818     11,886.972     14,204,625  11,886,119 

Specie  and  bullion 2,214,644      2,168,669      2,029,995  788,898 

Total  entered  at  the  port...  $110,814,664  167,684,433  168,428,784  180,889^81 
Withdrawn  from  warehouse.     18,468,496     12,871,001     19,607,761    21,068,896 

There  has  been  a  steady  falling  off  in  the  receipts  of  specie  and  bullion,  bat 
this  is  a  very  small  item.  The  entries  for  warehousing  have  also  decreased,  bat 
the  withdrawals  for  consumption  have  increased. 

More  than  half  the  increase  in  the  imports  for  the  last  mon*h  is  in  dry  goods. 
One  record  of  the  latter  item  is  kept  in  even  weeks,  and  the  total  is  given  for 
the  four  weeks  ending  October  31^t.  This  shows  an  increase  for  the  month  of 
(3,1 18.330,  as  compared  with  the  same  period  of  'ast  \  ear;  t\  016,894,  aa  com- 
pared with  the  corresponding  period  in  1853;  and  $2,218,709,  as  compared  with 
October,  1852.  This  increase  extends  to  all  descriptions  of  goods,  as  win  appear 
from  the  following  comparative  summary: — 

IMFORTS  OF  FORBION  DRY  GOODS  AT  NSW  tORK  IN  OOTOBBR. 
BNTBRRD  FOR  OONSUMPTION. 

18St.         18SS.  \m.         18Si 

Manufactures  of  wool $1,077,608  $1,270,014  $678,508  $1,738«40 

Manufactures  of  cotton 887,464  606.323  266,96$ '     770^74 

Manufactures  of  sHk 1,317,806  1,397.424  681.969     1,666.267 

Manufactaresofflaz 418,464  486,069  842,655       718.110 

MiacellaDeous  dry  goods 168.879  292,485  245,998        426,027 

Total  entered  for  ooDBomption  .  $8,864,210    $8,901,805    $2,066,071  $5,819,218 

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WITHDRAW  raOH  WAEKB0U8B. 

1851.  186S.         \m.         18$i 

MaDufactureBofwool $49,986  1114,678  $336,435  $59.1U 

Manufnctures  of  cotton 28,798  49.881  62,319  67,360 

Mauufacturesofaiik 141.266  68,824  166.019  136,661 

ManufHCtures  of  flax 30,619  22,697  46.483  43.912 

MUcellaneooa  dry  goods 82,666  17,964  18,863  82,447 

ToUl $283,075       $268,844       $629,119     $329,483 

Add  entered  for  consumption 8.364,210      8,901,305      2,056,071     6,819,218 

Total  thrown  on  the  market .. .  $3,647,285    $4,160,149    $2,686,190  $6,648,700 

BNTIRBD  FOR  WARIHOUSINO. 

18SI.  186).  1854.         I86f. 

Manufactures  of  wool $86,195  $208,609  $193,851  $120,675 

Manufactures  of  cotton 57,130  244,165  70,686  188,752 

Manufactures  of  silk 19,718  278,991  111.091  69.626 

Manufactures  of  flax 27,984  166,144  179,706  108,412 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 53,776  22,624  98,088  21,240 

Total $244,803       $909,628       $663,321     $608,604 

Add  entered  for  consumption 8,364,210      8,901,805      2,066,071     6,319,218' 

Total  entered  at  the  port $3,609,018    $4,810,828    $2,709,892  $5,827,722 

Notwithstanding  this  increase  during  the  last  month,  the  total  receipts  of  dry 
goods  at  this  port  since  Janunry  Ist  are  919|362,600  less  than  for  the 'same  time 
last  year,  $25,793,260  less  than  for  the  same  time  of  1853,  and  83»505,171  less 
than  for  the  same  pericd  of  1852: — 

IMPORTS  or  FOREIGN  DRY  GOODS  AT  TBI  PORT  OF  NIW  YORK  FOR  TEN  MONTHS,  FROM 

JANUARY  IST. 

XNTRRXD  FOR  CONSITMFTION. 

ISii  18SI.         18i4.      '   ISifi. 

Manufactures  of  wool $18,166,688  $22,989,636  $17,209,293  $14,762,488 

Manufactures  of  cotton 8.294,133  12.722,388     12,669,194      7,284,754 

Manufactures  of  silk 18,337,661  28.922,551     23,898,759     18,878,689 

Manufactures  of  flax. 6,194,736  6.836,193      5,921,826      4,893,680 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods. 8,644,199  4,750,638      4,932,265      4,603,066 

Total $48,627,317  $76,220,301  $64,021,337  $60,822,562 

WITHDRAWN  FROM  WARIHOtmR. 

18i3.        18tt.         mi.        \m. 

Manufactures  of  wool $1,617,289  $1,912,709  $3,879,062  $2,271,944 

Manufactures  of  cotton 1,319,801  931,970  2,451,606  2,041,920 

Manufactures  of  silk 1,779.788  1,217,485  2,780,008  2,485.21 1 

Manulkcturesofflax 745,126  230,764  771,476  1,107,080 

MiscelUneoQs  dry  goods. 829,108  299,69?  360,425  740,646 

Total  withdrawn $6,691,007    $4,592,665  $10,232,461    $8,646,801 

Add  entered  for  consumption  . . .    48.627,317    76,220.801     64.021.887    60,822,662 

Total  thrown  upon  the  market.  $54,318,324  $80,812,866  $74,263,798  $58,969,368 


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BHTEEXD  VOE  WA&E&OUBINO. 

i8ii      ]8$i.        \m.      im. 

Maoofactaresofwool $l,186»(y72  |2,410,6S8  $4^99,887  11^69,684 

Manufactures  of  cotton 802,609  1,404^49  2,424,184  1,440,562 

Manufactures  of  silk 1,882,565  1,614,669  8,858,048  1,815,768 

Manufactures  of  flax 828,868  458,828  1,076,589  880,809 

Miscellaneons  dry  goods 866,575  887,167  680,287  618,791 

Total $4,515,189    $6,220,686  $11,988,940    $6,825,115 

Add  entered  for  consumption 48,627,817    76,220,801     64,021,887  *  50,822^62 

Total  entered  at  the  port  ...  $58,142,506  $82,440,987  $76,010,277  $56,647,677 
Turning  to  the  export  statistics,  we  find  the  statement  &r  more  favorable  than 
expected.  The  shipments  of  specie  and  bullion  during  the  month  have  &llen 
off  two-thirds ;  that  is,  over  $2,000,000,  while  the  exports  of  domestic  prodoee 
have  increased  nearly  $2,000,000.  The  total  exports  for  the  month  to  foreign 
ports,  exclusive  of  specie,  are  8l)'730,78l  more  than  for  the  same  month  of  last 
year,  $604,968  more  than  for  October,  1853,  and  $2,782,039  more  than  for  Oc- 
tober, 1852:— 

BzpoaTs  raox  nbw  toek  to  fobkign  poars  fob  thx  movth  of  ociobbs. 

im.       1851.      18S4.       im. 

Domestic  produce. $8,497,874  $5,459,401  $4,672,017  $6,614,14« 

Foreign  merchandise  (free). .... .  82,886  68,687  128,780  81,505 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable)...  484,801  719,584  816,012  201,939 

Specie 2,452,801  4,757,972  8,859,898  1,18840$ 

Total  exports $6,517,862  $11,000,594    $8,476,207    $8,035,699 

Total,  exclusive  of  specie 4,065,561      6,242,622      5,1 1 6,809      6,847,590 

For  the  first  time  during  the  current  year  the  total  exports  to  foreign  ports, 
exclusive  of  specie,  have  overtaken  the  shipments  for  the  preceding  year,  the  ag- 
gregate since  January  1st  being  $636,503  in  excess  of  the  corresponding  ten 
months  of  1854,  $2,681,203  more  than  for  the  same  period  of  1853,  and 
$25,087,126  more  than  for  the  same  period  of  1852.  The  exports  of  speeie 
since  January  1st  are  $7,935,836  less  than  for  the  first  ten  months  of  last  year : 

xzpOBTs  raoM  nbw  tobk  to  fobbion  fqbts  fob  txm  months  fbox  jakuabt  Isx. 

18$i.    18$l.    18M.     18iS. 

Domestic  produce. $84,289,486  $45,884,119  $47,897,861  $46,422,445 

Foreign  merchandise  (firee) 799,512      1,217,688      1,445,079      8.489.470 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable). .       8,768,974      4,112,098      8,915,655      8,983,183 
Specie. 28,106,187     19,765,780    88,568,141     25,627,805 

ToUl  exports $61,914,109  $70,979,625  $86,821,786  $79,622,403 

Total,  exclusive  of  specie 88,807,972    51,218,895    58,258,595    63,895,098 

The  exports  are  now  rapidly  increasing,  but  will  probably  be  partially  cheeked 
by  the  closing  of  canal  navigation.  There  are  already  indications  that  the  ship- 
pers are  growing  weary,  and  a  number  who  have  ventured  have  since  repented, 
snd  sold  out  their  invoices  on  shipboard  without  any  profit  With  a  slight  re- 
duction in  price,  oar  breadstoffs  most  still  be  largely  wanted,  and  our  formers 
can  afford  to  make  a  concession  and  still  reap  enormous  profits.  The  wheat 
which  has  been  shipped  has  averaged  more  than  $2  per  bushel  at  our  sesports, 
and  that  with  the  freight  is  a  higher  rate  than  the  middle  and  lower  classes  of 


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Europe  can  afford  to  pay.  We  annex  a  table  showing  the  shipments  of  certain 
leading  articles  of  domestic  production  from  New  York  to  foreign  ports  from 
January  Ist  to  November  20th : — 

XXPOBTB   or   CKBTAIN   ARTICLES  OF   DOMKSTIO   FBODUCS    F&OM   WW   YORK    TO    rOESIQN 
FOETB  FROM  JANUARY   IbT  TO  NOTEMBSE  20tH  : — 


Ashes — ^pots . . 

pearls , 

Beeswax 


.bbls. 


.Jbs. 


18$1.  18$S. 

8,827  11,977 

1,819  2,168 

284,889  147,081 


Breadsiuff$ — 

Wheat  flour  ..bbls. 

Bye  flour 

Corn  meal 

Wheat bush. 

Rye 

Oats 

Com 

Candles — mold^boxes 

sperm 

Coal tons 

Cotton ..bales 

Hay 

Hops 


822,892 

10,854 

64,563 

1,681,810 

816,158 

40,664 

8,868,274 

47,420 

9,409 

21,606 

282,169 

8,476 

6,855 


711,819 

19,681 

67,877 

2,118,466 

842,865 

80,082 

8,498.894 

60,847 

9.781 

18,124 

260,046 

6,222 

8,786 


18S4.  ISfiS. 

Nayal  stores.... bbls.    678,978  678,892 

Oils—whale galls.    280,187  267,160 

sperm    604,674  703,845 

lard 28,060  95,908 

linseed 7,088  11,000 

Provisions — 

Pork bbls.       96,119     189,827 

Beef. 62,256       59,848 

Cut  meats, lbs. .  ..16,196,048 16,815,198 

Butter 1,925,968    897.781 

Cheese 2,837,769  6,895,116 

Lard 18,016,020  7,891,997 

Rice tree      21.646      19,681 

TaUow lbs.  5,095,620  1,191,808 

Tobacco,  crude.,  pkgs  88,768  29,178 
Do.,manufactur€d.lbs.  8,204,471  4,660,690 
Whalebone 1,682,944  1,920,082 


It  will  be  seen  from  this  that  the  shipments  of  flour  are  nearly  as  large  as  for 
the  same  time  last  year,  while  the  exports  of  wheat  have  considerably  increased. 
The  clearances  of  Indian  corn  are  large,  but  not  quite  equal  to  the  correspond- 
ing total  for  last  year.  There  is  still  an  active  demand  for  wheat  and  flour  for 
export,  and  a  fair  shipping  demand  also  for  corn.  A  good  many  have  been  look- 
ing for  a  sudden  collapse  in  the  prices  of  breadstuffs,  anticipating  that  we  should 
overload  the  markets  of  Europe,  and  the  reaction  be  disastrous.  Up  to  the  date 
wo  write,  however,  there  has  been  no  indication  of  such  a  change,  and  prices 
have  been  very  high.  The  supplies  from  the  West  continue  to  pour  in  toward 
the  seaboard,  and  if  we  might  have  a  month  more  of  navigation,  all  the  surplus 
crop  might  be  ready  for  shipment  Meantime  the  prospects  for  our  own  country 
are  daily  growing  more  favorable.  The  high  prices  of  food  may  pinch  in  some 
quarters,  but  when  they  are  based  on  large  sales  for  export,  they  are  borne  more 
cheerfblly,  as  they  yield  us  a  golden  return.  The  whole  course  of  trade  since 
the  commencement  of  the  war  has  tended  to  draw  the  attention  of  the  world  to 
American  markets,  and  we  shall  ever  after  this  occupy  a  more  prominent  position 
among  those  who  feed  the  world. 


VBW  YORK  COTTON  MARKET  FOR  THE  MONTH  ENDING  NOVEMBER  28. 

PRBPAEBD  POR  TBI  XSRCHiUfTS' If  AOAZINB  BT  UHLHORN  &  FRBOBRICXf  OM,  BBOKBRtjMBWTOBK. 

Our  last  report  closed  on  the  26th  of  October,  since  which  prices  have  varied 
in  favor  of  holders  to  the  extent  of  ic.  to  ic.  per  pound.  The  total  sales  for 
the  four  weeks  previous  to  date  being  25,000  bales,  of  which  our  own  manufac- 
turers— who  are  quite  bare  of  stock — have  taken  fully  one-half;  the  balance  has 
been  principally  for  export,  there  being  but  little  done  on  speculation.  The  for- 
eign accounts  received  towards  the  close  of  the  month  being  of  a  favorable  char- 
acter, and  the  wants  of  our  own  spinners  being  urgent,  holders  have  been 


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enabled,  in  connection  with  an  exceedingly  small  stock,  to  obtain  the  abo?e  ad* 
vance  on  rather  an  indifferent  grade. 

The  Southern  accounts  received  during  the  past  month  represent  a  favorable 
appect  as  to  the  probable  extent  of  the  crop,  and  a  result  materinlly  exceedingly 
that  of  nny  former  period  is  by  many  well-informed  parties  confidently  expected. 
The  receipts  to  present  time,  although  not  indicative  as  to  the  result  by  any 
means,  show  an  increase  «»ver  last  year  of  245,000  bales.  The  total  foreign  ex« 
port  shows  a  gain  of  171,000  bales — the  increase  to  Great  Britain  being  134,(K)0 
bales ;  to  France,  12,000  bales;  other  foreign  ports,  25,000  bales^  Tt!i0  tbows 
a  fair  commencement  for  rather  a  late  opening  season  at  the  South,  with  low 
rivers  and  yellow  fever.  Prices  paid  have  also  been  remunerative  for  the  pro- 
ducer, notwithstanding  the  high  rates  of  freight  Operations  in  cotton  in  tran- 
situ have  thus  far  this  year  been  quite  limited,  but  as  the  system  was  foond  last 
year  to  work  favorably,  it  is  quite  probable  that  an  extensive  budness  will  be 
transacted  in  this  brunch  of  the  trade  as  the  season  progresses* 

For  the  week  ending  November  2d,  owing  to  reports  of  a  killing  frost  at  the 
South,  our  market  showed  a  slight  gain  on  the  quotations  of  the  previous  week. 
The  home  demand  also  ^\t  some  activity,  but  at  the  close  of  the  week,  there 
being  no  improvement  at  the  South  in  consequence  of  the  above  report,  onr 
market  closed  quiet  at  the  following,  with  sale»  fur  the  week  of  6,000  bales  :— 

PRICKS  ADOPTED   MOVEMBBB   2d  FOR  THE  FOLLOWING   QUAUTIES: — 

Upfauid.  FloKda.  Mobile.  N.  O.  It  Ttoak 

Ordinary 8  8  ^            ^ 

Middling , 9  H  9i            »f 

Mitidliug  fair 9i  H  10            loj 

Fair 10  lOJ  lOJ          11 

The  business  for  the  week  ending  November  9th  amounted  to  6,500  bales» 
and  under  foreign  advices  of  jd.  decline,  onr  market  advanced  folly  {c.  per 
pound.  This  upward  movement  is  to  be  ascribed  solely  to  onr  small  stock 
and  very  light  imports.  The  market  closed  firm,  with  small  offerings,  at  the  fol- 
lowing:— 

PEIOES  ADOPTED  MOVEMBBB   9TH   FOE  THE   FOLLOWING  QUALmCS: 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.O.&  Tessa. 

Ordinary. 8^  H  H               H 

Middling 9^  H  H                ^i 

MiddliDgfair 9i  9|  10^              10^ 

Fair 10^  10^  lOf              llj 

The  sales  for  the  week  ensuing  were  7,500  bales,  at  an  advance  of  jc  to  |c. 
per  pound,  owing  to  the  demand  for  the  home  trade  and  for  the  continent.  With 
a  decreasing  stock  and  light  imports,  holders  were  indifferent  sellers,  and  the 
market  closed  with  much  firmness  at  the  following  quotations: — 

PEIOBS  ADOPTED    NOVEMBER    16tH    FOR  THE  FOLLOWING   QOALmES  ! — 

Upland.  Florida.  MobHe.  N.O.^Texaa. 

Ordioary ^  H             H               H 

Middling 9i  9i               9f                 9f 

Middlingfair 10  10^  10^              IDf 

Fair 10^  lOi  II                ll| 

For  the  week  closing  at  date,  the  stringency  of  holders  retarded  operations, 
and  the  transactions  were  limited  to  forced  purchasers.  The  foreign  advices  per 
Canada  reporting  id.  advance,  added  to  the  firmness  of  sellers  wlihont  importlDg 


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Jxmrwd  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance.  '  719 

iocreaBed  activity  to  the  trade.    The  sales  for  the  closing  week  were  estimated 
at  6,000  bales,  market  closing  firmly  at  the  following : — 

PEICCS   ADOPTED  2(OY£3IBKK  2Sd  FOR  TBB  FOLLOWING  QUALITIER*. — 

Upland.  Florida.  Mobile.  N.O.ifcTexa8i 

Ordinary 8|  8i  9  9 

Middling 9f  9i  9J  10^ 

Middiingfair 10^  lOf  lOi  U 

Fair lOi  lOf  Wi  llf 


JOURNAL  OF  BANKING,  CURRENCY,  AND  FINANCE. 


CITY  TAXATION  IN  UNITED  STATES. 

Id  the  conrae  of  *ft  speech  delivered  in  the  Philadelpbift  Oity  Council  by  Mr.  Welsh 
OD  the  subject  of  city  taxation,  he  introduced  the  following  comparative  table  showing 
in  the  different  cities  named  the  proportion  of  tax  which  is  derived  from  real  ond  per- 
sonal property,  vis. : — 

Philadelphia,  real  estate  pays.. p.  ctL    98| 

personal 1  ^ 

New  York,  real  estate 69^ 


Cincinnati,  personal p.  ct.  8S 

Baltimore,  real  e«>tate 62 

fersonnl H8 

estate 66 

personal 44 

The  annual  cost  of  taxation  to  each  individual  is  thus  stated,  the  p<ipu1atiuD  m  each 
city  being  stated  at  the  6gure8  fixed  by  the  lost  census : — 


personal 80|{^ 

Cincinnati,  real  estate 67 


Qmx  lo  each 

Popolation. 

Taxet  levied. 

iiihnbluiit. 

136,881 

12,866,000 

tn  63 
15  25 

115,486 

l,458,COO 

12  68 

516,547 

6,466.0(10 

10  60 

169,054 

l,4:J'->,«97 

8  41 

408,762 

2,472,000 

6  06 

Boston 

Last  year  it  was 

Cincinnati 

New  York 

•  Baltimore 

Philadelphia 

It  will  be  seen  by  this  table  that  the  rate  paid  by  Philadelphia  is  lowest,  whiUt 
Baltimore  is  next.  But  in  Philadelphia  there  are  certain  other  taxes,  not,  \ie  thiuk, 
included  in  the  above.  They  are  levied  not  on  property,  but  on  the  iKTRtms  of  voters, 
who,  whether  holding  property  or  not,  are  liable  for  their  payment.  Such,  for  instai.ce, 
is  the  poll-tax  of  twenty-five  cents  a  year,  which  has  to  be  paid  as  a  couJiiioD  prece- 
dent to  voting.  The  addition  of  these  taxes  would,  perhaps,  go  f.ir  towurtis  equnliz- 
ing  the  taxation  of  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia.  From  other  portiony  of  Mr.  WeUh's 
•tatement,  which  appears  to  have  been  made  up  with  agood  deal  of  rL'Fe.iich,  we 
condense  the  following  statement  of  the  rate  of  taxation  on  propeity  iu  the  several 

cities  named  in  the  year  1855  x— 

Taxable  basta.  Bute  of  taxation. 

New  York. $487,000,000  $1  2i»  ou  $100 

Boston 242,849,200  0  77           loO 

Philadelphia 16O,00O,0C0  1  80          100 

Baltimore. 106,770,000  1  3Hi         100 

Cincinnati 89,485,000  1  63          100 

Mr.  Welsh  argues  that  in  Philadelphia  the  taxable  basis  is  under- estimated  to  a 
greater  degree  than  in  the  other  cities,  and  to  this  and  to  the  almost  total  exemption 
there  of  personal  property,  he  attributes  the  heavy  rate  of  taxation  which  pn^perly 
in  Philadelphia  has  to  pay.  The  State  tax  in  PhiladelphU  almost  amounts  to  thirty 
cents  on  the  dollar,  whilst  in  Baltimore  it  is  but  fifteen  cents.  What  is  the  rate  paid 
■by  the  other  cities  we  do  not  know. 


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720  Jourhal  of  Banking^  Currency,  and  Finance* 

BAiniio  ur  THE  uvrr£D  states— its  effects. 

The  OiDcmnaii  Price  Current  gives  utterance  in  %  leading  editorial  to  some  well- 
timed  remarka  on  thb  subject  The  Price  Current  b&js  that  credit,  when  kept  within 
proper  bounds,  is  a  necessary  auxiliary  to  Commerce  in  ail  ciTilized  nations;  in  (act, 
indispensably  so ;  but  when  the  use  of  credit  is  abused,  it  becomes  a  curse  to  the 
mercantile  community  in  the  State  or  nation  so  abusing  it  We  do  not  intend  dow 
going  into  details  in  regard  to  the  manner  in  which  commercial  credit  is  abused,  or 
how  it  may  be  abused,  but  will  simply  state  that  it  has  been  greatly  abused,  as  is 
well  known  in  this  country  during  the  last  few  years,  and  hence  the  source  of  all  the 
commercial  disaster  which  has  alternately  astonished  and  alarmed  the  country  witibin 
the  last  twenty  months. 

Nothing  affords  greater  facility,  or  holds  out  so  much  inducement  to  abuse  credit,  as 
banking.  The  power  to  make  and  circulate  bank  paper  as  money^,  is  a  more  import- 
ant and  dangerous  power  to  be  conferred  upon  any  indindual  or  corporation  than  is 
generally  supposed ;  and  why  is  it  so  ?  We  will  answer  this  question  by  asking  an- 
other ;  namely,  what  is  the  great  power  which  now  controls  the  affiurs  of  the  great 
European  nations  ?  Simply  the  money  power.  The  Rothschilds  are,  in  fact,  the  most 
powerful  men  in  Europe.  So,  then,  a  fearful  poWer  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  man 
or  corporation  authorised  by  the  State  to  make  and  circulate  paper  money,  or  any- 
thing for  money  which  is  not  of  an  intrinsic  yalue  commensurate  with  the  value  it 
assumes  as  a  circulating  medium.  It  may  be  asked,  has  banking  privileges  been  the 
cause,  directly  or  indirectly,  in  producing  in  this  country  the  disasters  which  her  Com- 
merce has  just  passed  through  I 

Our  reply  is  as  follows : — During  the  last  three  years  the  banking  capital  of  the 
United  States  has  increased  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  growth  of  the  wealth  and 
population  of  the  country.  In  1851,  there  were  just  eight  hundred  and  fifty -nine 
banks  and  branches  of  banks  in  the  entire  Union,  whilst  at  the  end  of  the  year  1854, 
the  number  had  increased  to  twelve  hundred  and  eighty ;  thus,  in  those  Uiree  yeais, 
the  number  of  banks  went  up  40  per  cent  while  in  the  same  period  the  inhabitants* 
did  not  increase  over  12  per  cent  It  is  likely  that  the  wealth  of  the  country  during 
these  years  increased  something  more  than  the  increase  of  the  population,  but  nothing 
like  the  increase  of  the  banks. 

At  the  close  of  the  year  1851,  the  bank  discounts  were  about  four  hundred  millioo 
dollars,  and  at  the  close  of  1854  they  had  increased  to  six  hundred  millions.  At  the 
former  period  the  specie  held  by  the  banks  was  about  forty-eight  mOliona,  and  at  the 
dose  of  the  latter  year  it  was  not  quite  sixty  millions.  The  only  safe  and  legitimate 
basis  for  banking  is  specie  money ;  any  other  is  illegitimate  and  dangerous.  In  the 
above  can  be  identified  the  lever  which  upheavod  the  commercial  and  financial  super- 
structures of  the  Union,  and  brought  bankruptcy  and  ruin  upon  the  country.  It  may 
be  said  that  it  was  overtrading.  This  is  true ;  but  this  was  only  the  effect  the  other 
the  cause.  Merchants  could  not  overtrade  without  capital,  real  or  fictitiousL  Hie 
banks  furnished  the  fictitious  capital,  and  men  went  into  business  extensively,  who 
should  not  have  done  so ;  jgoods  were  imported  which  ought  not  to  have  been  im- 
ported ;  railway  projects  were  undertaken  which  ought  not  to  have  been  even  at- 
tempted ;  and  speculation  in  everything  was  the  order  of  the  day.  The  farmer  left 
his  plow  and  his  ax  to  speculate ;  the  weaver  laid  by  his  shuttle  to  speculate ;  the 
clerk  left  his  counter  or  his  desk  and  figured  at  the  stock  board,  becoming  more  fii- 
miliar  and  entirely  more  absorbed  in  the  stock  bulletin  than  in  his  employer's  bas^ 
nes&  All  rushed  on  wildly  and  insanely  to  be  rich — ^but  the  race  was  short  siKi  the 
competitors  found  themselves  wallowing  in  the  mire  of  disappointment — the  chase 


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Jwfnuil  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Fifumce. 


ni 


over,  the  phutom  fled,  and  **  nwcal,"  **  swbdler.*' « thief,"  «  fugitive,"  «  bankrupt,"  aad 
•imilAr  deTices  stamped  upon  the  brows  of  the  yast  majoritj. 

It  must  not  be  inferred  from  the  above  that  we  are  opposed  to  banking,  because  we 
are  not ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  do  believe  that  sound  and  legitimate  banking  is  as  ne- 
cessary to  a  commercial  nation  as  is  credit.  It  is  the  magnitude  of  the  power  con- 
ferred upon  corporations  in  giving  them  banking  privileges,  and  the  disastrous  conse- 
quences consequent  upon  the  abuse  of  the  power,  which  we  have  attempted  to 
illustrate,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  whatever  that  the  right  to  issue  paper  money  is 
conferred  with  far  too  little  discrimination,  and  with  too  much  recklessness  by  our  law 
makers ;  and  hence  originates  a  large  amount  of  the  financial  and  commercial  revul- 
sions which  retard  the  prosperity  of  the  country. 


THE  MYSTERY  OF  EXCHAMGB  05  ElVOLiND. 

A  Pittsburgh  paper  comes  to  the  rescue  of  such  of  its  readers  as  are  bothered  in 
calculating  the  rates  of  exchange,  and  the  terms  made  use  of  by  money  brokers,  when 
buying  or  selling  drafts,  bills  of  exchange  on  England,  or  Bank  of  England  notes,  when 
the  decimal  method  is  substituted  for  the  £  s.  d.  in  England.  It  will  be  an  easy  mat. 
ter,  it  says,  to  know  when  exchange  is  at  par  or  against  the  country.  We  will  not 
fatigue  our  readers  with  the  dry  details  of  the  apparent  mystery  why  a  £  (pound) 
sterling  is  rated  at  $4  80  in  America  and  |4  44  in  England,  both  being  identically 
the  value  of  the  same  piece  of  gold,  called  a  Victoria  or  Sovereign,  but  we  will  furnish 
them  with  a  method  to  calculate  by,  when  it  is  said  exchange  on  London  is  at  a  pre- 
mium.   If  $4  80  is  par,  it  is  called  in  this  country  8  per  cent  premium. 

$4  81  is  represented  as 8^  per  cent; 

4  82  **  8i 

4  88  •*  8f        •* 

4  84  "  9  " 

When  a  party  sells  a  sovereign  in  this  country  for  $4  84,  (the  present  price,  and 
which  in  reality  is  a  premium  of  one  per  cent,)  then  look  out  for  a  close,  tight  money 
market,  as  gold  will  then  fly  out  of  the  market,  if  it  be  coin,  as  sovereignia,  or  any 
other  denomination  of  an  equivalent  standard ;  if  not,  dust  or  ingots  go.  It  would  be 
the  same  as  selling  a  silver  dollar  for  one  hundred  and  one  cents.  The  deoumd  for 
sending  away  the  gold  is  the  only  cause  for  the  premium. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  we  will  append  a  table  that  will  be  found  very  useful  to 
some  of  the  readers  of  the  Merchanti^  Magazine  ;  — 

TABLB  BBOWINQ  THE  VALUB  Or  STEaUirG  MONBT  IN  FEOBBAL  OaBBENCT,  raOM  DVB 
PKNXr  TO  OME  POUND. 


£ 

B. 

d. 

• 

Cents. 

£     s. 

d. 

Cents. 

0 

0 

1 

0 

03 

0  6 

0 

45  4-20 

0 

0 

2 

0 

04 

0  7 

0 

69  1-4 

0 

0 

8 

0 

06 

1-20 

•   0  8 

0 

98  8-8 

0 

0 

4 

0 

08 

1-20 

0  9 

0 

17  8-4 

0 

0 

6 

0 

10 

1-20 

0  10 

0 

42 

0 

0 

6 

0 

12 

2-20 

0  11 

0 

66  5-20 

0 

0 

7 

0 

14 

2-20 

0  12 

0 

90  1-5 

0 

0 

8 

0 

16 

2-20 

0  18 

0 

14  9-20 

0 

0 

9 

0 

18 

8-20 

0  14 

0 

88  1-2 

0 

0 

10 

0 

20 

8-20 

0  15 

0 

62  1-2 

0 

0 

11 

0 

22 

8-20 

0  16 

0 

87  2-20 

0 

0 

0 

24 

4-20 

0  17 

0 

12 

0 

0 

0 

48 

8-20 

0  18 

0 

86  1-4 

0 

0 

0 

72 

1-2 

0  19 

0 

60 

0 

0 

0 

96 

8-4 

0  20 

0 

84  4-20 

0 

0 

1 

21 

TOU  TTXTII. — WO.  ¥!• 


46 


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V22  Journal  cf  Bankinff,  Otarmey,  and  Fmane$. 

EXOHAHCHB  in  HEW  0RIAAI8. 

EATIS  or  BIGHT  XXOHANOB  OK  MSW  TOBK  AMD  TBI  XABTBER  OITIB,  AXTD  NBW  OBLBAHS, 

DU&IHO  THB  TBAB: — 


r  WKW  TOBK. V 

185S-4.        1844-4. 

Weekending—  p»m.       Dis.       P*m.      DIb. 

September   7 

14 i 

21 i 

28 f         ., 

October        5 ^ 

12 i         .. 

19 i         .. 

26 i         .. 

Noyember    5 i 

12 1 

19 i        .. 

26 1 

December    8 l 

10 f        ,. 

n f        .. 

^ i        .. 

81 i        .. 

January       7 ^ 

U 1 

21 1 

28 1 

February     4 1 

11 1 

18 f        .. 

26 f 

March  4 1 

11 1 

18 1 

25 n 

April  1 ij 

8 li 

16 li 

22 li 

29 li 

May  6 li 

18 U 

20 li 

27 li 

Jane  8 1 

10.. i 

17 li 

24 li 

July  1 li    •    .. 

8 li        .. 

16 li 

22 li 

29 If 

August         6 li 

12 1 

19 If 

26 If 

81 If 


, ^NBW  0RLBAH8.— — \ 

18SJ-4.         1844-4. 

Fm.       Dim.      Fm.      Diai 


par 
par 
par 


V» 


par 
par 
par 
par 
par 
par 

par 


f 

i 

par 
par 

par 


par 

par 


THE  BANKS  OF  SAif  FRANaSOO. 
The  banks  of  San  Francisco  are  natnrally  important,  as  being  the  depoaitories  c£ 
the  wealth  that  thousands  are  honriy  Mcnmulating  on  the  rich  **  placar  "  fielda.  TbeM 


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Jfnamal  of  Boaiking^  Currmc^y  <xnd  Finance. 


723 


buildings  are  of  briek,  Mid  baye  fire-proof  oellars ;  and  altboogb  at  tbe  time  tbey 
were  erected  tbe  outlay  was  enormous,  both  for  material  and  labor,  it  was  a  mere 
trifle  in  comparison  with  the  profits  of  their  owners.  The  banks  line  one  side  of 
Montgomery-street,  the  principal  thoroughfare  of  tbe  city ;  and  as  the  tpace  on  all 
sides  has  been  entirely  cleared  for  some  distance  by  the  fire,  this  row  of  buildings 
stands  alone  just  now  and  solitary,  like  the  speculative  **  terrace,"  with  "  extensive 
marine  view,"  that  fronts  an  unpopular  watering-place  in  England.  At  the  corner  of 
a  street  is  Burgoyne*s  Bank ;  you  enter  and  find  it  very  crowded  and  full  of  tobacco- 
smoke  ;  instead  of  the  chinking  of  money,  you  hear  a  succession  of  thumps  on  the 
counter,  as  the  large  leathen  bags  of  gold-dust  come  down  on  it  Some  of  the  clerks 
are  weighing  gold-dust,  some  are  extracting  the  black  sand  with  a  magnet,  and  others 
are  packing  it  in  bags  and  boxes.  The  depositors  are,  generally  speaking,  miners, 
who  haye  come  down  from  the  diggings,  fellows  with  long  beards  and  jack-boots,  and 
of  an  unwashed  appearance  for  the  most  part  However,  many  of  these  are  not  by 
any  means  what  they  seem;  they  have  just  arrived,  perhaps,  fram  a  toilsome,  dusty 
journey,  and  deposit  their  gold  as  a  first  precaution ;  and  before  the  evening  they  will 
have  been  metamorphosed  into  very  respectable-looking  members  of  society,  and  will 
remain  so  until  they  retnrn  again  to  the  digginga  Large  blocks  of  quartz  lie  about 
the  room,  in  all  of  which  are  rich  veins  of  gold.  These  have  been  sent  down  from 
the  ittountains  to  be  assayed ;  and  the  rich  yield  that  these  solitary  specimens  aflbrded 
led  some  time  afterwards  to  a  great  deal  of  very  ruinous  speculation,  for  it  had  been 
represented  that  these  specimens  were  average  samples  of  great  veins,  and  it  was 
only  when  money  had  been  expended  in  large  sums  that  it  was  discovered  that  thete 
rich  morsels  were  merely  accidental  deposits  of  gold,  and  by  no  means  indicated  the 
value  of  the  vems. 


REAL  A5D  PERSONAL  PROPERTY  IN  PHILADELPHIA. 

The  following  is  given  as  the  official  assessment  of  the  value  of  the  property  io  the 
city  of  Philadelphia,  as  assessed  for  city  and  State  purposes  i-^ 

Real  estate $142,1 86,203 

Number  of  personals 94,666 

Value  of  furniture $2,166,450 

Money  at  interest,  mortgages,  stocks,  Ac 17,609«898 

Number  of  horses  and  cows.. .  • 501,929 

Emoluments  of  office $188,884 

Number  of  gold  levers 8,880 

Plam  gold  and  silver  levers 1,121 

Plain  silver  watches 121          ^ 

The  real  estate  as  assessed  in  the  various  wards,  the  money  at  interest,  Ac^  will^ 
eeen  by  the  following  table :—  ( 


Wards. 
1 


Real  estate. 

.  $8,502,180 

2 4,612,957 

8 2,622,058 

4 2,570,640 

5 18,264,600 

6 20.758,782 

7 6,260,800 

8 12,024,872 

9 16,245,800 

10 7,754,688 

11 4,806,644 

12 8,773,265 

18 4,059,086 


Moaeyat 
interest,  &e. 

$2,000 
17,660 


1,220 

5,615,1984 

796.422 

1,008«856 

3,648,581 

2,800,924 

1,894,899 

142,090 

411,775 

229,608 


Ward*.  Seal  estate. 

14 $4,861,446 


16. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
28. 
24. 


6,771,881 
2,607,196 
1,840,821 
2,800,297 
6,052,780 
4,961,048 
2,647,200 
8,000,000 
4,248,800 
4,306,248 


MoDoy  at 
lnur8st,Ae 

$12,400 

116,810 

7,100 

11,612 
6,500 

48,780 
269,697 
960,000 
649,240 
259,987 


Total $142,186,202    $19*609,898 


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724  Journal  of  Banking,  Currency,  and  Fmmee. 

ACT  BEUTIVG  TO  BAIIK  CHARTSRS  II  ITEW  JBRSET. 

The  LfgislAture  of  New  Jersey  at  its  last  sessioD  passed  (he  subjoined  act,  iotro- 
ducing  vme  new  profisioDs,  with  a  view  to  the  greater  security  of  the  circolatiqg 
notes  of  the  inoorporated  banks  of  that  State : — 

And  he  it  •nacted.  That  if  the  said  corporation  shall  at  any  time  hereafter  become 
iDsolyeot,  the  whole  assets  of  the  said  corporation,  at  the  time  of  its  becoming  insol- 
vent,  shall  be  first  liable  for  the  redemption  of  its  bills  or  notes  then  in  circnlatioo, 
and  shall  be  first  applied  to  the  payment  thereof;  and  in  case  of  a  distribntion  of  the 
assets  of  said  corporation  among  Uie  creditors  thereof,  under  an  order  of  decree  of 
the  Court  of  Chancery,  or  other  court,  the  holders  of  such  bills  or  notes  shall  be  equal 
in  priority,  and  shall  baye  a  preference  over  all  other  creditors. 

And  be  it  enacted^  That  all  the  directors  of  said  corporation  shall  be  residents  of 
this  State,  and  shall  be  jointly  and  severally  liable  for  the  payment  of  all  the  bills  or 
notes  of  said  corporation,  which  may  be  in  circulation  at  the  time  of  its  becoming  in- 
eolyent,  and  may  be  jointly  and  severally  prosecuted,  at  law  or  in  equity,  by  any  re- 
ceiver or  receivers  that  shall  or  may  be  appointed,  for  the  payment  of  any  such  bills 
or  notes,  as  if  the  same  were  their  joint  and  several  bills  or  notes,  executed  by  them 
in  their  individual  capacity ;  and  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  director  of  said  corpo- 
ration to  resign  his  office  to  avoid  such  liability ;  and  if  any  director  shall  so  attempt 
to  resign  his  office,  he  shall  be  and  continue  liable  the  same  as  if  no  such  reaignatioe 
had  been  attempted ;  and  such  liability  of  directors  shall  continue  aAer  they  cease  to 
be  directors,  either  by  resignation  or  otherwise,  if  the  said  corporation  was  insolvent 
when  they  ceased  to  be  directors ;  and  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  director  to  assign 
or  transfer  his  stock  or  other  property  to  avoid  such  liability ;  and  in  case  of  the  pay- 
ment of  any  such  bills  or  notes  by  any  of  said  directors,  the  other  who  m%y  be  liabU 
shall  account  in  the  same  way  us  other  joint  debtors  are  accountable  to  each  other ; 
provided^  that  no  property  that  shall  or  may  be  levied  on,  or  taken  in  execution  under 
or  by  virtue  of  any  judgment  or  decree  in  favor  of  any  receiver  or  receivers,  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  be  sold  until  after  the  expiration  of  four  months  £rom 
t^e  date  of  said  judgment  or  de<Tee. 

And  be  it  enacted,  That  if  the  assets  of  said  corporation  and  the  property  of  said 
directors  shall  prove  insufficient  to  redeem  the  whole  of  the  said  bills  and  notes,  then 
the  amount  that  shall  or  may  be  realised  from  said  assets  and  property,  shall  be  dis- 
tributed rateably  among  the  holders  of  the  said  bills  and  notes. 

And  be  it  eneictedy  That  the  stockholders  of  said  corporation,  at  the  time  of  its  be- 
coming insolvent,  other  than  said  directors,  shall  be  jointly  and  severally  liable  to  any 
receiver  or  receivers  that  shall  or  may  be  appointed  as  aforesaid,  to  an  amonnt  suffi- 
cient tn  redeem  the  said  bills  and  notes,  after  the  assets  of  said  corporation  and  tbi 
property  of  said  directors  shall  have  been  distributed  as  aforesaid ;  provided^  that  no 
stockholder  other  than  said  directors  shall  be  made  liable  to  an  amount  earceeding  the 
par  value  of  the  stock  held  by  him  at  the  time  said  corporation  becomes  insolvent, 
and  if  that  amount  shall  not  be  required  for  the  full  redemption  of  said  bills  and 
notes,  then  the  said  stockholders  shall  be  liable  in  the  ratio  of  the  said  stock  so  heM 
by  them,  and  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  such  stockholder  to  assign  or  otherwise 
transfer  his  stock  or  other  property  to  avoid  such  liability. 


HAS  FRAHaSCO  SHIPMENTS  OF  GOLD  FOR  VlffE  MONTHS. 
The  San  Francisco  Price  Owrrent  furnishes  a  statement  of  the  valae  of  gold,  the 
produce  of  California,  manifested  and  shipped  from  that  port  during  the  qoartor  end- 
ing September  80th,  1855,  from  which  we  have  condensed  the  following  statements- 

SBIPMKirTS  FOE  THE  OUABTKR  BKniMO  SBFTBUBIK  SO,  1855. 

To  New  York.  To  London.  To  Panama.  To  Hong  Ko^ 

$11,426,282  84  fl,4l8,565  45  $44,798  89  $58,600 

Showing  a  total  for  the  quarter  of  $12,988,191  68.  The  shipments  during  the  prevh 
ous  six  months  amounted  to  $18,999,290  82 ;  being  a  total  for  the  first  nine  mootks 
of  1855  of  $81,987,482.  Shipped  during  the  same  period  last  year,  $87,216,881  18 
tifaiblting  a  diflerenca  in  iaTor  of  1854  of  $5,279,849  18. 


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Commercial  BegukUioni*  125 

PROJECT  OF  AH  IROH  CURRBHCT  II  GHHA. 

In  his  contributions  to  the  History  of  the  InsorreetioD  in  China,  published  in  the 
North  China  Herald,  May  6, 1854,  at  the  oonclnsioo  of  an  accoont  of  the  new  experi- 
ment of  a  paper  currency  recently  adopted  by  the  Chinese  goyernment,  Dr.  Macgowan 
thus  refers  to  the  project  of  an  iron  currency  in  China  : — 

"  Among  the  plans  submitted  to  the  Board  of  Revenue  for  meeting  the  present 
emergency,  that  of  the  governor  of  Shansi.  which  contemplates  the  issue  of  an  iron 
ooin,  18  the  most  singular.  It  does  not  appear  that  any  report  was  made  in  relation 
to  it>  because,  doubtless,  the  members  of  the  Board  were  belter  read  in  history  than 
the  memorialist,  and  knew  that  previous  attempts  of  the  kind  had  signally  failed. 
Chinese  writers  on  numismatics  briug  evidence  from  history  showing  that,  from  eleven 
to  fourteen  centuries  before  our  era,  coins  both  of  iron  and  lead  were  sometimes  in  use. 
The  experiment  of  iron  coinage  by  the  founder  of  the  Liang  dynasty,  in  A.  D.  623,  is 
best  known. 

**  In  050,  coins  of  iron  and  lead  were  common,  ten  of  the  former  being  equivalent  to 
one  of  the  latter.  About  that  period  a  prince  of  Fuhkien  issued  an  iron  coin,  bearing 
his  name — TienteK  In  general,  it  may  be  stated,  that  from  A.  D.  528  to  960,  many 
attempts  were  made  to  employ  the  Spartan  metal  for  money,  during  which  period 
fruitless  efforts  were  made  to  preserve  a  fixed  relation  between  it  and  copper ;  but 
the  law  of  supply  and  demand  was  stronger  than  imperial  edicts,  and  rendered  nuga* 
tory  these  uiinatural  restraints  of  government  It  is  singular  that  no  Chinese  govern- 
ment has  hitherto  undertaken  coinage  of  silver,  although  attempts  have  been  made  by 
local  officers  and  private  persons  to  imitate  the  Spanish  dollar ;  for  some  reasons,  not 
obvious,  these  experiments  have  failed.  En  pauani,  we  may  remark,  that  a  full  his- 
tory of  circulating  media  of  China  would  form  a  curious  monograph,  which,  besides 
throwing  much  light  on  the  mode  of  civilization,  would  be  found  replete  with  facts  of 
DO  small  interest  to  the  political  economist ;  tortoise  shells  and  the  shells  of  molluscs, 
•ilk,  doth,  buskin,  paper,  baked  earth,  tin,  tutenagae,  lead,  iron,  copper,  silver,  and 
gold — sometimes  separately,  sometimes  one  or  more  m  combuiatioo — have  all  been 
used  as  money ;  and  also,  to  eke  out  the  list,  brick-tea,  at  present  circulating  among 
the  northern  nomads." 


COMMERCIAL  REGULATIONS. 


CUSTOMS  REGDUTIONS  OF  THE  UIHTRD  STATES. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  under  date  of  the  Department,  November  1,  1866, 
preccribes  tor  the  government  of  oollectors  and  other  officers  of  the  customs,  the  sub- 
joined regulations,  which  are  published  in  the  MtrchanUf  Magazine  for  the  informa- 
tion of  ship-owners,  and  commercial  interests  generally.  It  will  be  seen  that  they 
relate  to— Ist  The  abatement  of  duties  for  damages  during  the  voyage  of  importa- 
tion. 2d.  To  foreign-built  vessels  wholly  owned  by  citixens  of  the  United  States,  as 
follows : — 

ABATEMBMT  OF  DCTTIBS  FOB  DAMAQES   DUaiMO  THB  VOTAGI    OF   IICPOaTATIOlf. 

1.  In  pursuance  of  the  5 2d  section  of  the  Qeneral  Collection  Act  of  the  2d  March* 
1799,  no  abatement  of  duties  on  merchandise  on  account  of  damage  occurring  during 
the  voyage  of  importation  can  be  allowed,  unless  proof  to  ascertain  such  damage  shall 
be  lodged  in  the  customhouse  within  ten  workmg  days  after  the  landing  of  such 
merdiandise. 

2.  The  term  "  during  the  voyage,"*  means  after  the  vessel  has  started  from  the  for- 
eign port  of  exportation,  and  during  the  voyage  to^  and  before  her  arrival  at  her  port 
of  destination  m  the  United  States. 

8.  ^e  proof  of  damage  required  to  be  lodged  with  the  collector  within  ten  days 
after  landing,  will  cousist  uf  the  claim  of  the  owner  or  importer  for  allowance,  in  wri- 
ting, subscribed  and  sworn  to  by  him,  specifying  by  marks  and  nnmbers  the  particalar 


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f^  Oommercial  RegulaHoM. 

articles  or  packages  irhich  are  alleged  to  be  damaged,  yerified  bj  some  competent  and 
disinterested  person,  under  oath,  who  has  ezamioed  the  same ;  and  the  official  ezami- 
nation  and  appraisement  must  be  confined  to  the  artides  and  packages  so  specified, 
and  proved  to  have  received  damage  during  the  voyage,  except  m  the  case  of  the  dis- 
covery of  damage  in  the  appraisers'  department,  as  hereinafter  prescribed. 

The  forms  of  application,  oath  of  applicant,  and  sworn  statement  of  witness  shall  b& 
as  follows,  viz. : — 

[These  are  omitted.] 

4.  Upon  the  production^of  the  proof  before  indicated,  the  collector  shall  issue  an  ap- 

Siraisement  order,  and  cause  the  same  to  be  conveyed  by  a  clerk  or  messenger,  without 
elay,  to  the  appraisers  of  the  port,  who  will  forthwith  personally  attend  to  the 
examination,  or  designate  one  or  more  examiners,  or  an  assistant  appraiser,  for  aoch 
duty. 

6.  When  (he  articles  are  damaged  not  exceeding  SO  per  cent,  the  examination  most 
be  made  by  an  assistant  appraiser  and  at  least  two  examiners ;  and  by  a  principal  or 
general  appraber  and  two  examiners,  if  the  damage  exceed  30  per  cent 

[At  ports  where  there  are  no  appraisers,  the  collector  and  naval  officer,  if  there  be 
one,  and  the  collector  alone,  if  there  be  no  naval  officer,  will  examine  and  appraise 
damage.] 

6.  The  collector  is  authorized  in  any  case  to  require  the  general  appraiser,  if  there 
be  one  in  the  district,  to  superintend  and  assist  in  the  ascertaining  iA  any  damage  on 
the  voyage  of  importation,  and  who  will  certify  the  return  in  addition  to  that  of  the 
other  examining  officers. 

7.  All  dry  goods,  fancy  articles,  hardware,  cutlery,  tobacco,  cigars,  and  manuiae- 
tured  articles  generally,  contained  in  packages,  and  all  other  articles,  whenever  prac- 
ticable in  the  discretion  of  appraisers,  must,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  damage 
sustained  on  the  voyage  of  importation,  be  sent  to  the  appraisers*  stores  at  the  expense 
of  the  importer,  and  reasonable  charges  made  by  the  collector  for  labor  and  storage ; 
and  in  all  cases  where  examination  for  damage  is  made  at  any  other  place,  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  importer  or  claimant  for  the  abatement  of  duties  by  reason  of  damage 
on  the  voyage,  to  have  the  packages  or  goods  properly  arranged,  assorted,  opened, 
and  exhibited,  so  that  the  appraisers  may,  with  as  little  delay  as  poesiUe,  and  in  the 
clearest  manner,  inspect  and  ascertain  the  actual  damage  incurred. 

8.  In  no  case  shall  any  damage  be  allowed  beyond  50  per  cent,  nor  exceeding  the 
•um  of  12,000,  except  perishable  articles,  unless  the  merchandise  shall  have  been  per- 
sonally examined  by  at  least  one  principal  appraiser,  or  an  appraiser  at  large,  if  there 
be  one  at  the  port,  nor  until  such  proposed  allowance  shall  be  reported  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury,  and  his  sanction  obtained  thereto. 

9  No  damage  is  to  be  allowed  in  any  case  except  on  merchandise  on  whidi  damage 
is  duly  claimed,  proved,  and  found  by  the  examining  officers,  on  actual  inspeetkiii,  to 
be  a  substantial  and  actual  damage,  and  incurred  during  the  voyage  of  importatioti ; 
and  if  the  articles  be  contained  in  a  package,  the  package  must  be  opened,  and  a 
strict  examination  made,  in  order  that  tue  extent  of  actual  damage  may  be  ascer- 
tained, and  fictitious  or  pretended  damage  detected. 

10.  No  average  allowance  for  damage  is  to  be  made  ;  and  damage  on  the  voyage 
of  importation  is  to  be  ascertained  by  reference  to  the  value  of  the  merchandise  m 
the  principal  markets  of  the  country  whence  imported,  and  not  according  to  the  home 
valuation.    Auction  or  forced  sales  are  not  regarded  as  a  Our  criterion  of  damage. 

11.  When  the  damage  in  any  case  can  be  removed,  and  the  article  restored  to  a 
sound  state,  the  expense  of  that  process  will  be  the  proper  measure  of  damage,  and 
the  allowance  should  not  exceed  that  amount. 

12.  The  dipcbajgin^  officer  shall  keep  a  strict  account  and  record  of  such  artidea  ab 
appear,  on  unlading  tne  vessel,  to  be  damaged,  and  shall  make  return  of  the  same 
to  the  collector. 

18.  Whenever  any  merchandise  undergoing  examination  in  the  appraisers'  depart- 
ment is  discovered  to  be  in  a  damaged  condition,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  officers  so 
discovering  the  same  to  notify  the  appraisers  thereof,  who  will  at  once  personally  in- 
spect the  merchandise,  and  will  report  to  the  collector  in  regard  to  the  damage  faavnig 
occurred  during  the  voyage;  and  if  the  collector  shall  concur  with  them  in  the  opin- 
ion that  the  damage  did  eo  occur,  he  wUl  issue  an  order  for  the  ascertamment  aad  «•- 


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Commercial  B$gulaiion».  '727 

timate  thereof^  as  in  other  cases,  without  reqairing  the  proof  from  the  importer,  here- 
tofore prescribed.  It  must  be  uuderstood,  however,  that  no  such  appraisement  of 
damage,  or  allowance  therefor,  can  be  made  unless  the  damage  was  so  discovered  by 
the  apprabers  within  ten  working  days  after  the  landing  of  the  merchandise. 

14.  The  estimate  of  damage  must,  in  all  eases,  be  certified  by  one  of  the  principal 
•l^aiserB. 

16.  The  officers  appointed  to  make  examination  of  damage  shall,  when  such  exam- 
ination is  completed,  return  the  appraisement  order,  with  the  per  centage  allowed  in- 
dicated thereon,  and  verified  by  signature,  to  the  general  appraiser,  if  there  be  one  at 
the  port,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  carefully  to  examme  the  same,  and  if  he  finds  any  ob- 
jection thereto,'  he  will  report  the  same  to  the  local  appraisers,  returning  to  them  the 
appraisement  order,  and  they  shall  make  such  further  examination  as  they  may  think 
proper.  The  appraisement  order,  after  the  damage  shall  haye  been  duly  estimated 
and  certified,  will  be  returned  without  delay  by  a  clerk  or  messenger  to  the  collector 
of  the  port. 

16.  Damage  on  the  voyage  of  importation  must  be  ascertained  at  the  port  where 
the  vessel  originally  entered,  and  cannot  be  certified  from  any  other  port;  and  no  re- 
appraisement  is  authorized  by  law  in  case  of  allowance  for  damage. 

17.  The  law  authorizes  an  allowance  to  be  made  in  the  assessment  of  duties  for 
OiCtual  damage  occurring  during  the  voyage  of  importation,  properly  proved  and  esti- 
mated ;  and  any  instructions  heretofore  issued  confining  the  allowance  to  particular  ar- 
ticles, or  particular  modes  of  damage,  are  hereby  annulled ;  the  damage  in  every  case 
being  a  matter  of  fact,  to  be  proved  and  estimated  in  the  manner  prescribed. 

18.  Collectors  of  the  customs  and  appraisers  will  each  keep  a  record  of  damage8> 
which  shall  exhibit  the  following  particulars,  and  monthly  returns,  according  to  the 
following  form,  shall  be  made  by  collectors  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

FOaXIQN  BUILT  VESSELS  WHOLLT  OWNED  BT    CITIZEM8  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Inquiry  is  frequently  made  of  this  Department  as  to  what  documents  can  be  issued, 
under  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  to  foreign  built  vessels  purchased  and  wholly 
owned  by  citizens  of  the  United  States,  whether  purchased  of  belligerents  or  neu* 
trals  during  a  war  to  which  the  United  States  are  not  a  party,  or  in  peace,  of  foreign 
owners,  the  purchase  in  either  case  being  in  entire  good  /aith. 

Vessels  so  purchased  and  owned  are  entitled  to  the  protection  of  the  authorities 
and  flag  of  the  United  States,  as  the  property  of  American  citizens,  although  no  reg- 
istry, enrolment,  license,  or  other  marine  document,  prescribed  by  the  laws  of  the 
United  States,  can  be  lawfully  issued  to  such  vessels. 

To  enable,  however,  the  owners  of  a  vessel  so  circumstanced  to  protect  iheir  rights 
if  molested  or  questioned,  the  collector  of  the  customs,  though  forbidden  by  law  to 
grant  any  marine  document  or  certificate  of  ownership,  may  lawfully  make  record  of 
Uie  bill  of  sale  in  hb  office,  authenticate  its  validity  in  form  and  substance,  and  de- 
liver to  the  owner  a  certificate  to  that  effect ;  certifying,  also,  that  the  owner  is  a  citi- 
zen of  the  United  States. 

These  facts,  thus  authenticated,  if  the  transfer  was  in  good  faith,  entitle  the  yessel 
to  protection  as  the  lawful  property  of  a  citizen  of  the  United  States ;  and  the  au- 
thentication of  the  bill  of  sale  and  of  citizenship  will  be/>rtma/atft>  proof  of  such 
good  faith. 

In  all  cases,  therefore,  where  the  evidences  of  the  purchase  of  a  foreign  vessel  by 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  with  proof  of  citizenship  and  of  the  bona  fide  character 
of  the  purchase,  shall  be  furnished  to  a  collector  of  the  customs,  he  will,  if  the  proof 
be  satisfactory,  and  purchase  deemed  fair,  record  the  bill  of  sale  in  his  office,  and  de- 
liver to  the  party  the  original,  with  a  certificate  indorsed  thereon. 

Before  granting  such  certificate,  the  collector  of  the  customs  will  require  the  ton^ 
nage  of  the  vessel  to  be  duly  ascertained  in  pursuance  of  law,  and  insert  the  same  in 
the  description  of  the  vessel  iu  his  certificate. 

It  will  be  distinctly  understood,  however,  that  vessels  not  registered,  enrolled,  or 
licensed,  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  wholly  owned  by  citizens  thereof,  can- 
not legally  import  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  from  foreign  ports,  and  are  subjected, 
in  the  coasting  trade,  to  disabilities  and  exactions,  from  whicn  documented  vessels  of 
the  United  States  are  exempted. 

On  arrival  from  a  foreign  port,  such  undocumented  yessel,  if  laden  with  goods, 
wares,  or  merchandise,  will,  with  their  cargoes,  be  subjected  to  forfeiture.    If  in  bal- 


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last  only,  or  with  passeogers  without  cargo,  they  will  be  satjeet  to  %  tODoage  daty  of 
ODe  dollar  per  too. 

In  the  coastwise  trade,  each  undocumented  yesselfi,  if  laden  with  good!*,  wares,  and 
merchandise  of  the  growth  or  manufacture  of  the  Uuited  States  only,  (distOled  apirits 
only  excepted,)  taken  in  within  one  district  of  the  United  States,  to  be  discharged  in 
another  district  within  the  same,  or  in  ballast,  will  be  subjected  at  every  port  of  the 
United  States  at  which  they  may  arrive,  to  payment  of  the  fees  prescribed  by  law  in 
the  case  of  vessels  not  belonging  to  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  to  a  tonnage 
duty  of  one  dollar  per  tun.  But  if  they  have  on  board  any  articles  of  foreign  growth 
or  manufacture,  or  distilled  spirits,  other  than  sea  stores,  euch  vessels,  with  their  tackle, 
apparel,  furniture,  and  the  lading  found  on  board,  will  be  forfeited.  And  the  master 
or  commander  of  any  such  vessel  bound  from  one  district  in  the  United  States  to  an- 
other district  within  the  same,  must  in  all  cases  comply  with  the  provisions  of  the 
22d  and  24th  sections  of  the  Coasting  Act  of  the  18th  February,  1793.  in  regard  to 
reports,  manifests,  permits,  entries,  and  other  requirements  therein  contained ;  and  oo 
n^lect  or  refusal  to  comply  with  any  of  them,  he  will  incur  the  penalties  therein 
prescribed. 

The  provisions  of  that  section  apply  to  undocumented  vessels  passing  from  one  eel- 
lection  district  to  another  coUectioti  district  within  the  United  States ;  such  vessels 
not  being  embraced  within  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  2d  March,  1819,  and  the  11th 
section  of  the  act  of  7th  May,  1822,  dividing  the  coast  of  the  United  States  into  cer- 
tain great  districts,  for  the  better  regulation  of  the  coasting  trade. 

A  separate  record  will  be  kept  of  these  vessels,  and  in  the  tonnage  retoms  to  the 
Department  they  will  be  reported  in  a  separate  column,  under  the  head  of  **  Foreign 
built  vessels  owned  by  citizens  of  the  United  States." 

DATS  OF  KXPORTATION  FEOIC  FOaEIGN  PORTS. 

Collectors  of  the  customs  will  enforce  the  following  regulations  at  tbeu*  aeveral 
ports  on  the  entry  of  vessels  from  foreign  port%  to  wit : — 

The  master  or  commander  of  each  and  every  vessel,  arriving  from  a  foreign  port, 
should  be  requested  to  state,  on  entry  of  the  same  at  the  custom-house,  at  what  date 
the  vessel  sailed  from  the  foreign  port  of  departure. 

JAMES  GUTURiEfSecreUryortbel 


BONDED  GOODS  PASSIHG  THROUGH  CA5AD1. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  has  written  a  letter  to  the  Collector  of  the  port  of 
Buffalo,  of  which  the  following  is  an  extract,  wherein  he  decides,  as  will  be  seen,  that 
the  '*  CoUingwood  Koute,"  so  called,  b  admitted  to  the  same  privileges,  and  declared 
subject  to  the  same  regulations  in  regard  to  bonded  goods,  the  growth  and  product  o^ 
the  United  States,  passing  through  Canada,  as  that  of  the  Great  Western  Railway ; 
and  that  such  goods  must  be  accompanied  by  manifests,  embracing  the  articles  of 
American  as  well  as  foreign  origin.  The  particulars  are  in  the  followmg  extract  from 
a  letter  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  the  Collector  at  Buffido,  dated  October 
22d,  1856  :— 

Sia :— On  due  compliance  with  the  conditions  prescribed  by  the  regulations  in  Treas- 
ury Circular  Na  54,  of  date  2d  July,  1866,  routes  from  the  Atlantic  ports  by  way  of 
Ogdensburg,  Oswego,  and  Buffalo,  and  the  CoUingwood  Railway  between  Toronto  and 
Colliogwood,  in  Canada,  to  warehousing  ports  in  the  United  States,  on  Lakes  Hann 
and  Michigan,  are  designated  as  routes  over  which  bonded  merchandise  can  be  trans- 
ported from  one  port  in  the  United  States  to  another,  through  that  part  of  Canada 
traversed  by  that  road,  under  the  same  regulations  as  those  prescribed  in  that  circular 
for  bonded  merchandise  passing  through  portions  of  Canada  over  the  Great  Western 
Railway. 

In  regard  to  foreign  merchandise  duly  entered  and  free  of  duty,  or  duty  paid,  and 
merchandise  of  domestic  origin,  whenever  such  merchandise  is  to  be  transported  over 
these  routes  into  Canada,  and  thence  into  the  United  States,  to  prevent  detention  <^ 
the  goods,  and  frauds  on  the  public  revenue,  the  merchant,  owner,  <>r  shipper,  before 
the  goods  are  laden  or  shipped  for  transportation,  must  present  manifests  to  triplicata 
to  the  collector  at  the  port  of  departure,  which  manifest  shall  specify  the  kinds  and 
quantities  of  the  articles,  and  the  marks  and  numbers  of  the  packages  shipp^  bj 


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(hmmercial  R$g%laUoM.  729 

bim,  tibe  [>ort  of  destioatioD,  to  whom  ooDsi^oed,  and  the  route  over  which  the  trans- 
portatioo  ia  to  be  made ;  speeifying  the  articles  that  are  of  American  production  or 
manufacture,  and  such  as  are  of  foreign  pro*iactiou  or  manufacture,  and  free  of  duty, 
or  duty  paid ;  to  the  truth  of  which  he  will  make  declaration,  and  sign  his  name 
thereto. 

The  collector  will  indorse  on  the  manifest  his  certificate  of  the  facta. 

One  of  the  manifests  will  be  retained  bj  the  collector,  one  will  be  forwarded  by  the 
shipper  to  the  consignee  at  the  port  of  destination,  and  the  other  accompany  the 
goods. 

On  the  arrival  of  the  merchandise  at  the  port  of  destination  in  the  United  States, 
and  presentauon  of  the  manifests  and  certificate  to  the  collector,  if  he  finds  the  pack- 
ages conform  to  the  manifest  and  certificate,  he  will  issue  a  permit  fur  the  delivery  of 
the  goods,  if  of  domestic  origin,  or  foreis^n  origin,  if  free  of  duty,  or  duty  paid. 

Goods,  in  respect  to  which  the  prescribed  manifests  and  certificate  are  not  produced, 
or  discrepancies  exciting  a  just  suspicion  of  fraud,  will  be  treated  as  of  foreign  pro- 
duction, and  subjected  to  the  duties  imposed  by  law. 

•  *••••••• 

JAMBS  GUTHRIE,  Secretary  of  the  Treasary. 


ACT  OF  L0UI8IA5A  RELATIVE  TO  NOTARIES  IBT  IVEW  ORLEANS. 
The  following  act,  regulating  notaries  in  New  Orleans^  was  approved  March  14, 1865, 
and  is  now  in  force : — 

AN  ACT  BELATIVB  TO  NOTAaiSS  IN  NEW  OBLSANS. 

Section  1.  That  it  shall  be  the  doty  of  the  notaries  in  New  Orleans  to  cause  every 
deed  of  sale,  donation,  or  any  other  sort  of  conveyance  of  real  estate  or  slaves,  passed 
before  them  respectively,  even  when  the  parties  shall  agree  to  dispense  therewith,  to 
be  registered  at  the  office  of  the  Register  of  Conveyances  for  New  Orleans,  within 
forty- eight  hours  after  the  passage  of  said  acts,  and  thb  under  the  penalty  of  five  hun- 
dred dollars  fine,  to  be  recovered  before  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction,  for  the 
use  and  profit  of  the  Charity  Hospital,  and  also  under  the  penalty  of  being  liable  for 
all  damages  which  the  parties  may  suffer  through  the  neglect  of  said  notary  to  register 
the  said  acts. 

Ssa  2.  That  the  Governor  shall  not  appoint  or  commission  any  notary  public  in 
and  for  the  parish  and  citv  of  New  Orleans  who  shall  fail  to  furnish  him  with  a  cer- 
tificate from  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  certifying  to  the  qualifications  requisite 
to  perform  the  duties  of  said  ofiice ;  that  all  notaries  public  in  the  parish  of  New 
Orleans  shall  give  bond,  with  security,  in  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars  for  the  faith- 
Ibl  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  office. 

Sbo.  8.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  register  of  conveyance  to  affix  to  the  act 
to  be  enregistered,  a  certificate  that  he  has  enregi^tered  the  same. 

Seo.  4.  That  hereafter  neither  the  sheriff  nor  the  notaries  of  the  parish  of  Orleans 
shall  pass  or  execute  any  act  for  the  sale,  transfer,  or  exchange  of  any  real  estate 
situated  within  said  parish,  unless  the  State,  parish,  and  municipal  taxes  due  on  the 
same,  be  first  paid,  to  be  shown  by  the  tax  collector's  receipt,  or  certificate  to  that 
purpose. 

Sso.  6.  That  the  sheriff  or  notary  public  violating  the  proyisions  of  the  preceding 
section,  shall,  upon  conviction  thereof,  be  fined  in  a  sum  of  not  less  than  fifty,  nor  more 
than  two  hundred  dollars,  for  each  violation,  to  be  recovered  by  the  district  attorney 
for  the  use  of  the  Free  Schools  for  the  parish  of  Orleans,  before  any  competent 
tribunal. 

Sbo.  6.  That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  each  and  every  notary  public  in  New  Orleans  to 
appoint  one  or  more  deputies  to  assist  him  in  the  making  of  protests,  and  delivery  of 
notices  of  protests  of  bills  of  exchange  and  promissory  notes :  provided  that  each 
notary  shall  be  personally  responsible  for  the  acts  of  each  deputy  employed  by  him. 
Each  deputy  shall  take  an  oath  faithfully  to  perform  his  duties  as  such.  The  certifi- 
cate of  notice  of  protest  shall  state  by  whom  made  or  served.  * 

Seo.  7.  That  all  laws  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  all  laws  on  the 
same  subject-matter,  except  what  is  contamed  in  the  Civil  Code  and  Code  of  Practice, 
be  repealed. 


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7^  Commercial  ReguhMens. 

OF  EXBCUTIOilS  AND  SALE  OF  PftOPERTT  19  LOUISUIA. 

We  give  below  a  correct  copy  of  an  act  regulating  the  ieeaance  and  returns  of  eze- 
cutiona,  and  the  sale  of  property  thereon^  passed  at  the  last  session  of  the  Louisiana 
Legislature,  and  approved  March  15,  1855  : — 

AM  ACT  &BGULATIMO  THX  I88UAN0B  AWD  RSTUEHS   OV   BZSOUTIQm,  AMD   THE  SALX  OF 
PROPERTT  THBIUTON. 

Section  1.  That  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  sher- 
ifl&,  coroners  when  acting  as  sheriffs,  and  constables,  to  return  all  writs  oi  fieri  fadaB^ 
to  them  or  any  of  them  directed,  on  the  return  days  named  in  said  writs,  and  if  any 
sheriff,  coroner,  or  constable,  shall  fail  to  make  due  return  of  such  writ  on  the  return 
day  thereof,  such  officer  and  his  official  sureties  shall  be  held  liable  to  pay  to  any 
party  the  damages  sustained  in  consequence  of  such  failure. 

Seo.  2.  That  m  all  cases  where  a  seizure  of  property  shall  have  been  made  under 
a  writ  of  fieri  facias,  and  the  officer  making  such  seizure  shall  not  be  able  to  sell  such 
property  before  the  return  day  of  the  writ,  such  officer  shall  nevertheless  make  due 
return  of  such  writ  on  the  return  day  thereof,  as  hereinbefore  provided. 

Seo.  3.  That  the  cfficer  aforesaid,  at  the  time  of  making  return  as  required  in  the 
preceding  section  of  this  act,  shall  make  and  retain  a  copy  of  the  writ,  duly  certified 
by  himself,  and  it  shall  be  his  duty  to  proceed  under  sucn  certified  copy  in  the  same 
manner  as  though  the  original  writ  was  in  his  hands,  and  to  make  a  return  thereon. 

Seo.  4.  That  hereafter  the  return  of  any  writ  of  fieri  facias,  on  the  return  day 
thereof,  shall  in  no  case  operate  as  a  release  of  the  seizure  of  property  made  under 
such  writ,  or  as  a  discharge  of  any  lien  acquire^  by  a  service  of  such  writ,  unless  the 
property  so  seized  shall  have  been  duly  sold,  or  unless  such  seizure  shall  have  been 
released  by  order  of  the  party  in  whose  favor  it  was  made,  or  by  order  of  a  court  of 
competent  jurisdiction. 

Sia  6.  1  hat  hereafter  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  judgment  creditor  entitled  to  exe- 
cution, to  issue  several  writs  of  fieri  facias  to  difl^rent  parishes  at  the  same  time ; 
provided  that  when  the  property  of  any  defendant  in  execution  shall  be  under  seizure 
m  different  parishes  at  the  same  time,  such  defendant  shall  have  Uie  right  to  have  a 
reduction  of  the  seizures  which  shall  have  been  so  made  upon  showing  that  the 
amount  of  property  so  seized  is  more  than  sufficient  to  satisfy  his  crediior*s  judg^ 
ment ;  and  provided  also  that  such  seizing  creditors  shall  be  liable  to  pay  the  defend- 
ant in  execution  such  damages  as  the  latter  may  have  sustained  in  conseqaeoce  of  any 
excessive  seizures  made  at  his  instance. 


OF  KEEPING  GUNPOWDER  IN  NEW  TORE. 

AN  ABSTEACT  OF  THE  ACT  OF  TUB  LEOISLATUBK   OF  NEW  TOEK   EXSPECIING  THE  KEEPING 
OF  GUNPOWDER  IN  THE  OITT  OF  NEW  TORE. 

An  act,  passed  May  18, 1846,  in  relation  to  the  keeping  of  gunpowder,  saltpeter 
and  certain  other  substances  in  the  city  of  New  York,  provides : — 

Section  1.  That  gunpowder  shall  not  be  kept  by  any  person  in  New  York,  south  oC 
42d-Btreet,  without  licenses. 

Seo.  2.  The  Mayor  may  grant  licenses  to  sell  powder  at  retail,  and  persooe  liceoaed 
may  keep  on  their  premises  a  quantity  of  gunpowder  not  exceeding  in  all  tw^ve 
pounds,  to  be  put  up  in  light  tin  or  copper  canisters,  capable  of  containing  only  one 
pound  each.  Such  persons,  in  order  to  be  protected  from  the  penalties  of  tbis  acl» 
must  place,  on  a  conspicuous  part  of  the  front  of  their  houses,  in  large  and  legible 
characters,  the  words  **  licensed  to  sell  gunpowder.*' 

Sec.  8.  Persons  actually  dealing  in  gunpowder  may  have  five  quarter-casks,  and  no 
more,  at  one  time  on  the  walk  in  front  of  their  stores,  for  the  purpose  of  packing  it, 
or  sending  it  out  of  the  district  specified  in  section  1 . 

SEa  18.  Sulphur,  in  greater  quantities  than  one-half  ton,  and  other  combustible 
materials,  are  prohibited  to  be  kept  south  of  Hth-street 

Seo.  10.  No  person  shall  keep  more  than  five  hundred  pounds  of  saltpeter  in  one 
building  south  of  42d-street 

Sec.  17.  Salt^ter  maj,  however,  be  kept  in  any  quantity  in  anjr  fireproof  buil<fing 
in  New  York,  provided  it  be  the  only  merchandise  kept  or  stored  in  the  building. 

Ssa  18.  Any  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  except  where  otherwite  ex- 
pressly provided,  shall  subject  the  offender  to  a  fine  of  $500  for  each  offense,  and  so^ 
offenders  ooay,  on  oonvictioo,  be  imprisoned  ibr  one  year. 


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Oommereial  RepuloHom.  HI 

8sa  19.  If  any  persons  are  injared  at  any  fire  in  New  York,  in  the  district  epec^ed 
in  section  1,  by  means  of  any  explosion  resnltiof^  from  the  violation  of  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  relatinfi^  to  saltpeter  or  gunpowder,  the  persons  guilty  of  violating  tiie  law 
shall  be  punished  by  an  imprisonment  of  two  years  in  the  State  prison.  If  such  vio- 
lation occasions  the  death  of  any  person,  tiie  oflbnder  shall,  on  conviction,  be  deemed 
guilty  of  manslaughter  in  the  third  degree,  and  punished  as  now  provided  by  law  for 
that  crime. 

DUTIES  UP05  GRAIN  IMPORTED  INTO  FRANCE. 

The  following  decree  has  been  officially  communicated  to  the  Department  of  State 
at  Washington,  and  a  translation  of  the  same  is  published  in  the  MercliafUi  Magazins 
for  the  information  of  commercial  men  in  our  exporting  ports : — 

A  ROTAL   DEGREE  OF  THE   12tH   OF  SEPTEMBER   RELAnVE    TO    THE    IMPORTATION   OF 

GRAIN  : — 

Article  I.  The  duties  upon  the  importation  of  the  following  articles  are  diminished 
to  the  amount  indicated  fur  each  article. 

OentB. 

Potatoes    , the  10  hec  6 

Blillet the  100  kU.  1 

Rice « 8 

Padi 2 

Wheat  and  skinned  spelt the  last  10 

Rye,  corn 10 

Barley,  malt « 10 

Indian  com 10 

Oata  and  unskinned  spelt 10 

Beans,  fitches,  peas  and  lentils,  oatmeal  and  skinned  barley 10 

Bread  biscuit  and  flour  from  all  kinds  of  grain  and  cereals,  f.  4  the  100  kil.   " 

Art.  2.  The  foregoing  provisions  take  effect  from  the  1st  of  October,  1866,  and  re- 
main io  force  until  the  Slat  December,  1866,  or  until  a  law  legislates  differently  on 
this  subject 

Dbpartmknt  op  Stati,  Waibimoton,  October  10. 

Information  has  been  received  at  this  Department  from  the  United  States  consul 
at  Havre,  that  the  decree  of  the  9th  October,  1864,  relieving  all  vessels  wholly  laden 
with  breadstuff^,  grain,  <&c.,  from  tonnage  dues,  and  those  partially  loaded,  from  a  cor- 
responding portion  of  the  dues,  till  the  8 let  July,  1866,  and  which,  by  another  decree 
of  the  2d  June,  was  extended  to  the  Slst  December,  1866,  has,  by  a  decree  of  the 
8th  September  last,  been  further  prolonged  to  the  Slst  December,  1866. 


OF  LIENS  AVD  CHATTELS  MORTGAGED  IN  VERMONT. 

The  following  act  in  relation  to  liens  and  chattel  mortgages,  was  passed  at  the  last 
session  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Vermont  and  approved  November 
10,1864:— 

AN  ACT  IN   RELATION  TO   LIENS  AND  CHATTELS  MORTOAGEO. 

Section  1.  In  all  cases  of  sales  of  personal  property  where  payment  of  the  pur- 
chase money  is,  by  the  contract  of  sale,  made  a  condition  precedent  to  the  transfer  of 
the  title,  and  where  the  property  has,  in  pursuance  of  the  contract,  passed  into  the 
possession  of  the  vendee,  and  where  the  purchase  money  shall  have  been  in  part 
paid,  any  creditor  of  the  vendee  may  attach  or  levy  his  execution  upon  said  property, 
and,  upon  payment  or  tender  to  the  vendor,  his  agent,  or  attorney,  within  ten  days 
after  such  attachment  or  levy,  of  the  residue  of  such  purchase  money  remaining 
unpaid,  may  hold  the  said  property  discharged  from  the  claim  of  such  vendor 
thereon. 

Sbo.  2.  The  officer  making  such  attachment  or  levy  shall  hold  and  dispose  of  the 
said  property  in  the  manner  now  required  by  law  in  respect  to  personal  property  at- 
tached or  levied  up>on,  and  if  the  same  shall  be  sold  under  any  oi  the  statutes  of  th  is 
State,  the  officer  making  such  sale  shall  first  pay  and  satisfy  to  the  said  creditor  the 
amount  bv  him  paid  or  tendered  to  the  said  vendor,  as  provided  in  section  one  of  thb 


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732  OomfMrcial  BegulaUoni, 

act,  and  the  residue  only  sball  be  holden  to  respond  to  ihe  debt  doe  to  waA  creditor 
ibr  the  8atl*faclioD  of  which  the  said  property  was  attached  or  levied  apoo. 

Ssa  3.  If  the  said  vendor  shall  refuse  to  receive  the  amount  tendered  to  him,  as 
provided  in  section  one  of  this  act,  and  shall  commence  and  prosecute  any  suit  oa  ac- 
count of  such  attachment  or  levy,  the  defendant  may,  on  tne  trial  of  socfa  suit^  and 
under  the  general  issue,  give  such  tender  in  evidence  in  bar  of  such  action,  and  on 
proof  thereof  and  payment  of  the  money  tendered  into  court,  he  shall  i^ooverhit 
costs,  unless  it  shall  be  made  to  appear  that  the  amount  so  tendered  was  less  thao 
the  sum  actually  due  to  such  vendor,  as  the  residue  of  ^uch  purchase  money. 

Seo.  4.  This  act  shall  not  apply  to,  or  in  any  way  affect  any  conditional  sale  made 

Sriur  to  the  first  day  of  January,  an  the  year  of  our  Lord  eighteen  hundred  and  fifty- 
ve. 

RiT£S  OF  WHARFAGE  AT  THE  PORT  OF  NEW  YORK. 
The  following  table,  derived  from  the  last  annual  Report  of  the  OontroUer,  shows 
the  rates  of  wharfage  as  established  by  the  Legislature  of  New  York,  April  9tb, 
1818:— 

For  every  vessel  under  50  tons,  at  the  rate  of per  day.  |0  60 

For  every  ship  or  vessel  over    50  and  under  100  tons,  at  the  rate  of 0  62| 

For  every  ship  or  vessel  over  100  and  under  150  tons,  at  the  rate  of 0  76 

For  every  ship  or  vessel  over  150  and  under  200  tons,  at  the  rate  of 0  87| 

For  every  ship  or  vessel  over  SOt)  and  under  S50  tons,  at  the  rate  of 1  00 

For  every  ship  or  vessel  over  260  and  under  800  tons,  at  the  rate  of. .... .        1  12| 

For  every  ship  or  vessel  over  800  and  under  850  tons,  at  the  rate  of I  26 

For  every  ship  or  vessel  over  850  and  under  400  tons,  at  the  rate  of 1  87^ 

For  every  ship  or  vessel  over  400  and  under  450  tons,  at  the  rate  of 1  50 

For  every  ship  or  vessel  over  450  and  under  500  tons,  at  the  rate  of 1  62^ 

For  every  ship  or  vessel  over  500  and  under  660  tons,  at  the  rate  of 1  76 

For  ewery  ship  or  vessel  over  550  and  under  500  tons,  at  the  rate  of. 1  87^ 

For  every  ship  or  vessel  of  600  tons  and  upward,  12^  cents  in  addition  for  every 
50  tons,  in  addition  to  the  rate  last  mentioned,  ($1  87 1,)  for  every  day  such  ship  or 
vessel  shall  use  or  be  made  fast  to  any  of  the  wharves  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

**  Every  ship  or  other  vessel  which  shall  make  fast  to  any  other  ship  or  vessel  that 
shall  be  fastened  to  any  wharf,  and  being  so  fastened  shall  load,  unload,  or  careco, 
sball  pay  the  one-half  of  the  rate  of  wharfage  such  ship  or  vessel  would  have  been 
liable  to  pay,  if  fastened  to  such  wharf,  and  there  loaded,  unloaded,  or  careened." 


THE  STANDARD  WEIGHT  OF  LIVERPOOL  SALT  AT  NEW  ORLEANS. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  New  Orleans  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  foUowiog 
resolution,  fixing  the  standard  weight  of  Liverpool  salt  in  sacks,  was  unanunonsly 
adopted : — 

**  Reaolved,  That  the  fixed  weight  in  this  market  for  Liverpool  ealt,  as  declared  and 
adopted  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Chamber,  has  reference  to  the  weight  of  salt  when 
landed  from  the  ship,  and  that  in  sacks  of  salt  from  store,  or  the  levee,  after  having 
landed  from  the  ship,  a  fair  depreciation  from  the  original  weight  on  landing  should  be 
taken  into  consideration  by  buyer  and  seller." 


RECEIPT  AND  DELIVERY  OF  SAMPLE  PACKAGES. 
A  daily  register  is  required  to  be  kept  by  the  collectors  of  the  customa  at  the  sev- 
eral ports,  in  which  is  to  be  entered  the  receipt  and  delivery  of  aU  articles  of  no  valae 
imported  merely  as  samples  and  not  for  sale.  This  register  »  to  be  kept  at  the  ap- 
praiser's store,  where  the  samples  are  sent  and  examined.  This  register  is  also  to  be 
examined  daily  by  the  appraisers,  and  all  packages  reported  by  them  as  **  samples  of 
no  mercantile  valne,"  are  to  be  delivered  to  the  importer  by  the  inspector  or  other 
officer  in  charge,  on  a  general  permit,  to  be  signed  by  the  collector  and  naval  officer, 
and  issued  for  each  vessel  in  the  same  manner  as  a  baggage  permit 


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Jfywrwd  of  Inaurance.  78S 


JOURNAL   OF   INSURANCE. 


MARIVE  INSURANCE. 

PERILS  OF  THV  8EAf— MASTEn's  NXGLIGBNCE — INSURBS^B  LIABILITT. 

In  the  case  of  Nelson  vs.  the  Suffolk  Insurance  Company,  in  8  Cushing's  lilasaacha- 
•etts  Reports,  477,  the  principles  decided  may  be  briefly  stated  as  follows:— 

Underwriters  insuring  a  vessel  against  perils  of  the  sea  are  bound  to  pay  the  as- 
sured the  amount  paid  by  him  to  the  owners  of  another  vessel  for  damages  suffered 
in  a  collision  with  the  vessel  insured,  although  it  was  occasioned  by  \hv  negligence  of 
the  master  and  crew  of  the  latter. 

Tlie  facts  in  the  case  are  as  foUows : — Mr  Nelson  effiected  an  insurance  on  the  Isaac 
Allerton  in  the  Suffolk  Insurance  Company  for  $10,000  against  perils  of  the  pca  and 
other  customary  perils  for  one  year.  Before  the  policy  of  insurance  had  expired,  the 
ship,  through  the  negligeuce  of  the  master  and  crew,  came  in  collision  with  a  British 
steamer,  by  which  collision  both  the  ship  and  the  steamer  were  damaged.  A  suit 
was  subsequently  commenced  by  the  owners  of  the  steamer  against  the  If>nac  Aller- 
ter  to  recover  damages  for  the  collision,  and  a  judgment  was  rendered  against  her  for 
the  sum  of  nearly  $2,500,  which  Mr.  Nelson  paid. 

This  amount  he  then  demanded  of  the  insurance  company  upon  the  ground  that  it 
was  a  loss  occasioned  by  the  perils  of  the  sea,  for  which  the  company  was  liable.  The 
company  paid  him  for  the  damages  to  his  own  ship,  but  refused  to  reimburse  him  for 
the  damages  he  had  been  obliged  to  pay  for  the  injury  to  the  steamer,  and  this  suit 
was  instituted  by  Mr.  Nelson  to  recover  the  latter  sum.  There  was  no  dii^pute  about 
the  facts.  The  only  question  in  the  case  was  whether  the  company,  upon  an  insurance 
against  all  loss  by  perils  of  the  sea,  were  under  obligation  to  pay  the  owner  of  the 
insured  vessel  the  amount  which  he  had  been  obliged  to  pay  the  owner  of  the  steamer 
as  damages  for  a  collision,  which  occurred  through  the  negligence  of  the  master  and 
crew  of  the  vessel  insured.  The  opinion  of  the  Court  upon  this  question  was  ren- 
dered by — 

Flktchkb,  Justiob.  Every  stipulation  in  a  policy  of  insurance  is  to  be  construed 
favorably  to  the  party  entitled  to  its  benefit,  as  it  must  be  presumed  that  he  under- 
stood it  m  its  most  favorable  sense,  and  that  the  other  party  intended  he  should  so 
understand  it  As  the  contract  of  insurance  is  a  contract  of  indemnity  to  the  assured, 
it  is  to  be  liberally  construed  in  his  favor.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  assured 
intends  to  oltain  the  fullest  and  most  ample  indemnitor,  and  that  the  in^^urer  means 
that  he  shall  understand  that  his  policy  affords  him  that  indemnity.  The  policy,  there- 
fore, should  be  so  construed  as  to  fulfill  tliese  intentions.  It  is  only  by  such  construc- 
tion that  the  contract  of  insurance  can  accomplish  its  useful  and  important  purpose, 
And  the  Commerce  of  the  world  be  carried  on.  When  the  plaintiffs  in  this  case  ob- 
tained insurance  against  losses  by  the  perils  of  the  sea,  these  terms  were,  no  doubt, 
understood  by  them  in  their  largest  sense,  as  covering  all  losses  justly  attributable  to 
those  perils;  and,  no  doubt,  the  defendants  intended  that  they  should  thus  understand 
and  interpret  their  policy.  To  carry  into  effect  these  intentions,  the  policy  must  be 
construecf  favorably  for  the  insured  to  give  them  that  security  which  they  believed, 
and  had  a  right  to  believe,  they  had  obtained.  There  should  l>e  no  subtle  reasoning, 
DO  shadowy  distinctions,  no  straining  of  rules  to  narrow  and  restrict  the  operation  of 
the  contract,  so  as  to  defeat  the  intention  of  the  parties.  The  parties,  no  doubt,  took 
a  practical  view  of  the  matter,  and  had  reference  to  all  possible  losses  known  and  un- 
known, which  might  be  justly  attributable  to  the  jjerils  of  the  sea  in  the  broadest  im- 
port of  the  words.  They  acted  on  no  nice  distinctions  or  subtle  reasoning.  They 
could  not,  of  course,  foresee  and  specify  the  losses,  but  could  only  use  general  terms. 
**  The  policy  sweeps  within  its  incloeure  every  peril  incident  to  the  voyage,  however 
strange  or  unexpected,  unless  there  be  a  special  exception.  The  perils  enumerated  in 
the  common  policy  are  sufficiently  comprehensive  to  embrace  every  species  of  ri^k  to 
which  ships  and  goods  are  exposed  from  the  perils  of  the  sea  and  all  other  causes  in- 
cident to  maritime  adventure.      (Kent  Com.,  6th  ed^  291.) 

The  parties,  no  doubt,  very  well  knew  that  there  were  many  losses  by  perils  of  the 
•ea,  other  than  direct  damage  to  the  ship  insured.    To  hold  the  defendants  liable  only 


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u  t84  Jowmcd  qf  Inmranee, 

for  thai,  would  leave  the  plaiDtifib  exposed  to  nun  in  varioas  ways,  without  the  pro- 
tection they  intended  to  obtain,  and  supposed  they  had  obtained,  under  their  policy* 
To  give  effect  to  the  meaning  and  intention  of  the  parties,  therefore,  the  defendants 
must  be  held  responsible  for  all  losses  justly  attributable  to  the  perils  of  the  sea,  as 
well  as  for  the  direct  damage  to  the  ship  itself.  This  principle  is  clearly  illustri^ 
by  the  liability  of  underwnters  for  a  general  average  loss.  A  ship  is  insured  against 
the  perils  of  the  sea,  a  part  of  the  cargo  is  thrown  overboard  by  reason  of  a  peril  of 
the  sea,  and  the  ship  and  owner  become  at  once  chargeable  for  a  proportion  of  this 
loss  of  the  cargo,  and  the  underwriter  is  held  bouocl  by  the  policy  to  indemnifythe 
owner  of  the  ship  for  the  sum  he  has  to  pay  to  make  up  the  loss  of  the  cargo.  Here 
is  no  damage  to  the  ship  insured,  but  the  sum  thus  charged  upon  the  owner  and  ship 
for  the  cargo,  is  held  to  be  a  loss  by  the  perils  of  the  sea,  for  which  the  underwriter 
is  responsible. 

So  in  case  of  insurance  against  capture,  the  underwriter  is  liable  not  only  for  any 
damage  the  ship  may  have  actually  sustained  by  a  capture,  but  also  for  all  necessary 
expenses,  such  as  salvage,  <&c,  which  the  assured  has  been  put  to  for  the  recovery  of 
his  property.  Thus  it  has  been  determined  that  the  underwriter  is  liable  for  a  sum  of 
money  poia  by  the  neutral  assured  to  the  belligerent  captors  as  a  compromise  made 
bonajiae  to  prevent  the  ship  being  condemned  as  a  prize.  So  the  liabihty  of  under- 
writers for  salvage  expenses  depends  not  upon  their  having  engaged  to  indemnify 
against  them  by  any  express  words  in  the  policy,  for  which  the  underwriter  b  liable, 
but  they  all  depend  upon  the  general  principle  that  where  the  thing  insured  becomes 
by  law  directly  chargeable  with  any  expense,  contribution,  or  loss,  m  consequence  of 
a  particular  peril,  the  law  treats  such  peril  for  all  practical  purposes  as  the  proximate 
cause  of  such  ex{>ense,  contribution,  or  loss.  Upon  any  other  principle  policies  of  in- 
surance, instead  of  being  a  protection,  would  serve  but  to  allure  men  to  their  rain. 

Upon  this  principle  the  liability  of  Uie  defendants  for  the  sum  claimed  in  this  suit 
would  seem  to  be  too  clear  for  controversy.  To  hold  that  the  defendants  are  not  lia- 
ble in  this  case,  would  conflict  directly  with  the  doctrine  held  in  the  analogous  case 
which  has  been  referred  to,  and  thus  introduce  inconsistency  into  the  law  where  con- 
sistency and  uniformity  are  most  essential. 

The  main  ground  of  defense,  however,  relied  on  in  the  argument,  is  that  there  was 
negligence  in  the  navigation  of  the  plainti£k'  ship ;  that  without  this  negligence  the 
plaintiffs  would  not  have  been  obliged  to  pay  for  the  damage  done  to  the  steamer ; 
and  therefore  that  so  far  as  re(>pects  the  payment  for  damage  to  the  steamer,  the  neg- 
ligence was  the  proximate  cause  of  the  loss,  and  not  the  collision.  Properly  to  esd- 
timate  the  force  and  value  of  this  argument,  it  is  necessary  to  inquire  who,  in  case  of 
a  loss  arising  from  one  of  the  perils  insured  against,  is  responsible  for  the  conduct  of 
the  master  or  mariner  in  the  practical  navigation  of  the  vessel  f 

It  seems  to  have  been  formerly  held  that  underwriters  were  not  responsible  far 
losses  which  happened  in  consequence  of  the  negligence  of  the  master  or  crew  in  the 
navigation  of  the  ship.  This  doctrine  would  go  far  to  deprive  the  assured  of  the  ben- 
efit and  protection  of  his  policy  without  any  fault  of  his  own,  and  would  greatly  lesseo 
if  it  did  not  destroy,  the  usefulness  of  insurance.  Some  fault  or  negligence  on  the 
part  of  the  master  or  mariners  enters  into  almost  every  case  of  a  loss  or  damage  of 
a  vessel  at  sea.  The  danger  from  such  fault  or  negligence  is  one  of  the  dangers  which 
the  assured  has  most  reason  to  apprehend,  and  against  whidi  he  most  needs  and  may 
reasonably  expect  protection. 

Besides,  such  a  doctrine  would  be  sure  to  involve  the  assured  in  perpetual  contro- 
versies and  litigation,  in  regard  to  the  fact  of  negligence,  whether  there  was  or  was 
not  negligence,  and  what  was  the  degree  of  the  negligence,  if  any,  and  whether  the 
loss  was  or  was  not  in  consequence  of  such  negligence.  These  would  be  difficult  and 
perplexing  questions  of  fact,  the  decision  of  which  would  depend  on  many  cootingen- 
cies,  thus  involving  the  rights  of  the  assured  in  ruinous  doubts  and  uncertainties.  To 
avoid  such  evils,  and  to  give  effect  to  the  true  meaning  and  intention  of  the  parties, 
the  modem  decisions  have  established  a  different  rule,  and  one  much  more  in  consonance 
with  the  principles  and  purposes  of  the  contract  of  insurance. 

The  great  principle  now  well  established  is  that  if  the  vessel,  master,  officers,  crew, 
and  equipments  are  competent  and  sufficient  at  the  commencement  of  the  voyage, 
the  assured  has  done  all  that  be  contracted  to  do ;  he  did  not  guaranty  the  faithlmness 
and  vigilance  of  the  master  and  mariners  after  the  commencement  of  the  voyage.  The 
usurers  are  responsible,  provided  the  actual  loee  arise  from  one  of  the  perik  inanred 
against,  though  such  peril  may  have  occurred  in  consequence  of  the  neghgenee  or 
carelessness  of  the  master  and  crew. 


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785 


COMMERCIAL  STATISTICS. 


THE  REPORT  OIV  COMMERCE  AID  NATTOATIOiy. 

Prior  to  1850,  it  was  customary  to  lay  this  report  before  Ooogrees  in  manuscript 
For  several  years  we  urged  the  importance  of  its  being  prepared  and  printed  before 
the  meeting  of  Congress.  We  wrote  to  members  of  Congress  on  the  subject,  and 
finally,  through  the  late  John  Datis,  United  States  Senator  from  Massachusetts,  suc- 
ceeded in  effecting  that  object  The  following  copies  of  documents  accompanying  the 
Beport  on  Commerce  and  Navigation,  will  show  the  promptness  and  dispatch  which 
characterize  the  Treasury  Department  onder  its  present  able  and  efficient  manage- 
ment : — 

Tebaiuet  Dipastmint,  October  12, 1855. 

Sir: — In  compliance  with  the  provisions  of  the  first  section  of  the  act  of  the  16th 
September,  1860,  entitled  "  An  act  to  provide  for  printing  the  annual  report  on  Com- 
merce and  navigation."  which  makes  it  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to 
cause  the  said  report  to  be  completed  at  as  early  a  day  before  the  first  Monday  in 
January  in  each  year  as  is  practicable,  I  have  the  honor  to  state  that  the  report  for 
the  year  endmg  SOth  Jone,  1855,  has  now  been  completed,  being  neariy  three  months  in 
advance  of  the  time  designated  in  the  said  act 

The  work  will  be  forthwith  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  public  printer  for  the  print- 
ing, binding,  and  distribution  of  the  number  of  copies  therein  directed ;  all  which  it  is 
expected  will  be  accomplished,  and  the  usual  number  of  copies  prepared  for  the  use 
of  the  members  of  the  two  houses  of  Congress  and  their  officers  by  the  day  of  their 
approaching  meeting,  and  consequently  five  weeks  in  advance  of  the  time  limited  io 
the  act  for  that  purpose. 

I  shall  cause  this  letter  to  be  printed  in  the  said  volnme,  together  with  the  letter  of 
the  Register  of  the  Treasury,  in  whose  office  the  statement  has  been  compiled,  the 
act  above  mentioned,  and  a  table  showing  the  periods  when  the  reports  have  been 
heretofore  successively  completed  for  publication. 

I  nave  the  honor  to  be,  your  obedient  servant, 

JAMES  GUTURIB,  Secretary  of  the  Treasaiy. 
To  the  President  of  the  Senate  and  Speaker 

of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

The  statements  of  Commerce  and  navigation  since  the  passage  of  the  act  of 
February  lOtb,  1820,  have  been  completed  for  publication  at  the  following  dates, 
to  wit;— 


1821 .January 

1822 January 

1828 February 

1824 February 

1826 March 

1826 February 

1827 April 

1828 February 

1829 February 

1830 April 

1881 May 

1882 February 

1888 April 

1884 : March 

1886 May 

1886 ...March 

1881 May 


28,  1822 
18,  1828 
11,  1824 
16,  1826 

20,  1826 
24,  1827 
16,  1828 
18,  1829 

8,  1880 
26,  1831 

2,  1832 
18.  1883 

21,  1834 
2,  1885 

18,  1886 

8,  1887 

18,  1888 


Por- 

1838 May  18,  1889 

1839 June  25,  1840 

1840 March  1,  1841 

1841 July  20,  1842 

1842 August        19,  1848 

1848 March  25,  1844 

1844. February     20,  1845 

1846 November  81,  1846 

1846 December     6,  1846 

1847 December   18,1847 

1848 January       20,  1849 

1849 December     7,  1849 

1860 December   20,  1860 

1851 December   12,  1851 

1852 January       15,  1858 

1858 December   22,  1858 

1864 November  14,1864 


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736  Commercial  SkttkUcs. 

PfiOFITS  OF  8LAFE  UBOR. 

We  cat  the  following  from  the  Liverpool  A  Ibion.  It  purports  to  be  taken  from  a  work 
entitled  "  Slavery  Described  by  an  Sye-mtneu.**    We  have  never  seen  the  work ! — 

One  evening:,  as  I  was  returning  to  the  house  of  nay  friend,  I  met  a  colored  man.  I 
asked  him  whether  he  was  a  slave.  He  said  yes;  and,  in  answer  to  a  number  of 
questions,  he  told  me  that  his  owner  received  $180  a  year  for  his  services  as  a  black- 
smith, and  that  the  man  to  whom  he  wrought  fed  and  clothed  him,  and  gave  this 
money  over  and  above  to  his  master,  and  that  he  had  eight  children.  Now,  sup- 
posing the  average  length  of  a  man's  working  days  to  be  thirty  years,  this  owner  will 
receive  f  3,900  for  the  labor  of  thb  one  slave.  Then  bis  eight  childrcp,  at  twenty -one 
years  of  age,  and  after  they  have  more  than  doubly  paid  by  their  labor  for  their 
maintenance  during  infancy,  will  bring,  at  the  least,  |800  apiece,  ^6,400.  This,  with 
the  above,  makes  $10,<^00. 

One  morning  I  went  to  the  mill  with  my  friend.  While  he  was  engaged  in  some 
business,  one  of  the  millers  and  I  fell  into  a  conversation,  and,  while  we  were  standing 
at  the  door,  a  slave  girl,  of  fourteen  or  fifteen  years  of  age,  went  past  us.  Said  I  to 
him,  •*  Is  that  your  slave  r 

**  No,"  said  he,  "I  have  been  trying  to  buy  her  from  her  owner,  from  whom  I  hire 
her,  but  he  will  sell  her  for  no  less  than  $600.    I  have  offered  him  $500." 

In  answer  to  a  great  many  questions  he  told  me  that  the  girl  was  honest,  faithful, 
and  industrious,  and  that  such  a  stave  was  very  valuable  property;  that  his  father 
once  had  a  slave  woman  who  wrought  as  a  blacksmith,  and  had  eleven  children.  Now 
let  us  estimate  this  woman's  labor  at  $100  a  year.  Thirty  years  would  bring  $3,000; 
her  eleven  children,  at  $800  each,  would  bring  $8,800 ;  the  two  items,  $11,800.  Was 
not  this  woman  a  valuable  article  to  tliis  millers  father! 


STATISTICS  OF  THE  COMIUERCB  OF  THB  OVITED  STATES. 

We  have  received  from  the  compiler,  Michael  Noubsb,  Esq.,  late  of  the  Treaauij 
Department  at  Washington,  (in  manuscript,)  ''A  Oeneral  Statement  of  the  Aomial 
and  Aggregate  Foreign  Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States  from  the  Ist 
of  October,  1820,  to  the  SOth  of  June,  1864;  tc^ether  with  Statements  of  the  Com- 
merce and  Navigation  with  the  several  Foreign  Countries  during  the  same  Period ; 
also  of  each  State  and  Territory,  and  showing  the  Registered  and  Enrolled  Toonage 
of  each  State  in  1821,  1881, 1844,  and  1851,**  compiled,  as  above  stated,  by  Mr.  Koarse. 

These  statements  cover  some  ninety  pages.  It  is,  we  understand,  the  intentios  of 
the  compiler  to  offer  them  to  our  government;  and  aa  they  present  a  clear  and  eoai- 
prehensive  statistical  view  of  the  commercial  progress  of  the  nation  for  the  last  thirtj- 
four  years,  we  earnestly  hope  tliat  Mr.  Guthkie,  the  present  efficient  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  will  adopt  them  as  an  appendix  to  his  next  financial  report  Mr.  Nourae, 
or  some  competent  clerk  in  the  Department,  could  readily  add  the  present  year,  and 
thus  bring  the  statements  down  to  the  latest  period. 

Sixty  one  pages,  or  tables,  are  devoted  to  the  foreign  Commerce  of  the  Unitad 
States  with  the  different  foreign  ports  or  countries  with  which  we  have  commeraal 
intercourse.  These  are  followed  by  tabnlar  statements  of  the  foreign  Ooouneroe  of 
each  State  and  Territory,  showing  at  a  glance  the  value  of  our  domestic  and  foreign 
exports,  imports,  registered  and  enrolled  tonnage,  and  American  and  foreign  tonnage 
cleared  in  each  of  the  years  from  October  1, 1820,  to  June  80, 1854. 

The  value  of  these  statements  will  be  apparent  to  all  who  will  take  the  troofale  to 
examine  the  specimens  which,  with  his  permission,  we  here  annex 

We  have  selected  the  first  general  table,  and  a  table  of  onr  Commeroe  with  Si^ 
land,  and  one  of  the  States  of  the  Union,  which  will  sufficiently  illostrate  the  diane- 
ter  of  the  entire  series  :-^ 

The  ending  of  the  fiscal  year  waa  changed  in  1848  from  September  80  to  Jane  80 
so  that  1848  (marked  thus  *)  represents  but  nine  montbt;  1844,  (marked  thm  fj 
year  ending  June  Z(k 


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ist 


.  &t*  oa"<rooo  —  ocooooo>ooooc^'^•o«oeooo3•o»2;'-•^t-o•oo-■ 
i|Pcoo»  —  00>0>eOiOCOCOt*000>t-COt-»00^©00^©<000«fOlr-©4 


to  to  o  e« 

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coo>«Oiooot-o»0»Ot-©co**^c^^ooco  rr^t^r-^  ^ ''^  *^  *®,  •","*,*»  ^»  '^  ^  ®1 
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Cammereial  StaH$He$. 


TRADE  AID  GOMMEEGB  OF  CIlSnffHATI. 

We  gave  in  the  November  number  of  the  MerekanU'  Xaganne  tabular  ttatementi 
of  the  Commerce  of  New  Orleans.  We  now  publish  slmUar  statistics  of  ths  Trtds 
and  Commerce  of  Cincinnati:— 

IMPOara  INTO  CIKOIKNATI  FOE    FIVl    TSAE8,  OOMmNOIKG  8KPTKMBEB   IST  AKD  mOM 
AUGUST  8l8T   SAOH  TBAft,  DKaiTKD  FEOM  THB  dKOINNATI  PEICE  CUERXHTi 


Article..  18W-1. 

Apples,  green bbls.  16,984 

Beef. I.IOI 

Beef tierces  18 

Bagging pieces  .... 

Barley .bushels  1 1 1 ,25T 

Beans 81,087 

Butter barrels  8,269 

Butter firkins  &  kegs  11,048 

Blooms tons  2,727 

Bran.  Ac sacks  60,976 

Candles .  boxes  696 

Com bushels  489,196 

Corn-meal 6,603 

Cider. barrels  1.047 

Cheese casks  74 

Cheese boxes  206,444 

Cotton bales  7,168 

Coffee sacks  91,177 

Cndfi'h    drums  448 

Cooperage. pieces  146,691 

BffCTd boxes  &  barrels  6,966 

Flour. barrels  482.772 

Feathers sacks  2.868 

Fish,  sundries barrels  19.826 

Fish kegs  A  kits  2,694 

Fruit,  dried bushels  41.824 

Orease .barrels  876 

Glass boxes  87,099 

Glassware ....packages  28,619 

Hemp bundles  &  bales  18,264 

Hides,  loose No.  28.1 82 

Hides,  green pounds  26,424 

Hay...: bales  12,691 

Herring • . .  .boxes  8,882 

Hogs  .   head  111,484 

Hops. bales  766 

Iron  and  steel pieces  226.089 

Iron  and  steel •. bundles  66.889 

Iron  and  steel tons  2,670 

Lead .pigs  69.418 

Lard barrels  86,889 

Lard. kegs  81,087 

Leather bundles  10,899 

Lemons boxes  8.877 

Lime barrels  67,687 

Liquors hogsheads  &  pipes  1 ,466 

Merchandise  and  sundries .  packages  176,988 

Merchandise  and  sundries tons  8.870 

Molasses barrels  61.490 

Malt bushels  21.866 

NaUs kegs  88,761 


18Si-8.     18S!-I.     18JH.   ISil-i 


71.882 

1,609 

1,146 

74 

89,994 

14,187 

10,208 

18,720 

4.086 

181.014 

668 

668,788 

8,640 

874 

46 

241,768 

12,776 

96,782 

481 

186,188 

10,644 

611,042 

6,716 

20,076 

1,076 

24,847 

1,986 

44,004 

86,602 

18,884 

64,647 

64,906 

9,270 

6,149 

160,684 

1,691 

194,107 

64,078 

10,111 

64,783 

86,047 

82,288 

11,884 

4.484 

64.817 

8,162 

468.708 

1.968 

98.182 

88.220 

64^189 


19.846 

1,118 

296 

119 

226.844 

26.489 

16,484 

11.881 

8,928 

62,629 

2.882 

728,884 

17,867 

1.288 

108 

212,887 

16,660 

109,188 

1,140 

194.666 

14.888 

449,089 

10.689 

22.219 

8,986 

44.616 

8,162 

42.968 

84,646 

20,079 

48,808 

86,178 

6.482 

11,486 

420.694 

2.681 

294,001 

66.181 

14.124 

67.089 

61.744 

26.169 

19.689 

7.188 

76,746 

4.879 

688,066 

1,102 

116,112, 

48,769 

104,169 


81.479 

1,841 

68 

174 

286.636 

21,382 

16.843 

11.692 

4,886 

66,046 

816 

746,465 

81,888 

1.684 

62 

216,892 

22.518 

91,426 

1,889 

197,088 

16,608 

427,464 

8.631 

18.247 

6,448 

78,160 

6,628 

86,767 

61,806 

11.769 

88.876 

42.720 

19.424 

11.093 

625.278 

8.681 

880.406 

72.780 

14.266 

66.869 

76,094 

19.762 

18,661 

6,695 

87,087 

8,840 

846.190 

6,014 

86.480 

42.646 

101.646 


16,971 

1.766 

4,606 

85 

204.m 

17,171 

10.186 

7,18J 

4.691 

71,416 

1.146 

845.679 

42,190 

829 

78 

183.879 

16,107 

114.118 

1.274 

126.689 

12,104 

842,772 

7,202 

18.060 

5.266 

58,047 

5.286 

41.686 

26.090 

8,672 

81,506 

101,586 

87,914 

10,624 

496.860 

4.014 

605.892 

62.72* 

8,690 

57,769 

58.664 

14.881 

17.768 

7.855 

62,918 

2.296 

888.916 

2,818 

56.287 

44.496 

94.631 


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Oonmemal  SiaiUHci.  741 
Artici...                             18i0-l.     18SM.     I8tl-I.    18i]-4.    imi. 

Oa barrels        6.764        8.306      10,507      11,228  8,346 

Oranges boxes  <&  barrels        9,802        4,667        8,984        6,779  18,289 

Oakam bales        1,789        1,848        2,966        4,071  8,468 

Oats bushels    164,288     197,868     288,261     487,428  480,178 

Oilcake pounds    194.000     247,400      14,000     186,000  134,447 

Pork  and  bacon. hogsheads        6.277       10,888      16,261       12,164  6,947 

Pork  and  bacon tierces        1,183        1,987        8,660        2,786  6,770 

Pork  and  bacon barrels      81,696      22,601.     89,617      89.887  88,866 

P-k«b».k. v^\'*Z    "iJS    M?    ''f^  ''•III 

Potatoes barrels      19,649       20,789       16,688       86,244  29,982 

PigmetaL tons      16,110      22,606      80,179      41,807  26,618 

Pimento  and  pepper ..bags        2,027         1,425        6,690        7,174  3,826 

Rye. bushels      44,308      68,818      88,670      29,692  63,164 

Resin,  Ac. barrels      12,611       14.484       19,988       16,161  13,664 

Rabins boxes      15,648      28,417       26,488      22,640  24.765 

Rope,  twine,  <bc packages        2,077        8,208        4,178        4,488  2,610 

Rice tierces        4,780        8,782        6,846        8,242  8,899 

Sugar hogsheads      29,808       89,824      49,229       64,461  46  968 

Sugar barrels      18,684       16,287      24.004      26,441  19,465 

Sugar boxes        8,612        2,269        2.116        2,849  2,697 

Seed,  flax barrels      20,819      48,074      61,762      40,860  24,189 

Seed,  grass 4,104       10,819       14,946       19,894  14,605 

Seed.hemp 68           804        1.040           984  689 

Salt sacks      60.474      91.812      71,626      66.872  72.105 

Salt barrels      79,868      68,020      78,086      90,882  74  362 

Shot kegs        1,667         1,668        1.145        2.889  2,588 

Tea. packages        7,821       12,810      22,879      14,199  20,724 

Tobacco hogsheads        8,701       1 1,460        7,881        8,744  6.209 

Tobacco bales        1,697        1,996        2,478        8,118  2,812 

Tbbacco boxes  A  kegs      19,945      28,060      48,201       80,285  24,802 

Tallow barrels        8,682        6,980        8,468        4,280  8,288 

Wines. barrels  <k  qaartercasks        8,401        4,482        9,668        7,644  8.384 

Wines baskets  <k  boxes        5,060        8,822        9,440        8.879  4,815 

Wheat bushels    888,660    877,087     848,649    408,084  437,412 

Wool ...bales        1,866        4,662        6,748        4,968  6,999 

WhUky barrels    244,049     272,788    280,817    286,848  272,165 

Cotton-yam' packages        6,677       10,886        7,862        6^,879  7,062 

Cotton  yam pounds    124,694    167,002    116.841     114,767  66,741 

In  the  above  table,  the  figures  for  the  years  prior  to  1852-8  embrace  only  the  num- 
ber of  hogs  received  by  public  eonyeyance.  Since  that  time  the  nombe^r  driven  to 
market  during  the  packing  season  haye  been  added. 

▼ALUS  or  PRIROIPAL  BXPOSTS  FBOM  TBB  POET  OF  CINOINKATI  FOE  THE  TEARS  ENDING  MXh 
Q08T  8l8T,  1854  AMD  1866. 

Ayerage           Total  Total 

Articles.               *                                      ToUL        price.             yolne.  laatyear« 

Apples,greeD barrels        8.427      $2  50          $8,667  $14,417 

Alcohol 19,966      26  40        528,888  811,047 

Beet...    17,684      11  60        202,216  251,694 

Beef tierces      18,977       17  00        287,609  122,886 

Beans. barrels        1,297        7  00            9,079  10,169 

Brooms doaens      18,275        2  25          41,119  82,842 

Butter barrels        1,800      82  60          42,880  108,090 

Butter firkins&kegs      24,196      11  00        266,166  416,960 

Bran,^ sa^s      11,466            80            9,164  10,071 

Bagging. pieces        2,485        2  80            6,968  16,799 

Oom sacks      64,844        1  40          90,081  89,426 


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¥42 


Artlelet.  ToteL  price.  Ttliio.  tattjvv. 

Oorameal barrels  2,772  $2  90  $8,0»8  $1,0(7 

Cheese casks  4  20  00  80  4M 

Cheese boxes  102,862  8  80  887,761  4ft441» 

Candles 189,121  7  60  1,067,861  1,0«4.478 

CatUe bead  10.286  70  00  719,960  602,100 

Cottoa bales  10,021  44  00  440,924  684,186 

Cofifee sacks  42,288  18  60  782,286  778.144 

Cooperage. pieces  108,106  1  20  129,726  172,849 

Eegs. barrels  6.014  8  00  40,112  48.167 

Flour 199.276  8  16  1,624.099  2,096,601 

Feathers sacks  7,819  26  00  190.294  280.856 

Fruit,dned. bosbels  18,029  2  00  26,068  86.208 

Grease barrels  9,418  17  00  160,021  251.104 

Grass-seed 7,880  16  00  117,280  216.625 

Horses bead  1,680  166  00  262,660  269,750 

Hay bales  6.706  2  70  16.406  1,950 

Hemp , 2,918  85  00  102,180  117,660 

Hides pounds  44,086  12  6,284  681 

Hides No.  24,427  8  60  85,494  108.961 

Iron pieces  604.861  160  907,291  648.817 

Iroa buodles  68,716  8  76  288,986  249,492 

Iron. tons  11,978  76  00  898.860  1.466.560 

Lard barrels  48.799  20  00  876.980  1,084.616 

Lard kegs  62,806  4  60  282,627  878^884 

Lard-oil barrels  48,696  80  00  1,807.860  1.228,728 

Linseed-oU 8.464  87  00  127,798  206,038 

Molasses. 46,160  12  00  641.800  607.048 

OUcake ^.toos  778  26  00  19,460  26,620 

Oats sacks  42.282  1  26  62,852  8.778 

PoUtoe8,Ac. barrels  10,899  8  26  88,797  9,119 

Pork  And  bacon. hogsheads  42,469  60  00  2,648,140  2,868,040 

Pork  and  bacon tierces  40,616  20  00  810^800  931,984 

Pork  and  bacon barrels  104,276  14  60  1,611,987  1.619,600 

Pork  and  bacon. boxes  22  674  21  00  472,861  867,814 

Pork,inbulk pounds  878,064  6  62.888  96,977 

Rope,twine,^ packages  8.909  7  00  27,868  72,880 

Soap. boxes  84,247  8  80  118,016  128.844 

Sheep head  1,660  2  20  8,680  2,028 

Sugar hogsheads  82.482  62  00  2,010,784  1,986,855 

Salt barrels  86,888  8  10  112,682  111,7U 

Salt sacks  9,606  140  13,448  89,606 

Seed,  flax barrels  1,121  4  60  6,044  18,468 

Sundry,  merchandise packages  8 1 1,626  6  00  4,869.760  )401 480 

Sundry,  merchandise tons  8,466  600  00  6.079,600  7,466,400 

Sundry,  liquors. barrels  26,714  46  00  1,167,180  1.940,609 

Sundry,  manufactures pieces  847,564  4  00  1,890,256  1,527.888 

Sundry,  produce    packages  141,926  8  60  496,787  826,676 

Starch boxes  24,620  8  60  88,272  108,0tf 

Tallow. barrels  6,898  85  00  241,266  286,698 

Tobacco kegsAboxfls  26,077  28  00  699.771  676,802 

Tobacco hogsheads  4,968  90  00  447.120  786,652 

Tobacco bales  8,807  8  60  28,109  28,590 

Tioegar barrels  8,648  2  60  21,607  16.260 

Whisky 248,661  12  00  2.922,612  1.996.896 

Wool bales  6,486  84  00  218.790  226,866 

Wool pounds  4,482  28  1,264  426,790 

White-lead kegs  66,218  2  20  121,479  148,662 

Castings pieces  80,268  6  00  401,816  964.486 

Castmgs tons  2,078  90  00  186.670  279,460 

Total |88»7^^f4|4S,4tl786 


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NauUeal  IntdUgenee,  T4i 


NAUTICAL  INTELLIGENCE. 


HOTICE  TO  MA&UIBRS. 

The  foUowiog  highly  important  intelligence  to  mariners  has  been  received  from  the 
Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty,  London,  bearing  date  August  80th,  1865  : — 

The  colonial  government  at  Mauritius  has  given  notice  that  the  light-towers  lately 
in  course  of  construction  in  that  island  being  now  completed,  the  followmg  lights  will 
be  exhibited  on  and  after  the  first  day  of  December  next,  (1665 :) — 

1.  Revolving  Light  ok  Flat  Island.  The  light- tower  on  Flat  Island  (at  the  north 
end  of  Mauritius)  stands  od  the  highest  part  of  the  island,  and  at  its  south-west  angle, 
in  latitude  19<^  63'  26"  S.,  longitude  5'?°  41'  12"  E.  of  Greenwich.  The  illuminating 
apparatus  is  catadioptric  or  reflecting,  and  of  the  first  order. 

The  light  is  revolving^  its  period  of  revolation  being  one  minute,  showing  a  bright 
lj(^t  ibr  twenty  seconds,  followed  by  an  interval  of  darkness  of  forty  seconds.  It  it 
placed  at  an  elevation  of  865  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  will  be  visible  from 
the  deck  of  a  ship  at  a  distance  of  25  miles  in  clear  weather. 

2.  Fixed  Light  on  Oakonniek  Point.  The  light-tower  on  Oanonnier  Point,  at  the 
north-west  angle  of  the  island  of  Mauritius,  stands  at  the  extremity  of  the  point,  in* 
latitude  20°  0'  86"  S.,  longitude  67°  86'  24"  E,  of  Greenwich,  aod  bears  S.  W.  i  W 
distant  nine  miles  nearly  from  the  light-house  on  Flat  Island. 

The  light  \&  fixed;  it  is  of  the  natural  color  to  seaward,  and  of  the  first  order.  It 
is  placed  at  a  height  of  88  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  will  be  visible  at  a  dis- 
tance  of  10  miles  in  clear  weather. 

The  object  of  this  light  is  to  indicate  the  position  of  a  dangerous  reef  which  extends 
off  shore  If  miles  from  Canonnier  Point,  and  to  warn  vessels  from  approaching  too 
uear  the  coral  reefs  which  lie  to  the  north-east  and  south-west  of  that  point 

When  seen  from  the  southward  on  any  bearing  to  the  northward  of  N.  E.  \  £.,  the 
light  will  appear  red,  thereby  warning  the  mariner  (when  within  six  miles  of  the  light) 
that  he  is  too  near  the  land. 

8.  Harbor  Lights  for  Port  Louis.  A  green  li^fat  will  be  exhibited  on  a  mast  at 
the  outer  angle  of  Fort  G^rge,  on  the  western  pomt  of  Tonnelier  or  Cooper's  Island, 
on  the  left  or  eastern  side  of  the  entrance  of  Port  Louis  harbor. 

4.  A  red  light  will  be  exhibited  on  a  mast  in  the  Martello  Tower,  which  stands  at 
the  entrance  of  Grand  River,  on  its  western  baak,  at  \\  miles  8.  W.  by  W.  of  Fort 
George. 

The  object  of  these  two  harbor  lights  is  to  lea4  up  to  and  martc  the  best  anchorage 
off  Port  Louis.  A  vessel  closing  the  red  light  oo  a  S.  8.  W.  bearing  should  drop  her 
andior  directly  the  gre^n  light  on  Fort  George  bears  S.  E.  ^  S. 

These  bearings  are  all  magnetic.    Yariatioo  11^  47'  weet 

This  notice  affects  the  following  Admiralty  Charts :— Madagascar,  east  coast,  No* 
677 ;  Mauritius,  No.  711 ;  Port  Louis,  No.  718 ;  and  East  India  Light-house  List»  Nos. 
10  and  11. 


ROCKS  ON  CORTEZ  BANK,  COAST  OF  CAUFORIIIA. 

The  following  is  a  letter  from  the  Superintendent  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
communicating  the  position  of  a  dangerous  rock  on  Cortez  Bank,  coast  of  California, 
determined  by  Lieut  commanding  Archibald  McBae,  United  States  Navy,  assistant  in 
the  Ooaat  Survey : — 


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744  Nautkal  InteUigenee. 

CoA0T  SviTBT  Statiok,  Dumokt,  Me^  Odobtr  lt|  1853^ 

Sn : — I  have  the  honor  to  report  that,  under  the  instmctiooe  of  Lieut  Commanding 
James  Alden,  United  States  Navj,  awistant  in  the  Coast  Survey,  a  dangerous  rock  oa 
Cortes  Bank,  off  the  extreme  southern  coast  of  California,  was  sought  for  by  Lieut 
Commanding  Archibald  McRae,  United  States  Navy,  assistant  in  the  Coast  Survey, 
and  determined  to  be  in  latitude  82°  2v'  N.,  and  longitude  119°  04i'  W^  (both  ap- 
proximate )  The  shoalest  water  on  the  rock  b  reported  by  Lieut  McKae  to  be  three> 
and-a-half  fathoms,  subject  to  a  possible  tidal  reduction  of  six  feet,  which  might  redooa 
it  to  two- and-a- half  fathoms,  or  fifteen  feet 

Lieut  McRae  placed  a  buoy  composed  of  two  casks,  with  a  flagstaff  between,  upon 
the  shoalest  part  of  the  ledge  to  which  this  rock  belongs,  and  which  he  represents  as 
quite  extensive.    The  buoy  could  be  seeo  in  dear  weather  about  three  milee. 

I  would  respectfully  request  that  a  copy  of  this  letter  may  be  sent  to  the  Light- 
house  Board,  that  theur  attention  may  be  directed  to  the  placing  of  a  beacon  oo  this 
ledge. 

I  inclose  herewith  a  Coast  Survey  sketch  of  Cortex  Bank,  from  a  reoooDoiseance  by 
Deut  Commanding  Alden  in  1853.  "in  that  examination  the  rock  referred  to  was 
not  found. 

I  propose  to  direct  a  mmute  survey  of  this  dangerous  locality. 

I  would  respectfully  request  authority  to  publish  the  informatioo  contained  in  thb 
letter.  Very  respectfully  yours, 

A.  D.  BACBE,  SaperintOKleBt 

Hon.  Jaxcs  GuTHau,  Secretary  of  the  Treasory. 


IISWER  TO  A  PROBLEM  II  HA¥I6i'n017. 

In  the  Humboldt  Time*  of  the  27th  of  Janua^,  1856,  the  following  question  was 
propounded  \-* 

**  When  a  ship  is  steering  north  by  compass,  with  an  easterly  variation  of  eighteen 
degrees,  what  is  the  true  course  she  is  making  t 

In  answer  to  which  the  7hne$  received  notes  from  several  sea  captains,  all  of  whom 
give  the  same  answer,  from  which  we  publish  the  following,  which  we  think  will  set- 
tle a  question  that  has  arisen  on  this  coast  The  correction  of  the  variation  of  the 
compass  appears  to  be  very  simple,  and  it  appears  singular  (here  should  be  so  great 
a  discrepancy  among  sea-faring  men  as  exists.  For  instance,  some  contend  that  when 
there  is  an  easterly  variation  the,  tnts  €our$€  i$  to  the  wtt  of  the  courm  Ueered  ijr 
€Ofnpau,  while  the  books  and  experienced  navigators  say  the  true  eourm  is  to  the  east 
of  that  steered.  Many  attribute  the  loss  of  the  steamer  Arispe  to  that  caose ;  that 
while  making  actually  **  casting,'*  the  captain  calculated  she  was  making  **  westiag.'* 
If  two  vessels  were  to  sale  from  the  same  port  a  distance  of  twenty-five  thoosaod 
miles,  with  opposite  ideas  of  the  variation — if  the  compass  varies  eighteen  degrees— 
they  would  be  twenty-five  hundred  ^nd  two  miles  apart  from  each  other  in  reckoning. 
A  captain  writee,  **  When  steering  north  by  compass  she  is  making  north  bj  eact  half 
east,  1^7'  80"  easterly,  or  north  by  east  half  east  a  little  easterly."  fie  aleo  aends 
na  "  A  Guide  to  Navigators,**  which  setUee  the  question. 

TO  OOREXOT  TBI  OOUBSES  BTKXaxn  BT  OOMPASa. 

The  variation  of  the  compass,  which  is  usually  found  by  observation,  aa  already  ex- 
plained, must  be  applied  to  all  courses  steered,  and  on  all  bearings  taken  by  the  oooh 
pass,  in  the  following  manner : — Suppose  yourself  placed  at  the  center  of  the  com- 
pass, and  looking  directly  forward  to  the  point  you  are  to  allow  the  variation  from; 
then,  if  the  variation  be  easterly,  allow  it  to  the  right  hand  of  the  course  steered,  or 
bearing  taken  by  compass ;  but  if  westerly,  to  the  left  hand ;  by  which  yon  will  ob- 
tain the  true  course. 


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Ifautieal  InteUigence.  ?4ft 

For  example,  suppose  the  connie  steered  by  compass  is  N.  R  by  N^  and  the  yaria* 
lion  19  one  point  westerly ;  now»  one  point  to  the  left  hand  of  N.  E.  by  N.  is  N.  N.  K, 
which  is  the  true  course  required.  Again  ;  suppose  I  set  a  cape,  and  find  it  bear  from 
me  S.  "W.  by  compass,  the  variation  being  1^  points  easterly;  here  H  points  allowed 
to  the  right  hand  of  S.  W.  will  give  S.  W,  by  W.  i  W,  the  true  bearing  of  the 
land. 

Another  says,  **  the  above  is  correct"  If  yon  wish  to  make  a  due  north  course, 
where  there  is  an  easterly  variation  of  eighteen  degrees,  your  compass  course  should 
be  to  a  point  eighteen  degrees  toeat  of  north. 


PSTIT  MBJVAJV  LIGHT-HOaSB,  MilNB. 

A  new  light-house  and  keeper's  dwelling  have  been  erected  on  Petit  Menan  Island, 
Mabe: — 

The  tower  is  built  of  cut  granite,  and  is  the  natural  color  of  the  stone.  The  dwell- 
ings are  painted  brown,  and  the  iron  work  of  the  lantern  is  black. 

The  center  of  the  light  is  100  feet  above  the  ground,  and  126  feet  above  the  level 
of  ordinary  high  water. 

The  liffbt  will  be  visible  in  good  weather  at  a  distance  of  17  nautical  miles. 

The  illuminating  apparatus  is  a  lens  of  the  second  order  of  the  system  of  Fresnel, 
and  the  light  will  be  a  fixed  light  until  the  Ist  of  January,  185A,  when  a  fixed  light, 
varied  by  flashes,  will  be  shown,  and  will  be  continued  during  every  night  thereafter. 

The  following  maapDetic  bearings  have  been  taken  from  the  light^house : — 

To  liarragaugus  Light-house,  N.  R  f  N.,  distant  6^  miles. 

To  Nashe's  Island  Light-house,  N.  £.  by  R,  distant  8  miles. 

To  Jackson's  Ledge,  R,  distant  4  miles. 

To  South-east  Rock,  S.  R  by  S.,  distant  4  miles. 

To  Simms'  Rock,  S.  i  £.,  distant  8  miles. 

To  buoy  on  Petit  Menan  Bar,  N.  ^  W.,  distant  H  miles. 

To  Baker's  Island  Light-house,  W.  by  S.,  distant  18  miles. 

By  order  of  the  Lighthouse  Board, 

W.  B.  FRANKLIN,  Ugbt-hooBe  Inspector,  1st  Dittrlot. 


CflANClE  15  THE  LIGHT  OF  GRBIFSWALD  ISLAND. 

00A8T  or  PEUSaiA,  BALTIC. 

The  Prussian  government  has  given  notice  that  on  and  after  the  1st  of  October 
next,  1855,  a  Revolving  Light  will  be  exhibited  at  the  new  tower,  recently  com- 
pleted  on  the  northeastern  end  of  the  Island  of  Greifswald,  on  the  coast  of  Prussia, 
at  which  time  the  two  vertical  Fixed  Lights  hitherto  in  use  on  that  island  will  be 
discontinued. 

In  order  to. distinguish  it  from  the  adjacent  Fixed  Lights  of  Oape  Arcona  to  the 
north,  and  Stettin  to  the  south,  as  well  as  the  Revolving  Lights  of  Dars  Point  to  the 
west,  and  Jershoft  to  the  east — 

The  Oreifdwald  Light  is  now  a  Revolving  Light,  presenting  alternately  a  light  of 
the  natural  color  and  a  red  light,  these  two  Bghts  being  separated  from  each  other  by 
equal  intervals  of  darkness. 

The  duration  of  each  of  these  lights,  that  is,  of  the  natural-colore<I  light  and  the  red 
light,  and  also  that  of  the  darkness  between  each  of  them,  is  45  seconds,  or  three- 
fourths  of  a  minute. 

The  tower  is  constructed  of  brick,  the  mortar  being  scarcely  visible,  and  the  light, 
which  is  154  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  may  be  seen  in  all  directions  at  the  dis- 
tance of  17  miles  from  the  dack  of  a  vesseL 

It  is  in  latitude  54^  14'  45"  north,  and  longitude  18°  55'  27"  east  from  Green- 
wich. 

JOHN  WASHINGTON,  Hydrographer. 

HToaoaiArmo  Ornci,  Admiralty,  Lohdoii,  Sept.  28, 1855. 

Thb  notice  affects  the  following  Admiralty  Charts:— Baltic,  Na  2,262;  Ck>ast  from 
Bomholm  to  Rixhoft,  Ko.  2,198 ;  Baltic  Pilot,  p.  184;  Lighthouse  List»  No.  188. 


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tW  Bailroad,  Oamaly  md  Siemiboat  StaUHks. 


RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 


ES0ULATI01I8  FOR  PiSSlGB  OF  VESSELS  THROUGH  THE  SHIP  CAVIL  AT  ST. 

MART'S  FALLS. 

RULES  AND  BEQULATI0N8  FOB  THE  MANAGEMENT  AND  PASSAGE  OW  VESSELS  THROUGH 
THE  ST.  mart's  falls  SHIP  CANAL,  XSTABLI8HBD  BT  THB  STATE  BOARD  OF  OONTBOL, 
JONE,   1856. 

1.  The  master  of  every  yessel  arriviog  at  either  end  of  the  caoal  for  the  parpose  of 
passing  through  the  same,  shall  ooramuoicate  his  desire  to  do  so  to  the  saperintendaot, 
but  shall  not  enter  the  canal  or  approach  within  100  feet  of  the  locks  at  the  east  end, 
er  within  50  feet  of  the  stone  wharf  at  the  west  end  of  the  canal,  until  the  superin- 
tendent has  given  his  directions  so  to  do,  under  a  penalty  of  not  lees  than  tweoty-five, 
oor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars. 

2.  Before  the  superintendent  shall  anUiorice  the  passage  of  any  vessel  into  or 
through  the  canal,  the  master  thereof  wiU  be  required  to  furnish  a  dmy  certified  state- 
ment of  the  enrolled  tonnage  or  measurement  of  such  vessel,  and  the  place  of  enrol- 
ment ;  name  and  description,  or  character ;  the  names  of  her  owner  or  owners  and 
master;  the  port  of  her  departure  and  destination;  the  number  of  her  passengers; 
and  the  amount,  general  character,  and  destination  of  her  cargo.  The  said  master  - 
will  also  be  first  required  to  pay  over  to  the  superintendent  in  gold  or  silver  money, 
or  its  equivalent,  the  tolls  chargeable  for  the  passage  of  said  vessel  through  the  canal, 
as  the  same  shall  be  determiaed  by  the  supermtendent. 

8.  The  master  of  every  vessel  which  shall  be  brought  to  at  either  end  of  the  canal, 
within  the  distances  from  the  locks  and  stone  wharf  before  mentioned,  and  of  every 
vessel  which  shall  enter  any  portion  of  said  canal,  shall  be  subject  to  the  dhreetions  of 
the  superintendent  thereof^  and  shall  place  and  moor  his  vessel  at  such  place,  and 
shall  move  the  same  or  fall  back,  as  the  superintendent  shall  direct,  under  a  penalty 
of  not  less  than  ten,  nor  more  than  twenty-five  dollars. 

4.  Upward-bound  vessels  will  pass  those  bound  down,  by  taking  the  towpath  or 
south  side ;  but  no  downward-bound  vessel  must  attempt  to  pass  another  veosel  in 
any  portion  of  the  canal  between  the  upper  Caisson  Gate  recess  and  the  locks,  except 
at  the  basin ;  and  when  the  basin  is  occupied  by  a  vessel,  no  other  vessel  must  enter 
the  canal  for  the  purpose  of  passing  if  there  be  one  already  in  the  canal  bound  in  the 
opposite  direction,  under  a  penalty  of  twenty  dollars  for  each  and  every  oflfenae. 

5.  All  sail  vessels  shall  have  their  yards  and  booms  topped  or  braced  up,  and  bow- 
sprits and  anchors  secured,  so  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  locks  or  gates,  under  a  pen- 
alty of  ten  dolUrs,  besides  cost  of  repauu 

6.  Every  vessel  while  passing  the  locks  shall  have  out  at  least  two  good  hawsers  or 
check  ropes — one  at  the  bow  and  one  at  the  quarter — which  shall  be  attended  bv  the 
boat's  crew,  to  prevent  collision  with  the  gates  and  keep  the  vessel  in  place,  onder  a 
penalty  of  twenty -five  dollars. 

7.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  person  havmg  the  charge  of  a  vessel  to  ascertain 
for  himself  whether  the  locks  are  prepared  to  receiv<)  such  vessel  before  entering,  and 
upon  entering,  to  stop  the  speed  of  his  vessel  in  sufficient  time  to  avoid  collision  with 
the  locks  or  gates,  under  the  penalty  of  such  fine  as  the  superintendent  may  impose, 
not  exceeding  five  hundred  dollars,  besides  cost  of  repairs. 

8.  When  required  by  the  superintendent,  the  master  and  crew  of  a  vessel  passing 
shall  assist  in  opening  and  closing  the  gates,  and  operating  the  other  fixtures  of  the 
canal,  under  a  penalty  of  not  less  than  ten,  nor  more  than  twenty-five  dollars. 

9.  Every  vessel  navigating  the  canal,  or  lying  to  at  either  end  of  the  same,  in  the 
nighty  shall  exhibit  the  lights  which  are  required  by  the  act  of  Ooogress  lor  vessels 
at  sea,  under  a  penalty  of  nut  less  than  twenty-five,  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dot- 
lars. 

10.  No  vessel  shall  be  propelled  through  the  canal  at  a  greater  speed  than  four 
miles  per  hour,  under  a  penalty  of  fifty  dollars. 

11.  Several  vessels  lying  to,  or  waiting  to  enter  the  oftoal,  sludl  lie  ki  eiiigld  fi^aad 
advance  in  the  same  order  in  which  they  lie. 


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Ma^nMd^  Okmcd,  and  ^(Mt^o^i  SMiHitA.  H^ 

IS.  Any  ptiwHi  "who  shall  obrtmcfc  the  navigatioii  of  the  caoal,  by  hringiiig  into  it 
a  Teasel  of  too  great  draft  of  water,  or  by  ainkwg  in  it  aoy  vessel,  timber,  stope,  earth, 
or  other  thing,  or  bj  placing  upon  the  banks  thereof  any  obstmotion,  shall  be  subject 
to  a  fine  of  not  less  than  my  or  more  than  five  hundred  dollars. 

18.  Ho  person  in  charge  of  a  vessel  shall  east  anchor  within  the  canal,  or  any  chan- 
nel leading  thereto,  or  receive  or  discharge  cargo  or  wood  while  in  the  same,  without 
written  permiision  of  the  Superintendent,  nnd^  a  penalty  of  ten  dollars. 

14.  Lumber  or  timber  must  be  so  loaded  upon  the  vessel  so  as  not  to  project  over 
the  gunwale  or  side,  under  a  penalty  of  twenty  dollars. 

15.  Aoy  steamer,  propeller,  sail- vessel,  scow,  or  other  vessel  not  enrolled,  wishmg 
to  pass  tlie  canal,  may  do  so,  subiect  to  all  the  rules,  regulations,  and  penalties  pre- 
ecnbed  for  enrolled  vessels,  by  the  payment  to  the  Superintendent  of  the  tolls  pre- 
scribed herein  for  enrolled  vessels  of  the  like  tonnage ;  but  in  no  case  shall  the  tolls 
paid  by  such  vessel  be  less  than  the  sum  of  five  dollars. 

16.  The  canal  and  locks  will  not  be  opened  for  public  use  on  the  Sabbath,  ezce^^t 
for  the  passage  of  **  vessels  of  the  United  States  engaged  in  the  public  service,  or  in 
the  transportation  of  property  or  troops  of  the  United  Statea.^ 

17.  The  owners  of  all  vessels  entering  or  usiiM^  said  canal,  locks,  <kc.,  shall  do  so 
with  the  express  condition  that  it  is  at  lus  own  riu:  and  peril,  and  that  the  State  will 
not  in  any  case  become  responsible  for  aoy  damage  or  mjury  which  any  vessel  may 
receive  in  consequence  of  aoy  imperfections  of  the  canal,  locks,  or  their  appurtenances, 
or  from  any  cause  whatever. 

18.  The  owner  of  every  vessel  which  shall  enter  or  use  said  canal  or  locks  shall  be 
liable  for  all  damsge  which  may  be  done  to  the  same  by  the  vessel,  her  officers  or 
crew,  whether  intentional  or  accidental,  and  shall  also  be  Uable  for  the  full  payment 
of  such  damage,  and  also  of  any  and  all  fines  and  penalties  which  may  have  been 
imposed  at  any  time  on  said  vessel,  her  officers  or  crew,  for  such  damage ;  and  the 
said  vessel  shall  also  be  liable  to  be  seixed  by  proper  legal  process  for  the  payment 
of  any  such  damage  or  penalties  incurred. 

19.  No  person  shall  occupy  or  use  aoy  portion  of  the  banks,  land,  or  appurtenances 
of  the  canal  for  any  purpose  whatever ;  nor  shall  any  timber,  stone,  or  freight  be  left 
upon  the  banks  or  piers  of  the  canal  without  the  permission,  in  writing,  of  the  Super- 
intendent, under  a  penalty  of  not  less  than  ten  nor  more  than  twenty-five  dollars. 

20.  No  person  shall  build  or  repair,  or  heat  or  boil  pitch,  tar,  or  grease,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  repairing  any  boat,  ves^sel,  or  other  craft,  within  the  oaniu  or  locks,  or  upon 
grounds  belonging  thereto,  without  the  written  permission  of  the  Superintendent,  and 
at  such  place  as  be  may  direct,  under  a  penalty  of  not  less  than  ten  nor  more  than 
five  hundred  dollars. 

21.  No  person  shall  throw  into  the  canal,  or  any  lock,  basin,  or  channel  thereof,  or 
within  two  hundred  yards  of  its  entrance,  any  dead  animal,  or  nuisance  of  any  kind, 
or  stones,  timWs,  bushes,  or  other  rubbish,  uuder  a  penalty  of  not  less  than  ten  nor 
more  than  fifty  dollars;  and  any  scow,  boat,  raft  of  timber  or  boards,  fbund  floating 
therein,  shall  be  deemed  forfeited,  and  may  be  taken  up  and  sold  by  the  Superintend- 
ent to  pay  costs  and  damages. 

22.  It  is  understood  that  the  towage  or  moving  of  all  vessels  while  in  the  canal, 
except  when  actually  m  the  locks,  or  passing  into  or  out  of  the  same,  shall  be  at  the 
expense  of  the  master  or  owners  of  toe  same. 

There  will  be  at  all  times  ready,  under  the  control  of  the  Superintendent,  careful 
and  trusty  men  prepared  to  do  towing  for  such  as  may  require  their  services. 

28.  No  person,  other  than  those  employed  bv  the  Superintendent  fur  that  purpose, 
shall  open,  shut,  or  handle  any  lock,  gate,  valve,  or  other  part  of  the  machinery  or 
appurtenances  of  the  canal,  under  a  penalty  of  not  less  than  five  nor  more  than  ten 
dollars. 

24.  All  penalties  hereby  established  for  violations  of  the  above  regulations,  shall 
be  exclusive  of;  and  in  addition  to,  costs  and  payments  for  injuries  done  to  the  works 
of  the  canal. 

26.  All  process  for  the  collection  of  any  of  the  fines  and  penalties  and  damages 
above  fixed,  shall  be  issued  in  the  name  of  the  **  St.  Mary's  Falls  Ship  Canal,"  out  of 
any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction,  under  the  direction  of  the  Superintendent  of  said 
canal 


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748  Bailroad^  Canal,  and  SUamboai  Statiitta. 

26.  No  pik«,  pole,  or  other  iD8tniment»  shod  or  poioted  with  iron,  or  other  metal 
flball  be  used  in  or  about  the  locks  or  caDal,  under  a  penalty  of  not  less  than  five  nor 
more  than  ten  dollars  for  each  offense. 

27.  The  Assistant  Saperiuteodent,  and  any  other  person  duly  authorized  by  the 
Superintendent,  shall  have  all  the  power  and  authority  herem  given  to  the  Superin- 
tendent 

STEAM  DICTIOHART. 

BT  ZKRAH  COLBUay,  BDITOB  OF  THB  RAILROAD  ADVOOATB. 

Footboard,  A  plate  iron  board,  behind  the  boiler,  for  the  engineman  and  fireman 
to  stand  upon. 

Frame,  Made  to  attach  to  the  boiler,  cylinders,  axles,  and  all  cross-shafts,  and  binds 
the  whole  fabric  together. 

FroH  Cocks,  Oocks  to  admit  steam  to  the  feed- pipes,  leading  from  the  tender  to 
the  pumps  used  when  the  water  becomes  frozen. 

Oaseous,    Aeriform,  or  having  the  form  of  gas. 

Gauge,  As  applied  to  railroads,  means  the  width  between  the  insides  of  the  rails* 
The  common  width  of  gauge  of  the  roads  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States,  and  io 
Indiana,  Michigan,  and  Illinois,  is  4  feet  8^  inches  between  the  insides  of  the  heads  of 
the  rails,  or  4  feet  I  Of  inches  between  centers.  The  New  Jersey  and  Ohio  gauge  is 
4  feet  10  inches,  inside  to  inside.  The  gauge  of  most  of  the  new  roads  of  Virginia 
and  of  all  the  roads  south  of  that  State,  and  south  of  the  Ohio  River,  is  5  feet,  in«de 
to  inside.  The  Sciota  and  Hocking  Valley  Road,  in  Ohio,  is  of  the  gauge  of  5  feet  4 
indies.  The  Atlantic  and  St  Lawrence  Road  of  Maine,  the  Canada  roads,  and  those 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  (except  in  Iowa,)  are  6  feet  6  inches,  inside  to  inside.  The 
Erie  Road  and  principal  tributaries,  the  Illinob  and  Wiaconsm  Road  in  Illinois,  and 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Road,  are  all  6  feet  gauge.  In  England,  the  Great  Western 
Road  is  7  feet  gauge.  There  has  been  much  controversy  as  to  the  relative  merits  of 
the  broad  and  narrow  gaugea  It  appears,  however,  in  practice,  that  more  power  is 
required  to  operate  the  wide  than  the  narrow  gauge.  This  word  (gauge)  is  often  im- 
properly spelled  guage. 

Gauge  Cocke,  Oocks  at  different  levels  on  the  side  of  the  fire>box,  and  to  ascertain 
the  height  of  water  in  the  boiler.  When  opened,  water  or  steam  will  escape,  accord- 
ing as  the  level  of  the  water  is  above  or  below  them. 

Generate.  Used  in  its  general  sense,  it  is  often  introduced  in  mechanical  writings 
(o  express  the  production  of  steam,  heat,  <&c.  A  boiler  is  sometimes  called  a  gen* 
erator. 

Gland,  A  bushing  to  hold  the  packing  in  a  stuffing-box.  The  loose  coUar,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  recess  in  which  the  packing  is  compressed,  and  which  is  in  itself 
the  stuffing-box.  The  term  gland  is  not  commonly  used,  that  of  **  stuffing-box"  being 
applied  indiscriminately  to  the  recess  in  which  the  packing  is  placed  and  the  boshing 
employed  to  hold  it 

Grade,  The  degree  or  rate  of  inclination  of  a  road — its  ascent  or  descent  Grades 
are  expressed  in  feet  per  mile ;  a  grade  of  40  feet  per  mile,  means  a  regular  ascent  at 
the  rate  of  40  feet  perpendicular,  in  going  one  mile,  or  6,280  feet  Every  sloping 
grade  is  of  course  an  inclined  plane ;  but  the  latter  term  is  applied  partieulariy  to 
grades  where  the  trains  are  drawn  up  by  ropes,  worked  by  stationary  engines.  Tlie 
highest  or  steepest  grade  upon  which  a  locomotive  has  ever  been  known  to  ascend 
was  528  feet  per  mile,  or  one  foot  rise  in  ten  feet  forward.  This  was  on  the  Bal^ 
more  and  Ohio  Road,  a  heavy  engine  taking  itself  and  a  loaded  car  weighing  12  tons 


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SaUroad,  Canal^  and  Steamboat  Statistia*  749 

up  without  difficulty.  Grades  of  800  feet  per  mile  are  now  worked  on  a  temporary- 
track  of  the  Virginia  Central  Road.  Grades  of  from  80  to  125  feet  per  mile  are  not 
onfrequeDt  in  the  Middle  States.  To  find  the  gravity  of  one  ton  of  2,000  pounds,  on 
any  grade,  multiply  the  rise  of  the  grade  in  feet  per  mile,  by  8»'78'7.  Point  off  four 
figures  for  decimals,  and  the  product  will  express  the  graTity  in  pounds.  For  tone  of 
8,240  pounds,  multiply  by  4,242  instead  of  3,787. 

Granular.  As  applied  to  iron,  meaning  a  disposition  of  the  particles  of  the  metal 
in  the  form  of  small  grains,  as  in  the  appearance  of  broken  sugar. 

Orate.  The  parallel  bars  which  support  the  fuel  in  the  fire-box.  Always  of  cast- 
iron.  The  grates  are  sometimes  made  to  be  detached  or  dropped  in  the  fire- box,  so 
as  to  drop  the  fuel,  particularly  where  coke  is  burnt  This  is  done  to  clear  the  grate 
of  clinkers.  In  coal  engines,  the  grate  bars  are  sometimes  made  so  as  to  receive  an 
occasional  rocking  motion,  intended  to  loosen  the  cinders.  This  rocking  is  effected  by 
a  hand  lever,  inserted  in  a  hole  in  the  projecting  end  of  each  pair  of  bars. 

Gravity,  The  weight  of  bodies — the  tendency  which  bodies,  heavier  than  air,  have 
to  fall,  or  to  seek  the  lowest  level.  On  an  inclined  plane  or  grade,  the  load  has  a 
gravity  which  must  be  overcome  before  the  load  can  be  carried  along  or  upward.  The 
rule  for  finding  the  gravity  on  grades  is  given  above,  under  the  head  of  Grade,  which 
see. 

Guides.  Rods  or  bars,  often  called  '*  slides,"  lying  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the 
cylinder,  and  guiding  the  cross-head,  to  insure  a  perfectly  parallel  motion  of  the 
piston-rod. 


OLIVER  EVANS  AND  THE  STEAM  ENGINE. 

The  editor  of  the  Pennsylvania  Inquirer  has  seen  the  original  proposition,  as  made 
by  Mr.  Oliver  Evans,  to  the  "  Lancaster  Turnpike  Road  Oampany,"  for  the  construc- 
tion of  steam-engines  and  carriages,  to  transport  merchandise  ani  produce  from  Phila- 
delphia to  Columbia.  It  is  dated  "  Philadelphia,  September  6th,  1601,"  and  the  fol* 
lowing  estimate  is  made :  An  engine,  $1,600  ;  a  carriage,  $600 ;  unft>rseen  expenses, 
$500.  Total,  $2,500.  Mr.  Evans  thought  that  this  carriage  would  be  able  to  trans- 
port one  hundred  barrels  of  floor  at  the  rate  of  three  miles  per  hour  on  level  roads, 
and  one  mile  per  hour  up  and  down  hilL  In  other  words,  at  about  two  miles  per 
hour  on  an  average.  And  thus  he  believed  that  the  trip  could  be  made  from  Phila- 
delphia to  Columbia  in  two  days.  At  that  time  it  required  five  wagons  with  five 
horses  each,  to  transport  one  hundred  barrels  of  flour  the  same  distance  in  three  days, 
and  at  an  aggregate  expense  of  ^,804.  The  gain,  therefore,  by  the  new  plan,  would 
be  upwafds  of  $800.  This,  be  it  remembered,  a  little  more  than  half  a  century  ago. 
Mr.  Evans  also  stated  that  he  had  invented  the  only  steam-engine  calculated  for  the 
purpose.    The  following  extract  from  his  memorial  will  be  read  with  interest : — 

"  I  might  as  well  have  made  thi?  improvement  about  twenty  years  ago.  when  I  first 
conceived  the  means  by  which  it  is  to  be  effected.  But  prudence  has  compelled  me 
to  suspend  my  natural  inclination  and  capacity  for  invention,  and  confine  my  improve- 
ments to  such  things  as  [  was  immediately  interested  in.  During  the  r»'Volniion  I 
made  wire,  wool,  and  cotton  cards.  My  improvements  in  these  arts  exceeded  all 
known  here  nt  that  time.  I  have  no  doubt  but  that  my  engines  will  pmpel  beats 
against  the  current  of  the  Mississippi,  and  wagons  on  our  turnpike  ruads  wiih  great 
profit." 

We  have  alfio,  adds  the  Inquirer^  been  shown  a  manuscript  endorsed  by  Oliver  Ev- 
ans, and  probably  written  by  one  of  his  family,  in  which  is  given  ti  detailed  account  of 
the  invention  of  steamboats.    He  states  that  in  1775  or  1776,  he  conceived  the  idea  of 


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propelling  boats  with  hfs  engines,  by  meaos  of  wheels  at  the  sides,  aad  comiDaDioaied 
his  disooTery  to  others — namely,  to  George  Latimer,  in  1777,  and  to  Evan  and  Joseph 
Evans,  both  of  whom  were  then  living  to  testify.  In  1784  he  matured  in  idea,  and 
by  experiments,  a  steam-engine  applicable  to  the  purpose  of  propelling  oarriages  and 
boats  80  far,  that  he  petitioned  the  Legislature  in  1786,  to  secure  to  him  the  right  of 
propelling  land* carriages,  and  obtained  acts  of  the  Legislatures  of  Maryland  and  New 
Hampshire.  He  did  not  include  steamboats,  having  been  infonned  that  CoL  Jamee 
Ramsey  snd  John  Fitch  had  been  engaged  in  constructing  steamboats,  and  were  eon- 
tentling  hr  priority  of  invention.  He  yielded  to  them,  and  he  states  that  Fitdi  pre- 
vailed. The  document  ftom  which  the  above  extract  is  taken,  is  quite  volnminoos, 
but  deeply  interesting,  and  we  hope  to  be  able  to  give  it  at  length  at  some  future 
time.  

DEVLAJf 'S  RAILROAD  CHAIR  AND  RAIU 

A  new  railroad  chair  and  rail,  the  invention  of  a  Pennsylvanian  named  Devlan,  is 
mentioned  in  the  PotUville  Register,  The  rail  is  a  hollow  tube  of  wrought  iron,  made 
as  gas  pipes  are,  by  drawing  the  metal  through  dies. 

The  average  wear  of  railroad  iron  is  seven  years — that  i?,  they  are  constantly  laying 
down  new  rails  along  roads,  and  the  calculation  is,  that  In  seven  years  they  have  done 
sufficient  to  relay  the  whole  road.  In  this  work  of  relaying  the  track,  the  danger  to 
Hfe  and  property  is  very  great  By  the  use  of  the  Devlan  rail,  when  one  side  wearsi 
a  man  goes  along  the  road  and  simply  turns  it  with  a  wrench,  and  so  on  as  often  as 
they  like.  The  rail  being  a  tube,  as  all  mechanics  know,  with  the  same  weight  of  iron 
is  at  least  three  times  as  strong ;  the  wheel  treads  on  it  as  well,  and  is  not  so  liable  to 
run  off  the  track,  as  it  is  a  perfect  indiaed  plane,  and  no  sharp  comers  to  catch  the 
flange  of  the  wheel 

Aside  from  the  fact  that  this  new  rail  will  last  five  times  longer  than  the  kind  in 
use,  it  should  be  remembered  that  the  cost  of  its  production  is  very  low.  The  mans- 
lecture  of  railroad  iron  is  at  present  a  monopoly,  and  not  very  profitable  at  that,  be- 
cause it  requires  an  enormous  amount  of  capital  to  carry  it  on.  The  new  ptoceee  of 
manufacture,  on  the  contrary,  places  it  within  the  power  of  every  iron  master  in  iSUb 
Union  to  make  railway  rails  at  a  trifling  expense.  In  view  of  the  magnitude  of  the 
railway  interest  in  this  country,  the  invention  of  an  improvement  such  as  that  of  (Jen- 
eral  Devlan,  becomes  of  the  greatest  importance. 

The  chair  is  of  cast  iron,  with  a  socket  at  each  side,  into  which  the  rail  slips^makiag 
a  perfect  joint,  and  allowing  it  to  remove,  when  it  is  desired  to  turn  it  * 


RAILROADS  IN  THE  STATE  OF  CONNECTICDT. 

The  Railroad  Commissioners  of  Connecticut  have  made  their  report  The  first  rail 
road  charter  in  the  State  was  granted  in  1832,  and  the  first  train  was  run  in  1839- 
Since  that  time  fourteen  railroads  have  been  constructed  in  whole,  or  in  part,  embrm' 
ciog  644  miles  of  rail  within  the  State,  and  about  100  miles  in  process  of  conslructiofi 
not  including  111  miles  of  double  track  upon  the  New  York  and  New  Hampshire  and 
Spring  roads.  The  railroad  capital  in  the  State  is  $23,657,658,  without  including  the 
Air  Line  road,  which  will  add  $1,000,000  to  this  amount  Of  this  capital  $18,500,000 
has  been  actually  paid  in,  and  this  last  sum  has  earned  a  dividend  of  only  $459,709 
during  the  year.  The  cost  of  the  roads  has  been  $28,884,483 ;  the  gross  earnings 
$8,527,225;  eipense  of  working  $2,854,291;  net  earnings  $1,013,588;  dividend* 
$459,709 ;  debts  $10,785,156 ;  surplus  (nominal)  $266,536.    The  casualties  have  been 


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Bml/Poad^  Oanal^  amd  Steamboat  StaHtties.  751 

▼erj  maU.  Oot  of  2,968,698  paaseogera  carried  in  the  cars,  but  tvo  have  beeo  in- 
jured ;  of  persons  not  passengers  19  have  been  killed  and  8  injared,  most  of  ihem  by 
being  on  the  track  when  they  had  no  business  there.  The  death  of  the  two  paseen- 
gers  was  caused  by  their  carelessness  in  jumping  from  the  cars  at  improper  times. 


MERCHAJVT  SHIPS  AID  STEAMERS. 

PBOPOETIOM8  or  VXSSKLa— LARGE  SHIPS  FOR  LONG  YOYAQBS. 

In  a  late  number  of  the  London  Mechanictf  Magazine  there  is  some  very  interest^ 
ing  information  respecting  large  steamshipe  and  the  proportions  of  their  length  and 
breadth.  This  was  elicited  in  a  discussion  at  a  meeting  of  the  London  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers,  on  a  paper  which  had  appeared  in  the  Edinburgh  Journal  on  **  Ocean 
Steamers." 

Lkvoth  akd  Bekadth.  One  steamer  in  B^Iand,  named  the  Wave  Queen^  had  been 
built  of  proportions  thirteen  times  longer  than  her  breadth ;  it  sailed  very  fast,  and 
was  found  to  be  a  good  sea  boat 

Large  Ships.  The  President  of  the  Institution  alluding  to  the  large  steamship  of 
10,000  tons  which  is  proposed  for  construction,  said  "  the  advantages  of  employing  a 
smaller  number  of  large  ships  rather  than  a  greater  number  of  small  ships,  for  given 
trades,  especially  for  long  voyages,  was  beginning  to  be  generally  admitted  by  ship- 
owners. A  paper  was  published  in  the  Liverpool  Albion^  of  November  2l8t,  186S, 
which  presented  the  results  of  that  experience  in  a  remarkable  form.  Tlie  ships  now 
employed  in  the  American  and  British  trade  had  been  greatly  augmented  in  eixe,  and 
with  the  best  results ;  but  these  would  be  too  small  for  the  Australian  trade.  Every 
particular  steady  trade,  no  doubt,  demanded  peculiar  vessels  for  that  trade,  and  their 
size  must  be  proportioned  to  the  length  of  the  vojage."  The  conclusion  of  the  dis- 
cussion resulted  in  a  general  acquiescence  of  this  principle. 


STEAMBOAT  TRADE  OF  ST.  LOUIS. 

The  local  steamboat  inspectors  of  St  Louis  have  made  their  third  annual  report, 
from  which  it  appears  that  the  tonnage  of  St  Louis  figures  up  nearly  83,000  tons,  and 
the  number  of  boats  inspected  during  the  year  is  91. 

The  number  of  passengers  carried  for  the  year  ending  September  80,  was  greatly  in 
excess  of  any  previous  year — the  difference  oveir  the  year  ending  September  80, 1864, 
reaching  the  enormous  aggregate  of  544,844.  The  total  for  the  year  was  upwards  of 
one  million  and  forty- six  thousand ;  and  of  all  these,  by  acdJents  to  be  imputed  to  the 
craft — sinking  and  burning  of  boats,  escape  of  steam,  and  spar-breaking  while  aground 
— the  deaths  were  only  twenty-eight  This  is  an  unusually  small  per  centage.  That 
not  a  single  death  occurred  from  explosion  during  the  year  is  a  remarkaUe  and  most 
gratifying  fact,  and  shows  that  either  by  better  machinery  or  more  carefulness  of  en- 
gineers and  officers,  or  doubtless  both  combined,  a  great  change  for  the  better,  in  this 
respect  is  taking  place.  The  Ifves  lost  by  the  boats  burning  were  thirteen,  being 
forty-two  less  than  in  the  previous  year.  The  total  loss  of  life  shows  a  reduction  of 
sixty^one,  although  upwards  of  half  a  million  of  people  were  carried  more  than  in  the 
previous  year.  The  number  of  boilers  repaired  was  fifty-two.  The  loss  of  property, 
however,  by  snaggpng  and  sinking,  was  so  great  during  the  year  as  to  be  entitled  to 
■erious  attention.  The  inspectors  estimate  it  at  over  two  millions.  This  great  sacri- 
fice was  owing  to  causes  against  which  no  care,  experience,  and  prudence,  can  at  all 
thoaes  guard  ;  and  the  Board  very  properly  reason  from  it  to  some  practicable  plan  of 
improving  the  rivers. 


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762  Jowmal  rf  Mkdng  and  Jianufaeturei. 


JOURNAL  OF  MINING  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


IRON  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

From  an  abridged  copy  of  Professor  Wilson's  special  Report  on  the  New  York  In- 
dustrial Exhibition,  lately  published,  we  extract  the  following,  relating  to  iron  ores  aad 
thd  manufactures  :— 

The  very  general  distribution  of  iron  ores  throughout  the  Union,  and  the  abondaoc^ 
of  fuel  which  the  natural  forests  everywhere  readily  supplied,  gave  facilities  fur  the 
manufacture  of  iron,  which  in  the  early  days  of  the  mdustry  was  carried  on  in  varioos 
parts  of  the  States,  and  in  many  formed  the  only  source  from  which  the  inhabitants 
could  obtain  (bcir  scanty  supplies.  PosFes^ing  in  common  with  the  other  States  both 
of  the  raw  materials — the  ores  and  the  foel — the  New  England  States,  owing  to  the 
advanced  education  and  general  commercial  energy  of  her  people,  led  the  way  in 
identifying  themselves  wiSi  the  new  iodustrv,  by  forming  establishments  where  it  was 
carried  out  on  a  more  extensive  ECale.  Qradually,  however,  the  existence  of  mineral 
fuel  in  Pennsylvania  gave  an  advantae:e  to  that  State  which  soon  showed  itself  by  the 
rapid  growth  of  her  iron  industry.  This  continued  annually  to  increase,  while  the 
scarcity  of  fuel  in  the  New  England  States  rendered  them  less  able  to  meet  the  in- 
creafiug  demands  of  the  market  which  they  themselves  had  principally  created.  la 
1830,  anthracite  coal  was  successfully  used  in  smelting  ores,  and  when,  sonae  few 
years  later,  it  was  shown  that  the  hot  blast  could  be  as  advantageously  applied  to  an- 
thracite as  to  other  furnaces,  this  State  t)ecaroe  at  once  the  great  center  ot  the  indus- 
try, and  speedily  assumed  the  control  of  the  home  market.  This  position  she  has  held 
up  to  the  present  time,  and  must  hold  it  for  some  years  to  come,  until  the  iron  making 
resources  of  the  States  west  of  tlie  Alleghanies  are  suflBci^ntly  developed  to  enable 
them  to  compete  in  production  with  their  more  advanced  neighbors. 

These  great  resources  are  as  yet  but  very  imperfectly  known;  geological  investiga- 
tions have  long  ago  made  known  the  existence  of  beds  of  fuel  to  a  boundless  extent, 
and  so  disposed  as  to  offer  natural  facilities  for  working  which  cannot  be  without  their 
results  on  the  industrial  uses  to  whicli  they  are  applied.  With  these  beds  are  associ- 
ated, probably  throughout  the  greater  part  of  their  area,  beds  of  ironstone  similar  to 
that  which  we  find  in  the  coal  measures  of  our  own  country.  These  give  to  this  re- 
gion a  material  advantage  over  that  east  of  the  mountain  range,  where  the  coal  for- 
mation is  entirely  destitute  of  the  ore  beds  which  seem  to  be  so  bountifully  distributed 
throughout  the  great  bituminous  coal  field  on  the  western  side.  Thus,  while  the 
smelting  furnace  in  the  one  district  finds  a  ready  supply  of  both  ore  and  fuel  immedi- 
ately at  hand,  the  location  of  the  other  has  to  be  determined  by  calculations  based 
upon  the  comparafivc  cost,  and  other  circumstances  attendant  upon  the  traDsport  to 
the  furnace  of  the  two  necessary  materials— the  fuel  and  the  ores. 

The  manufacture  of  iron  has  hitherto  distributed  itself  on  the  line  of  the  great  riv- 
ers, which  are  the  natural  feeders  to  the  canals  by  whose  medium  the  pniduce  has 
been  conveyed  to  the  consuming  districts.  Thus  we  find  the  chief  seat  of  the  inn 
manufacture  to  be : — 

1.  On  the  Housatonic  River,  traversing  the  State  of  Connecticut  The  prodoction 
of  this  district  is  limited  to  charcoal  iron,  of  the  best  quality,  obtained  from  haematite 
scattered  along  the  shores  of  the  river.  Spathic  iron  ore  has  recently  been  discovered 
at  Roxburg  and  Munro.  The  make  of  this  divitdon  is  consumed  chiefly  in  the  imme- 
diate district. 

2.  On  the  Hudson  River,  traversing  the  State  of  New  York,  in  a  line  nearly  parallel 
to  the  former  river.  On  this  line  a  large  production  of  iron  by  anthracite  coal,  which 
is  delivered  nt  an  average  rate  of  $3  60  per  ton.  is  rapidly  springing  np.  The  rich 
magnetic  iron  ores  (iron  71 .79,  oxygen  28.21,)  which  are  traced  tor  miles  along  ths 
western  bide  of  Lake  Champlain,  yielding  from  60  to  65  per  cent  of  metal  on  the  fur- 
nace, can  be  mined  and  delivered  to  the  coal  on  the  Hudson  at  an  average  cost  of  $S 
per  ton.  On  the  Hudt^on  there  are  six  large  anthracite  furnaces,  and  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain  three  more ;  but  in  the  latter  district  the  ehief  production  is  with  charmal,  the 
ore  being  made  iu  a  kind  of  Oatulan  forge  or  bl(X>roery. 

8.  On  the  Delaware  and  Lehigh  Rivers,  the  former  of  whidi  seperates  die  Stats  of 


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Jmuniml  9f  MMmg  mind  JfohmfmeHurei.  753 

Hew  J«rtey  fron  Pemnjlvaoift,  and  emptiet  itaeU  into  Uie  AUantie  at  Cape  May; 
and  tha  latter  joins  the  Delaware  at  Bastoo,  about  270  miles  npu  The  Lehigh  leads 
straight  ap  the  north-east  eztremitjr  of  the  first  great  anthracite  basin,  known  as  the 
**  SehuylkilL"  Baston  is  about  equi-distant  from  the  anthracite  coal  field  of  Pennsjl- 
▼ania  and  the  primitif  e  ore  range  of  New  Jersey,  while  all  around  there  are  extensile 
beds  of  haematite,  yielding  about  SO  per  cent  of  metal  The  Trenton  Iron  Company 
at  this  place  have  three  large  furnaces  in  operation — two  with  a  diameter  of  20  fee(» 
and  one  of  22  feet — giving  an  average  prodaction  of  500  to  600  tons  per  week.  On 
looking  over  the  returns,  which  were  liberally  shown,  some  extraordinary  runs  were 
observable,  amounting  to  upwards  of  240  tons  per  week  from  the  20  feet  furnace,  and 
continuing  at  that  rate  for  several  weeks  together.  Higher  up  the  river  are  the  works 
of  the  G-lendon  Iron  Company,  containing  four  large  blast  furnaces.  Here,  in  order  to 
economise  space  in  the  engine-house,  the  blowmg  cylinders  are  placed  immediately 
over  the  steam  cylinders  of  the  engine,  so  that  the  same  piston-rods,  by  a  reciprocat- 
ing movement,  work  the  two  cylmders  at  the  same  time.  At  Oatasauqna  the  first 
furnaces  m  the  States  for  the  use  of  anthracite  iron  were  erected,  and  Mr.  Orane,  in 
the  year  1887,  here  first  successfully  applied  hot  blast  to  anthracite  in  iron  smelting. 
In  all  the  works  visited,  economy  of  production  was  strictly  adhered  ta  The  air  was 
heated  by  the  waste  gases  of  the  furnaces,  and  in  most  cases  the  whole  steam-power, 
whether  for  driving  the  blast  or  for  other  purposes,  was  generated  in  boilers  set  in 
the  npper  part  of  the  furnace,  and  arranged  so  that  the  heated  gases  played  around 
them. 

4.  On  the  Schuylkill  River,  which  runs  into  the  Delaware  a  short  distance  below 
the  dtv  of  Philadelphia,  there  are  found,  throughout  the  whole  length  of  the  valley, 
large  deposits  of  hssmatite  ores ;  these,  however,  are  not  so  rich  as  those  of  the  JU- 
high ;  while  the  supply  of  the  primitive  oxides  and  carbonaceous  ores  is  very  scanty. 
Upon  this  river  there  are  eighteen  blast  furnaces  using  anthracite  coal.  Besides  these 
there  are  several  small  chiuxxHd  furnaces,  whose  fires  are  gradually  waning  away, 
though  they  stiJl  support  the  character  of  the  American  iron  by  the  very  excellent  ar- 
tide  produced. 

5.  The  Susquehanna,  another  of  the  great  parallel  rivers  running  from  the  highlands 
of  the  interior  down  to  the  ocean,  and  which  debouches,  just  below  Havre  de  Grace, 
on  the  upper  extremity  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  has  along  its  banks  large  deposits  of  iron 
or^As  It  traverses  the  three  larve  coal  fields — the  Shamt»kin,  the  Scnuylkill,  and 
tbPWyomiog — and  is  well  supplied  with  artificial  modes  of  transport,  it  offers  very 
great  advanta^^  in  the  manufacture  of  iron. 

6.  The  Potomac,  taking  its  course  some  60  or  100  miles  south  of  the  Susquehanna, 
and  running  into  Chesapeake  Bay  about  midway  fix>m  the  ocean,  is  abundantly  sup- 
plied with  ores,  chiefly  hiomatites  of  good  quality.  Charcoal  b  the  fuel  chiefly  used, 
although  the  increasing  means  of  communication  with  the  Cumberland  coal  field,  and 
also  with  the  anthracite  basins  of  the  Suscjuehanna,  have  given  great  advantages  io 
the  wav  of  fuel  to  those  furnaces  placed  within  reach  of  the  lines  of  transport. 

7.  The  Ohio,  the  Cumberland,  and  the  Tennessee,  are  still  only  partially  developed, 
charcoal  as  fuel,  and  the  hasmatite  ores,  which  are  found  on  the  outskirts  of  the  great 
Appalachian  coal  field,  being  the  sources  from  which  the  principal  portion  of  the  iron 
is  now  produced.  In  the  upper  part  of  the  Ohio,  in  the  rittsburg  district,  more  pro- 
gress has  been  made ;  the  furnaces  are  being  worked  with  raw  bituminous  ooal,  and 
with  the  clay  carbonates  mixed  with  h»matites.  Limestone  is  also  found  in  the  im- 
oMKiiate  vicinity.  Besides  the  production  of  these  eight  principal  iron  districts,  a  large 
quantity  is  made  in  widely  dispersed  localities,  with  charcoal  as  fuel,  in  small  bUwt 
furnaces,  or  io  the  primitive  foi^es  or  bloomeries. 

The  gross  amount  of  iron  produced  in  the  several  States  of  the  Union  for  the  year 
1860,  as  given  in  the  census  returns,  is  540,756  ton&  The  number  of  hands  employed 
is  given  at  20,298,  and  the  market  value  of  the  produce  is  estimated  at  $12,482,077. 
Twos  the  present  production  of  pig-iron  at  800,000  tons,  about  one-half  of  it  is  oon- 
sumed  for  castings,  and  the  remaining  portion  is  left  to  be  converted  into  wrought  iron, 
at  a  loss  in  waste,  dtc,  of  about  one-third.  Thb,  for  practical  purposes,  reduces  the 
total  or  available  production  about  180,000  ton^  and  leaves  in  round  numbers  700,000 
tons  to  meet  a  consumption  of  not  less  than  1,200,000  tons.  This  deficiency  must  be 
supplied  by  the  produce  of  other  coimtriea. 

The  number  of  establishments  for  the  conversion  of  pig  into  wrought  iron  in  the 
United  States  is  given  io  the  Treasury  returns  at  422.  These  establishments  have  an 
invested  capital  of  between  fourteen  and  fifteen  miliioD  dollara,  and  give  direet  em- 

vou  zxxiii. — ^iro.  Ti.  48 


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754  Jimmal  of  Mkning  amd  Mcmnrfacharu. 

ploymeDt  to  upwards  of  18,000  workmen.  The  total  amoaiit  maDuiacliired  in  tlM 
States  may  be  taken  at  500,000  tons  per  annum.  In  general,  the  wrought  iron  works 
are  carried  on  as  a  distinct  business  from  the  manufactore  of  pig-iron.  The  iollowiqg 
establishments,  howoTer,  combine  the  whole  process  of  smelUng  and  puddling: — the 
Trenton  Iron  Company,  at  Easton  and  Trenton,  New  Jersey;  Fuller  A  Lord,  at  Boon- 
ton,  New  Jersey ;  Reeves,  Buck  A  Co.,  Phcenizville,  Penosylyania;  Reeves,  Abbott  A 
Oa,  at  Safe  Harbor,  Pennsylvania ;  the  Montour  Iron  Company,  Danville,  Pa. ;  and  the 
Mount  Savage  Iron  Co^  Maryland.  The  princi|>al  cause  of  the  separation  of  the  two 
branches  is  probably  due  to  inade<)uacy  of  capital  to  carry  on  both. 

Rolling  mills  for  ^ate  and  bar  iron  are  met  with  throughout  the  States  in  which 
iron  is  produced.  In  Pennsylvania  the  establishments  for  the  conversion  of  cast  into 
wrought-iron  are  numerous  At  one  of  the  country  rolling  mills  charcoal  blooms  were 
beioff  used,  which  were  first  worked  up  in  a  puddling  furnace,  and  then  tilted ;  after 
wbioi  they  were^  again  heated,  and  rolled  out  mto  iJates  of  the  required  dimensioaa 
Charcoal  boiler-plate  fetches  a  higher  price,  and  is  always  guarantied  by  the  maker, 
as,  owing  sometimes  to  an  imperfect  process  of  reductiou  m  Uie  ibrge,  a  small  portion 
of  the  luel  is  left  mixed  up  with  the  metal,  and  remains  even  after  it  has  passed  the 
puddling  furnace  and  the  tilt-hamn>er.  To  detect  the  flaw  in  the  iron  when  rolled  out 
requires  great  care  on  the  part  of  the  foreman,  who  carefully  notices,  after  it  has  left 
the  rollers,  whether  the  surfiEure  cools  equally  all  over ;  if  any  black  spots  appear,  tbsy 
show  that  the  plate  is  imperfect  and  contains  cavities  in  which  carbonaceous  mattsr 
is  usually  found.  The  spots  are  then  marked,  and  the  plate  laid  aside.  In  the  hands 
of  the  engineer  they  a^n  undeigo  an  examination;  the  practice  of  the  boiler  maken 
being  to  rule  them  off  m  one  inch  squares,  and  then  test  eadi  square  with  the  ham- 
mer, the  expenses  attending  any  unsoundness  fidling  upon  the  maker. 


IMPROyBMBITS  III  MiCHIIBRT. 

THS  STBAX  HAMMXm. 

The  London  Mining  Journal  furnishes  the  subjoined  description  of  Morrison's  as- 
proved  "  Steam  Hammer ;" — 

Mr.  Robert  Morrison,  of  Newcastle  on-l^me,  has  made  some  improvements  m  the 
steam  hammer,  his  object  being  to  prevent  the  great  wear  and  tear,  and  liabimj  to 
that  derangement  or  breakage  which,  he  states,  has  been  experienced  in  the  onfinoy 
steam  hammers,  forming  a  serious  drawback  to  the  use  and  efficiency  of  this  valoable 
tool.  In  Nasmyth's  hammer,  the  head  is  attached  to  the  piston-rod,  and  is  guided  by 
side  cheeks  in  the  Arame,  a  shallow  rib  entering  a  groove  on  eadi  side  of  the  hammer 
head.  Considerable  play  is  necessarily  left  fer  the  fall  of  the  hammer,  causing  a  vio- 
lent shake  and  jar  at  each  blow ;  while  the  blow«  being  seldom  in  the  eeoter  of  the 
&ce,  a  side  jar  is  the  result ;  the  constant  repetition  of  these  shocks  indents  and  wears 
away  ibe  hammer-face  and  guides,  increases  the  display  to  an  injurious  extent,  dis- 
places the  packing,  and  often  breaks  the  piston-rod.  In  Condie*s  hammer  the  motion 
is  reversed,  the  piston  and  rod  are  fixed,  the  cylinder  forms  the  hammer,  havii^  the 
head  fixed  below,  and  is  guided  by  rubbing  against  the  side  cheeks  of  the  frame  at 
the  top  and  bottom ;  the  steam  is  admitted  through  the  piston-rod,  which  is  boDow. 
By  this  arrangement  the  jar  is  not  communicated  to  the  piston,  but  the  rubbing  aor- 
faces  of  the  hammer-guides  are  exposed  to  a  similar  iojurioos  action,  and  the  blow  of 
the  hammer  is  liable  to  break  the  cylinder. 

In  Morrison's  hammer  the  cylinder  remains  fixed;  the  piston-rod  itself  fbruM  the 
shaft  of  the  hammer,  being  enlarged  in  diameter,  and  prolonged  through  the  top  of 
the  cylinder,  above  which  the  upper  end  is  steadied  by  sliding  between  gnidesL  The 
hammer  is  guided  by  two  large  stuffing-boxes  at  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  cyhadsr* 
works  with  steadinera  and  freedom  from  friction,  the  rubbing  surfiu»  being  a  turned 
cylindrical  piston-rod,  fitting  closely  in  stuffing-boxes,  instead  of  sb'ding  looeely  be- 
tween the  cheeks  of  the  frame.    The  hammer-head  of  the  machine,  whiehthn  patentee 


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Joumcd  of  Mining  and  Manufactures.  755 

has  had  in  oper^tioo  at  the  Onsebom  Engine  Works,  Newcastle,  weighs  2  tons,  with 
a  clear  fall  of  8^  feet;  it  has  been  tried  with  85, 40,  and  50  poonds  prcssare  of  steam, 
but  has  been  found  to  work  best  at  40  pounds  per  square  inch.  The  hammer-bar  and 
piston  rod  are  of  wrought-iron,  10  inches  in  diameter,  the  piston  forged  solid  upon  it 
in  the  middle  of  its  length,  a  groove  being  turned  upon  its  circumference  to  receive  a 
single  brass  packing  ring,  one-quarter  inch  thick,  packed  behind  with  hemp.  The 
upper  cross-head  is  also  forged  in  one  piece  with  the  bar.  The  hammer  at  the  Ouse- 
bum  Works  has  been  working  day  and  night,  double  shift,  for  five  months,  during 
which  period  there  has  not  been  half-an-hour  lost  by  any  derangement  in  the  hammer, 
the  packing  remains  as  good  as  when  put  on,  and  the  cover  has  not  been  taken  off 
since  the  hammer  started.  The  large  stuffiogboz  was  packed  with  hemp,  had  not 
been  unpacked  for  nine  weeks,  and  no  enlargement  perceptible  in  the  gland. 

With  the  working  piston-rod  and  hammer  in  one  solid  piece,  the  liability  to  fracture 
and  derangement  is  much  diminished,  whilst  the  hammering  blows  are  of  superior 
solidity  and  efifect ;  and  the  bolting  of  the  steam  cylinder  between  the  frame  standard, 
immediately  above  the  anvil,  provides  a  most  powerful  stay  for  tying  the  frames  well 
together,  and  preventing  all  lateral  springing.  The  hammer-face  is  thus  most  accu* 
rately  directed  down  upon  its  work,  by  which  shoulders,  collars,  and  other  projections, 
can  be  forged  down  with  certainty  to  their  proper  size  and  form  by  the  side  of  the 
hammer  without  any  oblique  thrust  The  height  of  the  arch  in  this  machine  is  im- 
portant, and  the  position  of  the  steam  cylinder  in  front  of  the  standards  realizes  a 
great  advantage,  as,  when  the  hammer  is  actually  between  the  frame  pieces,  the  masa 
of  iron  must  be  angled  before  it  can  be  hammered ;  or,  if  it  cannot  be  angled,  the 
man  must  stand  in  a  dangerous  position  beneath  the  arch ;  but,  in  the  patentee's  ar- 
rangement, the  hammer  is  quite  clear  of  the  framing,  so  that  the  forgeman  can  swage, 
shape,  or  cut,  any  work  he  may  have  in  hand,  without  the  necessity  of  standing  be- 
neath the  arch. 

GREATEST  DEPTHS  OF  MINES  IN  THE  WORLD. 

According  to  the  London  Mining  Journal,  Wheal  Abraham  attained  (rather  more 
than  twenty  years  ago)  a  depth  of  about  242  fathoms,  or  1,452  feet,  (a  fathom  being 
six  feet ;)  Dolcoath  Mine  had  reached  285  fathoms ;  Tresavean  Copper  Mine  is  grad- 
ually becoming  extraordinarily  deep,  and  it  is  last  reported  as  being  2,112  feet  under 
the  surface,  and  about  1.700  feet  below  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  Consolidated  Mines 
are  800  fathoms  (1,800  feet)  deep,  and  the  United  Mines  280  fathoms  below  the  adit 
level.  Let  the  reader  realize  these  depths  by  imaginary  pilings  of  the  highest  build- 
ings, as  St.  PauVs  and  the  Monument,  on  themselves,  a  sufficient  number  of  times  to 
attain  the  respective  amounts  I  Speaking  of  mines  generally,  the  Eselschact  Mine, 
at  Kuttenberg,  in  Bohemia,  now  inaccessible,  was  deeper  than  any  other  mine,  being 
no  less  than  8,778  feet  below  the  surface.  Its  depth  is  only  150  feet  less  than  the 
height  of  Vesuvius,  and  it  is  eight  tiroes  greater  than  the  height  of  the  pyramid  of 
Cheope,  or  the  cathedral  of  Strasburg.  The  bore  of  the  salt  works  of  Minden,  in 
Prussia,  is  2,281  feet  deep,  and  1,993  feet  below  the  level  of  the  sea.  Mines  on  high 
ground  may  be  very  deep  without  extending  to  the  sea  level.  That  of  Yalenciana, 
Dt-ar  Guanaxuato,  iu  Mexico,  is  1,686  feet  deep ;  yet  it  is  5,960  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  and  the  mines  in  the  Andes  must  be  much  more.  For  the  same  reason  the 
rich  mine  of  Joachimsthal,  in  Bohemia,  though  2,120  feet  deep,  has  not  yet  reached 
the  sea  level.  The  fire-springs  at  Tseulieutabg,  in  China,  are  8.197  feet  deep,  but 
their  relative  depth  to  the  sea  level  is  unknown.  How  insignificant  are  the  works  of 
man  compared  with  nature  I  A  line,  27,600  feet  long,  did  not  reach  the  bottom  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 


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756  Journal  of  Mining  and  Manufaetum. 

MA9UFAGTURB  OF  CURRilT  WIIB. 

TUs  article,  as  tmially  manufactared,  is  rather  a  cordial  than  a  wine,  and  is  eotirelj 
inferior  to  the  commonest  imported  wine,  bat  when  properly  made,  it  will  be  found  a 
Tery  superior  healthful  beverage,  particnlarlj  for  summer  drink,  when  follj  dihitsd 
with  water. 

We  have  experimented  carefully  on  the  making  of  currant  wine,  and  the  fonowisg 
will  be  found  to  give  a  result  which  we  hare  found  no  difficulty  in  selling  m  laigs 
quantities  at  11  per  gallon. 

Before  pressing  the  juice  from  the  currants  pass  them  between  a  pair  of  roUers  to 
crush  them,  after  which  they  may  be  placed  in  a  strong  bag,  and  they  will  part  Yitk 
the  juice  readily  by  light  pressure,  such  as  a  common  screw,  heary  weights,  eta  To 
each  quart  of  juice  add  three  pounds  of  double-refined  loaf-sugar^single-refined  ragir 
is  not  sufficiently  pure — then  add  as  much  water  as  will  make  one  gallon.  Or  in 
other  words,  suppose  the  cask  intended  to  bb  used,  80  quarts  of  currantjniee,  90 
pounds  of  double-refined  sugar,  and  fill  the  cask  to  the  bong  with  water ;  roll  it  orv 
until  the  sugar  is  all  dissolved.  This  will  be  told  by  its  ceasing  to  rattle  in  the  barreL 
Next  day  roll  it  agam,  and  place  it  in  a  cellar  where  the  temperature  will  be  sure  to 
be  even.  Leave  the  bung  loose  for  the  free  admission  of  air.  In  the  course  of  oai, 
two^  or  three  days  fermentation  will  commence ;  by  placing  the  ear  to  the  bong-bolt 
a  alight  noise  will  be  heard,  such  as  may  be  observed  when  carbonic  add  is  esetpiiig 
from  champagne  or  soda  water.  Fermentation  will  continue  a  few  weeks,  oonfertiog 
the  sugar  in  alcohol  As  soon  as  this  ceases,  drive  the  bung  in  tightly,  and  leave  tbo 
cask  for  six  months,  at  the  end  of  which  time  the  wine  may  be  drawn  off  peHedlj 
dear,  without  any  excess  of  sweetness. 

The  reason  why  double-refined  sugar  should  be  used  may  be  thua  understood:— Or- 
dinary sugar  contains  a  half  of  one  per  cent  of  gum,  which,  when  dissolred  in  water, 
becomes  ietid.  Suppose,  then,  four  or  five  ounces  of  gum  dissolved  in  a  barrel  of 
water,  we  can  readily  understand  that  at  the  end  of  a  few  months  this  water  will  be 
very  foul  in  flavor,  and  most  of  the  currant  wine  offered  for  sale,  made  from  loaf^ogsr 
of  oommoQ  quality,  and  often  from  sugar  very  inferior  to  this,  such  as  white  BaTsas, 
etc,  contains  gum  in  this  fetid  condition,  and  its  foul  flavor  is  an  amalgamation  of  m- 
gar,  currant-juice,  and  fetid  gum.  When  double-refined  sugar  ia  used  all  these  diffi- 
culties are  avoided. 

No  alcohol  should  be  added.  The  practice  of  putting  in  small  quantities  of  bnodf 
and  other  liquors,  makes  a  cordial,  and  not  a  wine.  AU  the  sugar  used  may  be  so 
much  fermented  as  at  least  to  change  its  character  chemically,  and  this  change  will 
produce  all  the  alcohol  required. 


SOME  ACCOUIT  OF  THE  ZfSC  OF  GOMMBRCB. 

By  the  analysis  of  the  most  ancient  coins,  and  of  metallic  vessels  taken  from  tbe 
excavations  at  Herculaneum,  it  is  found  that  they  contain  a  poKioo  of  fine ;  yet»  to 
the  modems,  zmc  is  a  new  metal.  Less  then  a  century  ago,  sine  was  not  considered 
aa  a  metal  at  all — Homberg,  a  philosopher,  who  wrote  about  that  period,  says :— *  Ziae 
is  a  compound  of  iron  and  tin  f  thua  implying  that  it  had  no  individual  existeDoe,M 
that  it  was  a  compound  Such,  however,  is  not  found  to  be  the  case  by  modem  diea- 
bta.  Indifferent  as  we  are  to  a  **  bit  of  zinc,"  there  are  few  substances  that  hafs  no* 
dered  more  service,  or  been  more  instrumental  to  the  cause  of  science  and  the  pie- 
greaa  of  knowledge,  than  this  metaL  Considered  in  relation  to  its  own  qualities,  * 
posMcaes  rare  interest.    Oertam  combinationa  of  thia  metal  with  copper,  under  tbe 


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Jimmal  cf  Mining  and  Jfanufacturet.  16*I 

enfrfiODtoQs  names  of  tcmbae^  ira9$,  pinchbeck,  have  been  uaed  in  the  arts,  especiallj 
in  China,  from  time  immemoriaL  In  the  Celestial  Empire,  sine  in  great  puritj  is  used 
for  corrent  coin.  Thii  monej  haa  frequently  Tartar  diaracten  on  one  side,  and  Chi- 
nese characters  on  the  reverseu  Certain  combinations  of  sine,  and  called  white  Titriol, 
(i.  €^  snlphate  of  sine,)  and  another,  flowers  of  sine,  (ozyde  of  sine,)  are  of  great  im- 
portance in  medicine.  The  mechanical  oses  of  metallic  sine  are  very  numerous,  gir- 
ing  rise  to  regular  trades  for  the  fabrication  of  zinc  ware.  The  white  ozjde  of  sine 
is  coming  daily  into  use  as  a  harmless  substitute  for  the  poisonous  white-lead  in  pamt- 
ing.  Iron  chams  and  wire  exposed  to  the  air  or  water,  are  all  now  dipped  into  melted 
line  before  they  are  put  to  use.  This  (^>eration,  which  is  called  gaWaniaing.  entirely 
prevents  the  iron  from  mstiog.  There  are  many  other  uses  of  zinc,  but  which  we 
cannot  detail  hksre.  The  great  service,  however,  which  zinc  has  rendered  to  man  is  in 
the  galvanic  battery.  Without  electricity  many  arts  would  cease  to  exist,  yet,  for 
practical  and  commercial  purposes,  we  could  not  generate  electricity  without  ane. 
What  steam  owes  to  coal,  electricity  owes  to  zinc  Whenever  steam  is  used,  coal  is 
consumed ;  whenever  electricity  is  used,  zinc  is  consumed.  Thus  we  find  that  electro- 
plating and  the  wonders  of  telegraphic  communication  are  indirectly  mdebted  to  zinc, 
and  by  the  use  of  the  telegraph  we  are  enabled  to  answer  Job  (xxxviii^  85,)  in  the 
affirmative,  who,  2,000  years  ago,  asked,  **  Canst  thou  send  lightnings,  that  they  may 
go  and  say  unto  thee  'Here  we  aref 


EARLY  MANUFACTURES  Iff  NEW  EHGLAffD, 

Fire-arms  were  manufactured  in  large  quantities  in  colony  times.  Hon.  Hugh  Orr, 
of  Bridgewater,  about  1748,  made  600  stands  of  arms  for  the  province  of  Massachn- 
setts  Bay,  which  were  depoaitsd  in  Castle  William ;  nearly  all,  however,  were  carried 
off  by  the  British  when  they  evacuated  the  town  of  Boston.  Mr.  Orr  was  a  pioneer 
in  many  articles  of  manufacture  in  the  Old  Colony,  particularly  of  iron.  He  erected 
the  first  trip-hammer  known  in  this  part  of  the  country.  By  his  exertioni  and  experi- 
ments, sytbes  and  axes  were  first  introduced,  and  for  several  years  he  was  the  only 
edge-tool  maker  in  New  England. 

Powder  was  an  article  of  much  anxiety  in  regard  to  its  manufiusture.  We  find, 
•ven  as  early  as  1689,  a  record  that  Edward  Rawson,  who  represented  Newbury  in 
the  General  Court  that  year,  was  granted  by  the  colony  **  600  acres  of  land  at  Pecoit, 
ao  as  he  go  on  with  the  business  of  powder,  if  the  saltpeter  come."  But  he  did  not 
eucceed,  as  m  1648  he  is  granted  the  600  acres  to  idemnify  him  for  his  losses.  **  In 
1648,  the  (General  Court  made  an  order  about  preparing  houses  of  saltpeter,  that  there 
might  be  powder  made  in  the  colony,  but  as  yet  it  hath  not  gone  on." 

In  1776,  Gov.  Richard  Penn,  who  was  in  England  charged  with  a  petition  for  redress 
from  the  Continental  Congress,  stated  *<  that  the  Pennsylvanians  perfectly  understood 
the  making  of  gunpowder,  and  also  the  manuiactore  of  small  arms."  Probably  the 
ffarst  powder-mill  erected  in  this  part  of  the  country  was  at  Andover.  It  was  built  by 
Hon.  Samuel  Phillips,  Jr.,  in  1779,  and  some  remains  of  it  are  still  to  be  seen.  The 
colony  supplied  him  with  saltpeter  and  sulphur,  and  he  was  to  receive  eight  pence 
per  pound  for  manufiicturing.  The  resolve  under  which  the  contract  was  made  is 
dated  June  8, 1776,  and  requires  him  to  give  bonds  for  the  faithful  performance  of 
the  contract ;  also,  he  was  to  cause  to  be  published  all  the  discoveries  be  might  make 
relative  to  the  construction  of  the  mill  and  the  manufacturing  of  powder. 

During  the  year  1776  that  mill  turned  out  about  80,000  pounds  of  powder.  In 
1778,  the  mill  was  blown  up,  and  after  that  time  the  manufacture  was  given  up,  and 
that  of  paper  substitnted  by  the  same  gentleman.     Subsequently,  about  1794,  a 


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708  Journal  of  Hixning  and  Manufactures, 

smaller  powdermill  wm  erected,  which  wm  also  blown  np  or  burnt  down  in  1799. 
This  ended  the  manufticture  in  Andover. 

AlthoDgb  but  little  bad  been  done  in  mano&cttirmg  woolen  and  cotton  articles  pre- 
vious to  the  Revolution,  yet  each  fkmlly  in  the  country  supplied,  in  a  great  measure, 
their  own  wants.  A  woolen  lactory  was  erected  at  Ipswich  in  1762,  and  some  blan* 
kets  made,  but  it  being  a  losing  business,  was  continued  only  a  lew  years ;  and  a  cot- 
ton factory  at  Deverly  exhibited  similar  results. 


THE  IHFENTOR  OF  GAS  LIGHTS. 

The  inventor  of  gas  lights  was  a  Frenchman,  Philippe  Le  Bon,  an  engineer  of  roads 
and  bridges,  who  in  1785  adopted  the  idea  of  ueing,  for  the  purpose  of  illumination, 
the  gases  distilled  during  the  combustion  of  wood.  He  labored  for  a  long  time  in  the 
attempt  to  perfect  hb  crude  invention,  and  it  was  not  until  1799  that  he  confided  hia 
discovery  to  the  Institute.  In  September,  1800,  he  took  out  a  patent,  and  in  1801  he 
published  a  memoir  containing  the  result  of  his  researches.  Le  Bon  commenced  by 
distilling  wood,  in  order  to  obtain  from  it  gas,  oil,  pitch,  and  pyroligneous  acid,  but 
his  work  indicated  the  possibility  of  obtaining  gas  by  distillation  from  fatty  or  oily 
substances.  From  1799  to  1802,  Le  Bon  made  numerous  experiments.  He  estab- 
lished at  Havre  bis  first  therroo-lamps,  but  the  gas  which  he  obtained  being  a  mixture 
of  carburetted  hydrogen  and  oxide  of  carbon,  and  but  imperfectly  freed  from  its  im' 
parities,  gave  only  a  feeble  light  and  evolved  an  insupportable  odor,  and  the  result 
was  that  but  little  favor  was  shown  to  the  new  discovery ;  the  inventor  eventually 
died,  ruined  by  his  experiments.  The  English  soon  put  in  practice  the  crude  ideas 
of  Le  Bon.  In  1804  Windsor  patented  and  claimed  the  credit  of  inventing  the  pro- 
cess of  lighting  by  gas ;  in  1805  several  shops  in  Birmingham  were  illuminated  by 
gas  manufactured  by  the  process  of  Windsor  and  Murdock ;  among  those  who  used 
this  new  light,  was  Watt,  the  inventor  of  the  steam  engine.  In  1816  the  first  use  was 
made  of  gas  in  London,  and  it  was  not  until  1818  that  this  invention,  really  of  Frenck 
origin,  was  applied  in  France. 

PROGRESS  OF  PDBUC  WORIS  II  I5DIA. 
Lord  Harris,  says  the  Bombay  Timet,  is  about  to  visit  the  GMavery  and  its  mag- 
nificent delta,  and  to  inspect  the  works  in  course  of  construction  there.  These  works 
are  intended  to  provide  the  delta  of  the  river  with  sufficient  irrigation  to  protect  H 
fh>m  floods,  and  to  provide  drainage.  Already  a  weir  has  been  built  across  the  river 
at  the  head  of  the  delta,  and  various  regular  channels  and  aqu^ucts  have  been  con- 
structed. The  delta  is  said  to  contain  1,200,000  acres  of  **  rich  alluvial  land,  fit  for 
sugar,  cotton,  hemp,  tobacco,  oilseeds,  rice,  cocoa-nuts,  plantains,  chillies,  <t»i,  all  of 
which  are  now  cultivated  to  a  great  extent  f  so  that  it  is  expected  these  works  wiO 
be  of  great  use.  The  works  are  intended  to  be  very  extensive.  There  will  be  2,000 
miles  of  channels  of  various  kinds,  most  of  them  navigable;  1,000  bridges  and  tunnels 
Dear  the  channels ;  ultimately,  7,000  works  of  masonry  in  all.  The  great  aquedoct  is 
800  yards  long,  20  feet  broad,  and  6  feet  deep,  and  has  49  arches  of  40  feet  each; 
and  it  will  convey  water  to  60,000  acres  of  ground.  This  large  aquednct  has  been 
already  constructed,  and  in  the  short  space  of  four  months.  More  than  10,000  raea 
are  employed  upon  these  works,  and  it  was  calculated  some  time  ago  that  abovt 
seven  lacs  of  rupees,  or  £70,000,  would  be  required  to  complete  them.  The  conse- 
quence of  the  completion  of  a  portion  of  the  works  is,  that  the  revenue  of  the  district 
b  increasing  at  the  rate  of  £10,000  a  year. 


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StaUstiei  of  Agricidiure^  etc  759 

BOOT  AIB  SHOE  TRIDB  OF  B08T0il.  ^ 

The  Mail  famishes  the  followiog^  sammary  of  ihe  modu9  op€randi  of  the  boot  and 
shoe  trade  of  Bostoo.  The  atatistica  of  this  important  branch  of  indastry  have  been 
published  in  former  numbers  of  the  Merchanttf  Afofftuine : — 

**Io  1845  there  were  2,768,160  pairs  of  boots,  and  17,188,152  pairs  of  shoes  manu- 
factnred  in  Massachusetts,  with  an  a^i^regate  value  of  $14,798,140,  and  giving  em- 
plojment  to  27,199  males,  and  18,678  femalea.  In  1840  the  number* of  males 
employed,  according  to  the  census,  was  81,951— more  than  double  the  number  of 
cordwainers  in  any  other  State  except  New  York,  which  has  but  about  24,000.  It 
is  probable  that  at  the  present  time  all  the  figures  of  1854  are  more  than  doubled. 
BcHiides  this,  there  are  a  great  number  of  persons  in  the  adjoining  States,  particu- 
larly New  Hampshire,  who  work  for  Massachusetts  manuiacturers.  At  the  principal 
shop  the  leather  is  only  '  clicked,'  or  cut  out,  mostly  by  the  aid  of  light  machinery, 
into  soles,  heels,  uppers,  counters,  <&c,  the  linings,  counters,  and  straps  are  *  skived ' 
and  pasted  in,  and  the  work  is  then  given  out  to  the  workmen,  in  lots  of  12,  20,  or 
100  pairs,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  of  different  sizes.  The  shoemaker — ^the  real  manu- 
facturer— then  takes  his  work  home,  where  his  wife  and  daughters  stitch,  close,  and 
bind  the  uppers,  and.  himself  and  boys  do  the  *  bottoming.'  If  his  family  is  large,  or 
he  employs  a  number  of  bauds  in  a  *  team,*  a  still  further  division  of  labar  takes  place. 
One  hand  tacks  the  sole  to  the  last  and  trims  it ;  another  draws  the  upper  smoothly 
over  the  last;  a  third  lays  the  '  welts  *  and  '  runs,' and  puts  in  the  '  shanking '  and 
'  filling ;'  a  fourth  tacks  on  and  trims  the  out-sole ;  a  fifth  drives  the  peg ;  a  sixth  puts 
on  and  shapes  the  heel ;  a  seventh  pares  off  and  makes  the  edges ;  and  an  eighth 
workman  puts  a  final  polish  on  the  edge  with  the  heel  ball  and  stone.  The  work  is 
then  returned  to  the  manufactory,  and  the  workman  immediately  receives  his  cash. 
The  bottoms  are  then  buffed  smooth,  and  after  the  uppers  have  received  an  extra 

goUah,  the  goods  are  packed  into  boxes  ready  for  a  market  at  home,  at  the  West,  the 
outh,  California,  Australia,  South  America,  or  anyother  part  of  the  globe.  Our  boot 
and  shoe  trade  has  doubled  within  a  few  years,  we  have  not  at  hand  the  means  of 
making  an  accurate  statement,  but  have  no  doubt  that  in  Boston  alone,  where  it  nearly 
all  concentrates,  this  business  amounts  to  from  $80,000,000  to  $40,000,000  annually. 
The  Boston  Almanac  gives  a  list  of  160  wholesale  boot^  shoe,  and  leather  dealers,  be- 
tides those  who  deal  exclusively  in  leather." 


STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE.  &c. 


THE  TBA  CULTURE. 

The  introduction  of  the  tea-plant  into  the  United  States  would  create  quite  a  revo- 
lution among  the  drinkers  of  this,  to  some,  exquisite  beverage.  About  six  years  ago 
tome  discussion  was  had  on  this'subject,  since  which  time  we  have  heard  nothing  about 
it.  A  Mr.  Bonsall,  of  Philadelphia,  has  been  for  a  long  time  extensively  engaged  in 
the  cultivation  of  the  plant  in  Assam,  which  is  situated  in  the  north-easternmost  part 
of  British  India,  and  is  watered  by  the  Brahmapootra.  It  grows  there  to  the  height 
of  thirty  or  forty  feet.  The  trimming  to  six  feet,  however,  is  necessary  to  be  readily 
gathered.    Green  and  black  teas  are  made  from  the  same  tree. 

The  wood  of  the  tea  bush  is  light-colored  and  close  grained,  and  it  smells,  when 
peeled,  like  the  black  currant  The  flowers  are  white  and  fragrant.  The  green  leaf 
is  bitter,  pungent,  and  unsavory,  and  its  decoction  would  be  anything  but  palatable. 
The  seed  consists  of  from  two  to  five  hazel-like  nuts,  inclosed  in  a  smooth,  broad  cap- 
sule.   The  kernel  is  white,  oily,  and  nauseous. 

The  tea-plant  b  remarkably  hardy,  and  it  flourishes  on  the  high  slopes  of  the  moun- 
tains, where  frost  and  snow  prevail  three  months  in  the  year.  Its  favorite  soil  in 
China,  and  also  in  Assam,  is  the  pooreH  yellow  sandy  loam,  with  carbonate  of  iron 


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700  SiMHttim  ^  Jffriadim^  M$. 

b  aiMJjtia.    Sflez,  76 ;  eky,  10;  carbonate  of  iroo,  10 ;  wat«r,  Ae^  4—100.    Ko  ] 

Oattioga  do  well  fbr  plaatiog.  Ik  k  grown  io  atgacriee  aad  traiwphntedi  aod  gfowa 
about  a  iboi  every  year.  In  the  third  year  they  begia  to  gatber  the  kftfea.  Hill-ttda 
groQod  should  be  selected,  where  the  tan  ahinea  half  the  day. 

A  good  tree  is  expected  to  yield  at  three  years,  l^  omwee  tea,  or  187  povnds  per 
acre ;  at  four  years,  8^  ouoeee  tea,  or  811  poimds  per  acre;  at  ire  years,  t  amcm 
tea,  or  600  ponnds  per  acre;  at  six  years,  when  it  is  in  fell  bearing,  0  onaeee  tea,  or 
750  pounds  per  acre.  Two  thoneaid  trees  are  allowed  to  the  acre.  The  trees  lire  to 
fifty  years  ef  age. 

Mr.  Boneall  describes  the  method  of  earing,  which  is  generaUy  lamiliar  to  alL  He 
has  contrived  a  machine  which  dispenses  with  a  great  deal  of  labor,  and  has  snbeti- 
tated  metal  plates  fbr  the  hot  hearth  process;  and  he  thinks  it  can  be  procored  in 
this  laUtnde  for  one  shilling  the  pound.  Ifot  your  common  sort,  bnt  the  very  beat» 
SQoh  as  the  mandarins  drink,  and  which  never  goes  oat  of  China. 

There  is  not  a  single  box  ef  tea,  after  all  the  pains  taken  by  the  eoantiy  maken, 
that  is  not  opened  and  extensively  be-rabbished  by  the  Canton  dealers  before  it  is  al- 
lowed to  get  into  the  hands  of  the  Christian  barbarians.  In  our  cities  it  andeigosa 
also  a  liberal  be-Tankeefication  before  it  reaches  our  ten-roems ;  so  that  what  is  real 
tea  is  the  exception,  and  what  is  not  tea  is  the  rule. 

Almost  every  former  in  China  raises  his  own  fomfly  tea,  and  thus  escapes  the  adal- 
toratioa. 

This  is  indeed  a  very  important  subject  for  consideration  among  our  agricnUarista, 
in  every  point  of  view.  If  it  can  be  done,  we  get  oar  teas  pure  and  nnadnlteratad,  at 
a  very  low  price.  The  seed  can  be  easily  procured,  and  of  its  soeeessfol  cahivatkm 
there  can  be  no  doubt 


CmAHOV  FfEUS  n  6ETI0V. 

The  following  beautiful  description  of  the  cinaamoa  fields  of  "  Ceylon's  spicy  ■b," 
although  written  many  years  ago  by  the  celebrated  Bishop  Heber,  is  equally  eotrsck 
at  this  time,  as  but  little  change  has  takea  place  in  the  production: — 

**  One  morning  was,  as  usual  on  our  first  arrival,  taken  up  by  visits.  In  the  after- 
noon we  drove  through  the  for-fomed  dnuannm  gardene,  which  cover  upwards  of 
17,000  acres  of  land  on  the  coast,  the  largest  of  which  are  near  Colomba  The  pbni 
tfirives  best  in  a  poor,  sandy  soil,  in  a  damp  atmesphcre.  It  grows  wild  m  the  woods 
to  the  sine  of  an  apple-tree ;  but  when  cultivated,  is  never  allowed  to  grow  more  than 
ten  or  twelve  foet  in  height,  each  plant  standing  separate,  l^e  leaf  is  iismplhiag 
like  the  laurel  in  shape,  but  ef  a  lighter  color.  When  it  first  shoots  oat,  it  is  red,  and 
changes  gradually  to  green.  It  is  now  out  of  blossom,  but  I  am  told  the  binsnnan  is 
white,  and  spreads  when  in  full  blossom  to  cover  the  garden.  After  hearing  se  mu^ 
of  the  spicy  gales  from  this  island,  I  was  much  disappointed  at  not  b^ag  able  to  die 
cover  aay  sceat,  at  least  from  the  plants.  In  passing  through  the  gardens,  there  is  a 
very  fragnm^  smelling  fiower  growing  under  them,  which  at  first  led  us  into  the  be> 
lief  that  we  smelt  the  cinnamon,  but  we  were  soon  undeceived.  On  polling  off  a 
leaf  or  twig,  you  perceived  the  spicy  odor  very  strongly,  but  I  was  surprised  to  hear 
that  the  fiower  had  little  or  none.  As  the  cinnamon  forms  the  only  considerable  ex- 
port of  Ceylon,  it  is  of  course  preserved  with  care.  By  the  old  Dutih  law,  the  penalty 
lor  cutting  a  branch  was  no  less  than  the  loes  of  a  hand ;  at  present,  a  fine  eiqpiatcs 
the  offense.  The  neighborhood  of  Colombo  is  particulariy  fovorable  to  its  growtik,  be- 
ing  wen  sheltered,  with  a  high,  equable  temperature,  and  as  showeia  foU  iteqaently, 
the  ground  is  never  pardbed." 


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n%\ 


AORICULTURAL  STATISTICS  Of  THB  UIITED  KUGDOH. 

Hie  foUowiDg  table,  which  we  compile  from  the  Belfiut  (Irelmiid)  MtrtuUiU  Jem- 
ntd  and  BtatiMiieal  RegitUr,  k  ao  estimato  cf  the  extent  of  land  io  the  United  Kinc^ 
dom  nnder  the  principal  deeeription  of  erope  in  1860-64.  It  exhibits  the  acres  \m 
erep,  total  prodnee,  produce  under  dedaction  of  seed,  and  total  Taloe  of  crops: — 

XMOLAMDu 


Okop. 


Wheat 
Barlej. 


Acres 
in  crop. 

8,000,000 

1,000,000 

Oato  and  Rje. 2,000,000 

Beaos  and  peas 600,000 

Potatoes,  turnips,  rape,         2,500,000 

Clover 1,800,000 

Fallow 800.000 

Hops. 60,000 

Gardens 260,000 


ToUl 
produce. 
Qoarten. 
11,260,000 
6,400,000 
2,000,000 
1,876,000 


Produce 
under  dedaction 

of  seed. 

Qnulert. 
9,642.867 
4,628,672 
7,714,286 
1,607,148 


ToUlTtlne. 

£20,696,428    6 

6,248,672    4 

7,714,286    0 

2,260,000    4 

26,000,000    0 


780,000 
8,760.000 


Total 11,400,000        27,626,000      28,692,868      £67,489,826  18 


Wheat , 

Barley. 

OaU 

Beans  and  peas.. 

Fallow 

PoUtoes 

Turnips. 

Glover. 

Flax , 

Gardens 


SOOTLASD. 


860,000 

460,000 

1,200,000 

60,000 
100,000 
200,000 
460,000 
460,000 
6,000 

85,000 


1,187,600 

1,800,000 

6,000,000 

160,000 


947,917 
1,600,000 
6,000,000 

126,000 


£2,088,021  11 

1,960,000    0 

6,000,000    0 

176,000    0 


7,700,000    0 

76,000    0 
626,000    0 


Total. 


8,290,000  9,087,600        7,672,917      £17,468,021  11 


Wheat.. 
Barley.. . 
Oats .... 
PoUtoes. 
Fallow.. 

Flax 

Gardens . 


Total. 


400,000 

820,000 

2,200,000 

1,400.000 

800,000 

140,000 

26,000 


1,200,000 

1,120,000 

11,000,000 


1,000,000 

988,884 

9,166.667 


£2.000,000  0 

1,119.999  12 

9,166,667  0 

11,200,000  9 

'iVoo.ooo'o 

800,000    0 


4,786,000        18,820,000      11,100,001      £26,886,666  12 


Grand  total 19,476,000        49,982,600      42,266,776    £110,788,974  16 

1.  OoNBumn)  BT  Man.  Wheat,  16,600,000  quarters ;  oats,  rye,  and  maslin,  (a  mix- 
tore  of  rye  and  wheat,)  10,660,000  quarters;  barley  far  malting,  food,  <fcc.,  6,000,000 
quarters;  beans  and  peas  as  meal,  700,000  quarters;  total  quarters,  82,860,000. 

2.  CoHSUMKD  BT  iHB  LowxE  Akimalb.  Com,  principally  oats,  used  in  the  feeding 
of  horses  and  other  animals,  in  distillation,  manufactories,  Ac,  16,820,000  quartets; 
total  consumed  by  man  and  the  lower  animals,  &c^  49,200,000  quarters. 

It  is  seen  from  the  former  estimate  that  the  com  produced  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
applicable  to  consumption,  amounts  to  only  42,266,770  quarters.  But  to  thb  has  to 
be  added  foreign  com  annually  entered  for  consumption  at  an  average  of  the  seven 
years  ending  with  1862,  via.: — ^wheat  and  wheat  flour,  4,281,186  quarters;  barley, 
870,786  quarters;  oats  and  oatmeal,  1,162,646  quarters;  rye,  99,610  quarters;  peas 
and  beans,  666,769  quarters;  total  quarters,  6,929,786;  total  oonsnmption,  49,196f666 
qnartera. 


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768  StaUatiet  of  Agriculture,  etc. 

COM  STATISTICS  HI  FRAf  CB. 
The  SUeU  says :— Aooordiog  to  the  latest  statistical  returns,  the  crq>  of  eTerj  kind 
of  com  in  an  average  year  in  France  now  amounts  to  about  180,000,000  beetolitrea. 
In  wheat,  our  countiy  produces  €0,000,000  hectolitres;  rye,  26,000,000;  badey, 
19,000,000 ;  metiel,  (a  mixture  of  wheat  and  rye,)  1,600,000 ;  oats,  40,000,0dd;  budc- 
wheat^  8,000,000 ;  maise  and  millet,  7,000,000 ;  small  grain,  pulse,  &c^  2,600,000.  The 
crop  of  wheat  is  therefore  in  the  proportion  of  60  to  180 ;  that  of  oats,  60  to  180 ; 
and  that  of  rye,  28  to  180 ;  that  is  to  say,  these  three  descriptions  of  com  compared 
with  all  the  others,  are  in  the  proportion  of  103  to  77  only.  This  quantity  of  180,000,000 
hectolitres  of  com  is  not  all  consumed ;  deductiug  26,700,600  for  seed,  there  remains 
164,800,000  for  the  general  consumption.  As,  however,  oats,  the  net  production  of 
which  is  89,260,000  hectolitres,  cannot  be  reckoned  as  human  food,  we  find  that  the 
quantity  remaining  for  the  food  of  the  people  is  116,060,000  hectolitres.  If  we  now 
take  the  different  crops  by  weight,  which  is  the  best  manner  of  estimating  the  nutri- 
tiye  value  of  each,  it  may  be  said  that  the  average  of  wheat  is  76  kilogrammes  per 
hectolitre;  that  of  rye,  66  kilogrammes;  barley,  60  kilogrammes;  metiel,  70  kilo- 
grammes; buckwheat,  60  kilogrammes;  maize,  78  kilogrammes;  and  dry  pulse,  80 
kilogrammes.  It  follows,  therefore,  from  these  bases,  that  with  61,600,000  hectolitres 
of  wheat,  weighing  8.000,000,000  kilogrammes,  and  other  quantities  of  com  m  pro- 
portion, we  have  a  total  weight  of  8,046,800,000  kilogrammes  of  com  fit  for  consump- 
tion of  man.  It  has  been  calculated  that  on  an  average,  iocluding  women,  children, 
and  old  people,  it  requires  220  kilogrammes  of  com  per  year  for  the  food  of  one  per- 
son. This  would,  therefore,  be  for  France,  where  the  population  is  reckoned  at 
86,000,000,  a  total  of  7,920,000.000  kil(^n^ammes.  If,  therefore,  finom  8,046,800,000 
kilogrammes  calculated,  as  above  stated,  for  human  consumption,  there  be  deducted 
the  7,920,000,000,  which  suffice  for  the  consumption  of  France,  the  following  result, 
which  must  be  satisfactory  to  every  one,  is  come  to ;  namely,  that  France,  in  an  aver- 
age year,  has  a  crop  of  127,000,000  kilogrammes  of  com  beyond  the  wants  of  the 
people,  and  that  she  could  feed  600,000  inhabitants  more  than  the  present  number  of 
her  population. 

THE  6UA50  TRADE  OF  PHILADELPBIA. 

The  consumption  of  guano  in  the  United  States,  although  but  recently  introduced 
as  an  article  of  Commerce,  has  already  become  quite  large.  The  Philadelphia  Oom- 
mercial  List  is  informed  by  Mr.  Samuel  J.  CeaisTiAX,  the  agent  of  the  Peruvian  gov- 
ernment for  this  market,  that  he  has  received  in  Philadelphia  and  sold,  since  the 
commencement  of  the  trade,  81,724  tons,  which,  at  $46  per  ton,  makes  the  aggregate 
of  one  million  four  hundred  and  twenty-seven  thousand  five  hundred  and  eighty  dol- 
lars. Besides  this,  there  has  been  a  large  quantity  of  Mexican,  North  Pacific,  and 
Oolumbian  guano  consumed,  which  wiU  increase  the  amount  paid  for  the  article  to 
upwards  of  two  millions  of  dollars. 

When  the  first  cargo  of  guano  was  introduced  into  this  country,  it  met  with  the 
same  prejudices  anthracite  coal  had  to  contend  with.  No  one  knew  anything  in  regard 
to  its  intrinsic  value,  and  consequently  every  person  set  it  down  as  a  humbug.  The 
farmer  that  purchased  the  first  lot,  and  had  the  courage  to  use  it,  distributed  it  upon 
several  acres  of  grass  in  such  quantities  as  entirely  to  kill  the  crop.  He  immediately 
waited  upon  the  unfortunate  seller,  and  threatened  to  prosecute  him  for  obtainif^ 
money  under  false  pretenses.  The  enterprising  importer,  however,  convinced  of  the 
real  merit  of  the  article,  and  its  importance  to  the  agriculturist,  was  perseveru^  in 
his  cffiirts  to  introduce  it  into  general  use ;  and  by  the  figures  above  given,  it  will  be 
seen  that  he  has  been  eminently  successful  in  his  undertaking. 


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Staiistkt  of  Aprieulture,  eie.  768 

THB  IMPEftUL  UCB  OF  CHUA. 

Hoc,  10  his  " Sequel  to  the  Chinese  Empire"  says  the  Ohineae  owe  their  namerons 
diacoTeries  in  agriculture  principally  to  their  eminently  observant  character,  whidi  has 
enabled  them  to  turn  to  use  an  immense  number  of  plants  neglected  in  Europe.  They 
are  very  fond  of  the  study  of  nature,  and  their  greatest  men,  and  even  their  emperors 
do  not  disdain  to  attend  to  the  smallest  circumstances  connected  with  it,  and  to  collect 
with  care  whateyer  promises  to  be  of  public  utility.  The  celebrated  Emperor  Ehang- 
hi  has  thus  rendered  an  important  service  to  his  country.  We  find  in  the  curious  me- 
moirs writt  n  by  that  prince  the  following  passage :~"  I  was  walking,"  says  the  Em- 
peror Ehangbi,  " on  the  first  day  of  the  sixth  moon,  in  some  fields  where  rice  was 
sown,  which  was  not  expected  to  yield  its  harvest  till  the  ninth,  I  happened  to  notice 
a  rice  plant  that  had  already  come  into  ear ;  it  rose  above  all  the  rest,  and  was  already 
ripe.  I  had  it  gathered  and  brought  to  me  ;  the  grain  was  very  fine  and  full,  and  I 
was  induced  to  keep  it  for  an  experiment,  and  see  whether  it  would  on  the  following 
year  retain  this  precocity ;  and  in  fact  it  did.  All  the  plants  that  proceeded  from  it 
came  into  ear  before  the  ordinary  time,  and  yielded  their  harvest  in  the  sixth  moon. 
Every  year  has  multiplied  the  produce  of  the  preceding,  and  now  for  thirty  years  it 
has  been  the  rice  served  on  my  table.  The  grain  is  long,  and  of  a  rather  reddish  color, 
but  of  a  sweet  perfume,  and  very  pleasant  flavor.  It  has  been  named  ya  mi,  or  '  Im- 
perial rice,*  because  it  was  in  my  gardens  that  it  was  first  cultivated.  It  is  the  only 
kind  that  can  ripen  north  of  the  Great  Wall,  where  the  cold  begins  very  early  and 
ends  very  late ;  bat  in  the  provinces  of  the  South,  where  the  climate  is  milder,  and 
the  soil  more  fertile,  it  is  easy  to  obtain  two  harvests  a  year  from  it,  and  it  is  a  sweet 
consolation  to  me  to  have  procured  this  advantage  for  my  people.** 

The  Emperor  Kbang  hi  did  render  in  fact  an  immense  service  to  the  populations  of 
Mantcburia,  by  encouraging  the  culture  of  this  new  kind  of  rice,  which  succeeds  ad- 
mirably in  dry  countries,  and  has  no  need,  like  the  common  rice,  of  perpetual  irriga- 
tion. It  would  certainly  prosper  in  France,  and  it  is  not  the  fault  of  the  missiooaries 
if  it  has  not  long  since  been  acclimated  there. 


THE  CULTIVATION  OF  THE  STRAWBERRY. 

If  the  saying  is  true  that "  the  man  who  can  make  two  spears  of  grass  grow  where 
,  only  one  grew  before,'*  is  a  public  benefactor,  it  must  be  conceded  that  Mr.  Hovey, 
the  producer  of  the  strawberry  known  as  **  Hovey's  Seedlings,**  is  richly  entitled  to 
that  appellation.  To  give  a  few  statistics  on  the  cultivation  of  the  strawberry,  we 
copy  the  following  from  the  August  number  of  the  Horticulturitty  from  an  article 
written  by  William  Stoma,  of  Cincinnati  Speaking  of  the  crop  of  John  C.  Toutcy, 
of  Campbell  county,  Kentucky,  eight  miles  from  Cincinnati,  Mr.  Stems  says : — 

"  He  has  raised  and  sold  about  one 'tenth  of  all  the  strawberries  vended  in  our  mar^ 
kets  the  past  season.  His  varieties,  &jq^  being  the  three  following :  Two  acres  of 
Washingtons,  which  produced  sixty  bushels,  and  sold  for  four  hundred  and  twenty 
dollars;  five  acres  of  Hovey*s  Seedlings,  which  produced  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
eight  bushels,  and  sold  for  twelve  hundred  and  sixty  dollars ;  three  acres  of  Hudson, 
which  produced  one  hundred  and  two  bushels,  and  sold  for  five  hundred  and  thirty 
dollars.  Gross  receipts  from  ten  acres,  two  thousand  two  hundred  and  ten  dollars. 
The  expense  of  picking,  including  the  boarding  of  hands,  was  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  dollars.  Expense  of  marketing,  seventy-five  dollars.  The  probable  cost  of  cul- 
tivation per  annum  is  fifteen  dollars  per  acre.  Mr.  Toutcy  cultivates  all  his  straw- 
berries on  new,  but  very  hilly  ground.     In  each  variety,  he  has  the^  past  season 


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164  SmUUcb  of  Agricultmref  $te. 

•zcelled  and  defied  competitioD.  In  Honey's  Seedlings,  permit  me  to  aaeore  jou, 
without  the  fear  of  contradiction,  that  he  ne?er  was  beat  in  this  ooontry— twice  taking 
the  first  premiums  at  oor  horticoltoral  exhibitions,  against  amateors,  market  garden- 
ers, and  everything  else.'' 

THB  PLAHTAUr  TREE. 

A  correspondent  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Patents,  writing  from  New 
Orleans,  gives  some  bteresting  information  in  regard  to  the  caHiTatioa  of  the  much- 
prised  plantain  tree.  The  quantity  of  the  fruit  of  that  tree  imported  into  New  York 
is  annually  very  considerable.  We  make  the  following  extract  from  the  letter  reierred 
to  above  >— 

^  The  plantain  tree  (mu$a  iapierUium)  is  superior  to  the  potato  or  wheat  as  a  staple 
article  of  food.  Thb  is  proved  by  eminent  English  chemists  who  have  analysed  it 
It  is  easy  of  cultivation— one  hand  attending  to  one  hundred  acres — and  is  of  cootin- 
nous  or  spontaneous  growth  after  the  first  year.  In  its  green  state  it  is  used  for  food ; 
when  ripe,  for  fruit,  and  makes  an  acid  and  cheap  vinegar,  an  intoxicating  drink,  and 
flour  or  gruel.  The  green  leaves  are  used  for  fodder,  and  the  dry  ones  for  bedding  in 
all  the  public  hospitals,  being  dieap  and  healthy.  The  tree  itself,  after  yielding  its 
firuit,  is  cut  down,  and  is  now  manufactured  into  writing  paper  in  England.  An  in- 
delible iok  is  also  produced  from  the  shells  of  the  green  plantain.  I  believe  do  known 
plant  contributes  so  much  to  the  wants  of  man. 

"  It-is  cultivated  in  gardens  in  Louisiana,  but  its  great  value  to  man  and  beast  is 
neither  known  nor  appreciated.  Any  number  of  plants  could  be  procured  from  Brit- 
ish Ouiana  at  2i  cents  each." 


IMPROT£M£]IT  IN  TflS  UF£  STOCK  OF  OHIO. 
A  correspondent  of  the  Louisville  Courier,  who  has  been  traversing  Ohio,  s^ves  a 
very  interesting  account  of  the  progress  made  in  that  State  in  the  improvement  el 
live  stock,  especially  the  breeds  of  cattle.  Some  parts  of  the  State,  such  as  the  coun- 
ties of  Pickaway,  Madison,  Highland,  Licking,  ^.,  have  long  been  celebrated  in  this 
respect ;  but  it  is  within  a  comparatively  few  years  only  that  all  sections  have  gone 
to  work  industriously  and  energetically  to  improve  the  breeds  of  their  cattle  and  es- 
tablish herds  of  commanding  reputation.  The  writer  attributes  thb  result  in  a  great 
measure,  if  not  chiefly,  to  legislation  favoring  the  establishment  of  agricultural  socie- 
ties in  all  the  counties.  Men  of  landed  estates  and  pecuniary  resources  ar*  at  the 
present  time  embarking  energetically  in  the  busbess  of  cattle  raising,  and  filrmers 
generally  throughout  the  State  are  catching  the  infection  from  them. 


BISTORT  OF  iS  ACRE  OF  UHD. 

In  the  early,  days  of  South  Australia,  the  land  put  up  for  sale  was  sold  at  12s.  the 
acre ;  and  by  the  then  rules  the  purchaser  of  a  town  acre  was  entitled  to  an  acre  in 
some  suburban  allotment.  One  of  the  purchasers  of  sudi  a  brace  of  acres  held  his 
land  for  a  year  or  two,  when  he  sold  it  for  £400.  At  the  end  of  a  few  years  this  pur- 
chaser sold  his  country  section  for  jS600,  and  within  a  few  years  more  the  town  acre 
for  £2,000.  This  last  was  re-sold,  after  a  lapse  of  three  or  four  years,  for  £8,000 
Not  long  since  three-fourths  of  this  acre  were  disposed  of  for  £18,000,  and  the  reman- 
ing one-fourth  is  now  about  to  change  hands  at  the  rate  of  £83.000  the  acre.  This 
land,  though  in  the  best  situation  in  Adelaide,  has  not  yet  been  built  on. 


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MerecaUUe  MUceUanUi.  765 


MERCANTILE  MISCELLANIES. 


PHILOSOPHY  OF  ADTBRTlSIffO. 

A  merchaot  matt  not  be  satiefied  with  adyertifliog,  says  the  Philadelphia  Merchant^ 
bni  most  be  wise  in  choosing  the  medioms  for  his  advertisemente.  Some  people  use 
onlj  the  papers  connected  with  their  own  political  party,  which  is  wise  onlj  on  the 
supposition  that  they  want  the  patronage  of  no  others  bat  those  with  whom  they 
agree  in  politics.  They  will  agree,  sometimet,  to  help  a  political  press,  by  giving  to 
it  idl  their  adrertising,  when  it  would  be  better  to  give  a  donation  and  secure  the 
priyilege  of  adTertising  elsewhere.  Some  go  for  an  *"  independent  **  or  a  **  neutral'' 
journal,  and  forget  that  all  the  customers  they  wish  do  not  belong  to  the  ^dependents 
or  the  neutrals,  and  while  they  are  gratifying  a  passion  for  reform,  or  an  indifference 
to  parties^  they  are  domg  Tiolence  to  the  best  interests  of  business.  Others  imagine 
that  a  **  daily  "  is  the  only  fit  medium  for  advertisiDg,  when  in  many  instances  that  is 
the  poorest  avenue  to  the  public,  as  after  telegraphic  news  is  devoured  and  the  local 
kerns  lodked  over,  and  part  of  the  leading  editorial  is  read,  the  paper  is  thrown  aside 
to  be  locked  at  no  more ;  while  a  "  weekly  "  paper  is  taken  home  to  be  looked  over 
leisurely,  and  the  world  of  trade  comes  more  fully  before  the  reader  as  exhibited  in 
the  advertisements.  The  **  weekly  **  is  read  by  more  persons — is  more  preserved — is 
more  eent  away  to  friends  as  best  exhibiting  what  the  city  is,  and  begets  a  wider  in- 
terest in  behalf  of  city  trade  than  the  **  daily."  Many  persons  are  betrayed  by  the 
greatness  of  the  circulation  of  some  papers,  whereas  a  paper  whqse  circulation  is  only 
fifteen  or  twenty  thousand,  is  sometimes  more  valuable  as  an  advertising  medium  than 
one  that  can  boast  of  its  forty  or  fifty  thousand;  because  the  former  may  go  among 
more  readers,  and  the  right  kind  of  readers,  than  the  latter.  Fifty  thousand  papers 
circulated  among  the  lower  classes  is  worth  less  to  the  advertiser  than  five  thousand 
which  go  among  the  middle  and  upper  classes ;  and  the  ficict  of  advertising  being 
offered  at  ''very  cheap"  rates  is  enough  to  settle  the  case  with  the  knowing  ones  that 
the  paper  is  a  poor  medium.  And  then,  too,  if  a  man  wants  the  trade  of  a  vast  re- 
gion, he  must  not  be  contented  with  advertising  in  small  country  papers,  but  must 
seek  out  Uie  paper  which  is  most  diffusive  in  its  circulation,  embracing  many  States 
in  its  extension,  and  commanding  the  notice  of  the  merchants,  traders,  manufacturers, 
and  chief  artisans  in  all  departments  of  business  life.  To  advertise  is  a  settled  prin- 
ciple of  suscessful  business. 

EOIERSOir  05  TRADE. 

RiiLFH  Waldo  EifsaaoM  says:  **  We  rail  at  Trade,  and  the  philosopher  and  lover 
of  man  will  have  much  harm  to  say  of  it;  but  the  historian  of  the  world  will  see  that 
Trade  was  the  principle  of  Liberty ;  that  Trade  planted  America  and  destroyed  Feu- 
dalism ;  that  it  makes  peace,  and  it  keeps  peace,  and  it  will  abolish  slaveiy.  We 
complain  of  the  grievous  oppression  of  the  poor,  and  of  its  building  up  a  new  aristoo- 
racy  on  the  ruins  of  the  aristocracy  it  destroyed.  But  there  is  this  immense  differ- 
ence, that  the  aristocracy  of  trade  has  no  permanence,  is  not  entailed,  was  the  result 
of  toil  and  talent,  the  result  of  merit  of  some  kind,  and  is  continually  falling,  like  the 
waves  of  the  sea,  before  new  claims  of  the  same  sort.  Trade  is  an  instrument  in  the 
hands  of  that  friendly  Power  which  works  for  us  in  our  despite.  We  design  it  thus 
and  thus;  but  it  turns  out  otherwise  and  far  better.  This  beneficent  tendency,  om- 
nipotent without  violence,  exists  and  works." 


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Y66  MercantUe  MisceUcmes. 

UDIES  AS  CLBRKS. 

The  employment  of  ladies  as  clerks  in  stores,  especiallj  m  retail  dry  goods  stores, 
is  becoming  vei  j  general  throughout  the  country.  The  New  York  Time9  has  recently 
published  several  articles  upon  this  subject,  and  from  the  Pittsburg  Po9t  we  extract 
the  following  remarks: — 

**  The  New  York  TimeH  is  earnestly  advocating  the  employment  of  females  as  derkB 
in  stores — particularly  in  all  retail  dry  goods  storea.  It  is  an  employment  for  which 
they  are  well  fitted,  and  would  properly  enlarge  their  sphere  of  action  and  occupa- 
tion. And  it  is  a  business  that  they  can  do  better  than  men.  They  are  more  active 
and  expert  at  handling  dry  goods,  more  tasteful  in  folding  and  arranging  them,  more 
polite  and  conciliatory  to  customers,  and  have  better  judgment  in  all  matters  of  taate 
in  relation  to  dress.  On  the  other  hand,  young  men  should  be  employed  in  more  ac- 
tive and  manly  labor.  Measuring  off  calicos  and  tape  is  too  light  a  task  for  their 
physical  Strength,  and  is  usurping  a  place  and  occupation  that  properly  belongs  to 
women. 

**  We  are  decidedly  in  favor  of  this  branch  of  women's  rights  being  conceded  to 
them.  It  would  give  employment  at  good  wages  to  a  great  man^  young  ladies,  and 
would  be  degrading  to  no  one  willing  to  earn  a  living.  If  the  ladies  generally  prefer 
those  stores  where  females  are  employed  to  sell  goods,  a  change  would  soon  be  effected, 
and  women  employed  in  all  the  stores. 

"  The  employments  of  females  are  becoming  more  numerous  and  remunentiye  every 
year,  and  it  is  right  that  it  should  be  so.  In  the  New  England  States  and  in  New 
York  nearly  all  the  public  schools  are  taught  by  ladies  boUi  in  summer  and  winter. 
This  enlargement  of  the  sphere  of  woman's  activity  and  usefulness  is  a  matter  of  pub- 
lic economy.  It  gives  them  work  that  they  can  do  as  well  as  men,  and  it  diverts  the 
labor  of  men  into  other  channels,  and  to  more  athletic  and  useful  employmeiita.  In 
this  active  age  and  country  there  is  no  difficulty  in  men  finding  useful  and  lucrative 
employment — work,  too,  better  suited  to  their  physical  natures  than  measuring  off 
tape  and  calico.'' 

ISW  BISRf  ARTILfi  MOYBMEilT  IV  BOSTOIV. 

The  Boston  Post  gives  some  interesting  facts  in  relation  to  what  it  calls  a  "  new 
commercial  movement,** — the  attempted  combination  of  consumers  to  defeat  the  spec- 
ulators. The  Post  speaks  in  commendation  of  the  plan  which  has  been  so  abl  j  urged 
by  Mr.  A.  B.  Keith,  of  that  city,  and  adds  :— 

**  He  has  as  yet  failed  of  forming  a  combination  for  the  proposed  purpciee,  but  he 
has  succeeded  in  awakening  the  attention  of  philanthropic  capitalists  theretos  i^  a 
gratifying  end  has  been  gained,  as  the  money  nas  been  furnished,  and  a  store  is  to  be 
immediately  opened  in  Boston  where  flour  per  single  barrel  can  be  bought  at  the 
western  price  for  a  thousand  barrels,  with  the  addition  of  5  p«r  cent  only  for  inddeotal 
expenses.  The  plan  is  to  send  an  agent  out  West,  with  the  money  in  his  hand,  to  boy 
the  flour  and  ship  it  to  the  East,  the  expense  attending  which,  the  flreight  to  Boetoo, 
cartage,  and  storage,  will  be  fully  covered  by  the  5  per  cent  above  named.  Pn£t  ia 
out  of  the  question.  It  is  a  beneficial  movement,  and  not  a  speculative,  and  the  profit 
that  would,  under  the  old  system,  accrue  to  the  speculator,  goes  into  benefit  for  the 
purchaser.  This  would  peculiarly  be  the  result  of  combination,  it  is  held,  and  it  is 
also  held  that  it  needs  but  to  commence  to  be  snccesf  fuL 

**  The  store  to  be  opened  on  Monday  next  will  test  the  feasibility  of  the  project, 
and  wo  are  promised,  for  $10,  flour  that  cannot  be  bought  in  our  stores  for  less  than 
til  25.  Liae  the  inch  on  the  roan's  nose,  the  extra  f  1  26  saved  here  to  a  poor  man 
is  considerable.  Potatoes  are  likewise  to  be  bought  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and 
after  paying  16  cents  per  bushel  for  freight,  will  be  sold  at  the  new  store  for  tJdrty 
cents  per  bushel  less  tnan  ihej  are  bought  for  in  our  market  The  same  principle,  oif 
course,  will  apply  to  other  articles  of  consumption,  and  western  pork,  now  bnngine 
fourteen  cents  per  pound  at  retail,  may  be  bought  at  some  easier  rate,  and  so  with  afi 
articles  of  western  produce. 

**  A  barter  system  of  traffic,  on  an  equitable  basis,  is  thought  of,  likewise,  by  which 
the  productions  and  imports  of  the  East  may  be  exchanged  at  cost  with  those  of  the 
West,  with  the  mere  added  expense  of  transhipment  and  other  mcidentala.  71»e 
Western  people  are  laboring  under  the  same  general  eviU    For  the  lozufy  of  poor 


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tea  they  haTe  to  pay  about  seyenty -ftre  ceoti  per  poond,  aod  for  spioee  and  other  ar- 
ticlee  proporiionaDly  bish.  ^ 

**  That  the  plan  is  a  ^asible  one  there  can  be,  we  thiDk,  no  doubt,  as  the  ready  mo- 
ney of  the  combioers — generally  poor  people,  who  are  eminently,  from  necessity, 
ready-money  men— can  compete  with  the  long  credits  of  the  flour  speculator  with  Uie 
Western  millers,  and  buy  flour  at  the  lowest  rates  for  caah." 


SPURIOUS  I1ID160  III  MARKET. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Baltimore  Ameriean  says  that  much  spurious  indigo  has  of 
late  found  its  way  into  our  commercial  cities ;  the  writer  has  thought  a  line  or  eo  in 
reference  thereto  may  not  prove  altogether  unacceptable  to  a  portion  of  our  readers. 
It  is  not  his  purpose,  however,  to  attempt  a  disquisition  giving  the  manner  or  process 
of  the  manufacture  of  indigo,  either  genuine  or  spurious,  but  would  add  what  many 
know,  that  the  former  is  of  vegetable  production,  and  though  the  plant  from  whidi 
it  is  made  may  thrive  in  latitudes  a  few  degrees  either  north  or  south  of  the  tropical 
boundaries,  yet  it  certainly  does  not  grow  in  latitude  40|^  north,  longitude  8^  east 
from  Washington ;  and  any  indigo  manufactured  in  such  latitude  and  longitude,  how- 
ever fine  in  texture  or  appearance,  may  justly  be  looked  upon  with  a  suspicious  eye. 
whether  it  be  repacked  in  ceroons,  chests,  or  cases.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  remind 
those  who  deal  in  indigo  of  a  test  so  generally  known  and  practiced,  and  which  at  the 
same  time  (so  far  as  the  knowledge  of  the  writer  extends)  may  safely  be  relied  upon 
as  a  test  of  genuineneBg ;  that  is,  when  its  surface  is  rubbed  with  the  finger-nail  or 
any  hard  substance,  a  genuine  article  will  show  a  coppery  or  bronae  color,  varying  in 
brightness  according  to  quality  of  the  article ;  the  spurious  article  is  devoid  of  this. 
It  also  has  been  noticed  that  the  latter,  when  fresh  broken  and  applied  to  the  tongue, 
is  quite  adhesive,  though  this  property  may  belong  to  some  indigo,  if  so  it  is  but  slight ; 
and  if  to  a  tumbler  of  water,  having  dissolved  in  it  a  small  lump  of  such  spurious  ar- 
ticle as  refered  to,  there  be  added  a  little  caustic  potash,  the  color  disappears,  and  a 
brown  color  with  substance  is  precipitated ;  besides  these,  chemists  have  several  tests 
whereby  they  can  detect  an  article  with  a  metallic  basis. 

Indigo  is  an  important  article  of  trade,  and  Baltimore  has  not  suffered  in  reputatioo 
as  some  other  markets,  by  engaging  in  the  manufacture  of  and  selling  a  spurious  ar- 
ticle of  such  value ;  and  as  this  spurious  article  closely  resembles  in  appearance  a 
genuine  article  of  fine  quality,  I  have  thought  it  proper  to  request  that  the^e  teet% 
may  be  brought  to  the  remembrance  of  such  of  the  Western  and  Southern  merchants 
as  look  to  the  Eastern  markets  for  supplies. 


THE  RIVERS  OF  MAINE  THE  SOURCE  OF  HER  WEALTH. 

The  greatest  and  most  permanent  wealth  of  Maine  consists  in  her  rivers.  No  other 
State  in  the  Union  has  such  magnificent  water-power.  Look  at  the  Kennebec  and 
the  Penobscot— sweeping  majestically  with  their  valuable  freights  to  and  from  the 
sea,  fertilizing  their  banks,  and  supporting  thousands  of  towns  and  villages  on  either 
hand.  Look  at  the  Androscoggin.  Are  not  these  better  than  mmes  of  copper  and 
gold  t  The  Penobscot  and  Kennebec  are  navigable  for  vessels  of  considerable  burden 
a  long  way  from  the  sea,  and  many  towns  and  people  upon  their  banks  obtain  a  living, 
in  some  cases  great  wealth,  by  ship-building.  Thus,  the  trade  of  the  ocean  is  of  direct 
profit  to  the  population  of  the  interior— a  rare  tbbg^and  many  families  in  the  heart 
of  the  country,  as  it  were,  enjoy  advantages  which,  in  most  of  the  States,  can  be  had 
only  on  the  coast.  This  is  a  superiority  which  Maine  will  always  possess,  and  which 
railroads,  though  they  may  do  something  to  ofifeet,  can  never  overcome.  They  enable 
the  poor  economical  people  of  the  interior  to  go,  almoat  literally,  "  down  east  oo  a 


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708  MenxmiUB  MimManm. 

Amglt,**  tm  the  Baying  k.  Bat  iiidiflpeiiMUe  «■  Uiey  hsrt  beeiilMratolbre  to  the  peo- 
ple of  Maine  for  bringing  down  their  logs,  propelling  their  saw-miHe,  and  bearing  their 
lumber  to  a  market,  Uieir  whole  power  of  usefulnese  does  not  begin  to  be  appreciated 
and  we  have  little  or  no  idea  of  its  immensity.  We  see  no  reason  why,  wUb  a  judi- 
cious use  of  her  timber,  and  proper  care  to  raise  young  forests  on  the  ruins  of  those 
which  from  year  to  year  are  cut  down,  Mame  cannot  always  remain  a  great,  producer 
of  lumber.  If  she  does  so,  her  riyers  will  be  of  as  much  ser?ice  for  the  transportatioo 
of  thid  description  of  wealth  as  railroads  and  canals ;  it  would  be  much  dieaper,  and 
the  cost  of  keeping  in  repair  is  nothing. 


COPT  OF  AN  OLD  BILL  OF  LADUTQ. 
We  cut  from  one  of  our  exchanges  the  copy  of  a  "  Bill  of  Lading,"  dated  Philadel- 
phia, 24th  September,  1741,  QM>re  than  one  hundred  and  thirteen  years  ago.    It  is  a 
singular  paper,  and  some  of  its  phrases  will,  doubtless,  cause  the  reader  to  smQe.  Hie 
Allowing  is  a  copy,  as  nearly  as  we  can  give  it,  in  print : — 

SHIPPED  by  the  Grace  of  GOD,  in  good  Order  and  well  Conditioned,  by 
in  and  upon  the  good. cail^  The 

Whereof  is  Mafter  under  GOD  Car 

this  prefeot  Voyage and  now  Rtdiiv 

at  Anchor  in  the and  by  GOD? 

Grace  bound  for ^/^* 

Being  Marked  and  Numbered  as  in  the  Margent,  and  are  to  be  delivered  in  the  like 

good  Order  and  well  Conditioned,  at  Uie  aforefkid  Port  of 

(the  Danger  of  the  Seas  only  excepted) 

unte 

or  to AiIjgBs,he  or  they  paying  Freight  lor 

the  faid  Gk)ods 

with  Primage  and  Average  accuftomed.    In  Witnefs  whereof  the  Mafter  or  Purfer  of 

the  faid hath  affirmed  to Bills  of  Lading,  all 

of  this  Tenor  and  Date»  One  of  which Bills  bdng 

Aocomplif  bed,  the  other to  (land  Void— 

And  fo  GOD  fend  the  good to  her  defired 

Port  in  Safety,  AMEN.    Dated  in 


A  BOTTLE  OF  CHAMPAGNE. 


A  late  number  of  HouHhold  Wardt  contains  a  lenglhy  but  interesting  Arttde  i 
Champagne  wine,  in  which  a  description  is  given  of  the  country  where  it  is  prodooed. 
The  writer  says: — Champagne  is  not  fit  to  be  thus  delivered  up  before  the  May  of 
the  second  year ;  so  that  a  bottle  of  frothy  wine  cannot  be  drunk  till  from  eighteen  to 
twenty  months  after  it  has  vintaged,  at  the  very  soonest  It  is  better  even  at  the 
thirtieth  month  after  it  has  quitted  the  parent  vine.  This,  with  trouble,  the  loss,  and 
the  cellar-rent,  make  it  impossible  that  genuine,  properly-prepared  Champagne  should 
be  otherwise  than  cosUy.  The  maker,  merely  to  pay  his  outlay,  must  dispose  of  it 
at  a  heavy  price.  Champagne,  therefore,  is  the  wine  of  the  wealthy.  At  a  seoood- 
rate  inn  in  Epemay,  the  Siren,  which  is  not  without  his  own  particular  faednations,  I 
paid  four  francs  for  a  bottle  of  Ai.  Wine  merchants  on  the  spot  canaot  let  yon  hava 
passable  Sillery  for  less  than  two  francs  and  a  half  per  bottle.  But  let  not  those  who 
cannot  afibrd  to  drink  Champagne  envy  too  bitterly  thoee  who  caa  The  loss  is  by  do 
means  so  great  as  they  fancy.  **  Which  shall  we  have,  Champagne  or  Bordeaux  T 
said  I  to  a  Frenchman  whom  I  wanted  to  reward  for  talking,  as  well  as  to  set  him 
talking  a  little  more.  **  Champagne  is  the  more  noble,*'  he  answered,  after  deep  am- 
sideratioo,  **  but  it  is  five  francs  the  bottle.    The  Bordeaux  here  is  good,  and 


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Mere6uM4  JtUedktmet,  teo 

«ttly  tlnrfy  801101  One  bottle  of  Bordettoz  irill  fortify  otir  ttonnusN  better  tbeii  two 
bottles  of  diampigne ;  md  for  one  bottle  of  OhMapagne  he  can  baye  three  of  Bor- 
deaux, with  ten  sooe  to  rpare  for  something  else^  Let  us  drink  Bordeanz,  Monekar, 
if  yon  please."    And  Bordeanz  we  did  drink. 


RECOMMBIDATIOlf  OF  A  CABIIV-BOT. 

*  Please,  ttr,  don*t  you  want  a  cabin-boy  f* 

**  I  db  want  a  cabin-boy,  my  lad,  but  what*s  that  to  yonf  A  litUe  chap  like  yo« 
ain't  fit  for  the  berth.** 

•  Oh  1  sir,  Tm  real  strong.    I  can  do  a  great  deal  of  work,  if  I  ain't  so  very  old.* 

**  But  what  nre  you  here  for  t  Tou  don't  look  like  a  city  boy.  Run  away  from 
home,  hey  t" 

**  Oh !  no,  indeed,  sir ;  roy  father  died,  and  my  mother  is  very  poor,  and  I  want  to 
do  something  to  help  her.    She  let  me  come." 

**  Well,  sonny,  where  are  your  letters  of  recommendation  I  Can't  take  any  boy 
without  those." 

Here  was  a  damper.  Willie  had  never  thought  of  ite  being  necessary  to  have  let- 
ters from  his  minister,  or  his  teacher,  or  from  some  proper  person  to  prove  to  strangers 
that  he  was  an  honest  and  good  boy.  Now,  what  should  he  da  He  stood  in  deep 
thought,  the  captain  meanwhile  curiously  watching  the  workings  of  his  ezpressire 
face.  At  length  he  put  bis  hand  into  bis  bosom  and  drew  out  his  little  Bible,  and 
without  one  word  put  it  into  the  captain's  hand.  The  captain  opened  to  the  blank- 
page  and  read : — 

"  Willie  Oraham,  presented  as  a  reward  for  regular  and  punctual  attendance  at 
Sabbath  School,  and  for  bis  blameless  conduct  there  and  elsewhere.  From  his  Sun- 
day School  Teacher." 

Captain  McLeod  was  not  a  pious  man,  but  he  could  not  consider  the  case  before 
him  with  a  heart  unmoved.  The  little  fatherless  child,  standing  humbly  before  him, 
referring  him  to  the  testimony  of  his  Sunday  School  teacher,  as  it  was  given  in  hit 
little  Bible,  touched  a  tender  spot  in  the  breast  of  the  noble  seaman,  and  clapping 
Willie  heartily  on  the  shoulder,  he  said : — **  Tou  are  the  boy  for  me ;  you  shall  sail 
with  me ;  and,  if  you  are  as  good  a  lad  as  I  think  you  are,  your  pockets  shan't  be 
empty  when  you  go  t>ack  to  your  good  mother." 


PARSIMORT  AKD  ECONOMY  IIV  TRADE. 

One  might  suppose,  says  our  cotemporary  of  the  Philadelphia  Merchant,  that  it 
would  require  but  a  few  words  to  make  this  appear  to  the  apprehension  of  the  reader 
To  some,  the  bare  announcement  is  sufficient  to  indicate  the  difference,  but  to  othera 
the  dearest  reasoning  will  not  avail.  This  may  be  owing  to  the  flict  that  they  have 
been  accustomed  to  confound  the  one  with  the  other  in  all  the  affairs  of  life— in  tha 
family  and  in  business,  in  pleasure  and  in  profit. 

A  person  of  this  stamp  wishes  to  go  into  business ;  he  has  some  little  capital,  but 
not  much  experience.  He  chooses  the  profession  of  a  grocer  or  a  merchant,  and,  sn|H 
poeing  that  parsimony  is  economy,  in  order  to  save  rent,  he  commences  business  10 
the  outskirts  of  the  city,  or  in  some  obscure  alley  or  unfrequented  street,  and  fails  to 
euoceed,  and  wonders  why  it  is,  with  all  his  industry  and  eeonomy,  he  cannot  make 
both  ends  meet,  much  less  thrive  1  His  parsimony  is  the  chief  cause  of  his  failure 
But  you  can't  convince  him  of  i(,  and  be  will  live  and  die  in  the  little  nest  which  Ms 
own  hands  created,  and  grieve  to  think  that  fortune  has  not  been  more  gracious  in  tha 
bestowment  of  her  favors  upon  him. 

VOL.  xxxin. — wo.  VL  49 


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110  M$rcttHiiU  MUeMmim. 

Asotbar  peiMm  opcM  ao  etUbUshmeot  oo  OliMtoai-ftreet;  be  hM  but  reoenflj 
eome  to  tba  city,  baling  been  a  pooeeaeful  mercbaot  in  one  of  tbe  towns  in  tbe  ioterior 
of  tbe  State,  wbere  be  was  known  by  eTery  one,  as  be  was  born  and  raited  in  tbs 
county.  Neither  be,  nor  bis  &tber  before  bim,  bad  ever  availed  tbemselves  of  tbs 
facilities  of  advertising  in  tbe  ooonty  papen,  and  yet  tbey  got  along,  and  In  prooev 
of  time  amassed  what  in  that  region  was  considered  to  be  quite  a  fortune.  He  now 
opens  a  fine  stock  of  goods  in  a  commodious  boose  on  Chestnut-street^  and  tbinks  that 
everybody  knows  him,  and  of  course  will  trade  with  him.  Was  be  not  known  is 
BuDOomet  Did  be  not  come  from  Lancaster!  He  has  fallen  into  the  delusion  that, 
because  he  was  known  in  the  town  and  county  that  gave  him  birth,  that  certainly  be 
must  be  known  here. 

On  the  score  of  economy,  as  he  deems  it,  he  refuses  to  advertise.  It  costs  too  mnc^ 
he  never  did  it  before,  why  do  it  now  9  He  has  a  good  house,  he  has  goo^  stodL,  he 
has  competent  clerks ;  he  himself  is  a  pleasant  and  accommodatiog  merchant— why 
does  be  not  succeed  t  Nobody  knows  bim  or  cares  to  know  him.  The  competition 
in  the  market  does  not  permit  Mr.  Fogy  to  become  a  necessity.  Ohestnut^treet  can 
do  without  him,  and  the  city  would  not  miss  him  any  more  than  she  would  a  fly,  if  he 
was  to  move  to  parts  unknown.  Now,  what  does  economy  of  rent  require  t  Wbst 
of  clerk*8  lure  t  What  of  bterest  on  capital  t  What  of  time  t  Tbey  all  require  that 
be  should  invest  something  in  advertising,  and  that,  too,  on  a  liberal  scale.  Not  ia 
one  paper  only,  but  in  many ;  not  occasiooally,  but  constantly.  And  be  will  sooo 
find  the  benefit  of  so  doing.  Parsimooy  may  say  no— it  will  be  too  ex  pensive ;  job 
can't  stand  it.  But  Economy  replies.  You  are  mistaken ;  I  must  advertise  to  bs 
^nown,  to  be  felt,  to  be  appreciated.  If  I  feel  interested  in  my  own  success,  my 
neighbors  will  sympathize  with  me,  and  if  they  see  me  helping  myself,  they  will  cbesr- 
fully  and  promptly  come  to  my  aid. 

Take  the  following  illustration  of  tbe  difference  between  parsimony  and  economy 
Sir  Walter  Scott  tells  of  a  near  kinsman,  who,  having  been  informed  that  a  fua^ 
vault  of  his  was  decaying  and  like  to  fall  in,  and  that  ten  pounds  would  make  the  re- 
pairs, proflered  only  five  pounds.  It  would  not  do.  Two  years  after  he  proflbred  tbe 
.  full  sum.  He  was  assured  that  twenty  pounds  would  scarce  serve.  He  hesitated^ 
hemmed  and  hawed  for  three  years  more,  then  offered  twenty  pounds.  Tbe  wbd  sod 
rain  bad  not  waited  for  bis  decision,  and  not  lees  than  fifty  pounds  would  now  snfies' 
A  year  afterwards  he  sent  a  check  for  fifty  pounds,  which  was  returned  by  post,  wA 
tbe  intelligence  that  the  aisle  bad  &l]en  the  preceding  week.  Tbe  reader  will  make 
the  application. 


MIASUJIES  OF  DIFFERfiHT  COUITRIfiS. 
.    Tbe  Newburyport  fferald,  in  tbe  coarse  of  an  article  on  Weights  and  Meanire^  re- 
marks that  no  two  nations  have  the  same — though  the  same  name  to  deeignate  thsa 
may  be  used  in  many  countries.     Take  the  mile  measure,  for  instance:  In  EogUad 

/and  tbe  United  6Utes,a  mile  means  1,700  yards;  in  tbe  Netherlander  it  is  1,09S 
jarda ;  while  in  Germany,  it  is  10,1S0  yards,  or  nearly  six  English  milea;  in  Fkaoes, 

.  it  is  8,025  yards.  The  Scotch  mile  is  1,984  yards,  and  tbe  Irish  2,088  yards.  Tbe 
Spanish  mile  is  2,4*78  yards,  and  tbe  Swedish  mile  11,700  yanU  Iheae  ar«  em 
puted  in  English  yards ;  but  tbe  yard  itself,  of  three  feet  in  length,  has  divers  s^ail 
eatioos  in  different  placea.     Tbe  English  yard  is  88  inches ;  the  ftencfa,  89J8  incbei. 

.the  Oeneva yard,  57.80;  tbe  Austrian,  87.85;  the  Spanish  yard,  88.04;  the  PrwMs' 
88.57 ;  tbe  Russian,  89.51.  For  meaanres  of  capaetfy»  the  dimimibri^  ia  widir,  mi 
more  perplexing. 


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THE  BOOK  TRADE. 


l.-'The  Britith  PoetK     ISma     Bottoo:   Little,  Brown  <fc  Oa    New  York:   James 

S.  DickersoD. 

We  are  gratified  to  learn  that  the  sooeess  of  the  publishers  in  the  enterprise  of  fur- 
nishing our  countrymen  with  a  complete  collection  of  the  British  poets,  from  Ohaucer 
down  to  the  present  century,  has  been  eminently  successful  The  taste  for  works  of 
art,  science,  and  genius  in  tliis  country  is  gradually  but  surely  advancing.  The  evi- 
dence is  in  the  greatly  increased  demand  for  works  of  standard  and  sterling  value. 
Twenty  years  ago,  an  edition  of  1,000  copies  of  the  noost  popular  work  was  consid- 
ered  large ;  now,  editions  of  that  number  of  copies  are  sold  m  a  day  or  week,  and  ten 
times  that  number  scarcely  begins  to  reach  the  demand.  The  taste,  too,  is  improving, 
aod  the  yellow-oover  literature  giving  way  for  something  more  sulntantial.  The  edi- 
tion of  the  Poetical  Works  of  Edmund  Spenser,  in  continuation  of  Little,  Brown  <k 
Go's.  British  Poets,  now  before  us  in  five  handsome  volumes,  would,  within  our  own 
memory,  have  been  regarded  as  a  hsssrdous  undertaking.  These  volumes  were  in- 
tended to  be  little  more  than  a  reprint  of  an  edition  of  Spenser  published  in  18S9, 
ooder  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Geoi^e  S.  Hillard.  But  the  ueceasity  of  reducing 
the  annotations  to  a  more  compact  form,  and  the  hope  of  making  some  improvements, 
led  to  alterations,  and  these  becoming  more  extensive  as  the  work  progressed,  under 
the  editorial  supervision  of  that  accomplished  American  scholar,  Mr.  Francis  J.  Child, 
of  Harvard  University,  constitute  it  in  reality  a  new  edition,  and  beyond  all  question, 
the  moet  complete  that  has  yet  been  issued  from  tlie  press,  either  in  the  United  King- 
dom or  the  United  States.  Mr.  Obild  has  wisely  retamed  a  very  large  portion  of  Mr. 
Hillard's  carefully  prepared  notes;  aod  he  has,  moreover,  used  old  copies  of  nearly 
all  the  poems,  and  made  a  scrupulous  revision  of  the  text,  which,  though  originally 
printed  with  ordinary  care,  and  on  the  whole  faithfully  reproduced  by  Todd,  re<juired 
correction.  The  life  of  the  poet,  prefixed  to  the  first  volume  of  this  edition,  is  un- 
doubtedly more  complete  and  more  correct  than  any  former  biography. 

% — CfurlWi  DeeinoM  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  Vols.  1  to  0  in- 
clusive. To  be  completed  in  20  volumes.  Boston :  Little,  Brown  <k  Go. 
There  tare  about  thirty  thoosand  lawyers  in  the  United  States.  A  great  many  of 
them  will  doubtless  be  glad  to  know  that  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  Reports 
DO  longer  are  to  cost  from  $200  to  $260,  as  heretofore.  This  edition  contains  alt  the 
decisione  of  the  Court  down  to  December  last.  The  reports  are  compressed  b^  con- 
densing the  statements  of  facts  and  omitting  long  arguments  of  counsel,  which  it  has 
been  the  courteous  custom  of  the  reporters  to  print  in  full  No  decisions,  however, 
•eem  to  be  omitted,  nor  are  the  opinions  of  the  Court  abridged.  The  compression  re- 
duces the  bulk  of  the  series  from  fifty-seven  to  twenty  volumes,  and  the  cost  to  sub- 
scribers to  $8  a  volume.  The  seventeenth  volume  of  Howard*s  Reports,  just  issued 
by  the  same  publishers,  takes  up  the  decisions  of  the  Court  at  the  point  where  this 
aeries  ends. 

9,^Tke  La»  of  Real  EHate  in  the  State  of  New  York.     By  T.  M.  Lalob.     1  vol, 

pp.  387.    J.  J.  Diossy. 

This  book  will  form  a  very  convenient  assistant  to  all  those  who  are  concerned  to 
know  our  laws  upon  this  suq'ect  It  codsists  of  the  statutes  relating  to  real  property 
-'descent,  proof,  and  record  of  oooveyances,  and  wills,  excepted — illastrated  by  all 
the  reported  decisions  in  the  courts  of  our  State.  The  system  of  oar  law  in  respect 
of  this  branch  is  so  much  followed  in  other  States,  particularly  some  of  the  Western 
States,  that  the  nsefubess  of  this  digest  will  not  be  limited  to  New  York  alone. 

i^r^Elemente  of  International  Lam.     By  Hmar  WaxATOW,  LL.  D.     Sixth  Edition. 

Boston:  Little,  Brown  A  Co. 

This  well-known  treatise  is  here  presented  in  an  enlarged  form,  and  brought  up  to. 
the  most  recent  date.  The  histories  of  the  various  questions,  particularly  those  of 
ooounercial  interest,  which  arise  out  of  international  relations  and  are  complicated  by 
wars  and  treaties,  are  here  fully  traced ;  and,  upon  the  whole,  we  know  of  no  treatise 
so  convenient  and  so  satisfactory  as  a  hand-book  of  international  law  in  1866,  at 
thisia. 


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7^  n$  Book  Trade, 

$.-^Memoir  fif  lUw.  Bdmard  M6U  WooUey.    By  hb  daagbter*  Mra.  FiDnu  Woouir 

OiLLKTT,  assisted  by  Rev.  A.  B.  Orosh.  With  an  Appendix,  containing  aelectioot 
from  bis  Sermons.  12mo.,  pp.  860l  Boston:  Abel  Tompkins. 
The  biographies  of  great  and  good  men— men  who  hare  left  their  **  footprints  on 
the  sands  of  time  ** — will  ever  be  read  with  interest  by  all  who  would  profit  by  their 
etzample.  The  snbject  of  this  memoir  was  a  devoted  minister  of  that  form  of  Ohris- 
tian  faith  denominated  Universalism.  The  distinguishing  article  of  the  creed  of  the 
sect,  and  that  from  which  it  derives  its  name,  is  the  final  purification,  salvation,  and 
happiness  of  the  whole  haman  race.  Mrs.  Gillet,  in  this  memoir,  has  paid  a  fitting 
tribute  to  the  memory  of  her  father,  and  without  profeming  to  give  a  perfect  expres- 
sion to  her  conception  of  his  nature,  she  has  sketched  the  history  of  his  life  with  moch 
Apparent  fidelity ;  but,  as  far  as  possible,  she  has  allowed  ber  father  to  tell  his  own 
•tory,  and  draws  her  illustrations  of  his  character  from  hicidents  and  letters  recorded 
by  himself.  Free  from  the  trammels  of  sectarianism,  we  can  find  much  in  the  Hvss 
of  all  true  men,  of  whatever  name  or  faith,  worthy  of  **  all  acceptation.** 

tr^The  Christian  Life,  Soei4d  and  InduMtrioL     By  PmA  Batxb,  M.  A.      ISrno, 

pp.  628.    Boston :  Gould  <k  Lincoln. 

The  original  design  of  the  author  of  this  work  was  to  give  a  statement  of  theOhris- 
tian  view  of  the  individual  character,  together  with  a  fair  repreaentatioD  of  the  praotieal 
embodiment  and  working  of  that  character  in  this  age.  With  this  idea  others  beeane 
graduallv  allied,  and  it  seemed  to  the  author  that  the  position  and  worth  of  Ohristiaii- 
ity  should,  as  a  social  and  reforming  agency,  be  defined.  The  biographic  iUo:>4ratioBS 
of  the  writer's  subject  are  somewhat  after  the  manner  of  Oariyle,  whom  be  views  as 
the  ^atest  biographic  writer  that  ever  lived.  The  highest  success  at  which  he  aini% 
in  a  literary  ppkit  of  view,  is  the  introduction  into  Christian  Kfe  certain  of  OaHyWs 
methods.  Dissenting  from  his  opinions  thoroughly  and  totally,  he  at  the  same  time 
acknowledges  **  that  the  infiuenoe  exerted  bv  Oariyle  upon  his  atyle  and  modes  of 
thought  is  as  powerful  as  his  mind  wa^  capable  of  receiving." 

t. — 77ie  Adventwret  of  Hajji  Baha  in  T^trkty^  Ptrna^  and  Riim<t,  Edited  hj  Juob 
MoRisa.  ISmo.,  pp.  405.  Philadelphia :  Lippencott,  Qrambo  dc  Co. 
The  birth,  adventures,  and  various  fortunes  of  HaJji  Babo,  including  his  traveli  io 
his  own  country,  Persia,  and  Ru^ia,  are  all  described  in  a  manner  to  interest  tite 
general  reader.  Most  of  the  incidents  in  this  book  appear  to  be  grounded  upon  fiiet, 
which,  although  not  adhered  to  with  the  same  regard  for  truth  which  we  might  ex- 
pect from  the  European  or  American  writer  of  character,  are  aaffieient  to  give  as  »- 
sight  into  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  Bast  Many  of  them  will  no  donbt  appear 
improbable  to  those  who  have  never  risited  the  scenes  upon  which  they  were  acted, 
and  it  is  natural  that  it  should  be  so,  because,  from  the  nature  of  the  eirconistanosi, 
such  events  could  only  occur  in  eastern  oountriee.  We  anticipate  much  pleasure  froas 
a  more  thorough  perusal  of  the  volume  than  we  have  yet  been  able  to  give  it 

8.— 7%0  Christ  of  History ;  an  Argument  grounded  in  the  Facts  of  His  life  and 
Death.  By  John  Youse,  M.  A.  12ma,  pp.  260.  New  York:  Robert  Carter  k 
Brothers. 

The  London  Morning  Advertiser  rej^ards  this  work  as  belonging  to  the  highest 
class  of  the  productions  of  modem  disciplined  genius.  The  author  appeals  in  his  in- 
troduction to  those  who  are  prepnred  to  treat  with  dispassionate  criticism  one  of  Am 
gravest  subjects  ef  human  inquiry.  His  argument  in  its  idea,  certainly  in  its  coo- 
etructioo.  differs  materially  from  those  by  which  the  truth  it  would  establish  has 
usually  been  supported.  The  writer  possesses  more  than  enMnary  power  of 
analysis,  and  more  originality  of  argument,  than  is  usually  brought  to  the  diiMussifi 
of  topics  connected  with  theology.  The  work  is  written  in  a  perspioooos  aixl  vigors 
ouB  style. 

9,^The  Martyrs,  Heroes^  and  Bards  of  the  Scottish  Coifejuint,     By  OxoaoK  Qnww- 

LAM.    18mo^  pp.  264.    Robert  Carter  d(  Brothers. 

Mr.  Gilfillan's  delineations  of  literary  and  scientific  men  generally  evince  ooestder 
able  powers  of  analysis,  and  are  written  in  a  lively  and  pleasant  style.  This  work  is 
very  much  in  the  same  vein,  presenting,  however,  a  succinct  and  apparentlv  iopaitia) 
history  of  the  Scottish  Covenant,  as  well  as  an  unbiased  estimate  of  the  diaraeter  of 
its  principal  actors.  He  also  draws  some  general  deductioos  appUoable  to  the  great 
qoestioDs  of  the  day. 


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lOr^Tke  Rom  tf  Sharon:  a  Beligioos  Soarenir  for  1856.     Edited  by  Mtb.  C.  BL 

Sawveil    1 8111a,  pp.  804.    Boston :  Abel  Tompkins. 

This  literary  rose  baa  long  been  a  oherisbed  favorite  of  oon.  We  have  marked  its 
growth  for  the  last  seventeen  or  eighteen  years.  It  made  its  first  annual  appearance 
10  1887,  if  we  mistake  not;  and  we  have  in  our  library  some  sixteen  volumes— all 
but  two  of  the  series.  One  of  its  editors,  and  a  charming  writer,  has  pasf^ed  away; 
but  the  Rose  still  blooms  under  the  fostering  culture  of  another  fair  countrywoman 
and  nur  worthy  and  esteemed  friend  the  original  publisher*  now  in  the  full  vigor  of  a 
fresh  manhood.  The  many  and  steady  friends  of  the  Rose  of  Sharon,  we  can  assure 
Mr.  Tompkins,  ^  recognize  no  tokens  of  decay  in  the  present  bloom."  They  will  find 
itt  like  its  predecessors,  worthy  of  their  notice  and  approbation.  It  is  illustrated  with 
Bome  pretty  and  appropriate  engravings  on  steel,  and  with  articles  in  prose  and  verse, 
of  varied  length  and  merit,  from  some  of  the  earliest  contributors  to  its  pages,  and 
•ome  of  the  best  names  in  onr  American  literature. 

11. — The  Japan  Expedition,  Japan  and  Around  the  World  :  an  Account  of  Three 
Visits  to  the  Japane^e  Empire.  With  Sketchi»9  of  Madeira,  St.  Helena,  Oape  of 
Good  Hope,  Mauritius,  Oeylon,  Singapore,  China,  and  Loo  Choo.  By  J.  W. 
Spauldino,  of  the  United  Statee  Steam  Frigate  Mtssissippi.  Flag  Ship  of  the  Ex- 
pedition. With  Eight  lUostrations.  12mo.,  pp.  877.  New  York  :  J.  S.  Redfield 
A  Ca 

Although  written  in  a  modest  and  unassuming  manner,  this  book  possesses  a  fresh- 
ness quite  attractive.  Mr.  Spaulding  does  not  profess  to  give  a  his*tory  of  J^pan,  of 
which  there  are  already  a  number  extant,  one  by  Hildreth,  the  historian,  publi&bed  a 
few  months  since.  He  has,  however,  embodied  his  own  observations  of  what  came 
onder  notice  in  a  cruise  of  nearly  two-aodahalf  years.  The  writer  makes  no  preten- 
aion  Ut  entire  accuracy,  having  kept  no  journal  and  having  had  to  depend  00  ftcattered 
memoranda,  jottings  down  to  friends,  and  to  memory.  He  has  told  the  plain,  unvar- 
nished stf»ry  of  his  travels,  as  his  eyes  told  it  to  him;  and  for  this  reason,  if  for  no 
other,  it  will  be  read  with  interest. 

12. — A  Presbyterian  Clergyman  Looking  for  the  Ohureh,  By  One  of  Three  Hundred. 
12mo,  pp  680.    New  York:  Pudney  A  Russell. 

The  writer  of  this  book  was  born  and  nurtured  in  the  lessons  of  Presby  terianismt 
and,  as  lie  informs  us,  **came  in  due  time  to  see  the  errors  of  that  system,  and  to  look 
earnestly  for  the  Church  built  upon  the  foundation  of  the  Apostles  and  Prophets,  Jesus 
Christ  being  the  corner-stone.**  After  an  elaborate  search,  he  finds  what  he  considers 
the  **  Ohoroh,**  that  is,  he  becomes  a  member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 
Those  who,  like  the  writer  of  this  work,  are  looking  for  some  other  Church  than  that 
_in  which  they  have  been  educated,  will  no  doubt  be  interested  iu  the  labors  of  **  a 
Presbyterian  Clergyman  Looking  for  the  Church.** 

18.— C/w«&  and  Suntliine,  and  Art,  A  Dramatic  Tale.  By  CnAaLBs  Rkad,  author 
of  **  Peg  Wuffiogton*'  and ''  Christie  Johnston.**  l2mo.,  pp.  228.  Boston:  Ticknor 
A  Fields. 

The  two  classically  beautiful  tales  contained  in  this  volume  bear  the  imprefs  of  a 
pure  and  elevated  mind,  and  are  writtfn  in  an  elegant  and  attractive  »tyle.  The 
names  of  the  American  publishers  of  this  reprint  have  become  synonymous  with  all 
that  is  elegant,  tefiued,  and  pure  in  the  liteiature  of  England  and  America.  Their 
publications,  whether  selecteid  from  the  productions  of  the  English  or  American  mind, 
are  not  oidy  unexcepjionable  in  tone,  but  si:ch  as  command  the  admiration  of  all  who 
know  how  to  appreciate  the  genuine  and  the  durable  in  literature  and  art 

14.— 3/y  Father's  ffouse  ;  or  the  Heaven  of  the  Bible.  By  Jakes  M  Macdonald,  D.  D. 

12ma,  pp.  «76.    New  York:  Charles  Scribner. 

A  religious  book,  designed,  as  we  infer  from  its  table  of  contents,  to  afford  the  con- 
solations of  Christianity  to  those  who  have  been  called  to  part  with  near  and  dear 
friends.  The  author  lias  not,  as  he  informs  us,  sought  to  mvade  the '*referve  with 
which  the  word  of  God  rnrronnds  "  the  future  residence  of  the  race.  He  thinks,  how- 
ever, that  all  we  are  able  to  learn  has  been  revealed,  and  that  any  attf  mpt  to  attain 
to  greater  **  definiteness  **  in  respect  to  the  locality,  the  particular  scenery,  and  the 
employments  of  heaven,  cannot  promote  reverence  or  true  devotional  feeling.  He  re- 
gards the  **  sublime  writings  '*  of  the  Bible  as  the  only  authorized  niessaKes  from  the 
spiritual  world.  Its  tone  is  antagonbtio  to  modern  '*  spu-itualism.**  The  volume  i« 
dedicated  to  Rev.  Dr.  Spring. 


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15.— 2nitf  Great  Earmonia:  Conoeraing  Physiology  Vices  and  Yiiiaes,  and  tlie 
Seveo  Phases  of  Marriage.  By  Andrkw  Jackson  Datis,  author  of  the  **  Prindf^ 
of  Nature,  her  Divine  Revelations,  and  a  Voice  to  ManydDd,**  **The  ApproM^ing 
Orisis,"  etc    1 2mo.    Boston :.  Sanborn,  Carter  <k  Baain. 

The  fourth  volume  of  Mr.  Davis*  Great  Harmonia,  the  one  before  us,  is  entitled 
"  The  Reformer."  It  consists  of  a  series  of  discourses  written  during  the  past  year. 
They  treat,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  titles  appended,  of  a  class  of  subjects  which,  above 
all  others,  are  most  intimately  connected  with  the  organization,  development,  and 
destiny  of  individual  and  social  man.  By  "  physiological  vices  and  virtues,^  we  under- 
stand Mr.  Davis  to  mean  "  those  cases  of  the  conjugal  principle  which  tend  directly 
either  to  demolish  or  to  upbuild  man's  moral  and  physical  nature.**  The  volume  con- 
tains seventeen  lectures,  the  titles  of  which  we  subjom  for  the  purpose  of  giving  the 
reader  an  idea  of  the  contents,  rather  than  any  opmion  of  the  character  of  the  pub- 
lication :  1,  Philosophy  of  Reform ;  2,  Views  concerning  the  Human  Mind ;  8,  Physi- 
ological Vices  and  Virtues ;  4,  Classification  of  the  Loves,  and  the  Worid's  View  of 
Marriage;  5,  Characteristics  and  Vices  of  Extremists ;  6,  Characteristics  and  Vices  of 
Inversionists ;  7,  Secondary  Causes  of  Conjugal  Misdirection ;  8,  Origin  and  Depen- 
dencies of  Love;  9,  Woman's  Rights  and  Wrongs;  10«  Philosophy  of  Marriage;  11, 
Laws  of  Attraction  and  Marriage  ;  12,  Transient  and  Permanent  Marriage;  18,  Dif- 
ferent Attractions  and  Temperaments;  14,  Internal  Evidences  of  True  Marriage;  16, 
Parentage;  16,  Social  Responsibilities  of  the  Marriage  Relation,  or  the  Rigfata  and 
Wrongs  of  Divorce ;  17,  Character  of  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson. 

U.—The  Lily  of  the  Valley  for  1 866.    With  Illustrations.    12mo.,  pp.  266.    Boston  • 

James  M.  Usher. 

This,  as  its  title  imports,  is  an  annual,  and  of  several  years*  standing.  The  engrav- 
ings, (mezEotiot,)  six  m  number— the  Flower  Girl,  Vignette  Title,  the  Old  Fort,  the 
Family  Mansion,  Summerville,  and  Tuft's  College — are  pretty.  The  last>mentioned  is 
from  an  original  drawing  by  F.  T.  Stuart,  and  gives  a  veiy  good  view  of  the  new  col- 
lege recently  erected  lor  the  benefit  of  the  denomination  of  Christians  known  as  IJni- 
versalists.  Among  the  contributors  to  the  literary  department,  we  notice  the  iMmes 
of  Mrs.  L.  H.  Sigoumey,  Mrs.  Mary  A.  Livermore,  Caroline  M.  Sawyer,  Julia  A. 
Fletcher,  the  Rev.  K  H.  Chapin,  Rev.  B.  T.  Thayer,  Rev.  Charies  Brooln,  Rev.  J.  G. 
Adams,  Rev.  M.  Goodrick,  and  others  of  less  note.  The  **!  Will"  of  Mr.  Adams 
should  be  *'read,  marked,  learned,  and  inwardly  digested  "  by  every  young  man  who 
would  attain  any  desirable  object  in  the  **  battle  of  life.** 

11,— Short  Patent  BermoM.     By  Dow,  Jr.     8  vols.     12mo.,  pp.  288,  886,  and  288. 

New  York :  Long  <k  Brother. 

Sermons  are  very  generally  regarded  as  rather  dull  reading.  Not  so  the  **  ministra- 
tions "  of  Dow,  Jr. ;  and  his  texts  are  not  all  taken  from  the  **  book  of  books,**  but  from 
the  whole  range  of  authors,  inspired  or  uninspired,  from  Moses  to  Moore ;  and  some- 
times for  want  of  an  appropriate  text,  the  preacher  manufactures  one  for  the  oocaaion. 
They  are  **sliort,**  occupying  from. one  to  two  in  three  pages;  the  illustrations  are 
spicy  and  grotesque ;  and  whether  in  prose  or  verse — and  both  forms  are  adopted — 
tne  reader  will  find  a  vein  of  wit  and  humor,  with  words  of  worth  and  wisdom,  per- 
meating every  page  and  paragraph. 

IB.'^The  New  Odeon :  a  Collection  of  Secular  Melodies,  arranged  for  Young  Voieea 
Deiiigued  for  Singing  Schools  and  Social  Music  Parties.  By  GBoaoa  Jamb  Webb 
and  Lowell  Mason.    New  York :  Mason  <k  Brothers. 

This  book,  originally  compiled  for  the  purpose  of  furnishing  suitable  secular  muaw 
for  families  and  social  musical  parties,  was  first  pubUshed  in  1887.  The  New  Odeon 
has  been  enlarged  and  improved,  and  contains  a  larger  variety  **  than  any  other  work 
of  favorite  songs,  duets,  and  concerted  pieces,  so  narmonized  as  to  be  within  the 
capabilities  of  many  singing  schools  and  most  choirs  of  the  land." 

19v— -7^«  AimweU  8torie$,  Ella ;  or  Turning  Over  a  New  Lea£  By  Waltee  Am- 
WBLL,  author  of**  Oscar,"**  Clinton,**  etc  With  Illustratkna.  18ma,  ppc  SSL  Bos- 
ton :  Gould  A  Lincoln. 

One  of  a  most  excellent  series  of  stories.  Ella,  like  the  other  stories,  is  intended  for 
both  boys  and  girls,  and  is  commended  by  the  author  to  all  children — ^whether  good 
or  bad^but  particularly  to  those  who  are  willing  to  consider  the  subject  o(  turaiof 
over  a  new  leat 


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SCX^TVvfrtno ;  a  RomaDoe.  By  GaoftOB  Sand.  TransUted  by  a  Lad j.  Preceded 
bj  a  Biographical  Slsetch  of  the  Dittinguiahed  Authoress,  by  Oliver  S.  Leland. 
12mo,  pp.  280.    New  York :  William  P.  Feteridge  <k  Co. 

George  Saod  has  sometimes  been  accused  of  portrayiog  dangerous,  sometimes  un- 
natural characters ;  in  both  cases  she  has  probably  relied  oo  the  good  sense  and  judg- 
ment of  her  readers.  She  says,  in  the  preface  to  this  book,  that  reading  anyromancee 
whatever  is  pernicious,  nay,  almost  fatal  to  weak  and  iU  regulated  minds.  With  great 
geniiis,  whatever  her  errors,  she  has  faith  in  the  dignity  and  progress  of  the  race,  and 
belieres  that  a  man  ne?er  UdU  so  low  as  to  be  unable  to  rise  again,  if  he  does  not 
lack  courage  and  a  true  heart.  Such  is  her  firm  faith  for  idl  humanity  in  all  its  errors, 
for  all  its  misfortunes,  and  in  all  conditions  of  life.  This  doctrine  appears  to  be  aimed 
at  in  **  Teyerina" 

SI.— T%«  £lake9  and  Flanagaru:  a  Tale  BlustratiTe  of  Irish  Life  in  the  United 
SUtes.    By  Mrs.  J.  Saduib,  author  of  **  New  LighU;  or  Life  in  Galway,*"  **  Willy 
Burke,"  etc.    1 2mo.,  pp.  389.    New  York :  D.  <k  J.  Sadlier. 
Mrs.  Sadlier  is  doubtless  an  honest  and  conscientious  Catholic,  and  all  her  writings 
are  dedicated  to  one  grand  object — the  illustration  of  hor  faith  by  means  of  tales  or 
stories.    The  drama  of  the  present  story  is  taken  from  every-day  life.     It  is  cleyerlv 
written,  and  will  be  read  with  interest  by  her  numerous  Oatholic  admirers.    We  don  t 
suppose  our  Protestant  friends  would  take  the  trouble  to  read  it,  were  we  to  recom- 
mend it  ever  so  highly.    We  shall,  however,  find  room  for  it  in  our  library  of  religious 
and  secular  noveb. 

22. — Stray  Leafse$  frmn  the  Book  of  Nature,  By  M.  Sohblb  Da  Vaaa,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia,  12mo.,  pp.  291.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam  t  Oo. 
We  believe  most  of  the  papers  contained  in  this  book  originally  appeared  in  the 
pages  of  Putnam's  incomparable  Monthly.  The  author  appears  to  be  endowed  with 
the  love  of  nature  in  all  its  varied  phases,  and  describes  with  graphic  power  its  noblest 
and  its  most  minute  forms  of  beauty — rising  from  the  smallest  pebble  on  the  shore  to 
the  mighty  ocean,  and  its  sublime  life. 

28. — Twice  Married:  a  Story  of  Oonnecticut  life.  12mo.  pp.  254.  New  York:  Dix 
<k  Edwards. 

This  romance  originally  appeared  in  parts  in  Putnam's  Monthly,  and  in  that  form 
met  with  a  generous  reception  by  the  best  critical  authorities  of  the  press  and  romance 
reading  public  Every  novel  is,  or  should  be  written  with  an  earnest  purpose  of  some 
sort  or  other.  The  author  of  this,  declares  his  highest  aim  in  writing  tnis  book  to  have 
.  been  a  very  ardent  desire  to  amuse  the  readers  of  Putnam's  Monthly ;  and  although 
his  story  **  pretends  to  be  nothing  more  than  a  plain  and  homely  sketch  of  rustic  life," 
it  is,  in  our  judgment,  a  cleverly  drawn  picture  of  New  England  customs  and  char- 
acters. 

i^r^Beeeheroft,   By  the  author  of  the  "  Heir  of  Redcliffe."  «  Heartaease,"  etc.    12mo., 

pp.  804.    New  York:  D.  Appleton  A  Oa 

The  author  of  this  book  says  of  those  who  visit  Beechcroft,  there  are  some,  who, 
honesUy  acknowledging  that  amusement  is  their  object,  will  be  content  to  feel  with 
Lilias,  conjecture  with  Jane,  and  get  into  scrapes  with  Phylis — all  characters  of  the 
story — without  troubling  themselves  to  extract  any  moral  from  their  proceedings. 
Those  unreasonable  readers  who  expect  entertainment  for  themselves,  as  well  as 
instruction  for  those  who  had  rather  it  was  out  of  sight,  are  turned  over  to  the  Mo- 
hun  family,  who  hope  their  example  may  not  be  altogether  devoid  of  indirect  instruc- 
tion. Those  who  have  read  and  admired  the  Redcliffe  or  Heartsease  of  this  gifted 
author,  will,  we  venture  to  predict,  pronoimoe  the  present  equal  to  either  of  the  au- 
thor's previous  productions. 

25. — Lake  Shore  ;  or  the  Slave,  the  Ser(  and  the  Apprentice.    By  Emilk  Souvbstrb, 

author  of  the  "  Attic  Philosopher  in  Paris,"  **  Leaves  from  a  Family  Joumal,"  etc 

Translated  from  the  French.    12mo.,  ppi  289.    Boston :  Orosby,  Nichols  <fe  Oo. 

The  author  of  this  work  has  chosen  children  for  the  heroes  of  his  stories,  because  he 

sees  in  them  the  vices  or  the  virtues  of  a  period  more  clearly.    The  Slave,  the  Ser( 

and  the  Apprentice  are  the  ty|)es  of  three  states  of  society,  which  have  immediately 

succeeded  each  other.    In  considering  what  the  Past  has  been,  we  are  more  indulgent 

towards  the  Present,  and  look  forwai^  with  more  confidence  to  the  Future. 


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i^.^Tht  Parabolical  T^aehinff  of  Christ;  or  the  EngraTiogs  of  ibe  New  Tettament. 

By  the  Rev.  D.  T.  K.  Dbuhmond,  E  A.,  Ozod,  Incttmbent  of  8t  Thomas's  English 

Episcopal  Chapel,  Edinburgh.     8yo^  pp^  440.     New  'fork:    Robert  Carter  & 

Brothers. 

No  part  of  the  New  Testament  is  perhaps  more  histmctiTe,  or  more  ca]^b1e  of 
expansive  teaching,  than  the  parables  of  Jesus  Ohrist  The  lessons  inculcated  in  m(wt 
of  them  are  plain  and  practical.  What,  for  instance,  is  more  beautiful  or  more  in 
keeping  with  the  character  of  the  Teacher  who  uttered  it,  than  that  of  the  "  Good 
Samaritan  V*  The  author  of  these  essays  has  grouped  the  parables  of  Christ  under 
six  di»>tinct  headi;,  and  endeavored  to  elucidate  and  enforce  the  lessons  they  are  de- 
signed to  convey,  in  a  simple  but  forcible  and  schc^arly  manner.  The  book  will  be 
highly  pirized  by  many  '*  ivho  profess  and  call  themselves  Chrbtians,"  and  few  can 
peruse  it  without  extracting  from  its  pages  some  useful  suggestions. 

J7.— P«c/«rM  in  Europe  Framed  in  Ideas.    By  0.  A-  Bartol.    12mo.,  pp.  407.    Boe^ 

ton :  Crosby,  Nichols  A  Co. 

With  a  somewhat  affected  title,  this  is  nevertheless  an  excellent  book.  It  does  not 
abound  so  in  incidents  as  in  the  philosophy  of  travel  We  should  call  it  the  essays 
of  a  traveler  iu  Europe.  It  is  divided  into  parts,  with  distinct  titles,  commencing  widi 
a  poetical  intioduction,  **The  Two  Journeys,'*  and  followed  with  captions  to  each  ^c- 
ceeding  part,  as  follows :  Abroad  and  at  Home ;  Beauty  and  the  World ,  The  Mount- 
ains ;  The  Rivers ;  The  Lakes  ;  The  Sea ;  Superiority  of  Art  to  Nature ;  Testimony 
of  Art  to  Religion;  The  Enduring  Kingdom ;  The  Church;  Society;  Hbtory;  Codd- 
try  ;  Mankind ;  Destiny,  eta  The  thoughtful  reader  will  find  much  to  admire  in  the 
sober  vein  that  marks  almost  every  page  and  paragraph  of  the  unique  pictures  which 
the  author  has  succeeded  in  **  frammg  into  ideas."  Mr.  Bartol  is  a  clei^yman  of  the 
Unitarian  faith  in  its  most  conservative  form. 

«8.— 7%tf  Cur$e  of  the  Village  ;  etnd  the  Happiness  of  being  Risk.  Two  Talea.  By 
Hkhdrick  CoNsciEKOB.  Translated  from  the  Original  Flemish.  ISma,  pp.  125. 
Baltimore  :  Murphy  <b  Co. 

Mr.  Conscience  enjoys  a  European  reputation,  resting  mainlj  on  those  large  histori- 
cal romances  in  which  he  has  illustrated,  with  equal  power  and  beauty,  the  critical 
periods  of  Flemish  national  life.  The  charming  tales  contained  in  this  volume,  we 
nave  no  doubt,  will  enjoy  a  popularity  among  our  youn^  friends  equal  to  any  former 
production  of  the  gifted  author.  The  daily  life  and  habits  of  the  author's  countrymen 
are  portrayed  with  marked  minuteness  and  apparent  fidelity  of  detail.  The  present 
volume  If*  to  be  followed  by  another  of  similar  character,  containing  a  ftuther  selection 
of  the  Tales  of  Flemish  life,  hitherto  unpublished  in  England.  They  are  written  in  a 
simple  and  attractive  style,  combining  the  most  touoiing  pathos  and  the  broadest 
humor. 

29.— Ta&/tf  TraiU  with  Something  on  Them.  By  Dr.  Dorah,  author  of  **  Habits  and 
Men,"  and  the**  Queens  of  England  of  the  House  of  Hanover."  1 2mo.,  pp.  488. 
New  York:  J.S.Redfield. 

This  is  an  extremely  clever  book,  overflowing  with  wit  and  wisdom,  intermingled 
with  anecdotes  and  historical  sketches  of  ** table  traits"  in  early  and  late  times.  The 
ancient  cook  and  his  art,  and  the  modem  cook  and  his  science,  are  cooked  up  by  the 
bands  of  a  master.  If  Dr.  Doran  talks  as  well  as  he  writes,  he  would  make  a  capital 
table  compani(<n;  and  those  who  **read,  mark,  learn,  and  inwardly  digest"  his  umque 
book,  will  find  words  and  things  enough  to  impart  a  sest  to  any  meal,  especially  the 
materiab  for  an  intellectual  feast—*'  the  feast  of  reason  and  flow  of  soul." 

80.— ify  Mother ;  or  BecoUectiena  of  Maternal  Inflnenoe.     ISmo^  pp.  254.    Boaloa : 

Gould  A  Lincoln. 

In  regard  to  the  aim  and  character  of  this  work,  the  author  says,  in  a  recent  letter 
to  the  publishers,  that  however  much  of  a  biographical  nature  may  be  found  in  it,  ii 
was  not  intended  as  a  biography,  as  some  conceive  it  to  have  been,  but  educationaL 
It  is,  however,  presented  in  the  narrative  form,  and  will  be  found  attractive  and  useful 
to  mothers  of  young  families.  The  anchor,  who,  we  ere  told,  has  already  distinguii4ied 
himself  in  other  walks  of  literature,  chooses  for  the  present  to  conceal  his  name.  *  Itia 
one  of  those  rare  pictures,"  writes  one  who  is  himself  an  author  of  celebrity,  **  painted 
from  life  with  the  exquisite  skill  of  one  of  the  old  masters.** 


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